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  • What is a Living Will?

    A five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court headed by Justice K M Joseph agreed to significantly ease the procedure for passive euthanasia in the country by altering the existing guidelines for ‘living wills’.

    What is Living Will?

    • A living will is a legal document detailing the type and level of medical care one wants to receive if they are unable to make decisions or communicate their wishes when care is needed.
    • A living will addresses many life-threatening treatments and procedures, such as resuscitation, ventilation, and dialysis.
    • A person can appoint a healthcare proxy to make decisions regarding care when they are unable to do so.
    • A living trust is a legal document that addresses how the assets of the incapacitated person should be managed.
    • People can enlist the services of an estate planner or an attorney to help draft or review a living will.

    Living Will in India

    • It was first laid down in its 2018 judgment in Common Cause vs. Union of India & Anr, which allowed passive euthanasia.
    • It was in response to the Aruna Shanbaug Case where protagonists were arguing in favor of mercy killing to Aruna.
    • The guidelines pertained to questions such as who would execute the living will, and the process by which approval could be granted by the medical board.
    • It declared that an adult human being having mental capacity to take an informed decision has right to refuse medical treatment including withdrawal from life-saving devices.

    What is Euthanasia?

    • Euthanasia refers to the practice of an individual deliberately ending their life, oftentimes to get relief from an incurable condition, or intolerable pain and suffering.
    • Euthanasia, which can be administered only by a physician, can be either ‘active’ or ‘passive’.
    • Active euthanasia involves an active intervention to end a person’s life with substances or external force, such as administering a lethal injection.
    • Passive euthanasia refers to withdrawing life support or treatment that is essential to keep a terminally ill person alive.

    What is the legal history of this matter?

    • Passive euthanasia was legalized in India by the Supreme Court in 2018, contingent upon the person having a ‘living will’.
    • It must be a written document that specifies what actions should be taken if the person is unable to make their own medical decisions in the future.
    • In case a person does not have a living will, members of their family can make a plea before the High Court to seek permission for passive euthanasia.

    What did the SC rule in 2018?

    • The Supreme Court allowed passive euthanasia while recognising the living wills of terminally-ill patients who could go into a permanent vegetative state.
    • It was required to be signed by an executor (the individual seeking euthanasia) in the presence of two attesting witnesses and to be further countersigned by a Judicial Magistrate of First Class (JMFC).
    • The court issued guidelines regulating this procedure until Parliament passed legislation on this.
    • However, this has not happened, and the absence of a law on this subject has rendered the 2018 judgment the last conclusive set of directions on euthanasia.

    What was the situation before 2018?

    • P Rathinam vs Union Of India, 1994: In a case challenging the constitutional validity of Section 309 of the IPC — which mandates up to one year in prison for attempt to suicide the Supreme Court deemed the section to be a “cruel and irrational provision”.
    • Gian Kaur vs The State Of Punjab, 1996: Two years later, a five-judge Bench of the court overturned the decision in P Rathinam, saying that the right to life under Article 21 did not include the right to die, and only legislation could permit euthanasia.
    • Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug vs Union Of India & Ors, 2011: SC allowed passive euthanasia for Aruna Shanbaug, a nurse who had been sexually assaulted in Mumbai in 1973, and had been in a vegetative state since then. The court made a distinction between ‘active’ and ‘passive’, and allowed the latter in “certain situations”.

    Key observations by Law Commission

    • Earlier, in 2006, the Law Commission of India in its 196th Report’ had said that a doctor who obeys the instructions of a competent patient to withhold or withdraw medical treatment does not commit a breach of professional duty and the omission to treat will not be an offence.
    • It had also recognised the patient’s decision to not receive medical treatment, and said it did not constitute an attempt to commit suicide under Section 309 IPC.
    • Again, in 2008, the Law Commission’s ‘241st Report On Passive Euthanasia: A Relook’ proposed legislation on ‘passive euthanasia’, and also prepared a draft Bill.

    What was the old cumbersome process?

    • The treating physician was required to constitute a board comprising three expert medical practitioners from specific but varied fields of medicine, with at least 20 years of experience.
    • They would decide whether to carry out the living will or not.
    • If the medical board granted permission, the will had to be forwarded to the District Collector for his approval.
    • The Collector was to then form another medical board of three expert doctors, including the Chief District Medical Officer.
    • Only if this second board agreed with the hospital board’s findings would the decision be forwarded to the JMFC, who would then visit the patient and examine whether to accord approval.
    • This cumbersome process will now become easier.

    Recent changes after the SC’s order this week

    • Medical board: Instead of the hospital and Collector forming the two medical boards, both boards will now be formed by the hospital.
    • 5 year experienced doctor: The requirement of 20 years of experience for the doctors has been relaxed to five years.
    • Magistrate approval not required: The requirement for the Magistrate’s approval has been replaced by an intimation to the Magistrate.
    • No witness required: The 2018 guidelines required two witnesses and a signature by the Magistrate; now a notary or gazetted officer can sign the living will in the presence of two witnesses instead of the Magistrate’s countersign.
    • HC for appeal: In case the medical boards set up by the hospital refuses permission, it will now be open to the kin to approach the High Court which will form a fresh medical team.

    Different countries, different laws

    • NETHERLANDS, LUXEMBOURG, BELGIUM allow both euthanasia and assisted suicide for anyone who faces “unbearable suffering” that has no chance of improvement.
    • SWITZERLAND bans euthanasia but allows assisted dying in the presence of a doctor or physician.
    • CANADA had announced that euthanasia and assisted dying would be allowed for mentally ill patients by March 2023; however, the decision has been widely criticised, and the move may be delayed.
    • UNITED STATES has different laws in different states. Euthanasia is allowed in some states like Washington, Oregon, and Montana.
    • UNITED KINGDOM considers it illegal and equivalent to manslaughter.

    Justification for Euthanasia/Assisted Suicide

    • It provides a way to relieve extreme pain.
    • Euthanasia can save life of many other people by donation of vital organs.

    Conclusion

    • India officially recognizes that- “every single citizen is entitled to and reserves the right to die with dignity.”
    • Hon’ble Supreme Courts’ recent updated guidelines are a major move in this direction.

     

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  • Earth’s inner core rotating slower than surface: Study

    earth

    Earth’s inner core, a hot iron ball the size of Pluto, has stopped spinning faster than the planet’s surface and might now be rotating slower than it, research suggested.

    A quick recap of Earth’s Interior

    earth

    Structure of earth’s interior is fundamentally divided into three layers – crust, mantle and core.

    [A] Crust

    • It is the outermost solid part of the earth, normally about 8-40 kms thick.
    • It is brittle in nature.
    • Nearly 1% of the earth’s volume and 0.5% of earth’s mass are made of the crust.
    • The thickness of the crust under the oceanic and continental areas are different. Oceanic crust is thinner (about 5kms) as compared to the continental crust (about 30kms).
    • Major constituent elements of crust are Silica (Si) and Aluminium (Al) and thus, it is often termed as SIAL(Sometimes SIAL is used to refer Lithosphere, which is the region comprising the crust and uppermost solid mantle, also).
    • The mean density of the materials in the crust is 3g/cm3.
    • The discontinuity between the hydrosphere and crustis termed as the Conrad Discontinuity.

     [B] Mantle

    • The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called as the mantle.
    • The discontinuity between the crust and mantleis called as the Mohorovich Discontinuity or Moho discontinuity.
    • The mantle is about 2900kms in thickness.
    • Nearly 84% of the earth’s volume and 67% of the earth’s mass is occupied by the mantle.
    • The major constituent elements of the mantle are Silicon and Magnesium and hence it is also termed as SIMA.
    • The density of the layer is higher than the crust and varies from 3.3 – 5.4g/cm3.
    • The uppermost solid part of the mantle and the entire crust constitute the Lithosphere.
    • The asthenosphere (in between 80-200km) is a highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductile, deforming region of the upper mantle which lies just below the lithosphere.
    • The asthenosphere is the main source of magma and it is the layer over which the lithospheric plates/ continental plates move (plate tectonics).
    • The discontinuity between the upper mantle and the lower mantleis known as Repetti Discontinuity.
    • The portion of the mantle which is just below the lithosphere and asthenosphere, but above the core is called as Mesosphere.

    [C] Core

    • It is the innermost layer surrounding the earth’s centre.
    • The core is separated from the mantle by Guttenberg’s Discontinuity.
    • It is composed mainly of iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) and hence it is also called as NIFE.
    • It constitutes nearly 15% of earth’s volume and 32.5% of earth’s mass.
    • It is the densest layer of the earth with its density ranges between 9.5-14.5g/cm3.
    • It spins independently because it floats in the liquid metal outer core. One cycle of the swing is about seven decades approximately.
    • It consists of two sub-layers: the inner core and the outer core.
    • The inner core is in solid state and the outer core is in the liquid state (or semi-liquid).
    • The discontinuity between the upper core and the lower core is called as Lehmann Discontinuity.
    • Barysphere is sometimes used to refer the core of the earth or sometimes the whole interior.

    What should one understand about the interior of the earth?

    • It is not possible to know about the earth’s interior by direct observations because of the huge size and the changing nature of its interior composition.
    • It is an almost impossible distance for the humans to reach till the centre of the earth (The earth’s radius is 6,370 km).
    • The rapid increase in temperature below the earth’s surface is mainly responsible for setting a limit to direct observations inside the earth.

    Sources of Information about the interior of the earth

    Direct Sources:

    1. Rocks from mining area
    2. Volcanic eruptions

    Indirect Sources

    1. By analyzing the rate of change of temperature and pressurefrom the surface towards the interior.
    2. Meteors, as they belong to the same type of materials earth is made of.
    3. Gravitation, which is greater near poles and less at the equator.
    4. Gravity anomaly, which is the change in gravity value according to the mass of material, gives us information about the materials in the earth’s interior.
    5. Magnetic sources.
    6. Seismic Waves: the shadow zones of body waves (Primary and secondary waves) give us information about the state of materials in the interior.

    What is the new study about?

    • Exactly how the inner core rotates has been a matter of debate between scientists— and the latest research is expected to prove controversial.
    • A new research has analyzed seismic waves from repeating earthquakes over the last six decades.
    • It shows that- the inner core started rotating slightly faster than the rest of the planet in the early 1970s, the study said.
    • But it had been slowing down before coming in sync with Earth’s rotation around 2009.

    What made the core spin slower?

    • So far there is little to indicate that what the inner core does has many effects on surface dwellers.
    • The researchers said this rotation timeline roughly lines up with changes in what is called the “length of day”— small variations in the exact time it takes Earth to rotate on its axis.
    • But the researchers said they believed there were physical links between all of Earth’s layers, from the inner core to the surface.

     

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  • Aditya-L1: India’s first mission to Sun to be launched soon

    aditya

    The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is planning to launch the Aditya-L1 mission by June or July this year.

    What is Aditya-L1 Mission?

    • ISRO categorizes Aditya L1 as a 400 kg-class satellite that will be launched using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) in XL configuration.
    • It will observe the Sun from a close distance, and try to obtain information about its atmosphere and magnetic field.
    • The space-based observatory will have seven payloads (instruments) on board to study the Sun’s corona, solar emissions, solar winds and flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), and will carry out round-the-clock imaging of the Sun.

    L1: Behind the name

    • L1 refers to Lagrangian/Lagrange Point 1, one of five points in the orbital plane of the Earth-Sun system.
    • Lagrange Points, named after Italian-French mathematician Josephy-Louis Lagrange, are positions in space where the gravitational forces of a two-body system (like the Sun and the Earth) produce enhanced regions of attraction and repulsion.
    • The L1 point is about 1.5 million km from Earth, or about one-hundredth of the way to the Sun.

    Major payloads

    • In total Aditya-L1 has seven payloads, of which the primary payload is the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC), designed and fabricated by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bengaluru.
    • The satellite carries additional six payloads-
    1. SUIT, the solar ultraviolet imaging telescope
    2. ASPEX (Aditya Solar Wind Particle Experiment),
    3. PAPA (Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya),
    4. SoLEXS (Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer),
    5. HEL1OS (High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray spectrometer) and
    6. Magnetometer — with enhanced science scope and objectives possible by extensive remote and in-situ observation of the sun.

    Why is studying the Sun important?

    (1) To understand space weather

    • To learn about and track Earth-directed storms, and to predict their impact, continuous solar observations are needed.
    • Every storm that emerges from the Sun and heads towards Earth passes through L1, and a satellite placed in the halo orbit around L1 of the Sun-Earth system has the major advantage of continuously viewing the Sun without any occultation/eclipses.

    (2) Observing corona

    • The VELC payload will be able to observe the corona continuously and the data provided by it is expected to answer many outstanding problems in the field of solar astronomy.
    • No other solar coronagraph in space has the ability to image the solar corona as close to the solar disk as VELC can.
    • It can image it as close as 1.05 times the solar radius.
    • It can also do imaging, spectroscopy, and polarimetry at the same time, and can take observations at a very high resolution (level of detail) and many times a second.

    Why are solar missions challenging?

    • Distance: What makes a solar mission challenging is the distance of the Sun from Earth (about 149 million km on average, compared to the only 3.84 lakh km to the Moon).
    • Heat: More importantly the super-hot temperatures and radiations in the solar atmosphere make it difficult to study.

    Major missions to Sun till now

    • NASA’s Parker Solar Probe has already gone far closer — but it will be looking away from the Sun.
    • The earlier Helios 2 solar probe, a joint venture between NASA and space agency of erstwhile West Germany, went within 43 million km of the Sun’s surface in 1976.

     

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  • New T+1 Settlement Cycle comes into effect

    settlement

    After China, India will become the second country in the world to start the ‘trade-plus-one’ (T+1) settlement cycle in top-listed securities today.

    What’s the T+1 settlement plan?

    • The T+1 settlement cycle means that trade-related settlements must be done within a day, or 24 hours, of the completion of a transaction.
    • For example, under T+1, if a customer bought shares on Wednesday, they would be credited to the customer’s demat account on Thursday.
    • This is different from T+2, where they will be settled on Friday.
    • As many as 256 large-cap and top mid-cap stocks, including Nifty and Sensex stocks, will come under the T+1 settlement from Friday.

    What was the earlier settlement system?

    • Until 2001, stock markets had a weekly settlement system.
    • The markets then moved to a rolling settlement system of T+3, and then to T+2 in 2003.
    • In 2020, Sebi deferred the plan to halve the trade settlement cycle to one day (T+1) following opposition from foreign investors.

    What are the benefits of T+1?

    • T+1 system brings operational efficiency, faster fund remittances, share delivery, and ease for stock market participants.
    • In the T+1 format, if an investor sells a share, she will get the money within a day, and the buyer will get the shares in her demat account also within a day.
    • The shorter trade settlement cycle augurs well for the Indian equity markets from a liquidity perspective.
    • This will also help investors in reducing the overall capital requirements with the margins getting released on T+1 day, and in getting the funds in the bank account within 24 hours of the sale of shares.
    • The shift will boost operational efficiency as the rolling of funds and stocks will be faster.

    Issues with T+1 system

    • T+1 is being implemented despite opposition from foreign investors.
    • The United States, United Kingdom and Eurozone markets are yet to move to the T+1 system.

    Why are foreign investors opposed?

    • Foreign investors have some operational issues as they operate from different geographies.
    • Among the issues raised by them were time zone differences, information flow processes, and foreign exchange problems.
    • Foreign investors said they would also find it difficult to hedge their net India exposure in dollar terms at the end of the day under the T+1 system.

     

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  • Ideal Train Profile: Railways’ AI-based project to shorten ticket waitlists

    The Indian Railways has concluded the trial of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) program it built to fix a perennial issue — long waiting lists for tickets.

    Ideal Train Profile

    • Ideal Train Profile was made by Railways’ in-house software arm Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS).
    • It was fed with information like how millions of passengers booked tickets on these trains, which origin-destination pairs were a hit and which were flops at what time of the year, which seats remained vacant for what portion of a journey, etc.
    • This project has been in the works for the past two years, wherein the AI has been “taught” ticket booking data and trends of the past few years.
    • It has come up with the best possible combination of how many berths to keep for which sectors and at what time.
    • The combination of “training data” the AI has been fed goes back three years.

    Significance of the project

    • The AI-driven program has, for the first time, allocated vacant berths in over 200 trains in such a way that fewer people need to turn away without a confirmed ticket.
    • The waiting lists on these trains, as a result, have seen a curtailment.

    Need for AI in ticket booking

    • Currently, the passenger is handed out a wait-listed ticket and asked to wait until four hours prior to departure, when the final seat chart is prepared, to see if she made the list.
    • This is because a large number of berths are earmarked for various quotas and various origin-destination combinations of the train’s routes.
    • If there are 60 halts in a long-distance train, then there are 1,800 possible ticket combinations of origin and destination.
    • If there are 10 halts, there are typically about 45 ticket combinations and so on.
    • The Ideal Train Profile’s AI tells the Passenger Reservation System how best to give out confirmed tickets and for which sectors.

    Way forward

    • The AI does data-driven remote location selection, completely automates the process of quota distribution, and suggests optimal quota for different ticket combinations based on historical demand.
    • The project has got the Railway Board excited about the possibility of how it can manage busy season rush, when the demands of confirmed tickets are at a peak.
    • So the coming summer vacation season will be the first big test for the new system.

     

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  • In news: Etikoppaka Toy Craft

    etikoppaka

    The Union conferred Padma Shri to Mr. Raju in the art category as an honour to the Etikoppaka wooden toy craft.

    Etikoppaka Toys

    • Etikoppaka is a small village on the banks of Varaha River at a distance of 64 Kms away from the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh.
    • The name Etikoppaka is synonymous with beautiful wooden artifacts and lacquer colours.
    • The toys are made with lacquer color and are traditionally known as Etikoppaka toys or Etikoppaka Bommalu.
    • The village is very famous for its toys made of wood. The toys are also called as lacquer toys because of application of lacquer coating.
    • Etikoppaka Toys have obtained their GI tag under the Handicrafts category in the state of Andhra Pradesh.

    How are they made?

    • The toys are made out of wood and are coloured with natural dyes derived from seeds, lacquer, bark, roots and leaves.
    • The wood used to make the toys is soft in nature and the art of toy making is also known as Turned wood Lacquer craft.
    • While making the Etikoppaka toys, lac, a colourless resinous secretion of numerous insects, is used.
    • The already prepared vegetable dyes are further mixed to the lac, during the process of oxidation.
    • After this process, the end product obtained is rich and colored lacquer.
    • The lac dye is used for decorating the Etikoppaka toys, which are exported all over the world.

     

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  • 25th Jan 2023 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

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  • SCO and the India- Pakistan relation

    SCO

    Context

    • A meeting of the Shanghai Co-operation Organisation (SCO) that India will host in May is expected to bring together foreign ministers of the regional grouping, which includes China, Russia, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Bilateral ties with Pakistan and China are at a new low. But multilateral settings are often viewed as opportunities for countries with problematic relations to find a way forward.

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    The crux

    • India has invited Pakistan’s foreign minister to a meeting of the Shanghai Co-operation Organization (SCO) that India is hosting in May this year.

    SCO

    All you need to know about SCO

    • Background: After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the then security and economic architecture in the Eurasian region dissolved and new structures had to come up.
    • Original shanghai five: The original Shanghai Five were China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.
    • SCO formation: The SCO was formed in 2001, with Uzbekistan included. It expanded in 2017 to include India and Pakistan.
    • Security is the priority: Since its formation, the SCO has focused on regional non-traditional security, with counter-terrorism as a priority.
    • Three evils: The fight against the “three evils” of terrorism, separatism and extremism has become its mantra.
    • Expanded areas of cooperation: Today, areas of cooperation include themes such as economics and culture.

    Do you know SCO RATS?

    • Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) is a permanent organ of the SCO which serves to promote cooperation of member states against the three evils of terrorism, separatism and extremism.
    • It is headquartered in Tashkent.
    • Its head is elected to three-year term.
    • Each member state of SCO sends permanent representative to RATS.

    SCO

    Where India and Pakistan stand today?

    • Changed terms of engagement: Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India has begun to reset the terms of the engagement agenda.
    • India’s improved diplomatic position: India’s transformed relations with the US, the resolution of Delhi’s dispute with the global nuclear order, and getting the West to discard its temptation to mediate on Kashmir enormously improved India’s diplomatic position.
    • Economic growth: The most consequential change has been in the economic domain. India has recently overtaken the UK to become the fifth largest economy in the world.
    • Broken Pakistan: The persistent neglect of economic challenges left Pakistan in an increasingly weaker position in relation to India. If India has inched its way into the top five global economies, Pakistan today is broken.

    India’s position on engagement with Pakistan

    • India’s approach in dealing with Pakistan today: The Ministry of External Affairs’ official spokesperson Arindam Bagchi recently said “We we have always wanted normal neighbourly relations with Pakistan. But there should be a conducive atmosphere in which there is no terror, hostility or violence. That remains our position.”
    • What Pakistan says: Deputy Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar said in Davos that she does not see a partner currently in the Prime Minister of India to take this project of peace-building forward.

    Conclusion

    • When the multilateral meeting is to be hosted by a country that is on one side of the rift, the first step is for the other side to accept the invitation. An election is upcoming in Pakistan, and having committed themselves to a position, both Bhutto and Khar would be mindful that their actions must match their words. But despite this, if there is an opportunity for a thaw, India must not be the one to miss it. India need handle the hostile neighbor with the right approach.
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  • 20 Blunders that can cost you UPSC Prelims,& how to avoid them | LIVE 1-1 session with IPS Shubham sir | Register for Recorded Video & Get FREE Notes for Prelims 2023 post webinar

    20 Blunders that can cost you UPSC Prelims,& how to avoid them | LIVE 1-1 session with IPS Shubham sir | Register for Recorded Video & Get FREE Notes for Prelims 2023 post webinar

    LIVE webinar Concluded successfully on 27th January (Friday), 2023 | Register for Recorded Video & Get Value-Added PDF materials for UPSC Prelims 2023

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    Preparing for the UPSC Prelims exam is a long and arduous journey that requires a great deal of hard work and dedication. Most of you might have already invested ~2yrs of time, huge money, emotions, and effort in this preparation.

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    About Shubham Nagargoje:

    UPSC 2020 Topper–IPS Officer Shubham Nagargoje lived by this saying during his entire UPSC and RBI Grade B preparation for three years. Hence, failing to clear the UPSC Prelims twice didn’t deter him. He finally got appointment letters both as an RBI Grade B officer and an IPS officer.

    Webinar Details: Concluded Successfully

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    • 20 blunders that can cost you UPSC Prelims and how to avoid them.
    • Understanding the importance of a well-structured study plan and how to make one: A structured study plan is essential for effective time management and staying on track with your preparations. This should include a daily, weekly and monthly plan, along with specific targets.
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    • Utilizing basic and fundamental resources like NCERTs and Current Affairs effectively: Students should learn how to use resources effectively and efficiently. This includes selecting the right study materials, identifying the best study methods, and utilizing online resources such as mock tests and practice questions.
    • How do 99% of UPSC aspirants make mistakes to understand and differentiate between UPSC Prelims and Mains syllabus?
    • How to utilize the remaining 3 months for UPSC Prelims 2023?
    • How to cover the syllabus in the remaining time so that you can make maximum revision cycles?
    • How to clear UPSC Prelims with self-study? If you’re not getting any mentor, where are you making mistakes that will cost you Prelims?
    • Attempting test series is important. But, analyzing test series in the wrong way will make you do silly mistakes.
    • Additionally, the webinar will also provide guidance on how to identify and overcome personal barriers, such as lack of motivation, lack of direction, and self-doubt.

    Don’t let small mistakes become Himalayan Blunders and hold you back from achieving your dreams. Join us in this webinar and learn how to avoid these mistakes and unlock your full potential. Sign up now, as spots are limited.

    (Click) Register for Recorded Video | Get FREE Smash Prelims select notes

    CivilsDaily’s FREE Webinar package

    Post-webinar we will share important PDFs, timetable framework, and notes.

    Other than this a strategy package will be emailed to you.

    What The Hindu opined about Civilsdaily Mentorship

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