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IPS Komal On UPSC Mains Answer Writing Skills And Making The Most Of Nov’23-Feb-24 Period | Join FREE Masterclass on 9th Nov
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In the last 3 years, a lot of things have changed about UPSC-CSE

Especially the ‘UPSC Main’ examination

Standard resources and mocks can’t make you feel prepared anymore

Now, Every ranker who qualifies Mains crafts a process for it, painstakingly

Civilsdaily Masterclasses allow you to access the real work from those who have done it before

All rankers built their own preparation system. What’s stopping you?

Never start from scratch on your UPSC preparation

Start like a Topper.

Read what Komal Meena, IPS has to say about her UPSC ‘Main Exam’ experience

“I have not just cleared UPSC with an IPS rank but consistently improved upon my Mains score. I know how crucial and tough this UPSC Mains exam has become over the last few years.

When I failed in my attempts, I was devastated. I know what that stress and anxiety can do to our mental health. I have been there.

You are wondering how you will cover this vast syllabus, make notes, structure your answers, and revise. One day you feel stagnated. The other day you are scattered all over the place, rethinking your whole strategy. Meanwhile, time is slipping and so are your attempts. The constant self-doubt is paralyzing.

Trust me, you don’t want to be in that head space. I am here to share my personal journey on How I improved my ‘Mains’ score & give you the precise method to make notes, practice answer writing and revise.

This Thursday, all my learnings are yours to take.

My masterclass will be a reality check on modern-day UPSC Mains prep.

Not just my book list and strategy but also my personal, handwritten PDF answer copies shared with you over our private Zoom meeting.”

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In this masterclass, you will get:
1. 45 minutes of topic-by-topic deep dive on how I improved my Mains score
2. PDF scans of my answer copies which helped me master & revise difficult topics
3. Insider tips that only the top IAS and IPS rankers know and apply in every attempt
Attend Masterclass by IPS Komal for FREE

First 100 will get scanned PDF Answer Copies of IPS Komal

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By the end, you’ll have razor-sharp clarity and a clear roadmap for approaching and qualifying your Mains exam with ease.
Komal, IPS, UPSC CSE 2022
No cringy templates or short-term hacks. Only the real thing that actually helps you.

A hand-curated-invite-only community of aspirants who will add value to your preparation.
Registration open! Join now to attend the masterclass for FREE

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(Don’t wait—the next masterclass won’t be until Dec 23)

We live in an infinite content and attention-deficit world. If you can’t craft a result-oriented process, and become consistent with exam preparation… you’ll never qualify for it.

This Masterclass is crafted to ensure the following

You don’t just consume books and lectures but actually apply and test consistently what you have learned.

To equip you with a ranker-verified process to clear the Prelims Exam

You develop a daily habit of studying to cover the syllabus or attempt and analyze mocks, note-making, revision or improve marks with a consistent approach.

We won’t just tell you WHAT you should study. We’ll teach you WHY you should study it based on timeless UPSC-CSE principles. And you’ll apply everything you learn with support from us and other smart aspirants and toppers.

Attend Masterclass by IPS Komal for FREE

First 100 will get scanned PDF Answer Copies of IPS Komal

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Why should you attend this masterclass?

There are countless UPSC-CSE webinars out there. Most are conducted by teachers, ex-aspirants, or toppers who built a large following and explain WHAT they did.

This Masterclass focuses on the WHY and the HOW. You’ll learn the timeless UPSC-CSE principles to become a top 1% rank-worthy aspirant.

Deeply understand yourself and your constraints

The best aspirants and toppers aren’t the ones who know the most about the syllabus & topics. They know the most about… themselves and their constraints.

It’s time to get clear about your way of preparing for the exam, finally. And you’ll build a much-needed process to understand what really makes you jump over the cut-off score and qualify for prelims. No more guessing. Lots more results.

Attend Masterclass by IPS Komal for FREE

First 100 will get scanned PDF Answer Copies of IPS Komal

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Masterclass was created by Civilsdaily. We know first-hand how valuable these insights are – They are the bedrock for a successful attempt…

Collectively, we helped over 5,000+ aspirants qualify for prelims since the private launch of these masterclasses (last 2 years).

We are making it open for everyone for the first time this year for the 2024 Prelims.

These masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these masterclasses for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.

Fee:
- Special Access (extra 15 min with Ranker) – Free (only for first 100 registrations, register before 8th Nov, 5 PM)
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November 7, 2023
Bharat Atta: Subsidized Wheat Flour Scheme
Central Idea
- In a bid to maintain stability in food prices during the festive season, the Indian government has unveiled a subsidized packaged wheat flour initiative accessible to all consumers.
- Termed “Bharat Atta,” the scheme aims to release a quarter of a million tonnes of state-owned wheat to various cooperative outlets and federations.
Bharat Atta
- Distribution Channels: The government has chosen Kendriya Bhandar, a network of cooperative general stores, along with the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation and National Cooperative Consumers’ Federation, as the primary channels for distributing Bharat Atta.
- Reduced Price: Bharat Atta is offered at a reduced price of ₹27.50 per kilogram, which is lower than the earlier rate of ₹29.50 at Kendriya Bhandar.
- Expansion: To ensure accessibility, the subsidized flour will be available at Kendriya Bhandar, NAFED, NCCF, government cooperative outlets, and food vans operated by NAFED and NCCF.
- Government Support: The government is facilitating this scheme by milling the wheat through firms selected through a tender process, thereby minimizing the milling cost, which is approximately ₹1.80 per kilogram for large wheat millers.
Why such move?
- Free Cereals: PM recently announced that cereals would be provided free of cost to 800 million beneficiaries entitled to subsidized food for the next five years.
- Price Controls: The government has implemented various measures such as banning wheat and rice exports, setting a floor price for onion exports, and reducing import duties on pulses to combat rising food prices.
- Election Context: These anti-inflation measures come as India faces key assembly elections in five states and a general election in the near future.
Challenges in implementation
- Cereal Inflation: Despite a significant wheat harvest, India continues to grapple with high cereal inflation, which has persisted for over a year, reaching double digits.
- Record Foodgrain Production: The fourth and final round of estimates for the 2022-23 crop output indicates a record high in foodgrain production. However, wheat production slightly decreased from initial estimates.
- Positive Outlook: Despite minor fluctuations, wheat production remains higher than the previous year, reflecting a positive outlook for addressing food price concerns.
Conclusion
- The government’s subsidized wheat flour initiative, Bharat Atta, exemplifies its dedication to ensuring that the joy of the festive season is not marred by soaring food prices.
November 7, 2023
Advocate-on-Record (AoR) in Supreme Court
Central Idea
- In a recent development, the Supreme Court of India dismissed a public interest litigation filed by an Advocate-on-Record (AoR), emphasizing that an AoR cannot be a mere “signing authority.”
- This incident has sparked discussions on the role and significance of AoRs in the Indian legal system.
Who is an Advocate-on-Record (AoR)?
- Historical Roots: The AoR system is influenced by British legal practices, distinguishing between barristers who argue cases and solicitors who handle client matters. In India, senior advocates are designated by the Court, akin to barristers, and cannot solicit clients but are briefed by other lawyers, including AoRs.
- Exclusive Right to File Cases: Only an AoR is authorized to file cases before the Supreme Court of India. They serve as a vital link between litigants and the highest judicial authority in the country.
- Elite Legal Practitioners: AoRs are a select group of elite lawyers, primarily based in Delhi, whose legal practice predominantly revolves around the Supreme Court. They may also represent clients in other courts.
- Court of Last Opportunity: The concept behind the AoR system is to ensure that a litigant is represented by a highly qualified lawyer because the Supreme Court is often considered the last resort for legal remedies.
Becoming an AoR
- Eligibility Criteria: To qualify as an AoR, an advocate must meet specific criteria set by the Supreme Court Rules, 2013.
- Examination: Aspiring AoRs must clear an examination conducted by the Supreme Court, which includes subjects like Practice and Procedure, Drafting, Professional Ethics, and Leading Cases.
- Training Requirement: Before taking the exam, an advocate must undergo training with a court-approved AoR for at least one year. This training is preceded by a minimum of four years of legal practice.
Responsibilities and Rules Governing AoRs
- Geographical Presence: AoRs must maintain an office in Delhi within a 16-kilometer radius of the Supreme Court.
- Employment of Registered Clerk: Upon registration as an AoR, an undertaking is required to employ a registered clerk within one month.
- Regulatory Authority: While Section 30 of the Advocates Act grants lawyers the right to practice law nationwide, it explicitly acknowledges the Supreme Court’s authority to establish rules under Article 145 of the Constitution for regulating its own procedure.
November 7, 2023
Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) Initiative
Central Idea
- The Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) initiative, recently unveiled by the Quad grouping (India, Australia, Japan, and the U.S.), underscores a shared commitment to uphold a free, open, inclusive, and rules-based Indo-Pacific.
What is IPMDA Initiative?
- IPMDA Initiative was announced at the Quad Leaders’ Summit in Tokyo, 2022.
- It primarily aims to track dark shipping.
- Dark ships are vessels with their Automatic Identification System (AIS) – a transponder system – switched off so as not to be detectable.
- It focuses on tracking other tactical-level activities: to respond to climate and humanitarian events and to protect their fisheries, which are vital to many Indo-Pacific economies.
Significance of IPMDA for India
- IPMDA represents a substantial effort to bolster security and stability in the Indo-Pacific, a region of paramount global geopolitical significance.
- India’s Navy, currently possessing over 140 ships and submarines, is on course to achieve a formidable fleet of 170 to 180 vessels by 2028.
Lessons from Recent Events
- Recent global events, including the border standoff with China in eastern Ladakh, conflicts in Ukraine, and turmoil in West Asia, underscore the need for resilience and readiness in the face of uncertainties.
- Indian Navy recognizes the importance of integrated joint operations and a holistic approach to national defense, and a well-coordinated defense strategy involving all three Services.
November 7, 2023
India-Bhutan Relations
Central Idea
- The recent three-day visit of Bhutan King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk to Assam marked a significant milestone in India-Bhutan relations.
- Notably, it was the first-ever visit by a Bhutanese monarch to the state, signifying the close ties between the two neighbours and a fresh chapter of cooperation.
Bhutan and India: Historical Context
- Border Proximity: Despite sharing a 265.8 km border, this visit was the first of its kind, underscoring the uniqueness of the occasion.
- Challenging Times: The peaceful relationship between India and Bhutan faced complexities in the 1990s when insurgent groups from Assam established camps and operated in Bhutan’s southeast forests.
1990s: Indian Insurgent Presence in Bhutan
- Backdrop: Pressure on insurgent groups in Assam, due to Indian military crackdowns and changes in Bangladesh’s political landscape, compelled them to seek refuge elsewhere.
- Bhutanese Sanctuary: Insurgent groups, including ULFA, NDFB, and KLO, set up camps in Bhutan’s Samdrup Jongkhar district, near the Assam border.
Bhutan’s Initial Approach
- Reluctant Engagement: Bhutan initially ignored the presence of Indian insurgents on its territory and attempted dialogue with them.
- Diplomatic Pressure: The situation strained diplomatic relations with India, its significant neighbor, funder, and trade partner.
- Limited Military Capability: Bhutan’s small and inexperienced military hindered decisive action against the insurgents.
- Unfruitful Talks: Despite multiple rounds of dialogue with ULFA and NDFB, no tangible outcomes were achieved, with the KLO refusing to engage in talks.
Triggers for the Military Crackdown
- Direct Threat to Sovereignty: The presence of insurgents became a direct threat to Bhutan’s sovereignty and national security.
- Impact on Relations: Insurgent activities had negative implications for Bhutan-India relations, affecting development, economic activities, and bilateral trust.
- Humanitarian Consequences: Attacks on Bhutanese nationals, threats, extortion, and violence-affected innocent lives and disrupted travel and trade routes.
- Arms Supply to Ethnic Nepalese: Concerns emerged that insurgents might supply arms to ethnic Nepalese Lhotshampas, who were subjected to repression by the royal government, potentially sparking an ethnic insurgency in southern Bhutan.
Operation All Clear: The Result
- Coordinated Offensive: On December 15, 2003, the Royal Bhutan Army, supported by the Indian Army, launched ‘Operation All Clear,’ simultaneously targeting ULFA, NDFB, and KLO camps.
- Indian Support: India provided logistical and medical assistance and sealed the Indo-Bhutan border to prevent insurgent escape into India.
- Significant Outcome: The operation resulted in the killing or capture of at least 650 insurgents, including top leaders from the three groups.
Conclusion
- Bhutan’s historic royal visit to Assam signifies a strengthening of bonds and a reaffirmation of friendship after a complex period.
- The military operation ‘Operation All Clear’ demonstrated Bhutan’s commitment to safeguarding its sovereignty and security, ultimately contributing to regional stability.
- Today, India and Bhutan stand united, fostering peace, cooperation, and prosperity in the region.
November 7, 2023
Delhi Odd-Even Scheme: Emergency Traffic Restrictions
Central Idea
- The Odd-Even scheme, designed to reduce vehicular emissions and combat severe air pollution in Delhi, has garnered attention and scrutiny.
- While this emergency action has been implemented in response to deteriorating air quality, experts emphasize that it may not be a panacea for all pollution woes.
Odd-Even Scheme
- Reduction in Vehicles: The scheme aims to curtail vehicular pollution by restricting the number of cars on the road. However, it has limitations, as it excludes two-wheelers and taxis, which are significant contributors to emissions.
- Two Aspects of Transport Pollution: Transport pollution encompasses emissions from exhaust tailpipes and wear and tear of tires and brakes. Tailpipe emissions contain pollutants like PM2.5, soot, organics, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons.
Why such move?
- Curbing Local Sources of Pollution: Transport is a dominant source of pollutants when considering Delhi’s local emissions. Vehicles play a crucial role in exacerbating air quality issues.
- Complex Challenges: Estimating the scheme’s exact impact on pollution levels is challenging due to multiple factors, including emissions from outside Delhi, restricted coverage of the transport fleet, and exemptions.
Prior Experience and Expert Opinions
- Experience from 2016: A study conducted on the Odd-Even scheme implemented in January 2016 indicated limited success in mitigating air pollution. PM2.5 levels decreased marginally in specific areas but not significantly citywide.
- Comprehensive Approach Needed: Experts argue that while the Odd-Even scheme can contribute to pollution reduction, it should be viewed as one element of a comprehensive strategy, combined with measures like construction halts, during periods of stagnant air.
- Not a Silver Bullet: Emergency actions, including the Odd-Even scheme, cannot independently solve air quality issues, and their effectiveness is influenced by various factors.
Assessing Impact Based on Pollution Concentration
- Air Quality Index (AQI) May Not Tell the Full Story: Experts emphasize the importance of considering pollutant concentration levels rather than relying solely on the Air Quality Index (AQI) for assessing the scheme’s impact.
- Concentration Matters: Monitoring the concentration of pollutants provides a clearer picture of the scheme’s effectiveness in reducing harmful substances in the air.
Transportation Role in Delhi’s Pollution
- Contributor to Emissions: Transport, including vehicles and cars, is a substantial contributor to PM2.5 emissions in Delhi, accounting for a significant portion of the pollution.
- Role of Four-Wheeler Cars: Four-wheeler cars contribute about 8% of emissions within the transport sector. Reducing their presence on the road can make a notable difference.
Lessons from Other Cities
- Global Precedents: Other major cities, such as Beijing and Paris, have implemented vehicle restrictions to address pollution issues.
- Comprehensive Measures: The success of such schemes often depends on their comprehensive nature and alignment with specific local conditions.
Conclusion
- The Odd-Even scheme in Delhi serves as a critical emergency measure to combat air pollution during periods of severe deterioration.
- While it can contribute to reducing vehicular emissions, experts emphasize that it should be part of a broader strategy that addresses multiple pollution sources.
- Analyzing pollutant concentration levels provides a more accurate assessment of the scheme’s impact, and it is crucial to view it in conjunction with other measures to ensure sustained improvements in air quality.
November 7, 2023

Meta lawsuits: Big Tech will always be bad for mental health

mental health

Central idea

The article delves into the social media crisis, pointing fingers at Meta for exacerbating youth mental health issues through Instagram’s addictive features. Legal actions highlight the platforms’ intentional exploitation of young users’ vulnerabilities. To address this, a suggested solution is contemplating a shift from the current profit-driven business model to a subscription-based one.

Key Highlights:

Social Media Crisis: Social media platforms, especially Meta (formerly Facebook), are facing a crisis due to concerns about their impact on mental health, particularly among youth.
Legal Action Against Meta: Forty-two US Attorney Generals have filed lawsuits against Meta, alleging that Instagram, a Meta-owned platform, actively contributes to a youth mental health crisis through addictive features.
Allegations Against Meta: The lawsuit claims that Meta knowingly designs algorithms to exploit young users’ dopamine responses, creating an addictive cycle of engagement for profit.
Dopamine and Addiction: Dopamine, associated with happiness, is triggered by likes on platforms like Facebook, leading to heightened activity in children’s brains, making them more susceptible to addictive behaviors.

Prelims focus – Dopamine

Neurotransmitter: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger in the brain.
Feelings of Pleasure: It is associated with feelings of pleasure, reward, and satisfaction.
Reward System: Dopamine plays a crucial role in the brain’s reward system, reinforcing certain behaviors.
Motivation: It is linked to motivation, focus, and regulating mood.
Addiction and Habits: Dopamine is involved in the development of addictive behaviors and habits.
Social Media Impact: Activities on social media, like receiving likes or positive feedback, can lead to a release of dopamine.

Key examples for mains value addition

The Social Dilemma (2020): A Netflix show that revealed how social media, led by Meta, messes with our minds and influences our behavior, especially impacting the mental health of youngsters.
Frances Haugen’s Revelations: A whistleblower exposed internal Meta documents showing that Instagram worsened body image issues for teen girls, making social media’s impact on mental health a serious concern.
US Surgeon General’s Advisory: The government’s health expert issued a warning about the negative effects of social media on young minds, emphasizing its importance in President Biden’s State of the Union address.

Challenges:

Addictive Business Model: The core issue with social media is its business model, focusing on user engagement and data monetization, potentially at the expense of user well-being.
Transformation from Networks to Media: Social networks, initially built for human connection, have transformed into media properties where users are treated as data for advertisers, impacting their habits and behaviors.
Global Regulatory Scrutiny: Meta faces regulatory challenges beyond the US, with UK, EU, and India considering legislative measures. India, having the largest Instagram user base, emphasizes accountability for content hosted on platforms.

Analysis:

Business Model Critique: The article argues that the problem with social media lies in its business model, which prioritizes user engagement for data collection and monetization.
Regulatory Consequences: If the lawsuit succeeds, Meta could face significant penalties, potentially adding up to billions of dollars, and signaling a major setback for the company.
Global Impact: Regulatory scrutiny extends beyond the US, indicating a need for platforms to be more accountable and responsible for their content and user interactions on a global scale.

Key Data:

Potential Penalties: Meta could face penalties of up to $5000 for each violation if the lawsuit succeeds, posing a significant financial threat considering Instagram’s large user base.
Regulatory Pressure in India: India, with 229 million Instagram users, emphasizes the end of a free pass for platforms, signaling a global shift towards increased accountability.

Way Forward:

Shift to Subscription Model: The article suggests that social networks might consider adopting a subscription model, akin to OpenAI’s approach, to prioritize user well-being over advertising revenue.
Listen to Regulatory Signals: Platforms are urged to heed regulatory signals and work collaboratively to address issues rather than adopting a confrontational stance.
Long-term Survival: To ensure long-term survival, social media networks may need to reevaluate their business models, aligning them with user well-being rather than prioritizing engagement and data monetization.

In essence, the article highlights the crisis in social media, legal challenges against Meta, the critique of the business model, global regulatory scrutiny, and suggests potential shifts in the industry’s approach for long-term survival.

November 7, 2023

Launching FlashNotes Polity-Recommended by AIR16, AIR22, AIR48 and others

Total Pages in Polity Laxmikanth – 940. FlashNotes in handwritten format~40 pages.(pdf is close to 80).

Get UPSC Polity Flash Notes Here.

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FlashNotes are not just Laxmikanth short summaries. They are an entirely different way of revising Polity.

Comparisons, tables, timelines, all the information in easy to grasp manner.

Comparing Constitutions is a GS2 syllabus topic thats a nightmare to study. Our notes meticulously compare Indian Constitution with those of 10 other countries across 15 dimensions.

Similar efforts have gone in for all other chapters like Constitutional Bodies, Emergencies, etc.

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Here’s the list of all topics covered

November 7, 2023
Topper Notes secret revealed. Get it right in 1 shot.
Attend the workshop to understand the approaches behind Notes

Recommended by AIR16, AIR22, AIR48 and others.

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In the last 3 years, a lot of things have changed about UPSC-CSE preparation. Core books like NCERTs, Laxmikanth are a great starting point but they need to be substituted with your own notes that are precise and help you recall everything.

Every Topper has put in an extraordinary effort to streamline their notes. It was an obsession. It took them multiple iterations and failed attempts to finally get to a version that helped them cut down on the revision time and remove the dependency on the core books.

Take the example of Council Acts that you start with. You need to understand
1. How the executive/legislature has been evolving with each act, and their powers.
2. The new bodies being created BOC, COD, and their mandates.
3. How were the Provinces being impacted?
4. Finally, the key features and points to note for each Act.
Get UPSC History Flash Notes Here

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Likewise for various other topics in Modern History.

Similarly, for various other topics under Polity

Get UPSC Polity Flash Notes Here

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Here’s the list of all topics covered

The good news is that:

You don’t have to fail 2 attempts to develop this topper-level clarity.

Put your 3 hours/day in better use to enhance your knowledge than to struggle with how to capture information in your notes.

The age of highlighting, bookmarking, keywords and bulky digital notes is long gone. Your notes are either going to be your biggest asset or the most anxiety-inducing pile of garbage.

I know what that stress and anxiety can do to your mental health. I have seen aspirants struggling with their notes and one-drive and multiple registers. The constant self-doubt is paralyzing. Trust me, you don’t want to be in that head space.
November 6, 2023
Mubarak Manzil Palace of Malerkotla Awaits Restoration
Central Idea
- Hidden amidst the ruins of Punjab’s Malerkotla town lies the 19th-century Mubarak Manzil Palace, a poignant symbol of the state’s indifference towards its rich heritage.
- Beyond its architectural significance, this palace holds a deep cultural and emotional connection for both Sikhs and Muslims alike.
- However, despite its historical value, the restoration of this magnificent structure has languished in bureaucratic inertia.
About Mubarak Manzil Palace
- Historical Significance: The Mubarak Manzil Palace dates back to the 19th century and stands as a testament to the region’s historical heritage.
- Cultural Significance: Beyond architecture, the palace holds immense cultural and emotional importance for Sikhs and Muslims, serving as a shared legacy.
- Unfulfilled Hope: Begum Munawwar-ul-Nisa, the last surviving member of Malerkotla’s royal family, passed away recently, with her desire to witness the palace’s restoration remaining unfulfilled.
Delayed Restoration Efforts
- Congress Government’s Approval: In 2021, the previous Congress government granted approval for the acquisition and preservation of the palace, kindling hopes for its revival.
- Family Disputes and Financial Constraints: The palace had fallen into disrepair due to family disputes and financial limitations. Begum Nisa, after resolving the disputes, appealed to the State government to take over and restore the palace.
- Unfulfilled Promises: Although Begum Nisa and her family entrusted 29 rooms of the palace to the government’s care, the restoration work has yet to commence. Despite expert assessments in 2022, progress has been stalled, leaving the heritage in disrepair.
Cultural Significance
- Guru Gobind Singh’s Blessing: Malerkotla holds a significant place in Sikh history as it was Nawab Sher Mohammed Khan who protested against the execution of Guru Gobind Singh’s younger sons, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh, in 1705. Guru Gobind Singh blessed the town to live in peace.
- Sikh Reverence: Sikhs deeply respect Malerkotla’s royal family for their historical role. The restoration of the palace is considered a fitting tribute to their legacy.
November 6, 2023