Union Education Minister comment accusing the Tamil Nadu government of being “dishonest” in implementing the PM SHRI scheme caused disruption in the Lok Sabha.
What is the PM-SHRI Scheme?
About
Centrally Sponsored Scheme launched in 2022 to upgrade 14,500 schools as model institutions for NEP 2020 implementation.
Objective: To create inclusive, nurturing schools with modern infrastructure, holistic education, and competency-based learning.
Implementation
From 2022-23 to 2026-27. After this, states/UTs will maintain the benchmarks achieved.
Funding Pattern:
60:40 (Centre: State/UTs with legislature, except J&K).
90:10 for Northeastern & Himalayan States, J&K.
100% Central funding for UTs without legislature. States must sign an MoU with the Centre to participate.
Stage-2: Identifying eligible schools using UDISE+ data.
Stage-3: Schools compete to meet selection criteria, verified by States/UTs/KVS/JNV.
Final selection by Expert Committee headed by the Education Secretary.
PYQ:
[2017] What is the purpose of ‘Vidyanjali Yojana’?
1. To enable the famous foreign campuses in India.
2. To increase the quality of education provided in government schools by taking help from the private sector and the community.
3. To encourage voluntary monetary contributions from private individuals and organizations so as to improve the infrastructure facilities for primary and secondary schools.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 2 and 3 only
According to the RBI, bad loans in the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme segment increased by 42% over the last four years, reaching ₹97,543 crore by December 2024, up from ₹68,547 crore in March 2021.
About theKisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme
The KCC Scheme is a government-backed credit initiative designed to provide timely and adequate credit to farmers for agricultural and allied activities.
Launched in 1998 on the recommendation of NABARD (R.V. Gupta Committee), the scheme aims to ensure easy access to institutional credit, reducing farmers’ dependency on moneylenders and informal credit sources.
Purpose of KCC:
Provides short-term credit for crop cultivation and post-harvest needs.
Supports working capital requirements for farm mechanization, dairy, poultry, fisheries, and other allied agricultural activities.
Helps meet household consumption needs of farmers.
Allows credit access for investment in agriculture-related businesses.
Credit and Repayment System:
Farmers can avail collateral-free loans up to ₹2 lakh.
Interest rates start as low as 4% per annum (with government interest subvention for timely repayment).
The loan limit was increased from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh in Budget 2025-26.
Revolving credit system allows farmers to withdraw and repay as needed within the sanctioned limit.
Repayment schedules are linked to the crop harvesting cycle, ensuring no undue financial burden.
A recent study published by Johns Hopkins University (USA) and Northumbria University (UK) reveals howCollisionless Shock Waves act ascosmic accelerators, helping subatomic particles gain ultra-high energy and travel vast distances in space.
What are Collisionless Shock Waves?
Collisionless shock waves are disturbances in plasma (ionized gas) where energy transfer occurs without direct particle collisions, relying instead on electromagnetic forces.
They are found in supernova remnants, black hole disks, pulsars, magnetars, and planetary magnetospheres.
They act as natural cosmic accelerators, boosting electrons and other charged particles to ultra-high speeds.
Key Findings from the Study
NASA’s MMS, THEMIS, and ARTEMIS missions observed an electron acceleration event near Earth’s bow shock on December 17, 2017.
Electrons in Earth’s foreshock region gained 500 keV of energy, reaching 86% of the speed of light, a huge increase from their usual 1 keV.
Diffusive shock acceleration (known for producing high-energy cosmic rays) requires electrons to already be moving at 50% of light speed before further acceleration can occur.
The study identifies how electrons receive this initial boost, a long-standing astrophysical mystery.
Scientists have long assumed that supernova explosions are the primary source of cosmic rays.
The recent study suggests that planetary magnetospheres interacting with stellar winds could also contribute to high-energy cosmic rays.
How Shock Waves accelerate Particles without Collisions?
Unlike in solids, liquids, or gases, where energy is transferred via molecular collisions, plasma particles interact through electromagnetic fields.
This allows shock waves to accelerate electrons without direct contact.
Multi-Stage Acceleration Process:
Plasma waves interact with electrons, imparting initial energy.
Magnetic turbulence in the shock front causes electrons to spiral, further increasing their speed.
Repeated interactions with plasma waves push electrons to relativistic speeds.
Role of Earth’s Bow Shock & Foreshock:
When the solar wind collides with Earth’s magnetosphere, it forms a shock wave.
The foreshock region ahead of this wave is highly turbulent, enabling efficient electron acceleration.
PYQ:
[2009] In the year 2008, which one of the following conducted a complex scientific experiment in which sub-atomic particles were accelerated to nearly the speed of light?
(a) European Space Agency
(b) European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
(c) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Q) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2020)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc (2020) and WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’ (2018).
During Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s U.S. visit on February 13, 2025, India and the U.S. agreed to begin talks on a multi-sector Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) by fall 2025. As both countries are WTO members, the agreement must follow WTO rules. While details remain unclear, the agreement’s content matters more than its label.
Today’s editorial discusses how the ongoing Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) negotiations may affect both countries. This information is useful for GS Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains exam.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Since both the U.S. and India are members of the World Trade Organization, their trade agreements must follow WTO rules.
What are the key legal challenges India and the U.S. may face while negotiating a Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) under WTO law?
Violation of the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Principle: WTO law mandates that any trade advantage granted to one member must be extended to all members (Article I of GATT). A BTA providing preferential tariffs only to India or the U.S. may violate this principle.
Example: If the U.S. lowers tariffs on Indian textiles under the BTA without extending the same benefit to other WTO members like China, it breaches the MFN principle.
Meeting the “Substantially All Trade” Requirement: Article XXIV.8(b) of GATT requires that Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) must cover “substantially all trade.” A limited-scope BTA focusing only on select sectors (e.g., pharmaceuticals or agriculture) may not satisfy this condition.
Example: If the India-U.S. BTA only includes technology and defense products while excluding key areas like agriculture, it may not qualify as a valid FTA under WTO law.
Notification and Transparency Obligations: WTO members must notify the organization of any new regional trade agreements (RTAs) or BTAs and demonstrate compliance with Article XXIV of GATT. Failure to provide transparent schedules may lead to legal disputes.
Example: If India and the U.S. do not submit a clear implementation timeline for tariff reductions under an interim BTA, other WTO members could challenge the agreement.
Bound Tariff Commitments: Both countries have pre-committed to maximum tariff limits (bound tariffs) under WTO rules. Any preferential treatment exceeding these limits may violate their commitments.
Example: If India agrees to reduce tariffs on American agricultural imports below its bound tariff rates, it could be accused of breaching its WTO commitments.
Misuse of the “Interim Agreement” Clause: Article XXIV.5 allows “interim agreements” only if they lead to a full FTA within a reasonable period (usually 10 years). Using an interim BTA to delay full liberalization may face legal scrutiny.
Example: If the India-U.S. BTA remains a partial agreement for an extended period without progressing toward an FTA, it could be deemed a violation of WTO norms.
Why is the “most favoured nation” (MFN) principle significant in evaluating the legality of the proposed India-U.S. BTA?
Prevents Discrimination Between Trading Partners: The MFN principle under Article I of GATT ensures that any trade advantage (e.g., lower tariffs) given to one WTO member must be extended to all members. A BTA offering exclusive benefits violates this core principle.
Example: If the U.S. reduces tariffs on Indian pharmaceuticals but does not extend the same reduction to other countries like Vietnam, it breaches the MFN rule.
Limits Preferential Bilateral Deals: WTO law only allows exceptions to the MFN rule through comprehensive trade agreements covering “substantially all trade” under Article XXIV of GATT. A narrowly focused BTA risks legal challenges.
Example: If India and the U.S. sign a BTA that only includes high-tech products while excluding major sectors like agriculture, it may not qualify for an MFN exemption.
Ensures Transparency and Fair Competition: The MFN principle promotes a transparent, rule-based trading system where no country receives hidden advantages, ensuring fair market access for all WTO members.
Example: If India provides exclusive tariff cuts on American dairy products without offering similar terms to New Zealand, it would violate WTO transparency obligations.
Prevents Trade Fragmentation: Upholding the MFN principle avoids trade fragmentation by ensuring consistent rules for all members. Bilateral deals that bypass MFN could undermine the multilateral trade system.
Example: If the U.S. grants Indian textiles preferential access through a BTA but not to countries like Bangladesh, it could distort global supply chains.
Requires WTO Notification and Review: Any departure from the MFN principle through a BTA must be notified to the WTO and subjected to legal scrutiny under Article XXIV to confirm its compliance.
Example: If the India-U.S. BTA is not notified to the WTO or lacks a clear transition plan toward an FTA, it may be legally contested by other members like China or the EU.
How can the proposed BTA be structured as an “interim agreement” under Article XXIV of the GATT without violating WTO norms?
Commitment to Full Free Trade Area (FTA) or Customs Union: The BTA must outline a clear plan to eventually form a Free Trade Area (FTA) or Customs Union within a reasonable time frame (generally within 10 years).
Example: The India-Mauritius Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement (CECPA) started as an interim agreement with the goal of expanding into a broader trade framework.
Transparency and Notification to WTO: The parties must notify the WTO of the interim agreement and submit detailed information on trade coverage, timelines, and implementation steps for review by the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements (CRTA).
Example: The European Union (EU)-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement was notified to the WTO during the Brexit transition, ensuring compliance with Article XXIV.
Non-Discriminatory Transition: The interim agreement must not create unjustifiable discrimination against other WTO members, and the removal of trade barriers should cover substantially all trade between the parties.
Example: The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) complies with this by covering a broad range of goods and services, ensuring that trade barriers are progressively reduced.
Way forward:
Ensure Comprehensive Coverage and Timely Transition: Design the BTA to cover substantially all trade sectors with a clear roadmap toward a full Free Trade Area (FTA) within the 10-year WTO guideline to comply with Article XXIV.
Enhance Transparency and Legal Compliance: Notify the WTO promptly, providing detailed schedules on tariff reductions and implementation timelines, ensuring non-discrimination and regular compliance reviews by the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements (CRTA).
Various groups have raised concerns about the Draft UGC Regulations, 2025, which outline qualifications for appointing and promoting university teachers and aim to maintain standards in higher education.
What are the primary reservations expressed regarding the Draft UGC Regulations, 2025?
Reduced Role of State Executives in V-C Appointments: The draft regulations limit the State government’s involvement in the search-cum-selection process, despite State universities being funded and established by State legislatures. Example: In the Gambhirdan K. Gadhvi vs State of Gujarat (2019) case, the Supreme Court ruled that State executive members cannot be part of the V-C selection committee, reducing their influence.
Broadening of Eligibility Criteria for Vice-Chancellors: Expanding the eligibility to include individuals from public policy, government, and private sectors may dilute academic rigor and expertise. Example: Between 2010 and 2018, the UGC regulations required 10 years of professorship or equivalent academic experience, ensuring a focus on research-based qualifications.
Why has the Supreme Court of India ruled against the involvement of the State executive in the selection process of Vice-Chancellors?
Ensuring Compliance with UGC Regulations: The Court upheld the UGC’s 2018 regulations, which specify that only a UGC representative, not a State executive member, should be included in the search-cum-selection committee. Example: In Professor (Dr.) Sreejith P.S vs Dr. Rajasree M.S. (2022), the Court invalidated the V-C’s appointment because the selection process did not follow UGC norms.
Preventing Arbitrary Appointments: The Court held that allowing State executives to influence the selection process could lead to biased or politically motivated appointments, compromising merit-based selection. Example: In Dr. Premachandran Keezhoth vs The Chancellor, Kannur University (2023), the Court declared the V-C appointment void due to the involvement of the State executive, reinforcing the need for an independent selection process.
Preserving Autonomy and Neutrality: The Court emphasized that the Vice-Chancellor’s appointment process should be free from political or administrative influence to maintain the academic institution’s autonomy and impartiality. Example: In Gambhirdan K. Gadhvi vs State of Gujarat (2019), the Court ruled that State executive members cannot be part of the selection committee to prevent undue influence.
Who are the key stakeholders affected by the proposed changes in the search-cum-selection process?
State Governments and State Universities: The reduced role of State executives limits their ability to shape the leadership of State-funded universities, affecting regional educational priorities and innovation. Example: State governments argue that universities play a critical role in addressing local development needs, which may be overlooked if the selection process is centralized.
University Governance Bodies: University executive bodies lose direct influence over the V-C selection, reducing their ability to align leadership with institutional goals and academic vision. Example:Central University statutes follow a similar model where the Chancellor, UGC, and university bodies are key decision-makers, excluding executive government officials.
Academic and Non-Academic Professionals: The broadened eligibility criteria open leadership positions to individuals from non-academic backgrounds, changing the traditional focus on academic excellence. Example: The draft regulations allow candidates with experience in public policy or industry, which some argue may dilute the focus on academic scholarship.
Which options should be suggested to balance the State executive’s concerns? (Way forward)
State Nominee with Specific Criteria: Permit the State executive to nominate one member to the search-cum-selection committee, provided the nominee is a distinguished academic with no active government role. Example: Similar to the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) guidelines, the nominee could be a retired academic leader who is free from political affiliations.
Increased Consultation Mechanism: Introduce a pre-selection consultation phase where the State executive provides inputs on regional needs without directly influencing the final selection. Example: The university executive could hold formal discussions with the State to ensure the selected V-C aligns with local educational and developmental goals.
Mains PYQ:
Q The quality of higher education in India requires major improvement to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of technical and higher education in the country. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2015)
According to PLFS reports, employment in India is increasing, but the real wages of salaried workers have remained unchanged since 2019.
What are the key reasons behind the stagnation of real wages for salaried workers in India since 2019?
Inflation Outpacing Wage Growth: Rising consumer prices (CPI) have eroded the purchasing power of salaries despite nominal wage increases. For example, Real wages for salaried workers in India were 1.7% lower in the June 2024 quarter compared to the June 2019 quarter (PLFS data).
Excess Labour Supply and Declining Returns to Education: An oversupply of qualified workers has reduced the premium for higher education, limiting salary growth. For example, the share of self-employed workers increased from 53.5% in 2019-20 to 58.4% in 2023-24, indicating a shift from salaried roles due to a lack of opportunities.
Depressed Private Sector Investment: Reduced corporate investment leads to slower job creation and wage stagnation. For example, India’s private sector investment-to-GDP ratio declined from 28% in 2011-12 to 21.1% in 2022-23 (Reserve Bank of India).
Policy Shocks (Demonetisation and GST Impact): Economic disruptions from demonetisation (2016) and GST (2017) weakened small and medium enterprises (SMEs), affecting formal employment. For example, Formal employment fell, and salaried employment as a share of total workers dropped from 22.9% in 2019-20 to 21.7% in 2023-24 (PLFS data).
Shift Toward Informal and Contractual Work: Companies increasingly rely on temporary and gig workers, offering lower pay and fewer benefits. For example, Casual labour wages increased by 12.3% (real terms) between 2019 and 2024, while salaried wages stagnated, reflecting a rise in informal work.
Why is the increase in wages for casual labour not considered a net positive for the economy?
Lower Productivity Contribution: Casual labour typically involves low-skilled, irregular work with limited productivity gains. While wages may rise, the overall economic output does not grow proportionately.
For example, the agriculture sector, which employs a large share of casual labour, contributed only 16% to India’s GDP in 2023-24 despite employing over 45% of the workforce (Economic Survey 2023-24).
Informal Nature of Work: Casual jobs lack social security, health benefits, and job stability, leading to long-term economic insecurity despite wage increases.
In India, 93% of the workforce remains in the informal sector with minimal social protection, contributing to economic vulnerability (ILO report, 2023).
Wage-Price Spiral Risk: Rising wages in low-skilled sectors can increase the cost of goods and services, driving inflation without improving living standards.
For instance, wage increases for casual farm labour contribute to higher food prices, intensifying retail inflation (CPI rose by 7.44% in July 2024, RBI).
Limited Skill Development and Upward Mobility: Casual work offers fewer opportunities for training or career advancement, trapping workers in low-wage cycles despite nominal wage growth.
The Periodic Labour Force Survey (2023-24) shows that only 2.4% of India’s workforce received formal vocational training, limiting skill-based upward mobility.
Depressed Consumption and Savings Rates: Casual labourers typically earn subsistence-level wages, leaving little room for savings or significant consumption, which hampers long-term economic growth.
Household savings as a share of GDP declined from 23.6% in 2011-12 to 18.1% in 2022-23, reflecting weak wage-driven consumption (RBI report).
When did real wages for self-employed workers begin to recover after the pandemic?
Real wages for self-employed workers in India began to recover after the pandemic in the quarters. Despite this recovery, as of the June 2024 quarter, real wages remained 1.5% lower than in the June 2019 quarter.
Rural vs. Urban Disparities:
Rural Areas: In rural regions, self-employed workers experienced a 3.02% increase in real wages during the same period.
Urban Areas: Conversely, urban self-employed workers saw a decline of 5.2% in real wages compared to pre-pandemic levels.
How have policy decisions like demonetization and the implementation of GST affected wage growth and employment patterns?
Disruption of Informal and Small-Scale Enterprises: Both demonetisation and GST disrupted cash-dependent small and medium enterprises (SMEs), leading to job losses and reduced wage growth in the informal sector. Example: The share of salaried workers declined from 22.9% in 2019-20 to 21.7% in 2023-24 (PLFS data), indicating a shift away from formal employment.
Shift Toward Informal and Gig Work: Policy shocks accelerated the transition from stable salaried jobs to informal, gig-based, and self-employed work, which generally offers lower pay and fewer benefits. Example: The share of self-employed workers increased from 53.5% in 2019-20 to 58.4% in 2023-24, reflecting a rise in informal employment (PLFS data).
Slower Wage Growth and Employment Stagnation: Compliance burdens from GST and cash shortages from demonetisation constrained business operations, leading to slower wage increases across sectors. Example: Real wages for salaried workers were 1.7% lower in June 2024 compared to June 2019 (PLFS data), indicating stagnant wage growth despite economic recovery.
Way forward:
Enhance Formal Employment and Skill Development: Promote labour-intensive sectors and incentivize formal job creation through targeted tax benefits and reduced compliance burdens.
Strengthen Social Security and Wage Policies: Implement comprehensive social protection schemes for informal workers to ensure income stability and healthcare benefits.
Mains PYQ:
Q Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2022)
India remained the second-largest arms importer, despite a 9.3% decline in imports between 2015-19 and 2020-24 a/c to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Report.
About SIPRI
The SIPRI is an independent organization established in 1966, based in Stockholm, Sweden, conducting research on conflict, arms control, and disarmament.
SIPRI provides comprehensive data on global arms imports, exports, and military expenditures, tracking defense trends and geopolitical conflicts worldwide.
It analyzes ongoing wars, nuclear proliferation, cybersecurity threats, and environmental security, offering policy recommendations for international peace and stability.
SIPRI publishes flagship reports such as the SIPRI Yearbook, Arms Transfers Database, and Military Expenditure Database, which are widely used by governments, researchers, and policymakers.
India’s Arms Imports: Trends and Shifts
India remained the world’s second-largest arms importer, despite a 9.3% decline in imports from 2015-19 to 2020-24.
Russia accounted for 36% of India’s arms imports in 2020-24, significantly LOWER than55% in 2015-19 and 72% in 2010-14.
India has reduced dependence on Russia and increased arms deals with France, the U.S., and Israel.
India became France’s largest arms importer (28%), with 36 Rafale fighter jets and six Scorpene submarines already contracted.
India is finalizing agreements for 26 Rafale-M jets and three additional Scorpene submarines.
Global Arms Trade Highlights
Ukraine – The Largest Importer: Due to the ongoing war, Ukraine’s arms imports surged nearly 100 times in 2020-24 compared to 2015-19.
The U.S. accounted for 45% of Ukraine’s imports, followed by Germany (12%) and Poland (11%).
U.S. dominance in exports: The U.S. expanded its global arms market share to 43%, reinforcing its position as the top exporter.
Russia’s decline: Russian arms exports fell by 64%, dropping to 7.8% of global exports, behind France (9.6%).
European rearmament: European arms imports surged by 155% in response to rising security threats from Russia.
Pakistan’s growing imports: Pakistan’s arms imports grew by 61%, with China supplying 81% of its weapons, up from 74% in 2015-19.
China’s self-reliance: For the first time since 1990-94, China dropped out of the top 10 arms importers, reflecting its expanding domestic defense industry.
Italy’s rise in arms exports: Italy climbed from 10th to 6th place, with a 4.8% share of global arms exports.
PYQ:
[2020] What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region.
The Supreme Court recently ruled against the Preventive Detention of a couple in Nagaland, emphasizing that constitutional safeguards must be strictly followed, and preventive detention cannot override fundamental rights.
Court’s Key Observations: Preventive Detention as a ‘Draconian Measure’
Violation of Rights: The court ruled that depriving individuals of liberty without trial requires strict adherence to legal safeguards.
Lack of Justification: Authorities failed to prove that the detainees posed a credible future threat, rendering the detention unjustified.
Language Barrier: Detention orders were in English, a language the detainees did not understand, violating their right to be informed in an accessible manner.
What is Preventive Detention?
Preventive detention is the detention of an individual without trial to prevent them from engaging in activities that may threaten national security, public order, or foreign relations.
Unlike punitive detention, it aims to prevent future crimes rather than punish past offenses.
The 12th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise KHANJAR-XII is set to be held in Kyrgyzstan.
About Exercise KHANJAR-XII
KHANJAR-XII is the 12th edition of the India-Kyrgyzstan Joint Special Forces Exercise, aimed at enhancing counter-terrorism and special operations capabilities.
It is a bilateral military exercise held annuallysince2011, alternately hosted by India and Kyrgyzstan.
The 2025 edition is being conducted in Kyrgyzstan.
Participants:
Indian Contingent: Parachute Regiment (Special Forces).
Kyrgyzstan Contingent: Kyrgyz Scorpion Brigade.
The primary objective is to strengthen military cooperation, improve joint operational capabilities, and enhance interoperability between the two nations’ Special Forces.
Key Features:
Counter-Terrorism Focus: Training in urban and high-altitude warfare to counter modern security threats.
Special Forces Interoperability: Strengthening coordination in joint military operations.
The United Nations Statistical Commission has introduced a new global indicator on Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) to monitor progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2: Zero Hunger.
AboutMinimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) Indicator
The MDD indicator measures whether individuals consume a variety of foods within a 24-hour period to assess dietary quality.
It tracks progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and helps identify micronutrient deficiencies in populations.
It was adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission at its 56th session (March 4-7, 2025, New York) and developed by Switzerland, FAO, UNICEF, and WHO.
The indicator records whether an individual has consumed at least 5 out of 10 food groups in the last 24 hours.
It is measured for children (6-23 months old) and women of reproductive age (15-49 years) to ensure adequate nutrition.
10 Food Groups: It monitors intake from grains, white roots and tubers, pulses, nuts and seeds, milk products, meat, poultry and fish, eggs, dark green leafy vegetables, vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables, and other vegetables and fruits.
Significance:
It addresses hidden hunger, malnutrition, and non-communicable diseases by promoting nutrient-rich diets.
The indicator strengthens long-term diet monitoring and ensures dietary diversity remains a global priority beyond 2030.
SDG 2: Zero Hunger – The Larger Goal
Adopted in 2015, SDG 2 aims to eliminate hunger and promote sustainable agriculture.
Recognizes interconnections between food security, rural development, and nutrition.
Hunger remains a global crisis:
757 million people faced hunger in 2023 (nearly 10% of the world population).
One in nine people worldwide sleeps hungry each night.
20 million people are at immediate risk of famine in South Sudan, Somalia, Yemen, and Nigeria.
PYQ:
[2016] Which of the following is/are the indicator/indicators used by IFPRI to compute the Global Hunger Index Report?
Undernourishment
Child stunting
Child mortality
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
The Fairwork India Ratings 2024 highlights that platform companies in India are failing to meet basic fair labor standards for gig workers, particularly regarding living wages and collective bargaining rights. For UPSC, the gig economy intersects with topics in Indian society, governance, economic growth, and labor rights. Moving beyond the challenges and strengths of the Gig economy, you should be able to discuss how gig work challenges traditional labor policies and whether current welfare schemes adequately address gig worker needs. We’ve further included structured notes on labor practices and ethics for you to build impactful answers, giving you a balanced view of worker rights and platform accountability in India’s evolving digital economy.
GS1 – Indian Society and Globalization: Effects of Globalization on Indian Society, Urbanization and their problems
Note4Students: Understand how the gig economy, as part of globalization, affects Indian society, particularly urban areas. Analyze the socio-economic challenges faced by gig workers, including job insecurity, unstable earnings, and lack of social protections.
Microthemes: Emerging Urban issues, Globalisation
GS2 – Welfare Schemes, Social Justice, and Governance: Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Various Sectors, Role of Civil Services in a Democracy
Note4Students: Link the growth of the gig economy to governance and social justice issues. Study how welfare schemes and labor rights policies are evolving to address the needs of gig workers, and analyze the role of state interventions in improving working conditions.
Microthemes: Government schemes and policies, structural reforms and actions
GS3 – Economic Development, Inclusive Growth, and Labor: Employment, Inclusive Growth, Issues relating to Poverty and Hunger.
Note4Students: Gain insights into the economic challenges faced by gig workers in terms of fair wages, job security, and working conditions. Explore how the gig economy fits into broader issues of inclusive growth, labor welfare, and sustainable economic development.
Microthemes: Industrial reforms, labour reforms, Inclusive growth
GS4 – Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude: Corporate Governance, Work Culture,
Note4Students: Study the ethical issues related to labor practices in the gig economy, focusing on fairness, social responsibility, and the ethical obligations of platform companies. Reflect on the moral dimensions of worker rights, fair wages, and corporate responsibility.
Microthemes: Corporate Governance, Work Culture
The ‘Fairwork India Ratings 2024’ highlights that platform aggregators in India fail to ensure local living wages and resist recognizing the collective rights of workers.
Who are the Gig Workers?
Gig workers are individuals who take up short-term, flexible work assignments, typically managed via digital platforms. In the Indian context, gig workers operate in various sectors such as food delivery, ride-hailing, logistics, and personal/domestic care services.
These workers are not considered employees in the traditional sense and often lack the benefits associated with full-time employment, such as job security, healthcare, and social protection.
Examples of platforms using gig workers include Swiggy, Zomato (food delivery) Uber, Ola (transportation), etc.
Present Status of Gig Economy in India
Principle
Observation
Examples
Growth
India is witnessing rapid growth in the gig economy, with millions of workers depending on digital platforms for their livelihoods.
Uber, Zomato, and Urban Company has driven the expansion of gig work across urban areas.
Government Focus
Recent years have seen increasing political and legislative attention to gig worker welfare.
Karnataka and Jharkhand have proposed new legislation
Fair labour standards
No digital labor platform scored above 6 out of 10, and none met all criteria across the five principles of fair labor standards.
Fairwork India Ratings 2024 highlighted gaps in adhering to these standards for all major platforms.
Fair Pay
Only a few platforms, such as BigBasket and Urban Company, ensured a minimum wage. However, no platform guaranteed a living wage.
Gig workers on platforms like Zomato and Swiggy often face fluctuating earnings, which may fall short of living wages.
Fair Conditions
Some platforms (e.g., Amazon Flex, Swiggy, Zepto) provided basic safety equipment and training. However, only a few offered comprehensive accident insurance and income loss compensation.
Amazon Flex provides workers with safety gear, while Zepto offers limited accident coverage, with comprehensive coverage largely absent.
Fair Contracts
Platforms like BigBasket and Swiggy made contracts accessible and easy to understand, and took measures for data protection.
BigBasket’s worker contracts include simplified terms and privacy protections, setting a standard in contract clarity.
Fair Management
BluSmart and Zomato introduced grievance processes and anti-discrimination protocols to address worker concerns.
Zomato’s grievance mechanism allows drivers to report issues without fear of retaliation, promoting a fairer work environment.
Challenges for Gig Workers
Challenge
Description
Examples
Low Wages and Unstable Earnings
Many platforms fail to ensure a living wage for workers, covering only a minimum wage on some platforms, such as BigBasket and Urban Company. None guarantee a sustainable income after work-related costs are considered.
Workers on platforms like Uber often face income volatility, with earnings varying based on demand and without a reliable baseline for stability.
Lack of Social Security and Benefits
Most gig workers lack benefits such as healthcare, insurance, and paid leave. Although some platforms offer accident insurance, comprehensive social security remains out of reach.
Few companies provide social benefits; Swiggy, for instance, offers accident insurance but lacks broader protections like health insurance and retirement benefits.
Poor Working Conditions
Safety training and protection measures are often inadequate. While Swiggy, Zomato, and Zepto offer basic safety equipment, protections such as income loss compensation and paid sick leave are largely unavailable.
Zepto provides basic safety gear but does not cover lost income due to injury or illness, leaving workers vulnerable during downtime.
Inflexible Contracts
Contracts are often complex, lengthy, and difficult for workers to fully understand, limiting transparency and awareness of their rights.
Gig workers on Amazon Flex have reported issues understanding contract terms, leading to confusion about job requirements and compensation.
Management Issues and Bias
Workers face arbitrary management decisions, limited appeal options, and potential discrimination in work allocation. Although some platforms have grievance systems, few ensure fair allocation of work.
Zomato has a grievance system, but workers sometimes report perceived bias in job assignments, impacting their earnings and job satisfaction.
Collectivization Challenges
Platforms resist acknowledging gig workers’ right to unionize or form collective groups. Although worker unions are gaining momentum, no platform currently supports these efforts.
The formation of the Indian Federation of App-based Transport Workers highlights the struggle for recognition among gig workers, with limited response from companies.
Way Forward
Formalizing Worker Protections The gig economy needs a regulatory framework that recognizes gig workers as a formal workforce and provides benefits like minimum wage, health insurance, and paid leave. For example, countries like Spain have introduced laws making gig platforms like Uber classify drivers as employees, thus ensuring basic labor rights.
Skill Development and Upskilling Programs As gig work often requires specialized skills, governments and platforms can collaborate on upskilling programs to increase workers’ earning potential. For instance, Amazon’s “Upskill 2025” initiative offers technical training to employees, which could be adapted for gig workers, enabling them to take on higher-paying tasks.
Data Transparency and Platform Accountability Platforms should be required to ensure transparency in algorithms and data usage to prevent exploitative practices. This could involve transparency in how gig workers are matched with jobs or compensated. For example, California’s Prop 22 requires companies to provide greater transparency around pay and work hours, helping workers make informed decisions.
Creating Portable Benefits Gig workers should have access to benefits that are portable across platforms. This would allow workers to move from one gig platform to another without losing accrued benefits like healthcare or retirement savings. New York City has explored options for portable benefits for its gig workers, providing a potential model for broader application.
Expanding Access to Financial Services Gig workers often struggle with financial stability, lacking access to traditional banking, loans, and credit. Expanding financial inclusion through specialized products can help. For example, platforms like Grab in Southeast Asia offer microloans to drivers, helping them manage income variability, which could be extended to other gig platforms globally.
#IMPACT OF GIG ECONOMY ON INDIAN SOCIETY
Introduction
The gig economy, characterized by temporary, flexible jobs where individuals work as independent contractors or freelancers, has experienced substantial growth in India. Digital platforms like Uber, Ola, Swiggy, and Zomato have enabled millions to join the workforce with flexible schedules, reshaping traditional employment norms. While this economic model offers flexibility and opportunities for supplemental income, it also introduces social challenges, such as job insecurity and lack of benefits. Here’s a detailed analysis of the impact of the gig economy on Indian society, covering both the benefits and the issues it presents.
iMPACT ON sOCIETY
eXPLAINED
Examples
Employment across new demographics
The gig economy has opened new employment avenues for people across diverse demographics, including students, homemakers, and retirees.
Students earning as delivery agents for Swiggy, Zomato; homemakers taking up freelance graphic design on Fiverr or Upwork.
Youth Empowerment
Young Indians can explore various career paths without long-term commitments, helping them gain skills and build work experience early.
College students working as part-time drivers for Uber or freelance digital marketers.
Income for Rural Areas
The gig economy offers rural Indians an option to earn remotely, helping mitigate urban migration and unemployment.
Villagers working on online platforms like Meesho for retailing goods or freelancing on platforms like Freelancer.com.
Social Status Shift
Gig roles have brought in a new social status, where previously marginalized or underrepresented individuals find a respectable means of livelihood and financial autonomy.
Women driving autos or delivery bikes in metro cities, financially supporting families and reshaping traditional roles.
Social Security Concerns
Lack of benefits such as health insurance, retirement funds, or paid leave creates insecurity among gig workers, affecting their financial and social stability.
Ola and Uber drivers without job benefits or health insurance; Swiggy delivery agents with no paid leave despite accident risks.
Mental Health Impact
The uncertainty and erratic hours in the gig economy can contribute to stress, anxiety, and social isolation among workers.
Food delivery riders on strict deadlines facing high-stress levels and struggling with mental health issues due to job unpredictability.
Women’s Workforce Growth
Flexible work hours make gig roles accessible to women, increasing female participation in the workforce and aiding financial independence.
Homemakers working on online tutoring platforms or Meesho resellers contributing to household income.
Erosion of Work-Life Boundaries
The lack of structured hours can blur the line between work and personal life, impacting family time and social engagements.
Freelancers working across different time zones or gig workers working late nights to meet job demands, disrupting social interactions and family life.
Q) Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. (UPSC CSE 2021)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the women in the higher judiciary (2021), and appointment of judges of higher judiciary (2017).
Women in law have made significant progress in India over the past 100 years. Cornelia Sorabji became the first woman lawyer to practice in 1924. Since then, the number of women lawyers has increased, with many becoming Senior Advocates and judges in lower courts. However, their representation in the higher judiciary remains very low.
Today’s editorial highlights the reasons for the low representation of women in the Indian judiciary. This content is useful for GS Papers 1 and 2 in the UPSC Mains exam.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The gender gap in India’s judiciary is evident in the low representation of women, especially in higher courts.
What is the status of women in the Indian Judiciary?
Supreme Court: Women make up about 9.3% of judges in the Supreme Court, with only a few women judges currently serving.
High Courts: As of August 2024, women constitute about 14% of High Court judges, with only 106 women judges out of a total of 754 judges across all High Courts. There are only two women Chief Justices among all High Courts.
Subordinate Judiciary: Women have a higher representation in subordinate courts, constituting about 36.3% of judges as of recent data.
What are the main reasons for the underrepresentation of women in the higher judiciary in India?
Systemic Gender Bias and Stereotypes: Women are often viewed as less capable of handling complex legal matters or leadership roles. Example: Justice Indira Banerjee, a former Supreme Court judge, highlighted how women must work harder to prove their competence compared to male counterparts.
Opaque Collegium System: The collegium lacks transparency in the selection process and does not prioritize gender diversity. Example: Since 2021, 28 judges have been appointed to the Supreme Court, but none of them have been women.
Limited Senior Women Advocates: Fewer women reach the level of Senior Advocate, which reduces the pool of candidates for higher judicial positions. Example: Only one woman, Justice Indu Malhotra, has been elevated directly from the Bar to the Supreme Court in its history.
Delayed Appointments and Age Disparity: Women are appointed to the Bench later than men, limiting their tenure and chances of becoming Chief Justices. Example: The average appointment age for women is 53 years, while for men, it is 51.8 years.
Government’s Selective Confirmation: Women’s names recommended by the collegium are more likely to be delayed or rejected by the government. Example: Since 2020, nine women were recommended for High Court appointments, but five of these names were rejected.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
Reservation for Women in Lower Judiciary: Several states like Bihar, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh have introduced 30-35% reservations for women in the lower judiciary to encourage female participation at the entry level. Example: Bihar introduced a 35% reservation for women in judicial services to increase their representation.
Promotion of Gender Sensitization: The government supports initiatives to train judges and judicial staff on gender sensitivity and equality. Example: The National Judicial Academy conducts gender sensitization workshops for judicial officers.
Encouragement of Collegium Recommendations: The government has urged the collegium to consider gender diversity when recommending names for judicial appointments. Example: The Law Minister has emphasized the need for more women judges in parliamentary discussions.
Increased Representation in Policy Discussions: The government includes women’s voices in law commissions and judicial reform committees. Example: Justice R. Banumathi was part of the committee on criminal law reforms focusing on gender issues.
How can the collegium system be reformed to ensure greater transparency and gender diversity in judicial appointments?
Establish Clear and Transparent Selection Criteria: Implement publicly available guidelines specifying the qualifications, experience, and evaluation methods for judicial appointments. Example: The United Kingdom’s Judicial Appointments Commission uses clear, published criteria to promote transparency and diversity in judicial selection.
Mandate Gender Representation in Recommendations: Introduce a formal quota or commitment to ensuring that at least one-third of the recommended candidates are women. Example: Countries like Canada follow a diversity mandate to ensure that judicial appointments reflect gender and ethnic representation.
Open Application Process for Judicial Aspirants: Allow eligible lawyers to apply for judgeship through a transparent process rather than relying solely on collegium nominations. Example:South Africa invites applications publicly and conducts open interviews, ensuring broader participation, including women candidates.
Way forward:
Institutionalize Gender Diversity in Judicial Appointments: Implement a binding policy requiring the collegium to prioritize gender diversity, ensuring a minimum percentage of women in judicial recommendations. This can be reinforced by periodic audits and public reports on gender representation.
Mentorship and Capacity Building for Women Lawyers: Establish structured mentorship programs to support women lawyers in advancing to senior positions and encourage their participation in judicial roles. This should include targeted training for leadership and judicial skills to expand the pool of qualified women candidates.
Prime Minister Modi will visit Mauritius on March 11-12, 2025, to strengthen relations with the new government and confirm India’s support for the island’s security and growth.
What are the key historical and cultural ties between India and Mauritius?
Indentured Labor Heritage (1834 Onwards): Nearly 70% of Mauritians are of Indian origin, descendants of indentured laborers brought by the British to work on sugar plantations. Example: The Aapravasi Ghat in Port Louis, a UNESCO World Heritage site, marks the arrival point of Indian laborers.
Shared Freedom Struggles: Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, Mauritius’ first Prime Minister, worked closely with Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose during Bose’s stay in London (1919-21). Example: Sir Ramgoolam proofread Bose’s famous book “ The Indian Struggle” and received an autographed copy in appreciation.
Linguistic and Cultural Preservation: Various Indian languages, including Bhojpuri, Tamil, Telugu, and Marathi, are actively spoken and preserved through cultural institutions. Example: The Mahatma Gandhi Institute (established in 1976) promotes Indian languages, arts, and culture in Mauritius.
Religious and Festival Ties: Hinduism is practiced by over 48% of the population, and Indian festivals like Diwali, Holi, and Thaipusam are widely celebrated. Example: The Ganga Talao (Grand Bassin) pilgrimage site is considered sacred and draws thousands during Maha Shivaratri.
Institutional and Diplomatic Links: India actively supports Mauritius through diplomatic and cultural outreach programs. Example: Mauritius hosts the World Hindi Secretariat, which is supported by India to promote the Hindi language globally.
Why is maritime security cooperation between India and Mauritius crucial?
Strategic Location in the Indian Ocean: Mauritius lies at a key maritime crossroads in the western Indian Ocean, making it vital for monitoring international shipping lanes and securing regional trade. Example: The Colombo Security Conclave (including India, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Bangladesh) enhances cooperation to ensure maritime safety.
Countering China’s Expanding Influence: With China increasing its presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) through infrastructure projects and naval activities, India’s partnership with Mauritius helps balance regional power. Example: India’s Agaléga Island redevelopment supports surveillance and counters China’s maritime ambitions.
Securing Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs): Mauritius has an EEZ of 2.3 million sq. km, rich in marine resources. Collaboration ensures these areas are protected from illegal activities like fishing and piracy. Example: India’s INS Sarvekshak recently completed an ocean survey of 25,000 sq. km in Mauritius’ EEZ to enhance maritime mapping and security.
Joint Surveillance and Intelligence Sharing: Surveillance cooperation enhances maritime domain awareness and secures trade routes against piracy, trafficking, and other threats. Example: Mauritius has access to India’s Information Fusion Centre-Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) in Gurugram for real-time maritime intelligence.
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR): Close maritime ties enable swift disaster response and the delivery of humanitarian aid in times of crisis. Example: India provided naval assistance to Mauritius during the MV Wakashio oil spill disaster in 2020.
Where has India invested in maritime infrastructure and security cooperation with Mauritius?
Agaléga Island Development: India is redeveloping Agaléga Island to establish airstrips and port facilities for joint surveillance and maritime domain awareness. Example: This facility enhances monitoring of maritime traffic and strengthens anti-piracy and anti-smuggling operations.
Coastal Radar Surveillance Network: India has installed a network of coastal radar stations in Mauritius to improve maritime security and real-time surveillance of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Example: This system helps track illegal maritime activities like smuggling and unauthorized fishing.
Access to the Information Fusion Centre (IFC-IOR): India provides Mauritius access to its Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR), which enables intelligence sharing and coordinated maritime operations. Example: Mauritius can monitor maritime traffic, enhancing its ability to protect its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and respond to emerging threats.
What role does the Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) play in their economic partnership?
Facilitating Foreign Investments: The DTAA between India and Mauritius prevents double taxation on income, encouraging foreign investments to flow through Mauritius into India. Example: As of March 2024, Mauritius remained India’s fourth-largest source of FPI, contributing ₹4.19 lakh crore, accounting for 6% of India’s total FPI of ₹69.54 lakh crore.
Strengthening Mauritius as a Financial Hub: The agreement has helped Mauritius become a major international financial centre, particularly for investments into India and African markets. Example: Many private equity and venture capital funds use Mauritius as a base to invest in Indian businesses due to favorable tax treatment.
Impact of Treaty Amendments on Investment Flows: In March 2024, India and Mauritius revised the DTAA to include the Principal Purpose Test (PPT), aiming to prevent treaty abuse and tax evasion. Following these amendments, FPIs withdrew ₹8,671 crore from Indian equities in April 2024, reflecting concerns over the revised tax implications.
Way forward:
Enhance Maritime Security Collaboration: There is a need to strengthen joint surveillance, intelligence sharing, and capacity-building initiatives to secure the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and safeguard maritime trade routes.
Deepen Economic and Financial Cooperation: The Government should adapt the DTAA framework to maintain investor confidence while fostering transparent, sustainable investment flows between the two nations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why was indentured labour taken by the British from India to their colonies? have they been able to preserve their cultural identity over there? (UPSC IAS/2018)
At the World Economic Forum in January, Electronics and IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw announced that India will produce its first locally made semiconductor chip this year.
What is the primary goal of India’s Semicon India Programme?
Reduce Import Dependency: To decrease reliance on foreign countries for semiconductor chips used in electronics, automobiles, and communication devices.
Boost Domestic Manufacturing and Innovation: To establish a strong domestic ecosystem for semiconductor fabrication, assembly, testing, and packaging (ATP). Example: Construction of the Dholera semiconductor fabrication facility in Gujarat by Tata Electronics in collaboration with Taiwan’s Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation.
Enhance India’s Position in the Global Supply Chain: To integrate India into the global semiconductor value chain and attract investments from global tech giants. Example: The Tata Semiconductor Assembly and Test facility in Morigaon, Assam, is part of India’s effort to develop advanced chip packaging capabilities and reduce external reliance.
How will it reduce import dependency on semiconductor chips?
Local Production of Semiconductor Chips: Domestic manufacturing of chips will reduce the need to import critical components used in electronics and communication. Example: India’s first indigenously manufactured semiconductor chip is expected to be produced in 2024, cutting reliance on imports from countries like China and South Korea.
Building Fabrication (Fab) Facilities: Establishing semiconductor fabrication plants allows India to produce advanced chips domestically. Example: The Dholera fabrication facility in Gujarat by Tata Electronics, in collaboration with Taiwan’s Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation will reduce the need for importing high-end chips.
Developing Assembly, Testing, and Packaging (ATP) Capabilities: Setting up ATP units enables India to process raw semiconductor wafers into finished products locally. Example: The Tata Semiconductor Assembly and Test facility in Morigaon, Assam, will handle large-scale chip assembly and packaging, decreasing dependence on foreign ATP services.
Diversifying Supply Chains and Strengthening Indigenous Innovation: Promoting research and development will encourage innovation in chip design and technology. Example: Investments in EDA software (Electronic Design Automation) and Core IP (patents) will enable India to design proprietary chips instead of relying on external technologies.
Attracting Global and Domestic Investments: Incentives and policy support under the Semicon India Programme will attract both domestic and foreign semiconductor companies to manufacture locally. Example: Government partnerships with industry leaders like Tata Electronics and Foxconn encourage private investment in chip manufacturing, reducing future import needs
Where are the major semiconductor manufacturing and assembly facilities being constructed under the Semicon India Programme?
Tata-PSMC Semiconductor Fab, Dholera, Gujarat: ₹91,000 crore investment for a fabrication unit with a capacity of 50,000 wafer starts/month, producing 28 nm compute and power management chips for EVs, telecom, defense, and consumer electronics.
Tata TSAT ATMP Unit, Morigaon, Assam: ₹27,000 crore investment in an advanced packaging unit handling 48 million chips/day, catering to automotive, EV, telecom, and consumer electronics sectors.
CG Power-Renesas-Stars ATMP Unit, Sanand, Gujarat: ₹7,600 crore investment for specialized chip manufacturing with a capacity of 15 million chips/day, focusing on consumer, industrial, automotive, and power applications.
Micron Technology ATMP Unit, Sanand, Gujarat: $2.75 billion investment for a memory and storage chip assembly plant, expected to deliver the first chip by 2025, primarily for export.
Kaynes Semicon OSAT Facility, Sanand, Gujarat: ₹3,307 crore investment in an outsourced assembly and test unit, aiming to produce 200 million chips annually by March 2025, focusing on power electronics and industrial uses.
Why has the actual spending under the Semicon India Programme consistently fallen?
Delays in Project Approvals: Lengthy evaluation and approval processes for semiconductor projects have slowed fund disbursement. For instance, the Tata and Micron projects faced regulatory and environmental clearance delays.
High Capital-Intensive Nature: Semiconductor manufacturing requires significant upfront investment, and the government has struggled to allocate sufficient funds. For example, the revised estimate for FY24 dropped to ₹1,503.36 crore from the budgeted ₹3,000 crore due to financial constraints.
Limited Domestic Expertise: India’s lack of advanced technological expertise in areas like chip design and fabrication has slowed implementation, resulting in underutilized budgets.
Complex Global Partnerships: Collaboration with international firms, such as Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation, involves lengthy negotiations and compliance with global standards, delaying fund utilization.
Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Inadequate supporting infrastructure (like power and water supply) at manufacturing sites has caused delays. For example, the Dholera facility required significant investments in infrastructure before full-scale construction could begin.
Way forward:
Streamline Approval Processes and Policy Support: Implement faster clearance mechanisms and provide consistent policy incentives to accelerate project approvals and fund disbursement.
Invest in Skill Development and Infrastructure: Enhance domestic expertise through specialized training programs and improve infrastructure at manufacturing hubs to ensure timely project execution.
Despite being the largest producer and exporter of spices in the world, India’s share in the global seasoning market remains only 0.7%, compared to China’s 12% and the USA’s 11%, according to the World Spice Organisation (WSO).
About the World Spice Organisation (WSO)
WSO was established in 2011 in Kochi, Kerala, India’s spice capital.
It is registered as a Not-for-Profit organization under the Travancore Cochin Literary, Scientific, and Charitable Societies Act, 1956.
It works towards food safety, sustainability, and market development for the spice industry.
It engages with farmers, processors, industry leaders, academia, and global spice associations.
It works with organizations like Spices Board India, Rainforest Alliance, GIZ (Germany), and IDH (Netherlands).
Partners with global spice trade bodies like:
American Spice Trade Association (ASTA)
European Spice Association (ESA)
International Pepper Community (IPC)
Participates in national and international food safety regulations, including:
FSSAI (India’s food safety authority)
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards)
ISO (International Standards Organization)
Codex Alimentarius (Global food safety standards)
It serves as the technical partner for the All India Spices Exporters Forum (AISEF).
Present Scenario of Spices
India currently exports 1.5 million tonnes of spices worth $4.5 billion, accounting for one-fourth of the $20 billion global spice market. However, only 48% of these exports are value-added products, with the rest being whole spices.
85% of India’s spices are consumed domestically, leaving limited surplus for exports.
Countries like Vietnam, Indonesia, Brazil, and China are emerging as strong competitors in the spice trade.
Production:
Major producing states: Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Assam, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala.
During 2022-23, the export of spices from India stood at US$ 3.73 billion, up from US$ 3.46 billion in 2021-22.
India produces about 75 of the 109 varieties listed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Out of these spices, chili, cumin, turmeric, ginger, and coriander make up about 76% of the total production.
Chilli is the leading export earner, generating $1.1 billion annually.
Ginger exports have a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 27%.
Export:
In 2023-24, India’s spice exports totalled $4.25 billion, accounting for a 12% share of the global spice exports (till February 2024 data).
India exported spices and spice products to 159 destinations worldwide as of 2023-24. The top destinations were China, the USA, Bangladesh, the UAE, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the UK, and Sri Lanka. These countries accounted for more than 70% of total exports.
PYQ:
[2019] Among the agricultural commodities imported by India, which one of the following accounts for the highest imports in terms of value in the last five years?
India’s Delegation led by Union Minister for Women and Child Developments will participate in the 69th session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW).
AboutUnited Nations Commission on the Status of Women (UNCSW):
Details
Establishment and Mandate
Founded in 1946 by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) through Resolution 11(II).
Initially focused on women’s political, economic, civil, social, and educational rights.
Expanded in 1996 to include monitoring the Beijing Declaration and integrating gender perspectives into UN activities.
Structure and Membership
Composed of 45 member states elected by ECOSOC based on geographical representation.
13 from Africa, 11 from Asia, 9 from Latin America and the Caribbean, 8 from Western Europe and other States, 4 from Eastern Europe.
Members serve a four-year term.
Key Roles and Responsibilities
Policy Formulation: Establishes global norms and standards for gender equality.
Monitoring Progress: Reviews gender-related commitments, including the Beijing Declaration.
Advocacy and Awareness: Conducts research, publishes reports, and promotes women’s rights globally.
Collaboration: Works with UN entities, NGOs, and civil society organizations to strengthen gender equality.
Major Contributions
Drafted key conventions like:
Convention on the Political Rights of Women (1953)
Convention on the Nationality of Married Women (1957)
Convention on Consent to Marriage (1962)
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (1979).
Influenced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
Led preparatory work for the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing (1995).
Annual Sessions and Key Themes
Held annually at UN Headquarters, New York.
Engages member states, NGOs, and UN agencies in discussions on gender-related policies.
PYQ:
[2009] With reference to the United Nations, consider the following statements:
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of UN consists of 24 member States.
It is elected by a 2/3rd majority of the General Assembly for a 3-year term.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Indian scientists have achieved a breakthrough in hypersonic missile technology, developing a modern-day ‘Brahmastra’ with an astonishing speed of 12,144 km per hour (Mach 10).
AboutBrahmastra (Long Range Anti-Ship Missile – LRAShM):
Brahmastra is a state-of-the-art hypersonic glide missile developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
It is designed to neutralize enemy warships and strategic naval targets with extreme speed and precision.
With a speed of Mach 10 (12,144 km/h) and a range of 1,500 km, Brahmastra is one of the fastest and most lethal weapons in India’s defense arsenal.
The missile’s hypersonic glide vehicle technology allows it to evade enemy radar and missile defense systems, ensuring high-precision strikes on naval targets.
Features of Brahmastra:
It can be launched from both land and naval platforms, enhancing India’s maritime strike capabilities.
Due to its hypersonic speed, Brahmastra can destroy an enemy warship within 7 to 8 minutes of launch.
The missile is built with advanced heat-resistant materials, preventing it from disintegrating under extreme temperatures during flight.
Unlike conventional missiles, Brahmastra retains its structural integrity even at hypersonic speeds, ensuring precise impact.
It uses scramjet propulsion and glide vehicle technology for sustained hypersonic flight.
It can adjust its trajectory mid-flight, making it highly maneuverable and difficult to intercept.
Its stealth and radar-evading capabilities ensure low detection probability, reducing the risk of interception.
PYQ:
[2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Anchar Lake, a vital water body in Kashmir, is renowned for producing Nadru (lotus stem), an aquatic delicacy that holds cultural, culinary, and economic significance in the region.
About Anchar Lake
Anchar Lake is situated in Soura, Srinagar near Ganderbal.
It is connected to Dal Lake via Amir Khan Nallah, which passes through Gilsar and Khushal Sar Lakes.
The lake is a part of the Sindh River Delta and plays a crucial role in supporting local aquatic ecosystems.
It is an integral part of the Shallabugh Wetland, which covers 1,675 hectares and serves as a designated bird sanctuary.
Its features:
It provides an essential habitat formigratory birds and various native aquatic species.
It functions as a flood-control reservoir, receiving excess water from Dal Lake during heavy rainfall.
It is home to the Hanji community, whose livelihood traditionally depended on fishing and other lake-based activities.
PYQ:
[2018] Which one of the following is an artificial lake?
China weaponizes supply chains to exert geopolitical pressure and economic dominance. UPSC may explore questions on trade policies, WTO reforms, and global supply chain vulnerabilities in this respect. It may test conceptual clarity and real-world application. You may struggle linking static knowledge of International Relations since there is no single source for it. This article directly addresses these gaps. It explains China’s supply chain control, trade weaponization tactics, and impact on India with crisp examples. The response measures give a clear roadmap for India’s strategy. The special feature? It connects trade policies with national security, making it a must-read for a multi-dimensional perspective.
PYQs Anchoring:
GS2 : What are the Key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of “Trade War” especially keeping in mind the interest of India? 2018
Microthemes: WTO, Regional or global groupings
Recent restrictions on the export of critical manufacturing equipment and the recall of Chinese engineers and technicians from Indian facilities have highlighted China’s strategic weaponization of supply chains. This raises significant concerns as China leverages its dominance in electronic supply chains to exert geopolitical influence.
China’s Presence across Supply Chains
Area
China’s Role
Key Insights
Semiconductor & Chip Manufacturing
China is a key player with companies like SMIC producing chips for consumer electronics, AI, and military use.
While the U.S. and Taiwan lead in high-end chips, China is investing heavily in self-sufficiency to counter Western sanctions.
Rare Earth Minerals & Components
China controls over 60% of global rare earth processing, essential for tech industries like EVs, smartphones, and defense.
China has restricted rare earth exports before, showing its ability to use them as a geopolitical tool.
Electronics Manufacturing Hub
Global giants like Foxconn rely on China’s labor and infrastructure for production.
China’s well-integrated supply chain makes shifting manufacturing to other countries difficult.
5G & Telecom Infrastructure
Huawei and ZTE dominate global 5G equipment supply.
Many nations, including the U.S. and India, have restricted Chinese telecom firms over security concerns.
China’s use of E-Supply Chains as a Strategic Tool:
China has systematically built its dominance in global supply chains, allowing it to exert strategic leverage over rival economies. Through its monopoly over key manufacturing technologies and raw materials, China has created an ecosystem where nations remain dependent on its industrial network.
1. Monopoly Over Critical Manufacturing Equipment
China controls production of high-tech machinery required for semiconductor and electronics manufacturing.
By restricting exports, it can slow down rival industries and hinder technological self-sufficiency.
Example: In 2024, China restricted exports of specialized machinery to Foxconn India, delaying iPhone production.
2. Control Over Key Raw Materials
China dominates global supply of rare earth elements (REEs), crucial for electronics, EV batteries, and defense technology.
Export bans disrupt industries worldwide, limiting production capabilities in competing nations.
Example: In 2023, China restricted gallium and germanium exports, affecting semiconductor and military production in multiple countries.
3. Workforce & Knowledge Transfer Restrictions
China prevents skilled workers from working in foreign factories to limit knowledge transfer.
This weakens competitors by maintaining China’s technical superiority.
Example: Chinese engineers at Foxconn India were recalled, creating a skills gap that impacted Apple’s production.
4. Supply Chain Disruptions as Geopolitical Leverage
China manipulates trade policies and export restrictions to pressure dependent nations.
This gives China an advantage in diplomatic negotiations by leveraging economic dependencies.
Example: During the U.S.-China trade war, China blocked exports of key components to Huawei and Apple, showcasing its influence in electronics manufacturing.
5. Deep Integration in Global Manufacturing
Through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and foreign industrial investments, China ensures foreign companies remain tied to its supply chains.
Even with sanctions, global giants like Tesla and Apple continue major operations in China due to its efficient supply network.
6. Technology Dependence & Market Domination
China’s tight control over supply chains makes it difficult for emerging economies like India to build self-reliant industries.
Dependency on China for raw materials and technology slows down India’s progress in becoming a global manufacturing hub.
Example: China’s recall of engineers from Indian Foxconn plants disrupted Apple’s India production goals.
Impact of China’s E-Supply Chain Control on India
China’s dominance in e-supply chains creates multiple risks and vulnerabilities for India. This dependency impacts India’s technological advancements, economic security, and geopolitical standing.
1. Disruptions to Critical Industries
India depends on China for over 75% of its electronic components.
Any disruption in China’s exports slows down key industries like telecom, automobiles, and defense.
Example: The 2020 global chip shortage, worsened by China’s export controls, severely affected India’s smartphone and automobile sectors.
2. Geopolitical & Economic Coercion
China can delay exports or impose restrictions to exert political pressure.
Trade weaponization creates instability in India’s economic policies.
Example: After the Galwan clash (2020), customs clearance delays on Chinese imports disrupted multiple Indian industries.
3. Security Risks in Strategic Sectors
Dependence on Chinese telecom and defense tech raises cybersecurity and espionage concerns.
India has responded by banning Chinese telecom firms like Huawei and ZTE from participating in 5G trials.
4. Price Manipulation & Market Volatility
China controls prices of critical materials like rare earths, semiconductors, and batteries.
This affects India’s plans to reduce import reliance and boost local manufacturing.
Example: The 2023 gallium and germanium export restrictions caused major price spikes in India’s semiconductor industry.
5. Hindrance to India’s Manufacturing Growth
India’s ambition to become a global manufacturing hub faces resistance from China’s strategic restrictions.
China’s ability to limit access to critical machinery, raw materials, and skilled labor slows India’s industrial growth.
Example: China’s withdrawal of engineers from Foxconn India affected Apple’s efforts to expand its Indian production base.
6. India’s Strategic Response
To counter China’s dominance, India is actively:
Strengthening domestic supply chains through Production-Linked Incentives (PLI).
Partnering with nations like the U.S., Japan, and Australia to reduce Chinese dependency.
Encouraging domestic semiconductor and rare-earth production to improve economic resilience.
Response Measures undertaken
Global Measures
Response Area
Key Actions Taken
Objective
Diversifying Semiconductor Supply Chain
The U.S., Japan, and India are investing in domestic chip production through initiatives like the CHIPS Act (USA) and India’s PLI scheme.
Reduce reliance on China and Taiwan for semiconductors.
Banning High-Risk Chinese Tech Firms
India has banned 300+ Chinese apps since 2020; the U.S. has sanctioned Huawei and ZTE, restricting their access to key technologies.
Address security threats and prevent foreign influence in critical sectors.
Strengthening Cybersecurity Frameworks
Nations are enforcing strict data protection laws, such as the EU’s GDPR and India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act.
Safeguard digital sovereignty and regulate foreign tech firms.
Developing Alternative Rare Earth Supply Chains
The U.S. and Australia are investing in rare earth mining to counter China’s dominance.
Reduce dependency on China for critical raw materials.
Strengthening Trade Alliances
QUAD (India, U.S., Japan, Australia) and IPEF focus on secure supply chains and tech collaborations.
Build resilient trade networks independent of China.
India-Specific Measures
Focus Area
India’s Actions
Goal
Digital Decoupling & Policy Bans
India has banned 300+ Chinese apps and tightened FDI rules to prevent Chinese control over tech firms.
Reduce China’s digital influence and secure India’s tech ecosystem.
Strengthening Domestic Manufacturing
The PLI scheme promotes local production of electronics, semiconductors, and telecom gear.
Boost domestic manufacturing and reduce reliance on Chinese imports.
Semiconductor Manufacturing Push
India has introduced $4-5 billion incentives to establish chip fabrication plants.
Enhance self-sufficiency and achieve $500 billion electronics manufacturing by 2030.
Diversifying Supply Chains
The Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative encourages local production of critical electronics and batteries.
Strengthen India’s industrial base and reduce foreign dependence.
Cybersecurity & Data Protection
India enforces data localization and strengthens cybersecurity via organizations like CERT-In.
Prevent foreign access to sensitive Indian data and defend against cyber threats.
Telecom & 5G Security
India is developing indigenous 5G and AI technologies while considering anti-dumping duties on Chinese products.
Ensure digital sovereignty and counter China’s ‘Made in China 2025’ strategy.
Conclusion
China’s control over e-supply chains presents significant challenges for India’s economic and technological independence. To mitigate these risks, India must diversify its supply sources, develop domestic capabilities, and strengthen global partnerships. As India advances toward self-reliance, reducing dependence on Chinese supply chains will be critical for its long-term economic security and global standing.
Back to Basics: Understanding Trade Weaponization
Trade Weaponization:
Trade weaponization refers to the practice of using trade policies—such as sanctions, tariffs, export restrictions, and trade barriers—to exert political and economic pressure on rival nations. This approach can be used to gain strategic advantages, weaken competitors, or force policy changes.
Utility of Trade as a Strategic Weapon
Trade is no longer just an economic activity; it has become a tool for geopolitical influence. Powerful economies use weaponized trade tactics—such as sanctions, tariffs, and export restrictions—to pressure rival nations. India, as a major emerging economy, must carefully navigate these challenges to maintain strategic autonomy while ensuring economic stability.
1. Externally Oriented Pressure
Powerful countries leverage trade restrictions to influence India’s foreign policy.
India must balance its global strategic partnerships while managing economic dependencies.
Example: India’s oil imports from Iran sharply declined due to U.S. sanctions, demonstrating how trade weaponization impacts strategic autonomy.
2. Formal and Informal Measures
Nations may indirectly pressure private companies to limit investments in India, impacting sectors like technology, telecom, and energy.
This reduces India’s ability to attract foreign investment in high-growth industries.
Example: U.S.-China trade tensions affected global tech investment, forcing India to take defensive measures, such as banning Chinese apps and scrutinizing Chinese telecom firms.
3. Legal and Political Grey Zone
Some trade measures bypass international norms, limiting India’s legal recourse in global trade bodies.
This creates legal ambiguity and economic risks for India.
Example: Disputes with China at the WTO over steel tariffs highlight India’s challenges in using international platforms to counter trade weaponization.
4. Rising Protectionism
In response to global protectionist trends, India has implemented defensive trade measures.
These policies protect Indian industries from predatory pricing and ensure competitiveness.
Example: Over 30 anti-dumping measures in 2024 on Chinese products showcase India’s efforts to shield domestic businesses from unfair trade practices.
5. Impact on Global Supply Chains
India faces the challenge of securing critical sectors from foreign influence, especially from China.
Reducing dependency on high-risk nations is crucial for fostering long-term economic growth.
Example: India’s participation in frameworks like the Quad highlights its efforts to secure supply chains and strengthen regional partnerships.
6. Foreign Relations and Trade Strategy
India’s foreign policy is increasingly shaped by economic security concerns.
Trade disputes, particularly with China, have led India to re-evaluate its global partnerships.
Example: The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) highlights India’s pivot toward economically secure, like-minded partners.
Key Tactics of Trade Weaponization:
Sanctions: Banning trade with specific nations to cripple their economy (e.g., U.S. sanctions on Iran reducing its oil exports).
Tariffs: Imposing high taxes on imports to protect domestic industries or retaliate against foreign trade practices (e.g., U.S.-China tariff war).
Export Restrictions: Blocking the sale of critical resources or technologies to rival nations (e.g., China restricting rare earth exports to Japan and the U.S.).
Economic Coercion: Using trade dependencies to manipulate other nations’ foreign policies (e.g., China slowing customs clearances for Australian imports after political disputes).
Supply Chain Disruptions: Controlling key manufacturing hubs to create bottlenecks in global production (e.g., China’s dominance in semiconductor and rare earth production).
Significance of Trade Weaponization:
Influences Global Politics: Countries use trade to pressure rivals without direct military conflict.
Affects Economic Stability: Disruptions in trade can lead to supply shortages and price spikes.
Impacts National Security: Dependence on foreign nations for critical goods can pose risks during conflicts.
Shifts Trade Alliances: Countries may seek alternative trade partners to reduce dependency on weaponized trade tactics.
