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  • Climate action needs an updated lexicon

     

    Cyclone 'Michaung' likely to make landfall on today; rain alert in many  states | Latest News India - Hindustan Times

    Central idea 

    The article discusses the impact of shifting baseline syndrome on our perception of environmental changes, particularly in the context of unprecedented rainfall in south Tamil Nadu. It emphasizes the importance of officialese, or official vocabulary, in effectively communicating climate scenarios, addressing challenges in aligning definitions with lived experiences. The article also explores the global implications of terminological precision in climate negotiations and highlights the need for updated language to navigate evolving climate realities.

    Key Highlights:

    • South Tamil Nadu experiences unprecedented rainfall, reversing a northeast monsoon deficit to a 5% excess within 24 hours.
    • Shifting baseline syndrome distorts perceptions of environmental changes, impacting our understanding of losses and resource availability.
    • Climate change introduces a future-oriented shifting baseline, challenging language and memorialization of evolving climate scenarios.

    Key Challenges:

    • The deceptive simplicity of defining ‘devastating’ events, influenced by shifting baseline syndrome and community memory.
    • Official vocabulary and definitions, such as those for extreme weather events, may not align with lived experiences and evolving climate realities.
    • The role of officialese in communication, accountability, and global negotiations faces challenges in updating and aligning with ground realities.

    Key Terms and Phrases:

    • Shifting baseline syndrome
    • Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs)
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
    • Officialese
    • Medical certificate of cause of death (MCCD)
    • Loss and damage fund

    Key Quotes and Statements:

    • “What we consider to be ‘devastating’ is deceptively simple because of the shifting baseline syndrome.”
    • “As the impacts of climate change become clearer, we confront a different kind of shifting baseline, one that stretches into the future.”

    Key Examples and References:

    • Reference to unprecedented rainfall in Thoothukudi and Tiruchendur compared to Chennai’s Cyclone Michaung-induced rainfall.
    • Examples of official vocabulary limitations, like classifying both Chennai and Thoothukudi under ‘extremely heavy’ rainfall despite varying impacts.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • Rainfall data: Thoothukudi recorded 361.4 mm, Tiruchendur 679 mm, and Chennai 500 mm within specific periods.
    • Impact of shifting baseline syndrome on underestimating environmental losses over time.

    Critical Analysis:

    • Discussion on the challenge of aligning lived experiences with official definitions, impacting trust in institutions.
    • The importance of updating officialese to bridge the gap between evolving climate scenarios and language used in official reports.
    • Global implications of officialese in climate negotiations, particularly related to the ‘loss and damage’ fund.

    Way Forward:

    • Advocacy for localized officialese that reflects State-level laws and community context.
    • Emphasis on the need for new official words to describe unprecedented climate events to ensure effective communication and global cooperation.
    • Acknowledgment of the human toll in defining ‘devastation,’ including challenges in medical certifications and disaster responses.
  • A security breach that must lead to sweeping changes

    Massive security breach in Lok Sabha, 2 intruders jump from gallery, spray gas | Latest News India - Hindustan Times

    Central idea 

    The article discusses a security breach in the Lok Sabha, highlighting lapses in personal screening and outdated technology. It emphasizes the need for advanced security measures, questions the responsibility for technology upgrades, and calls for a comprehensive committee to ensure continuous oversight. The incident prompts reflections on securing democracy’s portals through constant monitoring and technological advancements.

    Key Highlights:

    • Security Breach: Lok Sabha breach on December 13, 2023, prompts concerns despite heightened security measures post-2001 attack.
    • Causes of Breach: Inadequate personal screening, traditional metal detectors’ limitations, and lack of vigilance contribute to breach.
    • Technological Need: Emphasizes the necessity for advanced technology like backscatter scanners for effective Parliament screening.

    Key Challenges:

    • Screening Limitations: Traditional metal detectors fail to detect non-metallic threats, showcasing screening vulnerabilities.
    • Vacant Security Positions: Key roles, including Joint Secretary, Security, and chiefs of CRPF and CISF, remain vacant.
    • Responsibility Gap: Ambiguity in responsibility for introducing and upgrading security technology in Parliament.

    Key Terms and Phrases:

    • Parliament Security: Focus on the breach and the need for robust security measures.
    • Backscatter Scanner: Technological solution highlighted for enhanced visitor screening.
    • Unlawful Activities Act: Sections 16 and 18 invoked against intruders for acts related to terrorism.

    Key Quotes and Statements:

    • “The youngsters involved…inflicted the gravest damage by revealing gaps in Parliament security.”
    • “To protect the hallowed portals…security infrastructure is constantly monitored and upgraded with resolve.”

    Key Examples and References:

    • Terrorist Attack Reference: Highlights 2001 attack and subsequent security enhancements.
    • Legal Action: Sections 16 and 18 of the Unlawful Activities Act invoked against intruders.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • Vacant Positions: Key security positions, including Joint Secretary, Security, and chiefs of CRPF and CISF, remain unfilled.
    • Technology Gap: Absence of advanced technology, like backscatter scanners, for thorough screening.

    Critical Analysis:

    • Access Control Critique: Lapses in access control and personal screening procedures scrutinized.
    • Responsibility Query: Raises questions about responsibility for introducing and upgrading security technology.
    • Committee Advocacy: Advocates a comprehensive committee with MPs and specialists for continuous security oversight.

    Way Forward:

    • Supervision Call: Urges Secretary, Security, in the Cabinet Secretariat to supervise Parliament security.
    • Committee Formation: Recommends a committee with MPs and specialists for regular security monitoring.
    • MP Cooperation: Stresses the importance of MPs cooperating with enhanced security measures to protect democracy’s portals.
  • India’s defence budgeting and the point of deterrence

    Key Highlights:

    • The Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) program faces challenges, with the purchase of only 36 Rafale jets instead of the required 126, leading to a depleted squadron strength in the Indian Air Force (IAF).
    • The article raises concerns about the impact of budgetary constraints on defense preparedness, especially with India in election mode and potential cuts in the defense budget.
    • Emphasis is placed on the need for a judicious assessment of defense planning and budgeting to address threats on the northern borders and enhance sea power against China.

    Key Challenges:

    • The persistent issue of budget constraints impacting defense procurement and preparedness.
    • The gap between the required and actual squadron strength in the Indian Air Force.
    • Concerns about potential cuts in the defense budget amid electoral priorities.

    Key Terms and Phrases:

    • Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA) program
    • Squadron strength
    • Budget constraints
    • Defense preparedness
    • Northern borders
    • Sea power
    • Atmanirbhar Bharat
    • Innovations For Defence Excellence (iDEX)
    • Ordnance Factory Board
    • Negative lists for imports

    Key Quotes and Statements:

    • “Mother of all procurements” – Referring to the MMRCA program with a cost of around $10 billion in 2007.
    • “We will fight with what we have” – General V.P. Malik’s quote during the Kargil conflict.
    • “You go to war with the industrial base you have, not the industrial base you want” – From the War on the Rocks article, emphasizing the importance of the existing industrial base.

    Key Examples and References:

    • The purchase of 36 Rafale jets instead of the required 126 under the MMRCA program.
    • The deficit in squadron strength in the Indian Air Force, currently at an abysmal 32.
    • The Global Innovation Index 2022 highlighting India’s low research and development expenditure.

    Key Facts and Data:

    • India’s defense expenditure as a percentage of central government expenditure has declined from around 16.4% in 2012-13 to 13.3% in 2022-23.
    • The Ministry of Defence requested ₹1,76,346 crore for capital acquisitions in 2023-24, but only ₹1,62,600 crore was allotted, creating a deficit of ₹13,746 crore.
    • China spent $421 billion on research and development in 2022, which is 2.54% of its GDP.

    Critical Analysis:

    • The article underscores the challenges of balancing electoral imperatives and national security priorities in defense budget allocation.
    • It highlights the necessity for a smart balance between imports and indigenous accretions for technological modernization.
    • The concerns raised about the long gestation period for indigenization efforts and the need for sustained momentum in policy-making.

    Way Forward:

    • Emphasizes the importance of bipartisan statesmanship to make defense budgeting election-proof.
    • Calls for a continuum in policy-making and adequate defense budgeting to address national security imperatives.
    • Stresses the need for sustained momentum in the Atmanirbhar Bharat drive and other indigenization efforts.
  • How to tackle CSAT for UPSC 2024? Detailed Strategy by Topper Gaurav Mishra, 99.87 percentile in CAT | 22nd Dec, 6 pm

    How to tackle CSAT for UPSC 2024? Detailed Strategy by Topper Gaurav Mishra, 99.87 percentile in CAT | 22nd Dec, 6 pm

    CSAT Strategy for 90+ score in UPSC Prelims 2024

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  • India Tops Global Remittance Inflows in 2023: World Bank Report

    remittance

    Central Idea

    • In 2023, India witnessed the highest remittance inflows globally, amounting to USD 125 billion.
    • The surge was influenced by various factors, including India’s currency agreement with the UAE.

    World Bank’s Analysis on Remittance Growth

    • Report Findings: The World Bank’s report indicates a slowdown in remittance growth in India to 12.4% in 2023, down from 24.4% in 2022.
    • Increased Share in South Asia: India’s share in South Asian remittances is expected to rise to 66% in 2023 from 63% in 2022.

    Global Remittance Scenario

    • Other Leading Countries: Following India, the top remittance-receiving countries are Mexico (USD 67 billion), China (USD 50 billion), the Philippines (USD 40 billion), and Egypt (USD 24 billion).
    • Significance in GDP: In economies like Tajikistan, Tonga, Samoa, Lebanon, and Nicaragua, remittances form a substantial part of the GDP, highlighting their critical economic role.

    Contributing Factors for India

    • Key Drivers: Declining inflation and robust labor markets in high-income countries contributed to increased remittances.
    • Major Sources: Significant remittance flows came from the US, the UK, and Singapore, as well as from the GCC, particularly the UAE.
    • UAE’s Role: The UAE is the second-largest source of remittances to India, accounting for 18% of the total.

    India-UAE Currency Agreement Impact

    • February 2023 Agreement: The agreement to promote local currency use in cross-border transactions and interlink payment systems has boosted remittances.
    • Dirhams and Rupees Usage: The use of dirhams and rupees in transactions is expected to channel more remittances through formal channels.

    Global Remittance Trends

    • Growth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Remittances to these countries grew by an estimated 3.8% in 2023.
    • Future Concerns: There is a risk of real income decline for migrants in 2024 due to global inflation and low growth prospects.
  • RBI tightens norms for Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs)

    Central Idea

    • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced tighter norms for Regulated Entities (REs) to curb the practice of evergreening loans through investments in Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs).
    • The norms apply to all banks, all India Financial Institutions, and Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), including Housing Finance Companies.

    About Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs)

    Details
    Definition AIFs are privately pooled investment vehicles established in India, collecting funds from sophisticated investors for investing.
    Regulation Governed by the SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012.
    Formation Can be formed as a company, Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), trust, etc.
    Investor Profile Aimed at high rollers, including domestic and foreign investors in India. Generally favored by institutions and high net worth individuals due to high investment amounts.
    Categories of AIFs Category I: Invests in start-ups, early-stage ventures, SMEs, etc. Includes venture capital funds, angel funds, etc.

    Category II: Includes funds not in Category I/III, like real estate funds, debt funds, etc. No leverage or borrowing except for operational requirements.

    Category III: Employs complex trading strategies, may use leverage. Includes hedge funds, PIPE Funds, etc.

    Fund Structure Category I and II AIFs must be close-ended and have a minimum tenure of three years.

    Category III AIFs can be open-ended or close-ended.

    Background and Regulatory Concerns

    • Investment Practices: REs often invest in units of AIFs as part of their regular investment operations.
    • RBI’s Observations: The RBI noted certain transactions involving AIFs that substituted direct loan exposure with indirect exposure, raising regulatory concerns.

    RBI’s New Guidelines

    • Restriction on Investments: REs are prohibited from investing in any AIF scheme that indirectly or directly has downstream investments in a debtor company of the RE.
    • Mandatory Liquidation: If an AIF scheme, where an RE is already an investor, makes a downstream investment in a debtor company, the RE must liquidate its investment in the scheme within 30 days from the date of such investment by the AIF.
    • Provision for Existing Investments: For existing investments in such schemes, REs have 30 days from the issuance of the circular to liquidate. Failure to do so requires them to make a 100% provision on these investments.
    • Capital Fund Deductions: Investments by REs in subordinated units of any AIF scheme with a ‘priority distribution model’ are subject to full deduction from the RE’s capital funds.
  • Fewer migratory birds in Sultanpur National Park this season

    Sultanpur National Park

    Central Idea

    • The Sultanpur National Park has observed a 20-30% decrease in the number of migratory birds this season, as reported by forest department officials.
    • Estimates show a reduction in bird numbers, with current figures ranging between 8,000 to 10,000, compared to the expected 15,000.

    About Sultanpur National Park

    • Sultanpur NP is located at Sultanpur village on Gurugram-Jhajjar highway, 15 km from Gurugram, Haryana and 50 km from Delhi.
    • It was a bird sanctuary, ideal for birding and bird lookers. Its area covers approximately 142.52 hectares.
    • Migratory birds start arriving in the park in September. Birds use the park as a resting place till the following March-April.
    • During summer and monsoon months the park is inhabited by many local bird species.
    • In April 1971, the Sultanpur Jheel inside the park (an area of 1.21 sq. km.) was accorded Sanctuary status under section 8 of the Punjab Wildlife Preservation Act of 1959.
    • The status of the park was upgraded to National Park in July 1991 under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

    Significance of the NP

    • Spanning 1.42 sq km, it is recognized as a national park, wildlife sanctuary, and a Ramsar site since 2021.
    • It is one of the few NPs in the small state of Haryana.
    • Another NP in Haryana is Kalesar National Park.

    Important Fauna at the Park

    • Mammals: Blackbuck, Nilgai, Hog deer, Sambar, Leopard etc.
    • Birds: Siberian Cranes, Greater Flamingo, Demoiselle Crane etc.

    Annual Migratory Patterns

    • Typical Arrival: Migratory birds usually begin arriving in the first week of October.
    • Annual Visitation: By the end of January each year, around 22,000 birds visit Sultanpur Park. However, this year’s numbers are anticipated to be much lower.

    Possible Reasons for Reduced Migration

    • Temperature Changes: Wildlife experts suggests that milder winters in regions like Siberia, Central Asia, and Europe might be influencing migration patterns.
    • Food Availability: If migratory birds continue to find sufficient food in their native regions, they may not feel compelled to migrate.
    • Local Climate Impact: The local temperature at Sultanpur Park has not dropped significantly to align with the birds’ migratory patterns.
    • Effect of Smog: Smog and air pollution could also be contributing factors to the altered migratory behavior.
  • US launches ‘Operation Prosperity Guardian’ to secure Red Sea

    red sea

    Central Idea

    • US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin announced the creation of Operation Prosperity Guardian to protect Red Sea commerce.
    • This follows missile and drone attacks by Yemen’s Iran-aligned Houthis.

    Operation Prosperity Guardian

    • Countries Involved: The U.K., Bahrain, Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Seychelles, and Spain are participating.
    • Joint Patrols: These nations will conduct joint patrols in the southern Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.

    Houthi Rebels’ Stance

    • Continued Aggression: Houthi rebels declared their intention to persist with attacks on Red Sea shipping.
    • Rebels’ Claims: They claim the US-led coalition aims to protect Israel and militarize the sea.
    • Attacks Beyond Yemen: Houthis have targeted vessels in key shipping lanes and launched attacks towards Israel.
    • Recent Drone Attack: Prior to Austin’s announcement, Houthis claimed a drone attack on cargo vessels in the region.

    Significance of the Operation

    • Impact on Suez Canal Traffic: About 12% of global shipping traffic through the Suez Canal is affected by the unrest.
    • Rerouting and Economic Consequences: Shipping firms are diverting routes, leading to increased costs and delays.

    About Red Sea

    Details
    Location Between Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti) and Asia (Saudi Arabia, Yemen).
    Connection Connects to the Indian Ocean via the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden.
    Length Approximately 2,250 km long.
    Width Varies from 355 km at its widest point to 20 km at the Strait of Tiran.
    Maximum Depth About 7,254 feet (2,211 m) in the central median trench.
    Unique Features – One of the world’s saltiest bodies of water.

    – Notable for its rich ecosystem, including extensive coral reefs.

    Climate Generally hot and arid; surrounding desert and high evaporation rates contribute to its high salinity.
    Economic Importance Major shipping route; oil-rich region with significant petroleum deposits on the sea’s borders.