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  • What is Small Savings Scheme?

    Economists expect the Centre to raise the interest rates paid on small savings schemes for the July to September 2022 quarter.

    Small Savings Scheme

    • Small Savings Schemes are a set of savings instruments managed by the central government with an aim to encourage citizens to save regularly irrespective of their age.
    • They are popular as they provide returns higher than bank fixed deposits, sovereign guarantee and tax benefits.

    How is it managed?

    • Since 2016, the Finance Ministry has been reviewing the interest rates on small savings schemes on a quarterly basis.
    • All deposits received under various schemes are pooled in the National Small Savings Fund.
    • The money in the fund is used by the Centre to finance its fiscal deficit.

    What are the different saving schemes?

    The schemes can be grouped under three heads –

    1. Post office deposits
    2. Savings certificates and
    3. Social security schemes

    (1) Post Office Deposits

    • Under this we have the savings deposit, recurring deposit and time deposits with 1, 2, 3 and 5 year maturities and the monthly income account.
    • The savings account currently pays an interest of 4% per annum and can be opened individually or jointly with an initial investment of Rs 500.
    • The recurring deposit that pays 5.8% a year compounded quarterly matures after 60 months from the date of opening.
    • It allows investors to save on a monthly basis with a minimum deposit of Rs 100 per month.
    • Investments under the 5-year time deposit up to Rs 1.5 lakh further qualifies for benefit under section 80C of Income Tax Act.

    (2) Savings Certificates

    • Under this, we have the National Savings Certificate and the Kisan Vikas Patra.
    • The National Savings Certificate pays interest at a rate of 6.8% per annum upon maturity after 5 years. The interest that is earned is reinvested into the scheme every year automatically.
    • The NSC also qualifies for tax saving under Section 80C of the income tax act.
    • The Kisan Vikas Patra, which is open to everyone, doubles your one-time investment at the end of 124 months signifying a return of 6.9% compounded annually.
    • The minimum investment amount is Rs 1000 while there is no upper limit.

    (3) Social security schemes

    • In the third head of social security schemes, there is Public Provident Fund, Sukanya Samriddhi Account and Senior Citizens Savings Scheme.

    a. Public Provident Fund

    • The Public Provident Fund is a popular saving option for long term goals like retirement.
    • It pays 7.1% a year and qualifies for tax benefit under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
    • Upon maturity of the account after 15 years, it can be extended indefinitely in blocks of 5 years.
    • The accumulated amount and interest earned are exempt from tax at the time of withdrawal.

    b. Sukanya Samriddhi Account

    • The Sukanya Samriddhi Account was launched in 2015 under the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao campaign exclusively for a girl child.
    • The account can be opened in the name of a girl child below the age of 10 years.
    • The scheme guarantees a return of 7.6% per annum and is eligible for tax benefit under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
    • The tenure of the deposit is 21 years from the date of opening of the account and a maximum of Rs 1.5 lakh can be invested in a year.

    c. Senior Citizen Savings Account

    • And finally, the 5-year ​​Senior Citizen Savings Account can be opened by anyone who is over 60 years to age.
    • It carries an interest of 7.4% per annum payable quarterly and qualifies for Section 80C tax benefit.
    • These time-tested and safe modes of investments don’t offer quick returns, but are safer when compared to market-linked schemes.

     

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  • Performance Grading Index for Districts (PGI-D)

    The Ministry of Education has released the Performance Grading Index for Districts (PGI-D) for 2019 which studied 83 indicators grouped in six categories.

    What is PGI-D?

    • The 83-indicator-based PGI for District (PGI-D) has been designed to grade the performance of all districts in school education.
    • The data is filled by districts through an online portal.
    • The indicator-wise PGI score shows the areas where a district needs to improve.
    • The PGI-D structure comprises a total weightage of 600 points across 83 indicators.
    • They are grouped under 6 categories, viz., Outcomes, Effective Classroom Transaction, Infrastructure Facilities & Students’ Entitlements, School Safety & Child Protection, Digital Learning, and Governance Process.
    • These categories are outcomes, effective classroom transaction, infrastructure facilities and student’s entitlements, school safety and child protection, digital learning and governance process.

    How does the grading scale works?

    • The PGI-D grades the districts into 10 grades with the highest achievable grade being ‘Daksh’, which is for districts scoring more than 90% of the total points in that category or overall.
    • ‘Utkarsh’ category is for districts with score between 81-90%, followed by ‘Ati-Uttam’ (71-80%), ‘Uttam’ (61-70%), ‘Prachesta-I’ (51-60%), ‘Prachesta-II’ (41-50%) and ‘Pracheshta III’ (31-40%).
    • The lowest grade in PGI-D is called ‘Akanshi-3’ which is for scores up to 10% of the total points.

    Performance of the states

    • Rajasthan’s Sikar is the top performer, followed by Jhunjhunu and Jaipur.
    • The other States whose districts have performed best are Punjab with 14 districts in ‘Ati-uttam’ grade (scoring 71-80% on a scale of 100).
    • It followed by Gujarat and Kerala with each having 13 districts in this category.
    • However, there are 12 States and UTs which do not have even a single district in the ‘Ati-uttam’ and ‘Uttam’ categories and these include seven of the eight States from the North East region.

    Significance

    • The PGI-D will reflect the relative performance of all the districts on a uniform scale which encourages them to perform better.
    • It is expected to help the state education departments to identify gaps at the district level and improve their performance in a decentralized manner.

     

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  • G-20

    The Jammu and Kashmir administration has constituted a committee to coordinate with the delegates of G-20 countries scheduled to participate in a meeting to be held in the Union Territory (UT) next year.

    Why such move?

    • The participation of the delegates from G-20 countries will be a major boost to the efforts of the Centre to project the situation in J&K as normal.
    • This is especially after J&K’s special constitutional position was ended in 2019.

    What is G-20?

    • Formed in 1999, the G20 is an international forum of the governments and central bank governors from 20 major economies.
    • Collectively, the G20 economies account for around 85 percent of the Gross World Product (GWP), 80 percent of world trade.
    • To tackle the problems or address issues that plague the world, the heads of governments of the G20 nations periodically participate in summits.
    • In addition to it, the group also hosts separate meetings of the finance ministers and foreign ministers.
    • The G20 has no permanent staff of its own and its chairmanship rotates annually between nations divided into regional groupings.

    Aims and objectives

    • The Group was formed with the aim of studying, reviewing, and promoting high-level discussion of policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability.
    • The forum aims to pre-empt the balance of payments problems and turmoil on financial markets by improved coordination of monetary, fiscal, and financial policies.
    • It seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization.

    Members of G20

    The members of the G20 consist of 19 individual countries plus the European Union (EU).

    • The 19 member countries of the forum are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom and the United States.
    • The European Union is represented by the European Commission and by the European Central Bank.

    Its significance

    • G20 is a major international grouping that brings together 19 of the world’s major economies and the European Union.
    • Its members account for more than 80% of global GDP, 75% of trade and 60% of population.

    India and G20

    • India has been a member of the G20 since its inception in 1999.

     

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  • UPSC Prelims Bootcamp – 29-30 June| Bouncing back from Failure to Smashing Prelims, Master strategy for UPSC pre-2023 | Sajal sir, Santosh sir, and UPSC rankers | Register for FREE | 1-to-1 LIVE sessions and get special CD Prelims package

    UPSC Prelims Bootcamp – 29-30 June| Bouncing back from Failure to Smashing Prelims, Master strategy for UPSC pre-2023 | Sajal sir, Santosh sir, and UPSC rankers | Register for FREE | 1-to-1 LIVE sessions and get special CD Prelims package

    Couldn’t clear Prelims 2022? Confused due to the ever-unpredictable UPSC’s pattern? Want to make 2023 your final and successful Prelims?

    This two-day UPSC Prelims Bootcamp is for you.

    (click) book your slot UPSC Prelims Bootcamp | Senior mentors and Rankers + Get Special CD Prelims PAckage for FREE

    UPSC prelims 2022 result was announced a few days back. It shocked many aspirants.

    Facing the same issues as mentioned above, if you encountered failure in UPSC Prelims 2022 in your first or second or even the fifth attempt, this webinar cum UPSC Bootcamp is for you.

    After a thorough analysis of previous year’s papers, their nature, and the way it keeps on mutating/evolving, the prelims guru, Santosh sir, & Sajal Sir, a senior IAS mentor of 200+ successful rankers have devised a special Bootcamp for you, that would help you understand this dynamism and keep pace with it. And you will sail smoothly to the second stage of the examination, i.e. Mains as well as interview. No matter how bad your exam preparation is.

    UPSC Prelims Bootcamp Details: 

    (CLICK) BOOK YOUR SLOT UPSC PRELIMS BOOTCAMP | SENIOR MENTORS AND RANKERS + GET SPECIAL CD PRELIMS PACKAGE FOR FREE
    Date: 29th and 30th June (Wednesday and Thursday)
    Do ready what UPSC rankers have to say about Sajal sir.
    Do read what Prelims qualified students have to say about Santosh sir.
    (CLICK) BOOK YOUR SLOT UPSC PRELIMS BOOTCAMP | SENIOR MENTORS AND RANKERS + GET SPECIAL CD PRELIMS PACKAGE FOR FREE

    Discussion areas in the UPSC Prelims Bootcamp

    1. How to keep yourself motivated in this exam process whose gestation period is very high?
    2. How to cope with failures in this exam cycle?
    3. How to maintain consistency during preparation?
    4. How to re-start preparation again for the 2023 exam?
    5. Mistakes you should avoid in your next attempt?
    6. Blueprint of your preparation plan. When to start preparation for prelims again?
    7. Smart study-related practical strategies which work on the ground?
    8. 4-2-4 Model of Preparation
    9. Open 1-1 Q&A session with Sajal sir, Santosh sir, and other rankers

    We have prepared a special Prelims Package for you including notes, resources, and community access.

    (click) BOOK YOUR SLOT UPSC PRELIMS BOOTCAMP | SENIOR MENTORS AND RANKERS + GET SPECIAL CD PRELIMS PACKAGE FOR FREE
    A Quick Bit About Sajal Sir

    Click and find out what toppers have to say about Sajal sir?

    Sajal Singh sir is the founder and academic director of CivilsDaily IAS. He is an MS in Economics from Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, an MS in Financial Economics from Carleton University Canada. NET(JRF) in Economics qualified. He had obtained the highest marks in GS papers in UPSC Mains 2017 and appeared in several UPSC CS interviews. He also heads the Civilsdaily flagship Smash Mains initiative with an over 80% success ratio in the Mains exam. Under Sajal sir’s mentorship, more than 200+ rankers have made it to the list in UPSC 2021 exam.

    About Santosh Gupta

    Santosh Gupta sir has scored above 140 twice in UPSC prelims and always 120 plus in all 6 attempts. He wrote all 6 mains and appeared for Interviews 3 times. He has qualified UPSC EPFO and BPSC 56-59th also. He has been teaching and mentoring UPSC aspirants for the last 5 years.

    This year hundreds of students under Santosh sir cleared UPSC Prelims 2022. Read messages by some of them.

    About Soham Mandhare

    Soham hails from a village in Maharashtra and belongs to a farmer background. A mechanical engineering graduate, Soham took multiple attempts to crack UPSC and secure an AIR 267 in UPSC 2021. His optional was

    While Soham loves watching movies and playing cricket, he also engages himself in native tree plantation drives and assisting his family in agricultural activities.

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  • Political crisis in Maharashtra underscores ineffectiveness of anti-defection law

    Context

    The political crisis in Maharashtra has brought focus back on the anti-defection law. By all accounts, the law has failed to shore up the stability of elected governments.

    About Anti-defection law

    • The Anti-Defection Law under the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution punishes MPs/ MLAs for defecting from their party by taking away their membership of the legislature.
    • It gives the Speaker of the legislature the power to decide the outcome of defection proceedings.
    • It was added to the Constitution through the Fifty-Second (Amendment) Act, 1985 when Rajiv Gandhi was PM.
    • The law applies to both Parliament and state assemblies.

    How provisions of the law are being thwarted?

    • There are many ways to thwart provisions of the law:
    • The Speaker can sit on the defection pleas for the term of the assembly;
    • The beneficiary party can facilitate accretion of defectors to hit the magic two-thirds threshold.
    • The voters don’t seem to care about punishing the defectors either.

    Is an amendment to the law a solution?

    • Some have thus argued that the way forward is to amend the anti-defection law to fill these lacunae by mandating time-bound decisions by the Speaker and disqualifying defectors from standing for the next election as well.
    • These proposed amendments like the original law want to consolidate power without necessarily putting in the requisite politics.

    Why amendment to the law will not solve the problem

    •  Politicians are adept at subverting institutional processes for their own ends and there are many possibilities for payoff for defectors outside of elected office alone.
    • Moreover, politics has a rich history of exercise of power by proxy and the disqualified representative may simply choose to have a family member stand in their stead.
    •  The anti-defection law and proposed amendments approach the issue of defections from the prism of denying power to the defector, a framing which repeatedly comes up short in the face of a bigger and/or more punitive power.

    Way forward

    • Parties need to project power: Within this framework, if political parties want to resist defections, they must be able to project (imminent) power themselves.
    • Parties need to address organisational issues: At the same time, political parties must address organizational and ideological infirmities which have made them susceptible to mass defections in the first place.
    • Ideological clarity: Political parties need ideological clarity and the ability to attract individuals with a sense of purpose and not love for power alone.
    • This ideological depth if reflected in the party organization and its political programs will give members the ability to withstand lean periods of power.
    • Inner-party democracy: Political parties are failing to create intra-party forums where grievances can be expressed and resolved on an ongoing basis.
    • Internal mechanisms for inner-party democracy – from elections to deliberative forums – are ultimately at the discretion of the party leadership.
    • Scrap anti-defection law: Scrapping the anti-defection law would provide some institutional leverage to express intra-party dissidence and while it may be more chaotic in the short-term would lead to greater stability and political strength in the long-term.
    • Contributed to polarisation: The anti-defection law has undermined not just the very principle of representation but has also contributed to polarization in our country by making it impossible to construct a majority on any issue outside of party affiliation.
    • Avoid ceding political power to the judiciary: Political parties are repeatedly giving primacy to legal instead of political battles since these issues inevitably end up in court.
    • This repeated ceding of political power to the judiciary is a serious deviation from the democratic paradigm and must be checked.

    Conclusion

    Anti-defection law has failed to prevent the defections and subsequent toppings of the several state government. Scrapping it could provide leverage to express intra-party dissidence.

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  • How Hanoi and New Delhi are fortifying defence ties

    Context

    The two countries recently deepened bilateral cooperation with the signing of the Joint Vision Statement on India-Vietnam Defence Partnership towards 2030 during the recent visit of Defence Minister Rajnath Singh to Vietnam.

    About the Joint Vision Statement

    • India and Vietnam Wednesday signed a Joint Vision Statement on India-Vietnam Defence Partnership towards 2030, “which will significantly enhance the scope and scale of existing defence cooperation”.
    • Boosting the scale and scope of defence cooperation: The Joint Vision Statement is aimed at boosting the scope and scale of the existing defence cooperation between the two nations.
    • Mutual logistic support: The two sides also signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on mutual logistics support.
    • Elevating CSP: This is the first agreement of its kind that Hanoi has entered into with any other country and elevates the standing of Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) which Hanoi shares with New Delhi since 2016 (along with only Russia and China).

    Enhanced maritime cooperation

    • Both countries find convergence in their approaches towards the maintenance of stability and security of the Indo-Pacific.
    • This approach has translated into diplomatic and political support in the context of developments within the region and manifested in the form of tangible and functional cooperation instruments — the most vital being bilateral defence partnership.
    • Because of the volume of maritime trade that passes through sea lanes of communication in the Indo-Pacific and potential as well as estimated energy reserves in these waters, maritime cooperation between countries in the region have expanded exponentially.

    Emphasis on the cooperative mechanism

    • The enhanced geostrategic prominence and attendant uncertainties vis-à-vis China’s expanding and often abrasive footprints in the Indo-Pacific have resulted in an overall increase in emphasis on cooperative mechanisms and frameworks across the region.
    • Defence partnership between the two countries has been growing steadily following the signing of the Defence Protocol in 2000 and today covers extensive navy-to-navy cooperation.

    Dealing with Chinese transgression

    • Vietnam has and continues to be one of the most vocal countries with respect to China’s periodic transgressions in the South China Sea.
    • Freedom of navigation: In India, Vietnam has found an equally uncompromising partner when it comes to the question of violations of freedom of navigation and threats to sovereign maritime territorial rights as enshrined under international maritime law.
    • New Delhi has supported Vietnam’s position in the South China Sea with respect to Beijing’s destabilising actions and coercive tactics backing by reiterating the irrefutability of the UNCLOS.
    • India has also not backed down from continuing ONGC Videsh Ltd (OVL)’s oil exploration project in Block 128 (which is within Hanoi’s EEZ) despite China’s protests.
    • Emphasis on naval diplomacy: It is also in the last few years that Vietnam has augmented its emphasis on naval diplomacy and strengthened its ties with the US alongside the extension of its engagement with India and other ASEAN members.
    • Despite the fact that the China factor has provided impetus to the solidification of ties, it is also important to consider that mutual cooperation is not driven solely by it.
    • Support in the rubric of Indo-Pacific: Both countries have expanded areas of collaboration and are supportive of each other’s individual and multilateral involvements within the rubric of the Indo-Pacific.

    Conclusion

    Convergences between New Delhi and Hanoi has naturally found expression in bilateral relations and the two countries are poised to develop their partnership further in the coming years.

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    Back2Basics: About UNCLOS

    • UNCLOS is sometimes referred to as the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty.
    • It came into operation and became effective from 16th November 1982.
    • It defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world’s oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources.
    • It has created three new institutions on the international scene :
      1. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea,
      2. International Seabed Authority
      3. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf

  • 25th June 2022| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1          Salient features of world’s physical geography

    GS-2        Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting  India’s interests.

    GS-3        Indian Economy

    GS-4        Public/Civil Services values and ethics in public administration

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 Explain the process of sea floor spreading. Also, discuss the various evidences that support it. (10 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 Convergences between New Delhi and Hanoi have naturally found expression in bilateral relations and the two countries are poised to develop their partnership further in the coming years. Comment. (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 What are the regulatory governance challenges facing the RBI today? Suggest the way forward. (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 “People’s indifference is the best breeding ground for corruption to grow”. Comment. (10 Marks)

     

    HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?

    1. Daily 4 questions from General studies 1, 2, 3, and 4 will be provided to you.

    2. A Mentor’s Comment will be available for all answers. This can be used as a guidance tool but we encourage you to write original answers.

    3. You can write your answer on an A4 sheet and scan/click pictures of the same.

    4.  Upload the scanned answer in the comment section of the same question.

    5. Along with the scanned answer, please share your Razor payment ID, so that paid members are given priority.

    6. If you upload the answer on the same day like the answer of 11th  February is uploaded on 11th February then your answer will be checked within 72 hours. Also, reviews will be in the order of submission- First come first serve basis

    7. If you are writing answers late, for example, 11th February is uploaded on 13th February , then these answers will be evaluated as per the mentor’s schedule.

    8. We encourage you to write answers on the same day. However, if you are uploading an answer late then tag the mentor like @Staff so that the mentor is notified about your answer.

    *In case your answer is not reviewed, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. 

    1. For the philosophy of AWE and payment: 
    CLICK HERE To join Daily AWE

  • 27th June 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    27th June 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    [WpProQuiz 1045]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 1045]

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  • 25th June 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    25th June 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    [WpProQuiz 1044]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 1044]

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  • Centre asks firms to arrange Tricolours

    Independence Day 2020 | Independence Day: Facts about Indian tricolour that you may have missed | India News

    The Centre has reached out to manufacturers and e-commerce sites to boost the availability of the Tricolour, according to officials aware of the programme.

    Why in news?

    • The Centre is set to launch a large-scale campaign to encourage Indians to fly the National Fag at their homes to mark the 75th Independence Day.
    • The aim of the campaign was to inspire people, rather than carry out a distribution drive.

    How is it made possible?

    • In order to facilitate the campaign, the Union Home Ministry had last year amended the Flag Code, which earlier only allowed hand-woven or hand-spun flags to be made.
    • It has now allowed flags to be polyester and machine-made.

    Do you know?

    Earlier, the display of the national flag was governed by the provisions of The Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950 and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.

    What is the Flag Code of India?

    • The Flag Code of India is a set of laws, practices and conventions that apply to the display of the national flag of India.
    • The Code took effect from 26 January 2002 and superseded the “Flag Code-India” as it existed earlier.
    • It permits the unrestricted display of the tricolour, consistent with the honour and dignity of the flag.

    The Flag Code of India has been divided into three parts:-

    • First Part: General Description of the National Flag.
    • Second Part: Display of the National Flag by members of public, private Organisations & educational institutions etc.
    • Third Part: Display of National Flag by Union or State Governments and their organisations and agencies.

    Disposing of the national flag

    • A/c to the Flag Code, such paper flags are not to be discarded or thrown on the ground after the event.
    • Such flags are to be disposed of, in private, consistent with the dignity of the flag.

    Hoisting the national flag is a fundamental right

    • The bench headed by Chief Justice of India V. N. Khare said that under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India, citizens had the fundamental right to fly the national flag on their premises throughout the year.
    • However, it provided that the premises do not undermine the dignity of the national flag.

    About Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act

    • The law, enacted on December 23, 1971, penalizes the desecration of or insult to Indian national symbols, such as the National Flag, the Constitution, the National Anthem, and the Indian map, as well as contempt of the Constitution of India.
    • Section 2 of the Act deals with insults to the Indian National Flag and the Constitution of India.

    Do you know?

    Article 51 ‘A’ contained in Part IV A i.e. Fundamental Duties asks:

    To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem in clause (a).

    Back2Basics: Story of our National Flag

    (1) Public display for the first time

    • Arguably the first national flag of India is said to have been hoisted on August 7, 1906, in Kolkata at the Parsee Bagan Square (Green Park).
    • It comprised three horizontal stripes of red, yellow and green, with Vande Mataram written in the middle.
    • Believed to have been designed by freedom activists Sachindra Prasad Bose and Hemchandra Kanungo, the red stripe on the flag had symbols of the sun and a crescent moon, and the green strip had eight half-open lotuses.

    (2) In Germany

    • In 1907, Madame Cama and her group of exiled revolutionaries hoisted an Indian flag in Germany in 1907 — this was the first Indian flag to be hoisted in a foreign land.

    (3) During the Home Rule Movement

    • In 1917, Dr Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement.
    • It had five alternate red and four green horizontal stripes, and seven stars in the saptarishi configuration.
    • A white crescent and star occupied one top corner, and the other had Union Jack.

    (4) Final version by Pingali Venkayya

    • The design of the present-day Indian tricolour is largely attributed to Pingali Venkayya, an Indian freedom fighter.
    • He reportedly first met Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa during the second Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902), when he was posted there as part of the British Indian Army.
    • Years of research went into designing the national flag. In 1916, he even published a book with possible designs of Indian flags.
    • At the All India Congress Committee in Bezwada in 1921, Venkayya again met Gandhi and proposed a basic design of the flag, consisting of two red and green bands to symbolise the two major communities, Hindus and Muslims.

    (5) During Constituent Assembly

    • On July 22, 1947, when members of the Constituent Assembly of India, the first item on the agenda was reportedly a motion by Pandit Nehru, about adopting a national flag for free India.
    • It was proposed that “the National Flag of India shall be horizontal tricolour of deep saffron (Kesari), white and dark green in equal proportion.”
    • The white band was to have a wheel in navy blue (the charkha being replaced by the chakra), which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka.

     

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