💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (August Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Search results for: “”

  • Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar Program

    mera gaon

    Central idea: The government has identified and documented the unique cultural heritage of more than one lakh villages across the country under the National Mission for Cultural Mapping’s Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar programme.

    Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar

    • The National Mission for Cultural Mapping aims to develop a comprehensive database of art forms, artists, and other resources across the country.
    • The programme was launched by the Culture Ministry in 2017 but was handed over to the Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts (IGNCA) in 2021.
    • The programme aims to cover all the 6.5 lakh villages in the country.

    Why such a program?

    • The program seeks to document the cultural identity at the village level by involving citizens to share what makes their village, block, or district unique.
    • The villages have been classified into seven-eight categories based on ecological, developmental, scholastic, historical, and mythological importance.
    • The mapping aims to develop a comprehensive database of art forms, artists, and other resources across the country.

    Survey process

    • The survey process involves a CSC Village Level Entrepreneur (VLE) conducting meetings with locals and then uploading interesting facts about their village, its places of interest, customs and traditions, famous personalities, festivals and beliefs, art and culture, etc., on to a special application.
    • The IGNCA plans to create special films on 6,500 village clusters showcasing their unique heritage.
    • Short films have been made on 750 cluster villages, which have been shot using drones, and the VLEs would upload these videos on the application as well.

     

  • India elected to UN Statistical Body

    Central idea: India has been elected to the UN Statistical Commission for a four-year term.

    About United Nations Statistical Commission

    • The UN Statistical Commission is the topmost body of the global statistical system, bringing together the Chief Statisticians from member states worldwide.
    • Responsibilities of the Commission include setting statistical standards and developing concepts and methods, implemented at national and international levels.
    • The Commission was established in 1947 and is headquartered in New York.
    • The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) is overseen by the Commission.
    • The Commission is a Functional Commission of the UN Economic and Social Council.

    Membership details

    • There are 24 member states of the Commission.
    • Members are elected by the Economic and Social Council based on equitable geographical distribution, including:
    1. African States (5)
    2. Asian States (4)
    3. Eastern European States (4)
    4. Latin American and Caribbean States (4)
    5. Western European and other States (7)

     

  • 7th Apr 23 | Nikaalo Prelims- Mini Test 8 (Important Historical Sculptures/ Tribes in India, their Festivals and Culture)

    7th Apr 23 | Nikaalo Prelims- Mini Test 8 (Important Historical Sculptures/ Tribes in India, their Festivals and Culture)

    [WpProQuiz 1309]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 1309]

    UPSC 2023 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

  • Mastering Self-Study for UPSC 2024: Phase I-II (April-Nov’23) | Building a Solid Base: GS Static and Current Affairs with 5hrs of daily prep | The Most Important LIVE Masterclass + QnA session IPS Areeba Nomaan, AIR 109 | Get FREE Strategic package on registration

    Mastering Self-Study for UPSC 2024: Phase I-II (April-Nov’23) | Building a Solid Base: GS Static and Current Affairs with 5hrs of daily prep | The Most Important LIVE Masterclass + QnA session IPS Areeba Nomaan, AIR 109 | Get FREE Strategic package on registration

    (Concluded Successfully) Mastering Self-Study for UPSC 2024: Phase I-II (April-Nov’23) | Building a Solid Base: GS Static and Current Affairs with 5hrs of daily prep

    📢What you should expect in 1-1 LIVE with Areeba Ma’am

    Click & Register for Recorded Video of Areeba Ma’am

    Preparing for UPSC 2024 and not sure what you should be doing in the month of April to Nov 2023?

    Previously, we had discussed 5 phased UPSC strategies. It’s time now to go deeper. We will cover an in-depth session on Mastering Phases 1 and 2.

    Toppers like Satyam Gandhi (AIR 10), Ria Dabi (AIR 15), Yash Jaluka (AIR 4), Mamta Yadav (AIR 5), and Shashwat Tripurari (AIR 19) always mention that success in the UPSC civil services exams is all about having a solid grip on Static Subjects and a crystal clear awareness of Current Affairs.

    If your concept of static subjects is lacking, Current affairs will seem alien to you. On the other hand, if you try to study current affairs without knowing how the syllabus and the static subjects are directly or indirectly related to it, it will be nothing but a Fool’s Errand.

    IPS officer (AIR-109, UPSC 2021) Areeba Ma’am, super mentor of Civilsdaily will take up a LIVE session to help you Master the most important Phases for UPSC 2024: GS Static and Current Affairs with 5hrs (3 Hrs for Static Subjects and 2 Hrs for Current Affairs) of daily prep.

    What you should expect in this Recorded Session by Areeba Ma’am?

    The LIVE Q&A session will cover the most important 2-phased UPSC Preparation strategy that will help you plan and utilize your time effectively in the next 12 months leading up to UPSC 2024.

    Areeba will share her experience, how to understand the Nerve of UPSC, and how to prepare for the exam accordingly. She will also provide practical tips on how to prioritize your studies, make the most of your free time, and avoid burnout.

    Phase 1 (April- Aug): Foundation building, core concepts, and topics- reading everything from 2-3 sources (NCERT + Standard books) + initiation of Current Affairs, Basic notes and answer writing started at this time

    • How to divide time for Static subjects and what are the fundamentals of completing the syllabus in 5-6 months?
    • Which among the 40 NCERTs do you have to read along with some standard BOOKS? What are the standard books and Yellow Books (Notes) are the most effective for UPSC 
    • Live demonstration of making the perfect notes from NCERTs and Standard Books. How to not copy line-by-line of everything you read & only note down the 5 dimensions of a topic?
    • How to improve your accuracy per month even every week as per your preparation ratio?
    • 5 times Revision strategy for Every subject. How do you study during each revision phase?
    • How to build a habit of *2 hrs for Reading Newspaper. Besides newspapers, what are the most reliable and authentic sources for Current Affairs Preparation?
    • How to keep a balance between Recognition of Information and Elaborating on a topic?
    • How to follow the ritual of reading, writing summaries, and answering topic-wise previous year questions?
    • Including statistics and relevant data. What are the subject-wise important committee reports you should read?
    • How to catch and filter current affairs topics for Prelims and Mains?
    • How to and where to link current affairs and static while writing Answer writing for Mains?

    Phase 2: (Aug- Dec) Mains specific subjects + Optional + Essay

    • How to start and with which subject to start Mains Specific subjects like; Essay Writing, Ethics, World History, Indian Society, ETC.
    • Top 10 parameters to maintain while practicing answer writing for UPSC Mains.
    • How to and When to start Optional Subject and when to keep aside and restart it after Prelims.
    • 60:45:15 Revision Strategy for Answer Writing, and Optional Subject.
    • Top 5 methods of Essay writing and the best process to improve step by step.
    • Best sources, practice sets, and Mock Tests for Essay, Mains GS Papers and Optional 
    • Much more about a topper’s strategy to clear UPSC Mains in your very 1st Attempt.
    Click & Register for Recorded Video by Areeba Ma’am

    CivilsDaily’s FREE Webinar package

    Post-webinar we will share important PDFs, timetable framework, and notes.

    Other than this a strategy package will be emailed to you.

    What The Hindu opined about Civilsdaily Mentorship

    best coaching for upsc in delhi

    Register FREE for Recorded VIDEO:- UPSC Masterclass by IPS, Areeba Nomaan Ma’am

    Click & Register for Recorded VIDEO by Areeba Ma’am

    🎉Attempt All India FREE Smash Mock Test

  • RBI’s Pause On Repo Rate Hike: Concerns Over Inflation And Global Pressures Remain

    RBI

    Central Idea

    • The RBI has decided to not increase the repo rate amid continuing hikes by important central banks such as the US Federal Reserve (Fed) and European Central Bank (ECB), and domestic inflation concerns. However, if incoming data point to rising inflation risks, this decision could prove to be only a pause in the rate hiking cycle.

    The RBI’s decision to pause on rate hikes

    • The RBI feels that money market rates have effectively risen more than the 250-basis-point yank in the repo rate since May 2022, and hence it decided to pause and assess the impact of rate hikes.
    • The key reason behind the MPC decision is the expectation of a decline in inflation to 5.2% in the current fiscal, driven by a healthy rabi crop, normal monsoon, moderating international commodity prices, and the impact of rate hikes.
    • The RBI acknowledges the upside risks and stated its readiness to fight any unexpected rise in inflation.

    Impact on GDP growth

    • The RBI expects GDP growth to slow to 6% from 7% this fiscal as slowing global growth, domestic interest rates, and messy geopolitics bite.
    • Slowing global growth will be net negative for India’s exports, and the growing dependence on commodity exports makes India more vulnerable to global growth volatility.
    • Fiscal 2024 will, therefore, test the resilience of India’s domestic demand amid rising interest rates.

    Reasons for the expected cooling of consumer inflation

    • Fuel inflation expected to reduce: Fuel inflation is expected to reduce to 3% from a high of over 10% in the current fiscal because some easing of crude oil prices is likely as global growth slows down.
    • Decline in core inflation: Slowing domestic growth will ease core inflation from very sticky levels of over 6% last fiscal to 5.5% in the current one. However, the decline in core inflation will be limited as input cost pressures have not dissipated. To protect their margins, firms will continue to pass on input costs to end-consumer. Services inflation will also continue to exert pressure as the rotation of consumption demand from goods to services continues.
    • Moderate food inflation: Food inflation, which has a high weightage in the Consumer Price Index and has driven headline inflation in the past, is projected to moderate to slightly below 5%, assuming a normal monsoon. However, food inflation has always been volatile and carries upside risks largely because of climate-related factors affecting agriculture output and prices.

    How slowing global growth will have a negative impact on India’s exports?

    • The impact of the growth slowdown in the US and Europe is deeper than the recovery in China: The US and Europe have a combined GDP that is twice that of China. Therefore, the impact of the growth slowdown in the US and Europe will be deeper than the recovery in China. This will have a negative impact on India’s exports to the US and Europe.
    • India’s exports to the US and Europe are more than to China by a factor of six: India exports more to the US and Europe than to China by a factor of six. Therefore, the negative impact of the growth slowdown in the US and Europe will be felt more by India than by China.
    • India’s growing dependence on commodity exports makes it more vulnerable to global growth volatility: India’s exports of petroleum products and steel are growing, and this makes India more vulnerable to global growth volatility. As global growth slows down, demand for commodities is likely to decline, which will have a negative impact on India’s exports.

    External vulnerabilities

    • India’s external vulnerability is expected to decline with a narrower current account deficit (CAD) and modest short-term external debt.
    • The CAD is expected to narrow to 2% of GDP this fiscal from an estimated 2.5% last fiscal.

    Conclusion

    • The RBI’s decision to pause on rate hikes is driven by expectations of a decline in inflation. However, inflation risks remain, and the impact of rate hikes on GDP growth is expected to be significant. India’s external vulnerabilities are expected to decline, but the banking turmoil playing out amid interest rate hikes by important central banks and elevated debt levels remains a risk. The RBI’s decision to pause on rate hikes will be closely watched, and further rate hikes may be necessary if inflation risks persist.

    Mains Question

    Q. Enumerate the factors that led RBI to pause on rate hikes, and discuss the potential risks and impacts on the Indian economy?

  • India-Bhutan Relationship Built On Faith and Mutual trust

    Relationship

    Central Idea

    • India-Bhutan’s exemplary relationship has been a key factor in ensuring the stability and security of the region. The recent visit of Bhutan King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck to India was focused on enhancing the bilateral relationship between the two countries. However, the unspoken part of the visit was the Bhutan-China boundary talks, which have gained momentum in recent times.

    Exemplary India-Bhutan Relationship

    • Special and strategic relationship: India and Bhutan share a special and strategic relationship with a border of over 600 km. The bond has been strengthened since India’s independence, and it has been a buffer between China and India.
    • India is Bhutan’s largest development partner: The relationship is not limited to rhetoric but extends to an institutional and economic framework. India is Bhutan’s largest development partner, and Bhutan is India’s biggest trade partner in the region.
    • Hydroelectricity, a crucial factor: Hydroelectricity has become the biggest revenue earner of Bhutan, and India buys power generated in Bhutan. It makes Bhutan the country with the highest per capita income in South Asia today.
    • Historical and theological relations: Bhutan is a Buddhist theocracy, monarchy, and modern state. The relationship between India and Bhutan is special from a historical, theological, strategic, and economic perspective.

    Bhutan-China Boundary Talks

    • Considerable progress but no decision yet: Before the King’s visit to India, Bhutanese Prime Minister Lotay Tshering had said in an interview that Bhutan and China have made considerable progress on demarcating border lines. Bhutan has been having talks with China on the boundary question for years, and there has been no decision yet.
    • There will be adjustment of territory: Bhutan and China are adopting a modern methodology to draw boundary lines on the ground, and there may be some adjustment of territory as a result of that.
    • India’s strategic interests: India’s strategic interests are involved in the boundary talks between Bhutan and China. China has been seeking a toehold in Bhutan for decades. Bhutan is fully conscious of India’s strategic needs.
    • Trijunction: Where Bhutan decides its boundary with China (to the west) is of exceptional relevance to India because that is a trijunction of the three countries.

    Relationship

    India’s Strategic Interests

    • No compromise on national security: India will not talk about Bhutan-China negotiations publicly; however, when it comes to India’s national security, there will be no compromise.
    • Siliguri corridor: Doklam plateau overlooks the Chumbi Valley, which overlooks the chicken’s neck (Siliguri corridor). India says this not because Bhutan is threatening its cooperation with India on this front, but to send a message to China that we will draw a line here in conformity with our national interest.

    Why India needs Bhutan?

    • Strategic location: Bhutan is strategically located between India and China, which makes it an important buffer state for India. Bhutan’s strategic location ensures India’s security and helps in maintaining regional stability.
    • Water resources: Bhutan is the source of several rivers that flow into India, including the Brahmaputra, the Sankosh, and the Manas. India needs access to these rivers for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and other purposes. India has helped Bhutan in developing its hydropower potential and has signed several agreements for the purchase of hydropower from Bhutan.
    • Trade and economic ties: India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner, and Bhutan relies heavily on India for its imports and exports. India provides Bhutan with various economic assistance and has helped Bhutan in its development process.
    • Cultural and historical ties: India and Bhutan share a common cultural heritage and have historical ties dating back centuries. India has helped Bhutan preserve its cultural heritage and has supported Bhutan in its efforts to promote tourism.

    Why Bhutan needs India?

    • Security: Bhutan does not have a large army, and India provides security assistance to Bhutan. India has helped Bhutan in building its border infrastructure and has helped in the development of the Bhutanese army.
    • Economic ties: India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner, and Bhutan relies heavily on India for its imports and exports. India provides economic assistance to Bhutan, and Indian companies have invested in various sectors in Bhutan.
    • Infrastructure: India has helped Bhutan in building its infrastructure, including roads, airports, and telecommunication networks. India has also helped Bhutan in developing its hydropower potential, and several hydropower projects in Bhutan have been built with Indian assistance.
    • Education and healthcare: India has helped Bhutan in the field of education and healthcare. Many Bhutanese students study in India, and India provides scholarships and grants to Bhutanese students. India has also helped Bhutan in building hospitals and providing medical assistance.
    • Cultural and historical ties: Bhutan and India share a common cultural heritage and have historical ties dating back centuries. India has helped Bhutan in preserving its cultural heritage and has supported Bhutan in its efforts to promote tourism.

    Future of India-Bhutan Relations

    • The Bhutan-India relationship has survived because of spiritual underpinnings, geography, economy, and connectivity, all of which strengthen the relationship.
    • India and Bhutan have survived mainly because it was built on mutual trust, which means Bhutan has equally driven the relationship. India should pursue this relationship with trust and complete faith.
    • India must reach out to the new generation in Bhutan, which is being influenced by social media negativity and wrong information about India.

    Conclusion

    • The India-Bhutan relationship has been a key factor in ensuring the stability and security of the region. The relationship between the two countries has been built on mutual trust and has been strengthened by an institutional and economic framework. India’s strategic interests are involved in the boundary talks between Bhutan and China. India should pursue the relationship with trust and complete faith and should reach out to the new generation in Bhutan.

    Mains Question

    Q. Highlight the significance of the India-Bhutan relationship in ensuring regional stability and security? Discuss why India and Bhutan need each other?

  • Nikaalo Prelims Spotlight || Important Historical Sculpture/Tribes in India, Their festivals, and Culture

    Dear Aspirants,

    This Spotlight is a part of our Mission Nikaalo Prelims-2023.

    You can check the broad timetable of Nikaalo Prelims here

    Session Details

    YouTube LIVE with Parth sir – 1 PM  – Prelims Spotlight Session

    Evening 04 PM  – Daily Mini Tests

    Join our Official telegram channel for Study material and Daily Sessions Here

    7th Apr 2023

    Important Historical Sculpture and Paintings
             Famous Sculpture/                             PaintingEra/ Dynasty     Monument
      Bodhisattva PadmapaniGupta PeriodAjanata
      Mahakapi JatakaSungaBharhut stupa
      Torso of VishnuGupta PeriodMathura
      Stupa worshipMauryan/Sunga periodBharhut stupa
      YakshiniMauryan/Sunga periodBharhut stupa
      Queen Maya’s dreamMauryan/Sunga periodBharhut stupa
      Painting of Yashodahara,Rahul & buddhaGupta PeriodAjanata
      Standing BuddhaGupta PeriodSarnath
      Seated BuddhaKushanasMathura
      Standing BuddhaKushanasGandhara
      Mara VijayaMultiple periodAjanta
      MaheshmurthiRashtrakuta PeriodElephanta caves
      Shiva chasing boarVijaynagara PeriodLepakshi temple
      Shiva killing Tripurasura Thanjavoor
      DakshinamurthyVijaynagara PeriodLepakshi temple
      Ladies attending ParvathyVijaynagara PeriodLepakshi temple
      Krishna playing the flute Pundareekapuram temple
      Sheshashayana VishnuGupta PeriodDashavtar temple
      Vishnu in Nara-Narayan formGupta PeriodDashavtar temple
      Arjun PenancePallavasMahabalipuram
      Statue of SuparshvanathaPallavas 
      Statue of Gommateshwara,Ganga DynastyShravanbelagola, Karnataka
      YakshiMauryan PeriodDidarganj
      Durga with eight arms shown in the act of defeating Mahishasura,PallavasMahishasura Mardini Cave, Mahabalipuram
      Ravana Shaking Mount KailashaRashtrakutaEllora
      Nandi bullCholasBrihadeshwara temple
      Kalyana Sundara MurthyRashtrakutaEllora
      NayikaGanga DynastyLingraj temple
      NatarajaCholasBrideshwar temple
      Manjira playerGanga DynastySurya Mandir,Odhisa
      MohiniHoysalasChennakeshava temple
      Pillars with horse riderNaykasMeenakshi temple
      Worship of Bodhi treeMauryan PeriodBharhut
      Animals worshipping Bodhi treeSungasSanchi
      YakshiniSungasSanchi
      Taming of Nalagiri elephantMauryan PeriodAmravati
      Head of BuddhaKushanasGandhara
      Seated BuddhaKushanasMathura
      Dwarfish Yaksha Pithalkoda caves
      Five RathaPallavasMahabalipuram
      VrikshikaSungaSanchi Stupa
      Buddha’s Great departureKushanasGandhara
      Indra flying amid clouds together with celestial nymphsGupta PeriodAjanta
    The following table contains the tribes in India, significant aspects of their life, and festivals they celebrate.
     Name of the tribeStates/ RegionSignificant aspects related to the tribeFestivals
     MundaChota Nagpur Plateu1.Christianity is their main religion.
    2..They speak Mundari which is austro-asiatic Language.    		Main festivals of Munda tribe are Mage Parab , Ind-Parab Jom-Nagoa or Jom Nawa ,Batauli ,Kolom Sing ,Phagu Festival ,Sarhul or Ba Parab ,Karam and Sohrai Festival
     SanthalsWest Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and Assam.1.Santhals are the third largest tribe in India.
    2.Santhals speak Santhali, which belongs to the Austro- Asiatic language family. Santhals have their script called Olchiki, which was developed by Dr Raghunath Murmu in 1925.
    3.Santhals have no temples of their own. They even do not worship any idols. Santhals follow the Sarna religion.    		Santhals mainly celebrate the Karam festival which falls in the month of September and October
     AngamiNagaland1.Men wear shawls called white Mhoushu and the black Lohe. The women wear Mechala – the wrap around skirt and shawls of unique designs and patterns
    2.Christianity is the major religion followed among the Angami tribal people
    3.Angamis are quite popular for their woodcraft and artwork.    		Sekrenyi is the main festival celebrated among the Angamis in Nagaland.
     BhilsThe central Bhils are found in the mountain regions in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujrat and Rajasthan. Bhils are also found in the north eastern parts of Tripura.1.Religion practice among the Bhils differ from place to place. Most of them worship local deities like Khandoba, Kanhoba, Bahiroba, and Sitalmata. Some of the worship Tiger God called ‘vaghdev’. They have no temples of their own.
    2.Ghoomar is the most famous dance among the Bhils.
    3.Than Gair is the religious dance drama performed by the men in the month of Sharavana (July and August)    		The Baneshwar fair is the main festival celebrated among the Bhils. This fair is held during the period of Shivatri (in the month of January or February) and is dedicated to Baneshwar Mahadev also known as Lord Shiva. On this occasion Bhils gather all together set up camps on the banks of the Som and Mahi river.
     ChenchusChenchu inhabit in the Nallamalai hills, which have been the part of the Nagarjuna Sagar Tiger Sanctuary for centuries in Andhra Pradesh India.1.Chenchus talk in Chenchu language with the Telgu accent. Their language is also known as Chenchucoolam, Chenchwar, Chenswar or Choncharu.
    2.Chenchus worship number of deities. They mainly believe in Bhagaban taru who lives in the sky and look after the Chenchus in all their doings. Another deity they worship is Garelamai Sama, who is the Goddess of forest.    		 
     KhasisKhasi tribe is mainly found in the sate of Assam and the Khasi Jaintia hills in Meghalaya1.Khasis speak Khasi, which is an Austro- Asiatic language. It is the part of the Mon-Khmer group of languages.
    2.Khasis have a matriachal society.
    3.Most of the Khasis follow Christianity as the religion. The Khasi believe in the supreme creator God U Blei Nong-thaw.    		Nongkrem is the major festival celebrated among the Khasis.
     BhuthiasBhutia tribes are of the Tibetan origin. They migrated to Sikkim around 16th century. In the northern part of the Sikkim where they are the major inhabitants, they are known as the Lachenpas and Lachungpas. Majority of the Bhutias are concentrated in the dry valley of the North Sikkim.1.Bhutia tribes usually speak Sikkimese.
    2.The legal system among the Bhutias is termed as the Dzumsa, which means the rendezvous point of the common masses.
    3. Bhutia male wear Bakhu which is a loose traditional dress with the full sleeves. While the women dress consists of Silken Honju, which is the full sleeves blouse    		Losar and Losoong are the main festivals celebrated among the Bhutia tribes.
     GondsThe Gonds are the tribal community mostly found in the Gond forests of central India. They are widely spread in the Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh1.Gonds tribe speak Gondi language which is related to the Telgu and the other Dravidian languages.
    2.Gonds have been largely influenced by the Hindus and for the long time have been practicing the Hindus culture and traditions. Gonds are the worshipers of Janani or the mother of creator.
    3.Gusadi dance is the most famous dance perfomed by the Gonds.    		Gonds fair and festivals are influenced from the Hindu traditions. Keslapur Jathra is the important festival of the Gonds.
     GaddisHimachal Pradesh.1.The main occupation of Gaddi tribes is shepherding and they make their livelihood by rearing and selling sheeps, goats, mules and horses
    2. They speak Gaddi langauge    		The Namagen dance is performed in the month of September to celebrate the autum. They were costumes which are largely woolen and studded with ornaments of silver. They are worn by women.
     BirhorChattisgarh1.They follow Hinduism and have their indigenous traditional beliefs. ‘Sing Bonga’, is regarded by the people as the supreme god.
    2.Birhor tribe is one of the primitive tribes. They belong to the Proto-Australoid stock; linguistically, they originate from the Austro-Asiatic group.    		 
     GaroMeghalaya1.In Garo tribes, women are the owners of property thus making it a matrilineal society.
    2.most of the Garos adopted Christianity. These tribes speak Garo language, which is also further divided into different sub-languages or dialects.    		Wangala is one of the significant festivals of these tribes This festival is celebrated after the harvest of crops as thanks giving ceremony to their deity Salijong
     ZeliangNagaland1.The Zeliang practice wet cultivation or Panikheti and terraced cultivation. They practice Jhum cultivation though they prefer Panikheti.
    2.Many have accepted the religion of Christianity.    		The Hega festival is one of the most important and the largest festivals among the Zeliang community
     RengmaNagaland1.They belong to the Mongoloid racial stock. The Rengma is a patriarchal society therefore the line of descent is traced through the male side and property rights goes to the male line.   2.The Rengma tribes are agriculturists. They grow paddy through Jhum cultivation and wet cultivation. 3.Traditionally Rengma tribes are worshippers of supernatural beings. The Supreme god is known as Teronyu. Nyensug and Nyensugi are the next important god and goddesses who are worshipped for household wealth. Now most of the Rengma tribes are ChristiansNgada is the most important festival of Rengma tribes. It is celebrated after harvesting the crop or at the end of November or in the beginning of December. Actually it is a “Thanks giving” festival of the Rengma tribes
     AoNagalandThe Ao Nagas are rich in their folk literature.
    With the arrival of Christian missionaries in the 19th century the Ao were some of the earliest converts to Christianity among the other Naga tribes.    		1. The Aos observe Moatsü Mong after the sowing is done. The festival provides them a period of recreation and entertainment after the stressful work of clearing fields, burning jungles, sowing seeds, cleaning up the Tsubu (wells) and repairs and construction of houses by elders of the Putu Menden, stretching over a week.
    2.Aos have another festival called Tsüngrem Mong. It is celebrated in the eve of the harvest.
     LushaiManipur/Mizoram1.Lushai tribes have developed expertise in swimming and hunting. That they are good archers are apparent from the fact that they can nicely handle ‘Sairawkher’.
    2.The way they dress shows that these Lushai tribes have got aesthetic sense. Lukhum is a special hat worn by the Lushai tribes. It is sharp in shape, mainly prepared from ‘bamboo splits’. Special open-hexagonal weave are used for weaving these hats.
    3.For proper administration, the whole of the Lushai society are segregated into clans and castes, nicely run by a village head. Different is the way in which they practice the ‘Sakhua sacrifice’. These Lushai tribes are pious.    		There Bamboo dance(known as Cheraw dance) is very famous.
     HmarManipur1.The society is patrilineal and patriarchal in nature.
    2. Hmars worship supernatural beings. Pathien is the supreme god.
    3.The Hmars depend on forest products. Their economy can be classified dually -traditional and subsidiary occupations.    		Chawn-lam, Dar-lam, Pheipheet-lam, Hrang-lam, Tinna-Hla-lam are the common dances of the Hmar community. All dances are based on the rhythmic tunes of musical instruments.
     KukiManipurKuki Tribe of Manipur are mainly followers of Christianity and Judaism. 
     MizoMizoram1.The Mizos are of the Mongoloid racial stock with well built features.
    2.They follow Christianity
    3.The Mizos are mainly an agricultural people. Jhum cultivation is the traditional form of agriculture that is practiced    		The Mizo celebrate many festivals among which Chapchar kut and Pavlkut are most important festivals. Chapchar kut is celebrated in the month of March. It is the spring festival celebrated. Pawl kut is a harvest festival celebrated in the months of December and January.
     ChakesangNagaland Held in between March and April, the Tsukhenyi festival is one of the least known tribal festivals in India that is celebrated with great enthusiasm by the Chakesang Nagass
     LimboosSikkim1.Many Limbu follow a combination of Buddhism and their traditional beliefs.
    2.There traditional group dance is called dhannach and is performed during marriage,death or any festivities
    3.The traditional dress of Limboos are mekhli and Taga    		 
     LepchasSikkim1.The Lepchas are the aboriginal inhabitants of Sikkim and they are mostly settled in North Sikkim. They are mostly Buddhist but many of them have now adopted Christianity
    2. The traditional cloths of the Lepchas are woven in exquisite colour combinations. Men’s dress is called Thokro-Dum and the female’s dress is called Dumdyam or Dumvum.
    3. The Lepcha trace their descent patrilineally. The marriage is negotiated between the families of the bride and the groom.    		 
     ApataniAruanchal Pradesh1.UNESCO has proposed the Apatani valley for inclusion as a World Heritage Site for its “extremely high productivity” and “unique” way of preserving the ecology
    2. Women of the Apatani Tribe, in India’s Apatani plateau, are famous for the bizarre nose plugs they’ve been wearing since times long passed.    		They have two major festival- Dree and Myoko.
     NyishisAruanchal Pradesh1.The Nyishi language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family, however, the origin is disputed.
    2.Polygyny is prevalent among the Nyish.
    3. The Nyishis, who traditionally wear cane helmets surmounted by the crest of a hornbill beak (known as pudum, padam), have considerably affected the population of this bird.
    Several organizations, such as the Arunachal Wildlife and Nature Foundation and the Wildlife Trust of India, have been trying to stop the Nyishi hunting these birds in order to protect them from extinction. Nature reserves, such as the Pakke Sanctuary, are being set up to protect the birds, while artificial materials, such as fiberglass, have been introduced as an alternative to the hornbill beak in Nyishi dress.    		Nyokum is the festival celebrated by the Nyishi people, a religion which commemorates their ancestors.
     AdisAruanchal PradeshAdi dances vary from the slow, rustic and beautifully enchanting style Ponung (performed in Solung festival) to the exhilarating, exuberant thumps of Delong performed by Men in Etor festival. These dances have led to certain forms of dancing which jointly narrate a story, the Tapu (War Dance). In the Tapu War Dance, the dancers vigorously re-enact the actions of war, its gory details and the triumphant cries of the warriors. Yakjong is performed in Aran festival.The Adi celebrate a number of festivals, in particular their prime festivals are Aran, Solung, Etor.Solung, is observed in the first week of September for five days or more. It is a harvest festival performed after the sowing of seeds and transplantation, to seek for future bumper crops. Ponung songs and dances are performed by women folk during the festival
     Sema/Sumi NagasNagaland1.The ‘Sumi Naga’ is one of the major Naga peoples in Nagaland, India. The Sumis mainly inhabit the Zunheboto district, although many have spread and is now living in a few more districts within Nagaland.
    2.Sumi Naga tribe practiced kiti-do and were a headhunter as every other Naga tribals .    		Tuluni (July 8) is a festival of great significance for the Sumi. This festival is marked with feasts as the occasion occurs in the bountiful season of the year. Drinking rice beer indispensably forms as part of the feasts. Rice beer is served in a goblet made of bamboo or made from the leaf of plantain. This drink is called Tuluni which gives the festival its name.
     Konyak tribeNagalandThe Konyak are a Naga people, and are recognised among other Naga by their tattoos, which they have all over their face and hands; facial tattoos were earned for taking an enemy’s head. They are called the land of Angh’s. They have the largest population among the Nagas.Aoleang is the biggest festival for the Konyak. They wear their traditional attire and sing folk song to celebrate the Aoleang festival.
     ReangTripura1.The Reangs are basically a semi-nomadic tribe who practice jhum (slash and burn) or shifting method of cultivation on the hill sides.
    2. The Reang basically belonged to the Mongoloid group and speaks the Tibeto-Burmese language ‘Kau Bru    		The Hodaigri dance amongst the Reang (Bru) was usually performed on the occasion of Maikhlungmo rituals i.e. worship of Goddess of food grains and cotton especially during the month of September-October
     MishingAssam1.The Mishing tribe is the second largest tribe among the other tribes of North- East India.
    2.Traditionally Mishing people live near the bank of river and they build their “Chang Ghar” with the help of timber bamboo, thatch, etc for comfort living.    		Mishing people are easy going, very simple living and are fond of festivals. The main festival is “Ali-Aye-Ligang” which is the most colourful spring festival held every year on first Wednesday of the month “Gimur polo”(Feb-March).
     KarbiAssam1.The Karbis believes in animism which consists of such a belief in the role of spiritual beings in human life.
    2. Various types of dances are performed by the youths during the performances of Chomangkan, the death ceremony and other socio-religious festivals. The Karbis have very limited number of musical instruments. A big drum called Cheng is their main musical instrument.    		A number of festivals are observed by the people belonging to Karbi tribal group. Like for instance, they celebrate ‘Chojun Puja’ or ‘Swarak Puja’, ‘Rongker’, ‘Chokk-eroi’, ‘Hacha-Kekan’, ‘Chomangkan’.
     MikirAssam  
     KolsMadhya PradeshMost of these tribes are landless labourer. They prefer to live in groups near villages called Kolhan 
     BondaOdhisaThe Bonda are an ancient tribe of people who live in the isolated hill regions of the Malkangiri district of southwestern Odisha, India, 
     OaronsOdhisa,Bihar and Jharkhand1.Oraon also called Kurukh, aboriginal people of the Chota Nagpur region in the state of Jharkhand, India. They call themselves Kurukh and speak a Dravidian language akin to Gondi and other tribal languages of central India.
    2.Speakers of Oraon number about 1,900,000, but in urban areas, and particularly among Christians, many Oraon speak Hindi as their mother tongue.
    3.It was long thought that the Oraons and the other tribals were animists, people who attribute a living soul to plants, inanimate objects and natural phenomena. This view has been discarded although amateur anthropologists still sort it out in articles, in popular magazines. The Oraons are not nature worshipers.    		 
     MuriasChattisgarh1.The Muria are an adivasi (scheduled tribe) of the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, India. They are part of the Gondi people.
    2.They have mixed-sex dormitories where adolescents are sent to practice premarital sex, sometimes with a single partner and sometimes serially.
    3.The Muria are traditionally animists, with village and clan deities    		 
     KorbaChattisgarhFamous for there Karma dance 
     SahariyaRajasthan1.Sahariya Tribe is the only primitive tribe of the Rajasthan state
    2.They follow Hindu religious practices and speak a dialect influenced by Hadoti.    		 
     IrulasTamil Nadu1. They inhabit the area of the Nilgiri mountains, in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, India
    2.Early 20th century anthropological literature classified the Irular under the Negrito ethnic group.
    3.Unlike the Negrito tribes in the Andaman Islands who have retained their language, Irular speak the Irula language, a Dravidian language that is closely related to Tamil, Yerukala, Sholaga and other Tamil languages    		 
     BadagasTamil Nadu1.The Badagas live in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu, India. They speak the unwritten Badaga language and are the one of the social groups in Nilgiris
    2.Thundu (a white piece of cloth) forms an integral part of the attire of Badaga women and as a cultural item, is presented to visiting dignitaries as a gesture of good will.    		Their important festival is Hethai Habba.
     UralisKerela1.The Urali tribes like most of the tribes in south India, worship nature as Gods and inventor of the world. They consider the Sun as ‘the creator of all souls’ and moon as the mother of all creation.
    2.The Uralis generally do not engage in inter-tribal marriage, instead they prefer to marry within their own tribe. It is custom amongst them to wear a sacred thread on special occasions like weddings and funerals.    		 
     JarawasAndaman & Nicobar Island1.The Jarawa are still at the primitive stage of life on earth. They entirely depend upon forest and sea for food. Wild boar and monitor lizard are consumed. Various kinds of fruit , honey and tubers are parts of their diet too.
    2.The jarawas of both sexes go complete naked. However some ornaments made with shells and palm leaves are worn by them but these are not in the sense to cover their nudity.
    This tribe has lived in the southeast part of Andaman but after the British regime they shifted to the western region of the island. They have forever been hunter gatherers in the true sense however things have changed since the 1990’s specially after the building of the old trunk road.    		 
     SentineleseAndaman & Nicobar Island1.The Sentinelese people are said to be so hostile that their home has been named the ‘hardest place to visit’ in the world.The Sentinelese and other indigenous Andamanese peoples are frequently described as negritos,
    2.They inhabit the North Sentinel island, and are the only remaining tribe in the Andamans to still maintain their isolation from the rest of the world. Nobody knows exactly how they look, the population or how they live. Since 1967, the indian governments with the help of anthropologists have tried to make contact with the tribe. They tried giving gifts of food, coconuts, etc but they were always met with hostility. The tribe showers arrows and stones at whoever comes near the island.
    .    		 
     OngeAndaman & Nicobar IslandOnges are one of the most primitive tribes in India. They belong to the Negrito racial stock and they have been mainly seen near the Dugong creek in Little Andaman. They are dependent on the food provided by nature and are a semi-nomadic tribe.
    The onge population fell post british colonization from 672 in 1986 to 92 in 1901 but has remained stable since.    		 
     ShompenAndaman & Nicobar IslandThe Shompens, who live in the Great Nicobar island, are a semi-nomadic people. They wander in their forest and coastal habitat in search of fruits and games. There are two territorial groups among the Shompens; The habitation of Shompens is the Great Nicobar which is the largest among the Nicobar group of Islands. Like the Nicobarese, they belong to the Mongoloid race. 
     PangwalHimachal Pradesh.1.These rugged people, who are Hindus, have their unique customs, traditions, and institutions. The native Pangwals and Bhotis are robust, hardworking, handsome people who keep the valley’s unique culture alive in folk songs, music and tribal dances.Music, dance and the locally brewed liquor ‘patar’, play a significant role in the life of the Pangwals. One of the major festivals celebrated towards the end of February is ‘Jukaru’
     SherdukpenAruanchal Pradesh1.The Sherdukpen language is part of the Kanauri branch of the Tibeto-Burman family.
    2.Bardo Chham is a folk dance of Sherdukpens, a small community of West Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh, Bardo Chham is based on the stories of good and evil. According to the local beliefs, there are both good and evil in mankind. The Sherdukpens mask themselves representing the different animals and dance to show an act of fighting the evil forces.    		 
     Wattal tribeJammu & KashmirDumhal dance is performed by Wattal tribe on special occassions 
     BhutiasSikkim1.The Bhutia are a community of people of Tibetan ancestry, who speak Lhopo or Sikkimese, a Tibetan dialect fairly mutually intelligible to standard Tibetan
    2. Singhi Chham or Kanchendzonga Dance is a dance form in Sikkim whereby the dancers perform in a lion costume that represents the snow lion. It is a dance of the Bhutia people    		 
     TodasTamil NaduTribals of Nilgiri hills 

    Civilsdaily Samanvaya 1-On-1 Mentorship Form

    Thank you for registering. Sharing with you the link for Habitat, our learning platform. https://habitat.club/channel/general Attend today’s UPSC IAS discussion sessions on Op-ed and News news analysis, answer writing, and more.
    There was an error in form submission. Please fill the Samanvaya form again.
    20212022
    Preparing full timeWith a jobStill in college
    01234More than 4
    01234More than 4
    NoI have done coaching earlierCurrently enrolled in one
    YesNo
    Field will not be visible to web visitor
    Yes I want Mentorship
    var MXLandingPageId = ‘9bd10f30-4ccb-11eb-9166-0a68392cb7c4’;

  • 7th Apr 23 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    7th Apr 23 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    [WpProQuiz 1303]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 1303]

    UPSC 2023 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

  • Govt releases pre-draft of National Curriculum Framework

    curriculum

    The Ministry of Education has released a pre-draft version of National Curriculum Framework (NCF) for School Education.

    National Curriculum Framework (NCF)

    Features

    Details
    What is it? A comprehensive framework for school education in India

    Provides guidelines for the development of curricula and syllabi, textbooks, and teaching practices for schools in India
    Developed by National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Education
    Aim To promote a child-centred, activity-based approach to learning that focuses on the development of knowledge, skills, and values
    Development The first NCF was developed in 1986 and subsequently revised in 2000 and 2005.

    The latest pre-draft version of NCF for School Education was released by the Ministry of Education in April 2023.
    Coverage For age groups 3 to 18 years

    Seeks feedback from various stakeholders
    National Steering Committee Set up by the Ministry to undertake and develop NCFs under the chairmanship of K. Kasturirangan.

     

    Salient features of NCF

    (1) Values and Roots

    • A key part of the document is the inclusion of values and its “rootedness” in India.
    • The pre-draft says that the framework is deeply rooted in India in content and learning of languages, in the pedagogical approaches including tools and resources, and in philosophical basis — in the aims and in the epistemic approach.
    • The document further says that it leans towards making students acquainted with true sources of knowledge, which have been a philosophical preoccupation of ancient Indians.
    • These sources focus on six pramanas: pratyaksa, anumana, upamana, arthapatti, anupalabdhi, and sabda.

     

    Six Pramanas

    1.      Pratyaksha: Interpreted as perception through the five senses

    2.      Anumana: Uses inferences to come to new conclusions

    3.      Upamana: Knowing through analogy and comparison

    4.      Arthapatti: Involves knowing through circumstantial implication

    5.      Anupalabdhi: Includes perception of non-existence

    6.      Sabda: Something an individual can only directly know a fraction of all reality through direct experience and inference but must rely on other experts was acknowledged thousands of years ago

     

    (2) Moral Development

    • A part of the document focuses on the moral development of a child through panchakosha vikas or five-fold development.
    • The pre-draft recommends developing moral values for the child through a balanced diet, traditional games, yoga asanas, as well as a wide variety of stories, songs, lullabies, poems, and prayers to develop a love for cultural context.

    (3) Curriculum revamp

    • The pre-draft says that for Grade 10 certification, students will have to take two essential courses from humanities, maths and computing, vocational education, physical education, arts education, social science, science, and interdisciplinary areas.
    • In Grade 11 and 12, students will be offered choice-based courses in the same disciplines for more rigorous engagement.
    • Arts education will include music, dance, theatre, sculpture, painting, set design, scriptwriting, while interdisciplinary areas will include knowledge of India, traditions, and practices of Indian knowledge systems.
    • For Class 11 and 12, the document states that “Modular Board Exams will be offered as opposed to a single exam at the end of the year, and the final result will be based on the cumulative result of each exam.”
    • The framework of the social science curriculum emphasizes understanding and appreciating the feeling of Indianess, ‘bhartiyata,’ by valuing the rich cultural heritage and tradition of the country.
    • It also stresses on identifying and explaining important phases of the Indian national movement against British rule, with special reference to Gandhian and other subaltern movements.

    (4) Social Science Curriculum

    • The pre-draft emphasizes understanding and appreciating the feeling of Indianess, “bhartiyata,” by valuing the rich cultural heritage and tradition of the country.
    • The pre-draft also stresses on identifying and explaining important phases of the Indian national movement against British rule, with special reference to Gandhian and other subaltern movements.
    • It also recommends teaching concepts of Buddhism, Jainism, and Vedic and Confucian philosophies.

    (5) Follow-up processes

    • As a follow-up to the National Education Policy 2020, development of four National Curriculum Frameworks — NCF for School Education, NCF for Early Childhood Care and Education, NCF for Teacher Education, and NCF for Adult Education — have been initiated.
    • The National Steering Committee under the chairmanship of K. Kasturirangan was set up by the Ministry to undertake and develop NCFs.

    Controversy over curriculum revamp

    • The latest round of textbook rationalisation has resulted in some of the most sweeping changes in the curriculum since the NDA government came to power.
    • These changes include removing all references to the 2002 Gujarat riots, reducing content related to the Mughal era and the caste system, and dropping chapters on protests and social movements.
    • Many of these changes are seen as ‘political’, however, their earlier introduction into curriculum was also a political move.

    The furore over Mughal History

    • While some of the content on the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire has indeed been removed from the history textbook for Class 7, the Mughals have not entirely disappeared.
    • For instance, the chapter ‘The Mughal Empire’ in the Class 7 history textbook, Our Pasts – II, has undergone deletions — including a two-page table on the milestones and achievements of the reigns of the emperors Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb.
    • However, the chapter itself has not been removed.
    • Students of Class 7 will continue to learn about the Mughals, though in lesser detail.

    Significance

    • School textbooks have always been seen as playing a crucial role in shaping national narratives, and as a tool for cultivating a desired national identity.
    • NCERT textbooks are read by more than 5 crore students in 18 states around the country, who are seen by political parties as a large captive audience with impressionable minds.
    • It’s not just school students either — candidates preparing for competitive exams such as the Civil Services Examination, SSC, JEE, and NEET, also rely on these textbooks.

  • Union Cabinet gives nod to Indian Space Policy, 2023

    Central idea: The Union Cabinet has approved the Indian Space Policy, 2023.

    Indian Space Policy, 2023

    • It aims to enhance the role of the Department of Space, boost the activities of ISRO missions, and encourage participation from research, academia, startups, and industry.

    Salient features

    (1) Outlining roles and responsibilities

    • The Indian Space Policy, 2023 outlines the roles and responsibilities of various organizations in the space sector.
    • The policy includes the responsibilities of ISRO, NewSpace India Limited, and private sector entities.
    • This clarity in roles will help in the efficient functioning of the components set up in recent times.

    (2) Multistakeholder participation

    • The policy aims to boost the space sector by enhancing the role of the Department of Space and encouraging participation from research, academia, startups, and industry.
    • This will help in the development of the space segment and create more opportunities for the private sector.

    (3) Boosting ISRO Missions

    • The Indian Space Policy, 2023 aims to boost the activities of ISRO missions.
    • This will help ISRO achieve its objectives more efficiently and effectively.
    • It will also help in the development of new technologies and innovative solutions.

    (4) Involvement of Private Sector

    • The Policy, 2023 recognizes the importance of the private sector in the development of the space sector.
    • It encourages the involvement of private sector entities in various aspects of the space segment.
    • This will create more opportunities for the private sector and help in the growth of the Indian space industry.

    (5) Research and development

    • The policy aims to involve research, academia, and startups in the development of the space sector.
    • This will help in the development of new technologies, innovative solutions, and talent pool.
    • It will also help in the growth of the Indian space industry and create more opportunities for research and development in the sector.

    Conclusion

    • The Indian Space Policy, 2023 is a comprehensive policy that provides clarity in the roles and responsibilities of various organizations in the space sector.
    • The policy aims to boost the space segment, encourage private sector involvement, and involve research, academia, and startups in the development of the sector.
    • The policy will help in achieving the objectives of ISRO more efficiently and effectively, and create more opportunities for the private sector and research and development in the space sector.

     

More posts