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[Sansad TV] Perspective: Protecting the Tribes
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Context
- The last known member of an indigenous tribes in the Amazon rainforest has died after living alone for decades.
- The unidentified man from an uncontacted Indigenous tribe in Brazil was known as the ‘man of the hole’ because he was often spotted taking shelter in pits dug in the ground.
- His death has now resulted in a lot of discussion among activists, once again bringing to the spotlight the need to protect the indigenous people.
Tribes in India
- In India, most of the tribes are collectively identified under Article 342 as “Scheduled Tribes”.
- There are 110 million tribals in the country, distributed across 18 states.
- The tribal population is known to live sustainable lives, in harmony with nature.
- However, with their numbers dwindling due to various contributing factors, the concern is on how not just to protect their population, but also to preserve their heritage, culture, language, art, traditions and sensibilities.
What’s being done towards the protection and economic upliftment of the tribals in India? How are their concerns & challenges being addressed?

Why do Tribal communities matter?
- Safeguarding Biodiversity: India’s ethnic people have played a vital role in preserving the biodiversity of several virgin forests and have conserved flora and fauna in sacred groves of tribals.
- Repository of traditional knowledge: They hold vital ancestral knowledge and expertise on how to adapt, mitigate, and reduce climate and disaster risks.
- Sustainable livelihood practices: The crops grown by indigenous people are highly adaptable. They can survive drought, altitude, flooding, and any kind of extremes of temperature. As a result, these crops help create resilient farms.
- Gender and social harmony: Tribal communities are one of the most liberal communities. Status of women is very high as they contribute substantially to primary subsistence activities.
Various Protection to tribes in India

(1) Constitutional Protection
- The term ‘Scheduled Tribes’ first appears in the Constitution of India.
- Article 366 (25) defined scheduled tribes as “such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution”.
- Article 342 prescribes procedure to be followed in the matter of specification of scheduled tribes.
- Among the tribal groups, several have adapted to modern life but there are tribal groups who are more vulnerable.
- The Dhebar Commission (1973) created a separate category “Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs)” which was renamed in 2006 as “Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)”.
- As per Article 338-A of the Constitution of India, the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes has been set up.
(2) Civil Rights Protection
- Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955: It prescribes punishment for the preaching and practice of untouchability against the downtrodden sections of society.
- Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: It is an Act to prevent the Commission of offences of atrocities against the members of the SCs and STs; to provide for special Courts for the trial of such offences.
- Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996: It gives special powers to the Gram Sabhas in Scheduled Areas especially for the management of natural resources.
- Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006: The rights provided to tribals under the Forest Rights Act seek to secure individual and community ownership on landholding, exploitation and habitation in forests by indigenous people in India.
(3) Protecting their Political Aspirations
- Scheduled Areas are areas in India with a preponderance of tribal population subject to a special governance mechanism wherein the central government plays a direct role in safeguarding cultural and economic interests of scheduled tribes in the area.
- The Fifth schedule deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas as well as of Scheduled Tribes residing in any State other than the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
- The Sixth Schedule consists of provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram, according to Article 244 of the Indian Constitution.
Issues faced by Tribal population in India
- Acute Poverty: Many of indigenous communities live in extreme poverty. They suffer from malnutrition and lack access to basic education and health facilities. Ex. Melghat in Maharashtra.
- Dwindling Population: Indigenous communities are facing a dwindling population. Most of them are desolated from their native places.
- Degradation of Forests: Unrestrained development in forest areas has led to the degradation of the forest areas which account for the major basis for the survival of the tribal community.
- Forest Rights Issues: Inability to recognize indigenous communities’ rights to forest resources is also a concern. This has given rise to left wing leanings.
- Displacement: Acquisition of tribal land by the government for ‘development’ purposes has led to large scale displacement and alienation of tribal population.
- Discrimination: The tribal people were compelled to perform duties that were considered inferior because of their economic backwardness and illiteracy.
Major challenges in the tribal areas
- Remoteness: The tribal hamlets and habitations are located either in a valley or on the hill tops in most of the places. Due to which they are excludes from major developmental activities, improved cultivation practices, education and health facilities.
- Exploitation: The agriculture produces, local non timber forest produce and other valuable forest resources are being siphoned out by the middlemen from the innocent tribals for the paltry prices thus leaving the tribals exploited financially.
- Superstition: Poverty, health issues, illiteracy and underdevelopment is often ascribed to the fate, star and supernatural events. Even preventable deaths are sometimes construed as may be due to bad omen; the scientific temper is a remotest aspiration.
- Road and Telecom lacunae: Due to tough terrain and difficult areas of tribal locations, it requires huge resources to establish connectivity to all the habitation. The telecom connectivity is also as sparse as the roads. Hence the penetration of digital literacy is hampered in typical tribal areas.
- Lack of health awareness: Unscientific practices, local beliefs, self-medication, customary doctor etc. have deprived them from availing the institutional health facilities.
- Illiteracy: It is the main hurdle in improving living standards of tribals in the tribal belts. The spill over effect of illiteracy is ‘lack of confidence’ to adopt progressive steps.
- Primitive agriculture: The traditional areas where tribal live are mostly forests and hill terrains, having no proper potential for the adoption of modern agriculture on a large scale. Even now the PVTG’s are practicing shifting cultivation (Podu farming) on the hill slopes of eastern states.
- Unemployment: Inability to catch up with the skilled jobs in the open market due to lack of exposure to formal skill training, the unemployment is haunting the qualified tribal youths.
Various welfare schemes for Tribals
- Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana: VKY aims at creating enabling environment for the need-based and outcome-oriented holistic development of the tribal people.
- Minor Forest Produce (MFP): Scheme of Mechanism for Marketing of MFP through Minimum Support Price (MSP) and Development of Value Chain for MFP
- Van Dhan Vikas Karyakram: The Van Dhan Scheme is an initiative of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and TRIFED. It was launched on 14th April, 2018 and seeks to improve tribal incomes through the value addition of tribal products.
- Higher education: Pre and Matric Scholarship Scheme for ST students, Eklavya Model Residential Schools
- Classification as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs): PVTGs have some basic characteristics -they are mostly homogenous, with a small population, relatively physically isolated, social institutes cast in a simple mould, absence of written language, relatively simple technology and a slower rate of change etc.
Way forward
- There is a need to take up massive awareness creation activities among the tribal to make them realise their development potential.
- Area based approach should be adopted to create infrastructure and road connectivity.
- Effective monitoring of the funds meant for various tribal development activities is necessary.
- Comprehensive skill development programs customized to the local tribal markets and local consumers have assured a future for the tribal youth.
- Formal education and institutional finance through village institutions and Self Help Groups need to be intensified in the tribal areas by a focused approach.
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September 16, 2022
UPSC Mains 2022-23 special: The art of writing answers to skyrocket your score in GS Mains papers – By Sajal sir, as published in The Indian Express
Sajal sir has mentioned the Art of answer writing comprising 10 Principles for the UPSC Mains 2022-23.

UPSC will be conducting the Main Stage Exams for Civil Services 2022 Recruitment from September 16. Mains are generally exhaustive in nature as UPSC examines the candidate on various subjects and on a very pertinent edge. However, the biggest challenge is learning the art of executing your knowledge when you put your pen on paper.

The exact answer-writing segments of the UPSC-CSE examination have diverged into three sections: Basic, semi-advanced, and On-demand rule of thumb. And to maintain this levels-ratio, apart from creating templates for different question-answer combinations worth remembering in a rush, you must follow these 15 arts of answer making.

Read Sajal Sir’s article as published in the Indian Express

Master the basic

The body of answers addresses the minimum criteria for writing an exemplary answer. To create a good answer, you need to grasp a few basic techniques.

Don’t deviate from your point:

UPSC is very conscientious when it comes to evaluation. They prefer complex thoughts to be simplified and well presented. When one has that sagacity to write an answer without diverting from the point, it creates an unparalleled advantage for the aspirants.

Dissect the questions

Don’t get swayed by only seeing the theme of the question. Many aspirants write down everything they know. The value of your answer is not in its duration but in its contribution to the problems. Your answers must be relevant and useful enough. Only the good and the bad will not bring you signs.

Key questions include instructions such as ‘Discuss/critically discuss/Comment/Examine/Critically examine/Analyze/evaluate/Critically evaluate/Elucidate, and you must be able to understand what each prompt includes. Therefore, it is important to break the question into smaller parts. While answering these questions, always check three elements to write an ideal answer – accuracy, brevity, and clarity. Specificity means lacing the answer with relevant subheadings, brevity will consist of short statements in your answer; And finally, maintaining overall transparency.

Precise Presentation

Don’t get overwhelmed. Points to be noted:
- An opinion-based answer is to be written in paragraph
- A fact-based answer is to be written in both paragraphs and bullets or a combination of both.
The Intermediate intervention

The semi-advanced segment will cover the second set of challenges that candidates face. This is a detailed section that assesses broad understanding and depth of knowledge. Consider these points:

PESTLE Approach is needed in certain kinds of questions

It means analyzing any issue from various angles eg:
- Political
- Economic
- Social
- Environmental
- Legal
- Technological
- Administrative
- Geographic
- Historical
Look for Keywords in the Question like
- Reasons
- Implications
- Importance
- effects
Always take a middle ground in your answers

No scheme/Policy is a Magic bullet. Always conclude by Saying While XYZ is a step in the right direction but it needs to be supplemented by ABC’s further reforms

It is to remember, that the Intermediate section will handle the second set of challenges that candidates face in the Mains exam.

Understanding the core of the questions

Every candidate should keep in mind that UPSC does not evaluate based on quantity, but rather based on quality. Answers should always create a solution to the main problem presented by the question.

Comprehensive view

‘First impression is the last impression’- Every aspirant must be careful about their Introduction, Body, and conclusion. But, among them, Introduction works up to 75% work for you. Whether it’s GS paper 1, 2, or 3, or even Ethics (GS-4), ideally, the introduction should not only introduce mere the topic/issue/concept to the examiner but also (very) briefly describe the central premise of the answer.

If the question has two or more parts, all parts must be presented shortly. Experts say, the introduction should not exceed 20% of the word limit at any price and its ideal length is about 10% of the word limit. For 200 words, 20-40 words should look for your introduction (and conclusion).

Articulating the advanced answers

The on-demand (advanced) sections bring us a comprehensive opportunity for aspirants to assert an understanding of the topics. This section tests a candidate’s ability to remember the most complex details, frame the best-refined answer and present it in the most concise possible manner. Some points are to be noted.

Word limit is sacrosanct

All 3 General Studies (GS) papers, excluding GS Paper IV which is Ethics Paper, have a limit of 200 words per question. This is a fair word limit that you are given when answering a question. The trick here is to write short sentences. Avoid Compound Sentences Although you may think you save time and words by joining two sentences with an ‘and’.

GS Paper IV (Ethics) has 150, 250, and 300-word limits. 99% of the time questions are opinion based, so better to write answers in paragraphs.

Follow these 5 points:
- Follow ARC reports & memorize only recommendations
- Learn the major contributions of moral thinkers
- Learn definitions, flowcharts, schematics
- Examples of greater historical leaders’ action
- Real-life case studies
Entrench the Ethics of answer writing

In GS paper IV, for the case study, your intention must not be to write an ingenious, extraordinary solution, but to write something practical and realistic and finish the paper no matter what.

Directives to answer

An advanced technique for writing successful answers is to create templates for different types of question-answers that you can recall at short notice.

The art to approach essays

In the essay, you have to write two essays of 1000-1200 words each. Writing a very good essay within the given time and word limit is very possible if you follow some basic rules. These basic rules are – brainstorming, outlining, idea/argument placement, and structuring.

Vantage view

It is stated that composing answers is an art. The good news is that any kind of art may be learned with time. Will and effort, frequent practice, and some direction are all that is required. The cumulative conclusion is that the GS-1 always uses diagrams to explain and make sure you get the basics right. When we talk about GS-2, always try to include recommendations from a committee and mention development goals to consolidate your statements.

In GS-3, be aware of terms used in space, nanotech, nuclear research, defense, biotech, and communications (LiFi, 5G, etc.). When articulating answers in the GS-4 paper, focus on ethical competence. The key to success in this paper entails transparency, accountability, and attitude.
September 15, 2022
15th September 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

[WpProQuiz 1113]

[WpProQuiz_toplist 1113]

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September 15, 2022
15th September 2022| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)
Topics for Today’s questions:

GS-1 The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.

GS-2 Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

GS-3 Issues relating to intellectual property rights.

GS-4 Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators

Question 1)

Q.1 It is said that during Quit India Movement Mahatma Gandhi was willing to risk complete lawlessness in place of orderly disciplined anarchy of the British. Analyse. (10 Marks)

Question 2)

Q.2 Illustrate using examples India’s movement towards an “all-alignment” policy. How does India’s all alignment policy function within the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) grouping? (10 Marks)

Question 3)

Q.3 The recent report of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM) emphasizes upon the significance of a robust patent system for a knowledge economy. Highlighting some of the concerns in India’s patent ecosystem, mention suggestions to improve the same. (15 Marks)

Question 4)

Q.4 Highlighting the factors responsible for social inequality in the country, discuss the role of Dr. BR Ambedkar in paving the way for social equity. (10 Marks)

HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?
1. Daily 4 questions from General studies 1, 2, 3, and 4 will be provided to you.
2. A Mentor’s Comment will be available for all answers. This can be used as a guidance tool but we encourage you to write original answers.
3. You can write your answer on an A4 sheet and scan/click pictures of the same.
4. Upload the scanned answer in the comment section of the same question.
5. Along with the scanned answer, please share your Razor payment ID, so that paid members are given priority.
6. If you upload the answer on the same day like the answer of 11th February is uploaded on 11th February then your answer will be checked within 72 hours. Also, reviews will be in the order of submission- First come first serve basis
7. If you are writing answers late, for example, 11th February is uploaded on 13th February , then these answers will be evaluated as per the mentor’s schedule.
8. We encourage you to write answers on the same day. However, if you are uploading an answer late then tag the mentor like @Staff so that the mentor is notified about your answer.
*In case your answer is not reviewed, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*.
1. For the philosophy of AWE and payment:
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September 15, 2022
Hindi not a competitor of regional languages: Home Minister
Union Home Minister has appealed to guardians to speak to children in their mother tongue to enable them to learn Hindi without much effort, on the Hindi Divas.

What did HM say on Hindi?
- He said it was time that inferiority complex around Indian languages, instilled by the British, was overthrown from people’s conscience with the help of regional languages and Hindi.
- He also said that Hindi was not a competitor but a “friend” of all the other regional languages in the country and they were mutually dependent on each other for their growth.
- He said there was a concerted disinformation campaign to pit Hindi against other languages such as Marathi and Tamil, and underlined the need to strengthen local languages with Hindi.
Debate over Hindi
- Between September 12 and 14, 1949, that the Constituent Assembly debated the status of India’s languages.
- Among the issues that were discussed were the use of the term ‘national language’ instead of ‘official’ language.
- Hindi author Seth Govind Das, who represented the Central Provinces and Berar, argued for ‘one language and one script’ and suggested that Hindi should replace English at the earliest.
What is the status of Hindi?
- Finally, the Constituent Assembly adopted what was known as “Munshi-Ayyangar Formula.”
- According to this, Hindi in the Devnagari script would be the official language of the Union.
Official, not national
- English would continue to be used for all official purposes for the next 15 years, to enable a smooth transition for non-Hindi speaking states.
- The deadline was 26 January 1965.
- Under Article 343 of the Constitution, the official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.
- The international form of Indian numerals will be used for official purposes.
Why has language become a sensitive issue?
- Self-identification: A strong identification with one’s regional language and an underlying fear of homogenisation is at the heart of the national language question in India. An individual conceptualises and communicates his thoughts in a language, enabling him to be an active part of society.
- Language defines primary group: People identify with one another based on language, thus giving them a primary group. A nation is the largest primary group that once can address.
- Learning abilities at stake: The dangers of imposing a language are manifold. It can affect the learning ability of non-native speakers thereby affecting their self-confidence.
- Threats to endangered languages: It can also endanger other languages and dialects and reduce diversity.
- Threats to diversity: National integration cannot come at the cost of people’s linguistic identities. Language is integral to culture and therefore privileging Hindi over all other languages spoken in India takes away from its diversity.
- Promises made by Constituent Assembly: Then PM Pt. Nehru had promised that Hindi would only serve as a linking language and it would not be imposed on non-Hindi speaking states as long as they were against it.
Benefits of having a national language
- Wide range of speakers: Hindi is still the most widely spoken language in the country with an estimated 258 million people declaring that Hindi is their native language and millions more comfortable with Hindi.
- Language as a unifying language: A complete usage of Hindi language whilst respecting the various native languages would also ensure better coordination and cooperation among all the states and act as a strong unifying factor and eliminate all regional differences.
- Reputation at international fora: When countries like Germany, Japan, France, Italy etc. use their respective language as a medium of communication even during International forums not only has the reputation of those countries have greatly enhanced but also those languages have gained a huge reputation worldwide.
Issues with Hindi
- Inherent opposition to Hindi: The Constituent Assembly was bitterly divided on the question, with members from States that did not speak Hindi initially opposing the declaration of Hindi as a national language.
- Fear of imposition: Opponents were against English being done away with, fearing that it may lead to Hindi domination in regions that did not speak the language.
- Symbol of identity politics: The approach towards linguistic policy seems to be driven more by the politics of identity than values of aspiration or accommodation.
- Favour for majoritarianism: The primary argument in favour of Hindi has been reduced to assertions of slim majoritarianism.
- Few speakers, still dominant: Even then, there are concerns about the claim based on mere numerical strength, as only 25 per cent of Indians seem to recognise Hindi as their mother tongue (Census 2011).
- Demographic barriers: Today nearly 35% of people are migrating daily for work. In such a situation, we have to conceptualise a new form of language identity for our states.
- Economic barriers: Any idea of one link language, whether Hindi or English, will be economically disastrous for India. It will slow down migration and reduce the ease of capital flow.
- Multiple dialects: Only five states in India have Hindi as their’ native language’. However, in those states, too, the dialects of Hindi are associated with locals and their communities.
Why Hindi cannot be the national language?
- Multiple dialects: Hindi has largely been influenced by Persian — and then English, among other languages. Also, when the languages were enumerated, Hindi subsumed Bhojpuri, which is spoken by a little over five crore people.
- Inefficacy of Sanskrit: There were demands to make Sanskrit the official language, while some argued in favour of ‘Hindustani’.
- Issue over Script: There were differences of opinion over the script too. When opinion veered towards accepting Hindi, proponents of the language wanted the ‘Devanagari’ script to be adopted both for words and numerals.
Why this issue needs a rational consideration?
- Linguistic chauvinism: Various policies on language have been framed both by the central and state governments that have been termed as forms of linguistic chauvinism. Ex. Obsession for Marathi in Mumbai
- Secular fabric under threat: The states’ fear of the central government’s ideology of monopolising faith, education, and language will adversely affect the Indian political system, which is based on pluralism and accommodation.
- Monolingualism can prove disastrous: If there is a mechanical and monolithic idea of unity followed by any entity, such an entity generally generates great hostility beyond its immediate borders. In neighbouring Bangladesh – then East Pakistan – the language movement against the imposition of Urdu on Bengali speakers was a key driver of Pakistan splitting into two nations.
Way forward
- Language as a skill: Language should be looked at as an important skill to operate in a world which is more connected today than at any other point in time.
- Language not a cultural burden: A united nation has to have space for diversity. India is united in its diversity. Diversity is a great philosophical idea and should never be seen as a cultural burden.
- Linguistic heritage needs priority: This is not to contend that our linguistic heritage should be neglected or trivialised. Our metropolises must be recognized as multilingual entities.
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September 15, 2022
National Logistics Policy
The government will announce the National Logistics Policy (NLP) this week, aiming to bring down logistics costs and address challenges plaguing importers and exporters.

What is Logistics?
- Logistics refers to the overall process of managing how resources are acquired, stored, and transported to their final destination.
- It involves identifying prospective distributors and suppliers and determining their effectiveness and accessibility.
Why need a logistics policy?
- Organizing and consolidating the sector: India’s logistics sector is largely unorganized and fragmented.
- Reducing logistics cost: This is why the country’s logistics costs are as high as 14-15% of the GDP, against 7-8% in developed nations such as the Singapore and the US, who leverage it to boost exports. The NLP aims to bring down India’s logistics cost to 8% in the next five years.
- Preventing waste of perishable items: As per some estimates in India, about 16% of agri-production is wasted at different stages of the supply chain.
- Warehousing development: Moreover, due to factors such as limited capacity and availability of warehouses, the cost of transaction increases.
- Multi-modal integration: The new policy is going about simplification, technology and will have a multimodal approach that will combine rail, water, and air — all modes of transport.
What role will technology play?
- Advanced analytics: The NLP will aim to harness technologies such as AI and blockchain. It aims to create a data analytics centre for driving greater transparency and continuous monitoring of key logistics metrics.
- Single window portal: Under NLP, a portal will be created, where service providers such as warehousing providers, shipping experts, transporters, customs brokers, and various governmental agencies will be unified.
Will it boost cooperation between ministries?
- Unifying multiple departments: Currently, the logistics value chain is managed by several ministries—road transport and highways, shipping, railways, and civil aviation.
- Single-point clearances: Agencies like the Central Drug Standard Control Organization and the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India provide clearances.
- Nationwide integration: The NLP could enhance their integration at the central level.
What about reducing the carbon footprint?
- Energy-efficient transportation: The draft logistics policy lays emphasis on the shift to more energy-efficient means of transportation, as well as the use of greener fuels which could reduce the supply chain’s carbon footprint.
- Vehicular emission reduction: Moreover, the draft policy, released earlier, emphasized creating regulations for controlling vehicular noise, emissions, and wastage.
- Green warehousing principles: The new logistics policy also aims to incorporate green principles in the functioning of warehouses which contribute to nearly 10% of the logistics costs.
Will it change India’s commodity transport?
- Transport of crucial commodities: The proposed policy aims to focus on the transport of crucial commodities such as coal, steel, iron ore, food grains, steel, cement, fruits and vegetables.
- Creating nationwide clusters: The current logistical network for transporting them is mainly confined to regional clusters.
- Integrating national supply-chains: The NLP could help establish a link between the place of origin, and destination place and integrate the supply on a national level.
- Optimum logistics identification: The draft also proposes identification of the right mode of transport for each of these commodities to minimise losses during transport.
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September 15, 2022
Centre adds 4 new tribes to Scheduled Tribes (ST) List
The Union Cabinet under the chairmanship of PM has approved the addition of four tribes to the list of Scheduled Tribes (ST), including those from Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Chhattisgarh.

Which tribes are we talking about?
1. Hatti tribe in the Trans-Giri area of Sirmour district in Himachal Pradesh
2. Narikoravan and Kurivikkaran hill tribes of Tamil Nadu and
3. Binjhia tribe in Chhattisgarh, which was listed as ST in Jharkhand and Odisha but not in Chhattisgarh
Other tribes in news
- The Cabinet also approved ‘Betta-Kuruba’ as a synonym for the Kadu Kuruba tribe In Karnataka.
Who are the Scheduled Tribes?
- The term ‘Scheduled Tribes’ first appeared in the Constitution of India.
- Article 366 (25) defined scheduled tribes as “such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution”.
- Article 342 prescribes procedure to be followed in the matter of specification of scheduled tribes.
  - Article 342(1) empowers the President of India to specify, by public notification, the tribes or tribal communities deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in each state and union territory.
- Among the tribal groups, several have adapted to modern life but there are tribal groups who are more vulnerable.
- The Dhebar Commission (1973) created a separate category “Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs)” which was renamed in 2006 as “Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)”.
How are STs notified?
- The first specification of Scheduled Tribes in relation to a particular State/ Union Territory is by a notified order of the President, after consultation with the State governments concerned.
- These orders can be modified subsequently only through an Act of Parliament.
Status of STs in India
- The Census 2011 has revealed that there are said to be 705 ethnic groups notified as Scheduled Tribes (STs).
- Over 10 crore Indians are notified as STs, of which 1.04 crore live in urban areas.
- The STs constitute 8.6% of the population and 11.3% of the rural population.
What is the reason for special provisions for the Scheduled Tribes in the constitution of India? Are these provisions successful in ameliorating their conditions? (250 Words)

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September 15, 2022
[pib] Indian Navy participates in Exercise Kakadu hosted by Australia
INS Satpura and a P8 I Maritime Patrol Aircraft of the Indian Navy reached Darwin in Australia on for participation in the multinational Exercise Kakadu – 2022, hosted by the Royal Australian Navy.

Exercise KAKADU
- Exercise KAKADU, which started in 1993, is the premier multilateral regional maritime engagement exercise hosted by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) and supported by the Australian Air Force.
- The exercise is held biennially in Darwin and the Northern Australian Exercise Areas (NAXA).
- It derives its name from Kakadu National Park, which is a protected area in the northern territory of Australia, 171 km south-east of Darwin
- During the exercise, professional exchanges in harbour and diverse range of activities at sea, including complex surface, sub-surface and air operations would enable sharing of best practices and honing of operational skills.
India’s presence at the exercise
- Indian Navy’s participation in KAKADU provides an excellent opportunity to engage with regional partners and undertake multinational maritime activities ranging from constabulary operations to high-end maritime warfare in a combined environment
- It is aimed at enhancing interoperability and developing of common understanding of procedures for maritime operations gaining importance with the Indo-Pacific narrative.
Also read:

[Prelims Spotlight] Important Submarines and Naval Ships

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September 15, 2022
old age problems that we should address now
Context

India will be facing the immediate challenge –The ageing of the population. Challenge to ensure a decent quality of life for the old age people in the near future, planning and providing for it must begin today.

Background
- Life expectancy in India has more than doubled since Independence from around 32 years in the late 1940s to 70 years or so today, a historical achievement.
- Over the same period, the fertility rate has crashed from about six children per woman to just two, which liberated women from the cycle of continuous child bearing and child care.
What is ageing of the population?
- Meaning: Population ageing is a shift in the distribution of a country’s population towards older ages.
- Reason behind it: Decline in the fertility rate and Rise In the life expectancy. An increase in longevity increases the average age of the population by increasing the numbers of surviving older people.
- Impact of the ageing population:, labor supply shortage, change in patterns of saving and investment, deteriorate fiscal balance, lack of adequate welfare system etc.
- Challenges they impose: Social security, elderly Healthcare, Dependence on the family etc.
What is the status in India?
- According to the National Commission on Population, The share of the elderly (persons aged 60 years and above) close to 9% in 2011.
- It is growing fast and may reach 18% by 2036.
Problems faced by elderly
- Depression: According to survey by Abdul Latif Jameel foundation in Tamilnadu, 30-50% of people above age of 60 has a symptoms of depression.The proportion with depression symptoms is much higher for women than men, and rises sharply with age. In most cases, depression remains undiagnosed and untreated.
- Loneliness: Loneliness one the major factor leading to depression. A large majority of elderly persons living alone are women, mainly widows.
- Hardship of age: Monetary assistance can certainly help to cope with many health issues.
- Poverty and poor health: Old age pensions are vital. Cash helps to lead a dignified life.
Current government schemes for elderly

Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Scheme – This is one of the most popular senior citizen pension schemes in India.
- Designed for senior citizens above 60 years of age, the policy term of this Prime Minister Senior Citizen Scheme extends to ten years.
- The pensioner can choose the frequency of the payment – monthly/quarterly/half- yearly/annually.
- You can earn interest of 8% per annum over this scheme.
- The minimum and maximum capping of pension are Rs. 3,000 per month and 10,000 per month, respectively
National Programme for the Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE)–
- Introduced in 2010, this scheme concentrates on preventive as well as promotive, care for the maintenance of overall health.
- This program was launched to address the health issues faced by seniors.
- The district-level objectives include providing dedicated health facilities in district hospitals, community health centres (CHC), primary health centres (PHC), and sub-centres (SC) levels through State Health Society.
- These facilities maybe free or highly subsidized.
Varishta Mediclaim Policy –
- This policy aids seniors by covering the cost of medicines, blood, ambulance charges, and other diagnosis related charges.
- Designed for senior citizens between the age of 60 and 80 years, this helps meet the health-related expenses of senior citizens.
- Income tax benefits are allowed for payment of premium.
- Although the policy period is for one year, you can extend the renewal up to the age of 90 years.
Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana –
- This scheme provides physical aids and assisted-living devices to the elderly above 60 years of age that belong to the BPL (below the poverty line) category.
- If senior citizens wish to avail this, then they must have a BPL card.
- This is a Central Sector Scheme and is entirely funded by the Central Government.
Varishta Pension Bima Yojana –
- This pension scheme, launched by the Ministry of Finance, is for senior citizens above 60 years.
- The LIC of India has the authority to operate this scheme.
- Any Medical check-ups is not necessary to avail this policy.
- It offers assured pension with a guaranteed interest rate of 8% per annum for up to 10 years –
- You can opt for monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, and yearly pension – depends on how you’d like to receive it.
Vayoshreshtha Samman –

This scheme focuses on those seniors who have made significant contributions in their disciplines and recognized their efforts.

It was upgraded to the National Award in 2013, and since then, awards have been granted below thirteen categories.

Conclusion
- Social security pensions, of course, are just the first step towards a dignified life for the elderly. They also need other support and facilities such as health care, disability aids and assistance with daily tasks, recreation opportunities and a good social life. They can be the active contributor to the economy having the years of experience and mentorship to the demographic dividend.
Mains Question Q.

Discuss the challenges before our elderly today? What steps have been taken by government to address these challenges?

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CLICK AND REGISTER FOR MASTERCLASS BY SANTOSH SIR | HOW TO COVER 5 CORE AREAS FOR UPSC-PRELIMS AND SCORE 120+ FOR SURE

Some opine that the Prelims is the toughest stage in the UPSC exam. On the contrary, some toppers say that they cracked it on the very first attempt with 120+ marks. Is there any game of luck? Or the rankers are especially blessed by God!

The simple answer is ‘NO!’ 99% of aspirants fail the IAS Prelims even in their last attempt because while keeping an eye on many things, they cannot pay attention to the real points.

UPSC exam is such a weird exam that only those who study for 6 hours a day & keep an alert-eye on these 5 points, can clear the exam with 120+ marks for 100% sure.

Santosh Gupta heads the Smash Prelims program for CivilsDaily.

Ascertaining the most problematic part of the exam, which the students face, we are conducting an on-demand MASTERCLASS where Prelims Guru, Santosh Gupta sir will be disclosing those 5 vital areas on which If you work, you will pass for sure.

CLICK AND REGISTER FOR MASTERCLASS BY SANTOSH SIR | HOW TO COVER 5 CORE AREAS FOR UPSC-PRELIMS AND SCORE 120+ FOR SURE

UPSC Prelims Masterclass Details: 15th September, (Thursday) at 7 PM.

Crucial 5 points will be discussed in the Masterclass
- How to cover the syllabus as widely as possible. First, let’s divide everything into its respective topics because UPSC does not provide any syllabus for prelims. So, how to do a UPSC-Prelims-centric study will be discussed.
- How to maintain a proper balance between memorization & understanding. Both are co-ordinating parts. So, how much you have to memorize will be discussed 1-1.
- How to develop MCQs solving skills. One agrees or not, for UPSC prelims without developing MCQs solving skills, one returns home increasing negative marking. So, how to start solving MCQs without much -ve marking, is going to be discussed.
- How not to lose hope if more offbeat questions come in the paper? UPSC Prelims trends to more offbeat questions. How to identify offbeat questions! And how to use the offbeat approach will be disclosed by Santosh Sir.
- What is ‘Intelligent Guessing’ (TIKDAM)? How to utilize it. Intelligent guessing means finding clues in the question or options themselves.
- Many more untold secrets that only a UPSC Prelims expert can highlight.
Think that CSP is more of a test of our skills than our knowledge base. As such, general knowledge is the most specialized skill for prelims. Many times, your learning from our masterclass will come to help and this is why we always insist on taking our session seriously. It helps you develop basic concepts, confidence, and a good self-image.

CLICK AND REGISTER FOR MASTERCLASS BY SANTOSH SIR | HOW TO COVER 5 CORE AREAS FOR UPSC-PRELIMS AND SCORE 120+ FOR SURE

Tavishi failed thrice in the Prelims before but after joining Santosh sir’s mentorship cleared Prelim 2022 in her 4th attempt.

CLICK AND REGISTER FOR MASTERCLASS BY SANTOSH SIR | HOW TO COVER 5 CORE AREAS FOR UPSC-PRELIMS AND SCORE 120+ FOR SURE

“You must be aware that clearing prelims are probably the toughest part of one’s CSE journey these days. Not only are the questions random and difficult, but even the options are also getting more mysterious every year.“

So, apart from the above, some more extra crucial points will be discussed in the Masterclass

• How to keep one source for one subject confidently

• Learning to compile things; books, notes, test solutions

• Revising PYQs as much as possible

• Practicing the most useful MCQs

• Making notes, especially for Prelims of daily current affairs

What The Hindu mentioned about Civilsdaily Mentorship

CLICK AND REGISTER FOR MASTERCLASS BY SANTOSH SIR | HOW TO COVER 5 CORE AREAS FOR UPSC-PRELIMS AND SCORE 120+ FOR SURE

CLICK AND REGISTER FOR MASTERCLASS BY SANTOSH SIR | HOW TO COVER 5 CORE AREAS FOR UPSC-PRELIMS AND SCORE 120+ FOR SURE
September 15, 2022

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