The Ministry of Commerce & Industry has inaugurated the 8th edition of the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) emphasizing India’s goal to enhance organic farming and achieve ₹20,000 crore in organic exports within the next 3 years.
About the National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP):
Details
About
Launched in 2001.
Implemented by the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) under the Ministry of Commerce & Industries.
Focuses on accreditation, organic production standards, and promoting organic farming.
Enhances India’s global competitiveness in organic farming and supports eco-friendly and viable practices.
Features of the 8th Edition
Recognition for Organic Grower Groups: Simplified certification requirements for grower groups, granting them legal status and replacing the Internal Control System (ICS), a previous quality assurance system for group certification.
NPOP Portal: Provides visibility and streamlines operations for organic stakeholders.
Organic Promotion Portal: Connects farmers, Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), and exporters with global buyers, offering trade leads, training, and events.
TraceNet 2.0: Upgraded system ensuring farm-to-market transparency, traceability, and compliance with global standards.
AgriXchange Portal: Facilitates data analysis and connects international buyers and sellers to strengthen India’s position in the global organic market.
6. Technological Advancements: Boosts organic farming operations through innovative systems and tools, enhancing India’s organic production ecosystem.
Significance
Sets standards for organic production and accreditation, recognized by the European Commission and Switzerland, enabling acceptance of Indian organic products internationally.
Facilitates India’s integration into the global organic market.
Do you know?
India ranks 2nd globally in terms of organic agricultural land.
Sikkim is the world’s first fully organic state, and North East India has a tradition of organic farming with minimal chemical use.
India has the highest number of organic producers worldwide, with 2.3 million farmers.
By 2023-24, approximately 4.5 million hectares (2.5% of total agricultural land) were under organic certification.
Madhya Pradesh (26%), Maharashtra (22%), Gujarat (15%), and Rajasthan (13%) together contribute 76% of India’s total organic farming area.
PYQ:
[2021] How is permaculture farming different from conventional chemical farming?
Permaculture farming discourages mono-cultural practices but in conventional chemical farming, monoculture practices are predominant.
Conventional chemical farming can cause an increase in soil salinity but the occurrence of such phenomenon is not observed in permaculture farming.
Conventional chemical farming is easily possible in semi-arid regions but permaculture farming is not so easily possible in such regions.
Practice of mulching is very important in permaculture farming but not necessarily so in conventional chemical farming.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Recently, PM released the IMD’s Vision Document 2047, outlining a plan to achieve nearly perfect weather forecasts for up to three days and 90% accuracy for forecasts made five days ahead by 2047.
What is IMD’s Vision Document 2047?
The Vision Document aims for zero-error forecast accuracy for up to three days lead time and 90% accuracy for forecasts issued five days in advance by 2047. This ambitious target reflects India’s commitment to improving weather forecasting capabilities significantly.
Focus Areas: The document emphasises enhancing weather surveillance technologies, improving atmospheric observations, and leveraging high-performance computing systems.
It also highlights the importance of developing advanced earth system models and data-driven methods, including the use of AI and machine learning.
Why does India need an Earth warning system?
High Seismic Vulnerability: India lies in a seismically active zone, with regions like Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and the Northeast being particularly earthquake-prone. Early warning systems can help reduce damage and save lives in these areas. Example: The 2001 Gujarat earthquake caused widespread devastation.
Risk to Dense Urban Areas: Major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata are vulnerable to earthquakes. Early warnings can help evacuate people, protect infrastructure, and minimize casualties. Example: A strong earthquake in Delhi could severely impact millions.
Limited Preparedness and Response Time: Earthquakes give little to no time for people to react. A warning system could provide crucial seconds or minutes to activate emergency protocols, limiting loss of life and property. Example: The 2015 Nepal earthquake caused devastation in northern India.
How can India achieve zero-error accuracy in forecasting disasters?
Technological Advancements: The implementation of Mission Mausam involves deploying next-generation radars, satellites with advanced instruments, and high-performance computing systems. These tools are crucial for improving the precision of weather predictions.
Data Assimilation and Modeling: Enhancing data assimilation processes and developing improved earth system models will contribute to better forecasting accuracy. The integration of AI/ML tools is expected to refine weather predictions further.
Capacity Building: The initiative will also focus on building capacity within meteorological services to ensure that no severe weather events go undetected. This includes training personnel and enhancing operational frameworks for the timely dissemination of forecasts.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government in the past year?
Amendment of the Disaster Management Act: In August 2024, the government introduced the Disaster Management (Amendment) Bill, 2024, in the Lok Sabha.
This bill proposes the establishment of Urban Disaster Management Authorities for state capitals and large cities, the creation of disaster databases at national and state levels, and the formation of State Disaster Response Forces to strengthen disaster response capabilities.
Investment in Urban Flood Mitigation: In August 2024, India announced plans to invest nearly $300 million over two years to mitigate urban flooding and conserve water in major cities, including Mumbai, Chennai, and Bengaluru.
The initiative focuses on expanding water bodies like lakes and constructing drainage systems to manage excessive rainfall during monsoon seasons.
Addressing Urban Heat Islands: In June 2024, government officials acknowledged that rapid urbanization has turned cities into “heat traps,” exacerbating the effects of heatwaves.
Efforts are underway to implement heat action plans, which include provisioning drinking water, improving medical facilities, rescheduling outdoor work, and increasing green spaces to mitigate urban heat.
Enhancement of Early Warning Systems: The government has been working to improve early warning systems for various natural disasters, including floods and heatwaves, to provide timely alerts and reduce the impact on vulnerable populations.
Capacity Building and Training: There has been a focus on training and capacity building for disaster response teams at both national and state levels. For instance, In 2024, the NDRF organised a multi-agency mock drill in Assam to simulate a response to a major flood disaster.
What are the challenges in forecasting a disaster?
Data Gaps and Limited Technology: Forecasting requires high-quality, real-time data from advanced technologies like satellite imagery, weather radars, and seismic sensors. However, data scarcity in remote areas or regions with underdeveloped infrastructure hampers accurate predictions.
Example: The 2013 Kedarnath floods in India resulted from a cloudburst that was not forecasted in time due to a lack of localized meteorological data and advanced radar systems.
Unpredictability of Natural Phenomena: Some disasters, such as earthquakes and tsunamis, are inherently unpredictable because they result from sudden geological shifts.
Example: The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami followed a massive earthquake, but the lack of a regional tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean made it impossible to alert affected countries in time.
Challenges in Communication and Dissemination: Even when forecasts are accurate, ineffective communication of warnings to vulnerable populations due to language barriers, poor outreach, or lack of awareness can render forecasts ineffective.
Example: During Cyclone Tauktae (2021) in India, while the forecast was accurate, several fishermen ignored warnings to evacuate, leading to fatalities despite advanced cyclone prediction systems.
Way forward:
Strengthen Technological and Data Capabilities: Invest in localized weather stations, advanced radar systems, and seismic sensors in remote areas, while leveraging AI and machine learning for precise forecasting and real-time data integration.
Enhance Community Awareness and Communication: Develop multilingual, accessible early warning systems and conduct regular public awareness campaigns to ensure timely dissemination and community readiness during disasters.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach. (UPSC IAS/2020)
India must lead in emerging industries to become a developed nation and a USD 32 trillion economy by 2047. Niti Ayoge CEO stressed the need to produce solar panels and electric vehicles.
What are the Sunrise sectors?
Sunrise sectors refer to rapidly growing industries that are in their early stages but have high potential for expansion. These sectors attract significant venture capital and are appealing for long-term growth prospects.
Niti Aayog CEO believes that excelling in these sectors is crucial for India to meet its ambitious economic targets by 2047.
Key Sunrise Sectors:
Electric Vehicles (EVs): With initiatives like FAME II, India aims to boost EV manufacturing and infrastructure. The sector is expected to grow significantly, contributing to sustainability and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
Electronics and Semiconductors: The semiconductor market in India is projected to triple by 2026, driven by government incentives and initiatives like the PLI Scheme. This sector is vital for establishing India as a global manufacturing hub.
Renewable Energy: India is focusing on renewable energy sources, particularly solar power, where it currently lags behind globally by 5-7 years in manufacturing capabilities.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and advanced tech: It will drive innovation, economic growth, and global competitiveness.
What are the potential impacts?
Economic Growth: By investing in sunrise sectors, India can drive economic growth through innovation, job creation, and industrial development. This can help bridge the gap to becoming a global economic power.
Sustainability: These sectors align with global sustainability goals, helping India reduce dependency on fossil fuels and transition to cleaner, more renewable energy sources, ultimately aiding in climate change mitigation.
Global Competitiveness: Being a leader in sunrise sectors, such as electric vehicles or solar panel manufacturing, can position India as a global hub for cutting-edge technology and innovation.
What are the challenges faced by the Sunrise Sectors in India?
Technological Gap: Indian industries are lagging in areas like solar panel manufacturing and electric vehicles, often 5-7 years behind global leaders. This technological gap hinders competitiveness and innovation. Example: India has not fully capitalized on the growing electric vehicle market, which is dominated by countries like China.
Infrastructure and Investment Deficits: India’s current infrastructure does not fully support the rapid scaling of sunrise sectors. Additionally, private credit to GDP in India is lower compared to global giants like the US and China, affecting the ability of industries to scale up. Example: Limited investments in research, development, and infrastructure for clean technology and manufacturing.
Policy and Regulatory Bottlenecks: India’s policy frameworks for clean technology and green industries often lack the depth and support required for aggressive global competition. There is a need for more incentives, clear regulatory guidelines, and quicker approvals for new technologies.
Way forward:
Increased Investment in Research and Development: India must invest heavily in R&D for sunrise sectors, particularly in clean technologies and electric vehicle manufacturing. Government-backed initiatives and partnerships with global players can help bridge technological gaps.
Policy Support and Incentives: India should provide stronger policy frameworks, such as tax incentives, subsidies for clean tech investments, and faster clearances for new ventures in sunrise sectors. More investment in infrastructure, particularly for electric vehicle charging stations and renewable energy grids, is crucial.
Mains PYQ:
Q How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
Recently, New Delhi called Bangladesh’s Acting High Commissioner to India to discuss border security and issues related to fencing.
What are the India-Bangladesh border guidelines?
1975 Joint Guidelines: According to the 1975 Joint India-Bangladesh Guidelines for Border Authorities, no defense structures can be constructed within 150 yards of the international boundary by either side. This includes any form of fencing deemed a defensive structure.
Defence Structures: India does not classify wire fencing as a defence structure, whereas Bangladesh and Pakistan do, leading to differing perspectives on the legality and implications of such constructions along the border.
What are the issues between India and Bangladesh?
Fencing Disputes: The primary contention revolves around India’s construction of barbed wire fencing along the border, which Bangladesh claims violates the 1975 agreement. Recently, incidents in Malda and Cooch Behar have highlighted tensions, with Bangladesh’s Border Guards attempting to obstruct these efforts.
Cross-Border Crime: India justifies fencing as a necessary measure to combat cross-border crimes, including smuggling and trafficking. However, Bangladesh argues that such measures inconvenience local residents and violate their sovereignty.
Diplomatic Tensions: The situation has led to reciprocal diplomatic actions, with both countries summoning each other’s diplomats to express concerns over border management practices.
Why need to fence the India-Bangladesh border?
To Prevent Cross-Border Crimes: Fencing helps reduce the smuggling of goods, drugs, and arms, as well as human trafficking, which are major concerns in border areas. For example, regions like Malda in West Bengal have seen high rates of cattle smuggling, which fencing aims to curb.
To Manage Unauthorized Crossings: Fencing is crucial to control illegal immigration and unauthorized movements across the border, which can strain local resources and create security challenges. For instance, in Assam, illegal migration has led to demographic shifts, contributing to political and social tensions.
To Address Geographical Complexities: The border’s unique geography, with rivers and villages close to the boundary, makes monitoring difficult, necessitating physical barriers. For example, in areas like Cooch Behar and the Dahagram–Angarpota enclave, fencing helps clearly demarcate the border and prevent disputes.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
Current Status: As of early 2025, approximately 3,180.65 kilometres of the border have been fenced, with around 915.35 kilometres remaining to be completed.
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has set a new deadline for completion by March 2024, although this is likely to be missed due to various challenges.
Mixed Barriers Approach: The government plans to utilize both physical and non-physical barriers for the remaining unfenced stretches. This includes advanced technologies such as sensors and surveillance systems in areas where traditional fencing is not feasible due to geographical constraints.
Increased Security Measures: Alongside fencing, there are plans to enhance floodlighting, establish more border outposts, and improve integrated checkposts to bolster security along the border.
Way forward:
Enhanced Bilateral Cooperation: Strengthen dialogue mechanisms, such as flag meetings and joint consultations, to resolve disputes amicably and ensure mutual agreement on border management practices, including fencing.
Integrated Border Management: Implement smart border solutions, combining advanced surveillance technologies and community involvement, to address security concerns while minimizing disruptions to local populations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC IAS/2020)
The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying has released operational guidelines 2.0 for National Livestock Mission (NLM).
What are the new operational guidelines 2.0 for NLM?
It focuses on promoting entrepreneurship, cluster-based development, and sustainable practices in the livestock sector.
They emphasize financial assistance through schemes like the Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund (AHIDF), capacity building, and modern technologies.
The launch of the NLM-EDP Dashboard ensures real-time monitoring and transparency.
Priority is given to poultry, dairy, and marginalized groups to drive equitable growth.
The Government of India has reconstituted the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to include new members, reflecting recent appointments in key administrative positions.
About the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
Details
About
Governing body of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), under the direct charge of the Prime Minister of India.
Established on 3 August 1948 under the Department of Scientific Research; reconstituted as “Atomic Energy Commission of India” on 1 March 1954 with enhanced powers and autonomy.
Organize research in atomic science and train atomic scientists within the country.
Promote nuclear research through its own laboratories and provide financial assistance to autonomous institutes engaged in nuclear research.
Undertake prospecting and extraction of atomic minerals for industrial use.
Enabled significant achievements, such as India’s first underground nuclear test at Pokhran, Rajasthan on 18 May 1974.
Structural Mandate
Membership includes a Chairperson, scientists, policymakers, and other experts appointed by the government to guide strategic direction and decision-making.
Provides recommendations on nuclear energy policies, oversees India’s nuclear energy program, and ensures compliance with safety and regulatory standards.
Collaborates with international organizations for peaceful nuclear energy development and security.
Operates 6 key research centers:
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai.
Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata, West Bengal.
Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Hyderabad, Telangana.
Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP), Bahadurgarh, Haryana.
PYQ:
[2018] With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy.
Q) “Though women in post-independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women’s education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu? (UPSC CSE 2021)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on topics like ‘social attitude towards women’ (2021) and ‘sexual violence against women’ (2014).
On November 25, the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, we are reminded that nearly one in three women worldwide has faced violence by men. While men are often responsible, they can also help create change. This requires rethinking ideas of masculinity based on dominance and promoting equality, kindness, and non-violence instead.
Today’s Editorial focuses on issues related to women and key initiatives taken by the government to address the issues. This content will help answer the writing of GS mains papers.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
UNESCO has a program aimed at changing how men understand and support gender equality, and it is making good progress.
What is UNESCO’s Transforming MENtalities initiative?
The Transforming MENtalities initiative by UNESCO aims to engage men and boys as active participants in promoting gender equality and combating violence against women. This initiative recognizes that traditional notions of masculinity often perpetuate harmful behaviors and attitudes that contribute to gender-based violence.
Key objectives:
•Challenging Stereotypes: The initiative seeks to redefine masculinity, moving away from traits associated with dominance and aggression towards those promoting empathy, respect, and equality. •Education and Awareness: It emphasizes the importance of education in reshaping boys’ perceptions of gender roles from an early age. •Community Engagement: Encouraging men to participate in community programs that advocate for gender equality and support survivors of violence.
What are the gender issues in India?
Gender-Based Violence: Nearly one-third of women in India have experienced physical or sexual violence, as reported by the National Family Health Survey-5. This highlights the pervasive issue of gender-based violence that affects women’s safety and well-being across the country.
Economic Participation: India has achieved only 36.7% parity in economic participation and opportunity, according to the Global Gender Gap Report 2023. While female labor force participation increased from 23.3% in 2017-18 to 37% in 2022-23, it remains significantly lower than male participation rates.
Educational Disparities: Despite efforts to improve access to education, significant gaps persist. Cultural norms and economic constraints continue to hinder girls’ enrollment, retention, and completion rates in schools, affecting their long-term opportunities.
Political Representation: Women hold 15.1% of parliamentary seats in India, reflecting a gender parity of 25.3% in political empowerment. However, local governance shows better representation with women comprising 44.4% of local council seats, indicating progress at grassroots levels.
Health Indicators: The Maternal Mortality Ratio in India has improved to 97 per lakh live births (2018-20), showing progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal target of 70 by 2030. However, disparities in health outcomes remain, particularly influenced by socio-economic factors and access to healthcare services.
What are the steps taken by the government?
•Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): Launched in 2015, this campaign aims to combat female feticide and promote the education and empowerment of girls through awareness campaigns, financial incentives for families, and initiatives addressing gender-based violence. •One Stop Centre (OSC) Scheme: Established in 2015, OSCs provide comprehensive support services for women affected by violence, including medical, legal, and counseling assistance, along with temporary shelter. •Nirbhaya Fund: Created to enhance women’s safety, this fund supports various initiatives aimed at preventing violence against women and ensuring their security across the country. •Mahila Shakti Kendra (MSK): This initiative focuses on empowering rural women through skill development and employment opportunities, helping them become self-reliant and economically independent. •Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY): This scheme facilitates financial support for women entrepreneurs to start their businesses, promoting economic empowerment and encouraging women’s participation in the workforce.
Way forward:
Promote Inclusive Education and Awareness: Strengthen gender-sensitive education from an early age to challenge stereotypes, reshape societal attitudes, and instill values of equality, empathy, and mutual respect.
Enhance Implementation of Policies: Ensure effective enforcement of existing gender-focused schemes and laws, while fostering community-driven initiatives that engage men and boys as allies in promoting gender equality and combating violence.
Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar stressed the need for genuine research and innovation that can bring real change. He called for indigenisation beyond basic levels and highlighted the role of patents and technology in making India a global leader.
What is Authentic and practical research?
Authentic and practical research is genuine, cutting-edge, and impactful, addressing real-world challenges, driving innovation, and creating lasting change by advancing knowledge and delivering meaningful, applicable solutions to societal needs.
What is India’s status in patents and technology?
Global Position: India has secured the sixth position globally in patent filings, as reported by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in the World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) 2024 report. This marks a notable achievement as India enters the top ten for the first time across all three major intellectual property rights: patents, trademarks, and industrial designs.
Growth Rate: In 2023, India recorded a 15.7% increase in patent applications, totaling 64,480 filings. This growth is part of a broader trend, marking the fifth consecutive year of double-digit growth in patent applications.
What constitutes “authentic and practical research”?
Authenticity: The Vice President stressed that research must be genuine and not merely superficial.
Authentic research should correlate with real-world changes and have lasting significance rather than being momentarily relevant before gathering dust on shelves.
Cutting-edge Nature: He called for research that is at the forefront of innovation, pushing boundaries rather than just covering existing knowledge.
Practical Impact: The Vice President emphasized that research should aim to change ground realities, making it essential for it to be applicable and impactful in society.
How can India improve its research and development (R&D) landscape?
Focus on Patents: The Vice President pointed out that India’s contribution to global patents is lacking. He urged a shift towards more consequential fields of research that can enhance India’s standing in the global community.
Nurturing Startups: He called for supporting domestic startups and indigenous component development, suggesting that established companies like BEL should help these startups thrive by providing guidance and resources.
Educational Reform: Emphasizing the need to instill a spirit of innovation in students, he noted that educational institutions should foster creativity and practical skills rather than merely focusing on degrees.
What are the initiatives to improve the Research Ecosystem in India?
Encouraging Corporate Involvement: The Vice President highlighted the necessity for corporates to take initiative in R&D, suggesting that they converge on a platform to significantly boost research efforts.
Leading in Semiconductors: He urged BEL to lead the semiconductor revolution from design to manufacture, indicating a strategic direction for enhancing technological capabilities in India.
What are the barriers to effective research in India?
Superficial Research Output: The tendency to produce research that lacks depth and practical application is a significant barrier. The Vice President criticized research papers that are presented but quickly forgotten, calling for more substantial contributions.
Limited Global Recognition: He noted that much of India’s research does not achieve recognition at an international level, which undermines its potential impact.
Awareness of Opportunities: Many young individuals remain unaware of the diverse opportunities available beyond traditional government jobs, limiting their engagement with innovation and entrepreneurship.
Way forward:
Strengthening Industry-Academia Collaboration: Foster partnerships between academic institutions and industries to ensure research is aligned with practical needs, enhancing innovation and commercialisation opportunities.
Incentivizing High-Impact Research: Establish grants, rewards, and global recognition programs for researchers focusing on cutting-edge and transformative fields, driving significant contributions to India’s R&D landscape.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you agree with the view that increasing dependence on donor agencies for development reduces the importance of community participation in the development process? Justify your answer.(UPSC IAS/2022)
At the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD), the Prime Minister called the Indian diaspora “ambassadors to the world.” He praised them for blending into local societies, helping communities, and contributing to India’s progress.
Why do celebrate Pravasi Bharatiya Divas?
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is the flagship event organized by the Ministry of External Affairs to honor the achievements and contributions of Indians living abroad.
This celebration is held every two years on January 9, marking the day in 1915 when Mahatma Gandhi, regarded as the greatest Pravasi, returned to India from South Africa to lead the country’s freedom movement.
Since 2015, the event has been held biennially, with theme-based conferences organized during the intervening years.
The location of the convention changes to showcase the progress and diversity of different regions in India.
Who are the Girmitiyas?
The Girmitiyas were indentured laborers from British India who were transported during the 19th and early 20th centuries to work on plantations in various countries.
The term “Girmitiyas” originates from the Indian pronunciation of the English word “agreement”, referencing the contracts they signed.
The Girmitiyas were sent to places such as Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana (now Guyana), Suriname, Malaysia, and Kenya.
These laborers were bound by contracts, called Girmits (agreements), which required them to work for a single employer at a fixed wage for a period of 3 to 5 years.
What are the challenges faced by Indians abroad?
Increasing Visa Restrictions: Countries like the United States and the United Kingdom have implemented stricter immigration policies, particularly affecting skilled Indian workers.
For instance, during Donald Trump’s presidency, uncertainties surrounding H-1B visas created significant anxiety among Indian professionals seeking employment in the U.S. This has led to a perception that Indian workers are being unfairly targeted as competition for local jobs.
Global Conflicts: Many Indians work in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, where job security is often threatened by volatile oil prices and changing labour laws.
For example, “Saudisation” policies in Saudi Arabia have forced many Indian workers to return home unexpectedly, leading to economic hardship.
Additionally, ongoing conflicts in regions like Iraq and Syria pose risks to the safety of Indians living and working there.
Political Vulnerability: The Indian government’s recent actions to revoke Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cards from individuals critical of its policies have created a climate of fear among the diaspora. This has raised concerns about freedom of expression and political rights for those living abroad, making many feel vulnerable and unce.
What role does the Indian diaspora play in India’s global influence?
Economic Contributions: The Indian diaspora plays a crucial role in India’s economy through substantial remittances, which totalled approximately $108 billion in 2022. These funds significantly contribute to poverty reduction and economic stability in India.Example: Remittances from the UAE
Political Influence: Many individuals of Indian origin hold prominent political positions in various countries, enhancing India’s political clout on global platforms such as the United Nations.Example: Kamala Harris
Cultural Diplomacy: The diaspora acts as cultural ambassadors, promoting Indian traditions, values, and soft power globally through initiatives like yoga, Bollywood cinema, and festivals.Example: International Day of Yoga
Networking Opportunities: The diaspora serves as a bridge between India and other nations, facilitating trade relations and foreign direct investment (FDI), thereby enhancing India’s global economic standing.
What are the steps taken by the government?
Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs: Established in 2004, this ministry was created to specifically address issues faced by the Indian diaspora. It was later merged with the Ministry of External Affairs in 2016 to streamline efforts and enhance synergy in engaging with the diaspora.
Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas: Celebrated annually since 2003, this event recognizes the contributions of the Indian diaspora to India’s progress and fosters a sense of connection between Indians abroad and their homeland.
Know India Programme (KIP): This initiative aims to familiarize youth of Indian origin with contemporary India through a three-week orientation program. It provides exposure to various aspects of Indian culture, economy, and society.
Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Launched to enhance the skills of Indian workers going abroad, this scheme provides training on laws, language, and culture relevant to their destination countries.
Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children (SPDC): This program offers scholarships for Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) and Non-Resident Indian (NRI) students pursuing undergraduate courses in India
Proxy Voting for NRIs: The Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill 2017 allows NRIs to participate in elections through proxy voting, enhancing their engagement in India’s democratic processes.
How can India better engage with its diaspora? (Way forward)
Inclusive Policies: The Indian government should adopt inclusive and non-partisan policies that foster a sense of belonging among all members of the diaspora, regardless of their political views.
Addressing Concerns: Proactively addressing issues such as visa restrictions and safety concerns in conflict zones can enhance trust and cooperation between the diaspora and the Indian government.
Leveraging Expertise: India can better engage its diaspora by tapping into their expertise in various fields, encouraging knowledge transfer, investment in startups, and collaboration on technological innovations.
Cultural Exchange Programs: Promoting cultural initiatives that celebrate Indian heritage can strengthen ties between India and its diaspora, fostering a sense of identity and community.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
The Supreme Court fined Rs. 1 Lakh on a dishonest person who kept filing unnecessary and baseless cases. The Court said that while everyone has the right to go to court, it should be used responsibly.
What is meant by ‘Right to Access to Justice’?
The Right to Access to Justice refers to the fundamental principle that individuals should have the ability to seek and obtain remedies through formal or informal institutions of justice for grievances.
This right is rooted in the rule of law and ensures that all citizens, regardless of their background, can effectively resolve their legal issues and hold decision-makers accountable.
Without access to justice, individuals may be unable to exercise their rights, challenge discrimination, or seek redress for wrongs they have suffered.
What are the other provisions related to the Right to Access to Justice?
Article 14 (Equality before the law): This article guarantees that everyone is treated equally under the law, regardless of their background or status.
A notable example is the Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India case (1978), where the Supreme Court held that the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 also includes the right to fair procedure.
Article 21 (Right to life and personal liberty): This article protects the fundamental right to life, which has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to include the right to a fair and just legal process.
In the State of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan (1983) case, the Supreme Court ruled that access to justice is a key aspect of the right to life under Article 21, emphasizing the importance of protecting personal liberty.
Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987: This Act ensures free legal aid for the poor and disadvantaged, promoting equality in accessing justice.
A significant example is the National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014) case, where the Supreme Court directed the implementation of effective legal aid programs for the marginalized, making access to justice easier for underprivileged groups.
Article 39A (Free legal aid): This article mandates the state to provide free legal assistance to ensure that no one is denied justice due to financial incapacity.
An example is the Laxmi v. Union of India (2014) case, where the Supreme Court directed the government to ensure legal aid is available for victims of acid attacks, recognizing that financial constraints should not prevent victims from seeking justice.
Judicial Precedents (Supreme Court Decisions): The Supreme Court has consistently expanded the concept of access to justice. In Delhi Domestic Workers Forum v. Union of India (2016), the Court recognized the need for legal protection for domestic workers, expanding access to justice for marginalized groups.
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA): NALSA has played a crucial role in ensuring legal aid for marginalized communities.
For instance, in the NALSA v. Union of India (2014) case, the Court ordered the government to set up legal aid camps and ensure access to justice for tribals and marginalized groups, further solidifying NALSA’s role in promoting equality and fairness in the legal system.
What are the essential elements for the Right to Access to Justice?
Availability of Legal Remedies: Individuals must have access to effective legal remedies that can address their grievances.
Affordability: Legal services should be financially accessible, with provisions for free legal aid where necessary.
Awareness and Information: Citizens should be informed about their rights and the legal processes available to them.
Fair Procedures: The judicial process must be transparent and fair, providing all parties an equal opportunity to present their case.
Physical and Legal Access: This includes not only the ability to enter courts but also having the necessary support systems in place, such as legal representation and knowledge of the law.
Way forward:
Strengthening Legal Aid and Awareness Programs: Expand the reach of legal aid services and increase awareness campaigns to ensure marginalized groups are informed about their rights and legal remedies.
Reforming Judicial Infrastructure: Enhance the accessibility and efficiency of judicial systems by addressing delays, improving court infrastructure, and ensuring the availability of affordable legal representation for all citizens.
Mains PYQ:
Q Judicial Legislation is antithetical to the doctrine of separation of powers as envisaged in the Indian Constitution. In this context justify the filing of large number of public interest petitions praying for issuing guidelines to executive authorities. (UPSC IAS/2020)
The Vice President addressed the inauguration ceremony of the 25th National Conference of Chairpersons of State Public Service Commissions (SPSCs) in Bengaluru.
About State Public Service Commission (SPSC):
Details
SPSCs are independent constitutional bodies established under Articles 315 to 323 in Part XIV of the Constitution of India.
Modeled on the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) to recruit for state services and advise the state government on personnel matters.
Proposed under the Government of India Act (GoI), 1919, and formally established through the GoI Act, 1935, after the ‘Lee Commission (1924)’ recommendations.
Serve as the central recruiting agency for the state, distinct from the Department of Personnel or General Administration Department.
Note: Recommendations made by SPSCs are advisory, and the government has discretion to accept or reject them, subject to accountability to the Legislature.
Composition
Composed of a Chairman and other members appointed by the Governor of the state.
At least 50% of the members must have held a government post (Central or State) for at least 10 years.
Members hold office for 6 years or until they attain the age of 62, whichever is earlier.
The Governor has discretionary power over composition, service conditions, and temporary appointments of acting Chairpersons during vacancies.
Members can resign by addressing the resignation to the Governor.
Removal is initiated by the President for grounds like insolvency, paid employment, infirmity, or misbehavior, following a Supreme Court inquiry.
Powers and Functions
Recruitment and Appointments: Conducts exams for appointments to state civil services and posts.
Advisory Role: Provides guidance on recruitment methods, promotions, transfers, and disciplinary matters.
Judicial Appointments: Consulted, along with the State High Court, on rules for appointments to the state judiciary (excluding district judges).
Annual Reporting: Submits a performance report to the Governor, who presents it to the State Legislature with explanations for non-acceptance of advice.
Disciplinary Action: Consulted by the government in cases involving disciplinary measures for civil servants, alongside the State Vigilance Commission.
Security and Independence
Tenure Protection: Members can only be removed for constitutionally specified reasons.
Financial Independence: Expenses are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State, requiring no legislative vote.
Post-Tenure Appointments:
Chairpersons can be appointed as Chairman or members of UPSC or another SPSC but not in other government roles.
Members can be appointed as Chairperson or members of UPSC or another SPSC but not to other government roles.
PYQ:
[2015] Consider the following statements:
1. The Executive Power of the union of India is vested in the Prime Minister.
2. The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Denmark has become the latest country to actively pursue sovereign AI, in a bid to boost domestic research and competitiveness. Following this example and leveraging the momentum of Digital India, India’s leadership will be instrumental in driving the nation’s Sovereign AI ambition.
What is Sovereign AI?
Sovereign AI refers to a nation’s autonomous ability to develop, deploy, and regulate Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies that align with its unique data, values, and governance priorities.
It ensures national control over AI systems, protecting economic and national security interests while fostering innovation.
Key Features of Sovereign AI include:
Self-reliance: Develops AI systems tailored to national requirements, ensuring minimal dependency on external technologies.
National Security: Protects critical data and infrastructure from external threats or misuse.
Cultural Alignment: Embeds a nation’s values, language, and societal norms into AI frameworks.
Global Competitiveness: Enhances economic growth and innovation through domestic AI capabilities.
About the Proposed AI Strategy for India (GovAI + Private AI = Sovereign AI):
India’s proposed AI strategy focuses on leveraging Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) like Aadhaar and UPI to develop GovAI (Government AI) for efficient and predictive public services.
It emphasizes data sovereignty, transforming anonymized DPI data into AI training material while ensuring national control.
The strategy promotes public-private collaboration to build domain-specific Small Language Models (SLMs) that evolve into advanced Large Language Models (LLMs).
Skill development through Regional Centres of Excellence (RCoE) aims to create a robust AI talent pool.
This strategy aligns with India’s vision of becoming a global leader in trusted and inclusive AI, enhancing economic growth and national security.
India’s Initiatives for Sovereign AI:
India’s initiative for Sovereign AI builds on its Digital India framework, leveraging platforms like Aadhaar, UPI, and DigiLocker to create GovAI (Government AI) for efficient public services.
It utilizes DPI platforms such as Aadhaar, UPI, DigiLocker, and CoWIN.
Domain-Specific AI Models that India seeks to build:
Builds Small Language Models (SLMs) for specific public service areas like education, healthcare, agriculture, and social welfare.
SLMs evolve into Large Language Models (LLMs) for advanced, intersectional governance insights.
The India Datasets Programme transforms anonymized data into resources for AI training while ensuring data sovereignty.
PYQ:
[2020] In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of:
(a) Digital security infrastructure
(b) Food security infrastructure
(c) Health care and education infrastructure
(d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure
Union Minister of Commerce & Industry has unveiled the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform at the Bharat Climate Forum 2025 in New Delhi.
What is the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform?
It is an initiative aimed at strengthening cleantech value chains in sectors such as solar, wind, hydrogen, and battery storage.
It aims to position India as a global leader in sustainability and cleantech manufacturing, creating a compelling business case for international investors.
Key features include:
Provides a platform for manufacturing scale-up and knowledge sharing.
Aims to make India a compelling business destination for cleantech investors.
Supports India’s target of 500 GW of clean energy capacity by 2030.
About theBharat Climate Forum 2025
The Forum was organized in New Delhi as a platform for policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders to discuss climate action and clean energy solutions.
The forum aims to align India’s clean energy initiatives with global climate goals, particularly under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement.
A key focus of the forum was the launch of the Bharat Cleantech Manufacturing Platform, designed to promote sustainable development and clean energy adoption in India.
Discussions emphasized India’s commitment to achieving 500 GW of clean energy capacity by 2030 and highlighted the progress India has made in meeting its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
The forum celebrated India’s early achievement of its 2022 renewable energy targets, with renewable energy capacity reaching 200 GW eight years ahead of schedule.
The event focused on the 3S principles—Speed, Scale, and Skill—as cornerstones of India’s renewable energy program, ensuring swift implementation, large-scale adoption, and skill development.
PYQ:
[2020] Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our government for this purpose?
Q) Impact of digital technology as a reliable source of input for rational decision making is a debatable issue. Critically evaluate with suitable examples. (UPSC CSE 2021)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on topics like ‘Impact of digital technology’ (2021) and ‘N. Srikrishna Committee Report’ (2018).
According to the AuthBridge Report in 2024, the average cost of a data breach in India reached ₹19.5 crore ($2.35 million), reflecting a 9% increase from the previous year and a 39% rise since 2020.
Today’s Editorial focuses on the present Data Protection law passed by the legislators. While the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025 represent a significant step forward, they require adjustments to ensure effective implementation and protection of individual rights without stifling innovation. This content can be used for – data privacy issues in India, e-governance and cross border mechanism in your Mains Answer Writing.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
On January 3, 2025, the MeitY released the much-anticipated Draft Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules — a key moment in India’s journey to regulate digital personal data.
This step follows the passage of the DPDP Act, 2023, bringing India closer to operationalising its framework for safeguarding personal data.
Key highlights for Draft Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025 are as follows:
• Citizen-Centric Framework: The rules prioritize citizens’ rights, allowing them to demand data erasure, appoint digital nominees, and manage their data through user-friendly mechanisms provided by data fiduciaries (entities that process personal data). • Consent Mechanisms: Data fiduciaries must obtain informed consent from individuals before processing their data, providing clear information about data usage and allowing easy withdrawal of consent. • Data Erasure and Retention: Data can be retained for up to 3 years from the last interaction with the user, with a requirement for prior notification before data erasure. • Digital-First Approach: The rules advocate for a “digital by design” framework, establishing a Data Protection Board of India (DPBI) that will handle grievances and ensure compliance through online mechanisms. • Graded Responsibilities: Different obligations are set for various entities based on their size and impact, easing compliance burdens for startups and small businesses while imposing stricter requirements on larger platforms. • Public Feedback: The Ministry has invited public comments on the draft rules until February 18, 2025, aiming for an inclusive approach to law-making.
About the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 and the key features include:
• Consent Requirement: Organizations must obtain explicit consent from individuals before processing their personal data, with limited exceptions for specific legitimate uses. • Data Fiduciaries’ Obligations: Entities handling personal data (data fiduciaries) are mandated to ensure data accuracy, security, and deletion after the purpose is fulfilled. They must also report data breaches to the Data Protection Board (DPB) within 72 hours. • Rights of Individuals: Individuals have rights to access, correct, and erase their data, as well as to seek grievance redressal. • Data Protection Board: The DPB will oversee compliance and address grievances regarding data processing practices. • Border Data Transfer: The Act allows for the transfer of personal data outside India, subject to government restrictions.
The DPDP Act aims to balance individual privacy rights with the need for data processing in a digital economy, marking a significant step in India’s approach to data protection.
How Pragmatic is the present Data Protection law?
Simplicity Over Complexity: India’s rules focus on clear and straightforward consent processes, reducing “consent fatigue” that users experience in Europe due to excessive details.
Outcome-Based Framework: Instead of strict regulations on how to present information, the DPDP Rules allow businesses to decide how to inform users about their rights, promoting innovation and respecting business autonomy.
Children’s Data Protection: The rules provide stricter protections for children’s personal data but also recognize the value of monitoring in educational contexts. Certain sectors, like educational institutions and healthcare, are exempt from needing parental consent for tracking, as long as they follow specific guidelines.
Did you know?
• While the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was initially praised, it now faces criticism for favoring large corporations and not effectively building public trust. • In contrast, India is adopting a more pragmatic and balanced method with this present Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA), aiming to protect individual privacy without imposing overly strict regulations that could hinder smaller businesses. • This offers a refreshing alternative to Europe’s more interventionist policies.
What are the limitations and flaws in the present law?
Complexity in Cross-Border Data Flow: The draft rules introduce complications regarding cross-border data transfers, imposing localization mandates on Significant Data Fiduciaries (SDFs) that may exceed the original intent of the legislation.
Regulatory Arbitrage Risk: Differentiating between SDFs and smaller entities creates potential for smaller businesses to exploit relaxed rules, leading to unfair advantages and possible deterrents to investment in India.
Law Enforcement Challenges: The push for data localization stems from law enforcement’s need for access to cross-border data, but a more targeted approach could be more effective than a blanket regulation.
The rules lack clarity on how businesses can verify the legitimacy of user information requests and do not address excessive or unfounded requests for data.
Sensitive Business Data Concerns: Uncertainty exists regarding government access to sensitive business data, raising concerns about the protection of trade secrets and competitive information.
These issues highlight the need for improved procedural safeguards to ensure that businesses can protect sensitive information while complying with regulations.
What should be the way Forward?
Importance of Compliance: Businesses should view compliance with data protection laws as essential for protecting their reputation and ensuring operational continuity, rather than just a regulatory obligation.
Need for Evolving Privacy Frameworks: India must move beyond traditional notice-and-consent mechanisms to better protect citizens’ privacy, especially in environments where consent is difficult to obtain.
With advancements in IoT, 5G, and AI leading to increased data collection, new privacy frameworks should focus on broader protections rather than solely relying on consent.
Targeted Data Localization: The draft rules should consider a more targeted approach to data localization that addresses law enforcement needs without imposing excessive burdens on businesses.
Two political parties have accused each other of tampering the voter lists before the Delhi Assembly elections. This has brought back the discussion about linking voter IDs (EPIC) with Aadhaar numbers.
Why was the National Electoral Rolls Purification and Authentication Program?
The National Electoral Rolls Purification and Authentication Program (NERPAP) was launched by the Election Commission of India on March 3, 2015, with the primary goal of creating an error-free and authenticated electoral roll.
Linking EPIC with Aadhaar: The program sought to link the Elector’s Photo Identity Card (EPIC) data with the Aadhaar database to authenticate voter identities and eliminate duplicate entries in the electoral rolls.
Error Correction: NERPAP aimed to facilitate the correction of errors in voter data and improve the overall quality of images on electoral documents.
Voluntary Disclosure of Multiple Entries: Voters were encouraged to voluntarily disclose any multiple registrations, allowing for timely corrections and deletions of unnecessary entries from the electoral rolls.
Enhanced Communication: The initiative also aimed to collect mobile numbers and email addresses from voters, enabling the Election Commission to provide important updates regarding elections, such as poll dates and revision schedules.
Public Participation: To ensure maximum engagement, special camps and facilitation centers were organized nationwide to assist voters in linking their Aadhaar with EPIC and addressing any concerns regarding their registrations.
What did the Supreme Court mandate in the Puttaswamy case in 2018?
In the Puttaswamy case, the Supreme Court recognized the right to privacy as a fundamental right under the Constitution. It ruled that while Aadhaar could be used for various purposes, including voter registration, individuals cannot be denied their right to vote for failing to provide their Aadhaar number.
This ruling emphasized that any legal framework must respect individual privacy rights and ensure that no citizen is disenfranchised due to administrative requirements.
What are the pros and cons?
Pros:
Elimination of Duplicate Entries: Linking Aadhaar with EPIC can help remove multiple registrations for individuals who may have registered in different locations due to migration.
Real-time Authentication: The unique identity provided by Aadhaar enables online verification, enhancing the accuracy of voter rolls.
Updated Voter Database: The initiative aims to maintain an updated and accurate record of voters, which is crucial for free and fair elections.
Cons:
Database Errors: Errors within the Aadhaar database could lead to wrongful rejection or deletion of legitimate voter entries.
Proof of Citizenship Concerns: Aadhaar serves as proof of residence but not citizenship, potentially failing to address non-citizen registrations on electoral rolls.
Privacy Risks: While linkage may not directly violate privacy rights, there are concerns about misuse as electoral rolls are accessible to political parties.
What can be the way forward?
Transparent and Voluntary Process: Modify electoral forms to clearly indicate that providing Aadhaar is voluntary, ensuring no voter is denied registration for not furnishing their Aadhaar number.
Strengthen Data Accuracy and Privacy Safeguards: Establish mechanisms to verify Aadhaar data accuracy and implement robust data protection measures to prevent misuse of linked electoral rolls.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in the light of the latest judgement of the Supreme Court on Right to Privacy.(UPSC IAS/2017)
The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) found that many states in India are facing a serious problem with high nitrate levels in groundwater.
What are the contaminants?
The assessment of India’s groundwater quality has identified several significant contaminants, primarily driven by agricultural practices, industrial activities, and natural geological factors. The key contaminants include:
Nitrates: Excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilizers in agriculture leads to high levels of nitrates in groundwater. This is the most prevalent contaminant, with over 56% of India’s districts reporting nitrate levels exceeding the safe limit of 45 mg/l.
Fluoride: Fluoride contamination is a major concern, particularly in states like Rajasthan, Haryana, and Karnataka. Approximately 9.04% of tested groundwater samples had fluoride levels above the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/l.
Arsenic: Naturally occurring arsenic in certain geological formations poses serious health risks, particularly in alluvial plains where industrial activities may exacerbate contamination.
Uranium: Elevated uranium levels have been detected in several regions, with about 6.60% of samples exceeding the safe limit of 30 ppb (parts per billion). States like Rajasthan and Punjab report significant uranium contamination.
Iron: High concentrations of iron affect groundwater quality and can lead to aesthetic issues and potential health risks when consumed in large amounts.
Other Heavy Metals: Contaminants such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and chromium are also present due to industrial discharges and improper waste management.
What was the state of groundwater in 2024?
Overall Extraction Rate: The degree of groundwater extraction across the country was reported at approximately 60.4%, indicating that this level has remained relatively stable compared to previous years. This figure reflects the percentage of groundwater resources being utilized versus what is available for extraction.
Safe Blocks: About 73% of groundwater blocks were categorized as ‘safe,’ meaning they are adequately replenished to meet extraction demands. This represents a slight increase from previous assessments.
Recharge and Availability: Total annual groundwater recharge was noted to have decreased marginally from 449 BCM (Billion Cubic Meters) in 2023 to 446.90 BCM in 2024.
The annual extractable groundwater resources slightly declined from 407.21 BCM to 406.19 BCM.
Contamination Issues: Despite improvements in some areas, challenges remain, particularly with nitrate contamination, where 440 districts were identified as having excessive nitrate levels in their groundwater.
How are groundwater levels measured?
Groundwater levels are measured using a network established by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), which includes:
Observation Wells: Approximately 26,000 observation wells are used for manual measurements of groundwater levels.
Digital Monitoring: Since 2023, around 16,000 to 17,000 piezometers equipped with digital recorders have been installed to automatically measure and transmit groundwater levels to a centralized system for real-time monitoring.
What happens if nitrate presence is high in groundwater?
Health Risks: Elevated nitrate levels can cause methemoglobinemia, also known as “blue baby syndrome,” particularly in infants under six months old. This condition reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen, resulting in a bluish tint to the skin and potentially severe health complications if untreated.
Environmental Concerns: Excessive nitrates contribute to algal blooms in surface water bodies, which can deplete oxygen levels, harm aquatic ecosystems, and disrupt the balance of marine life.
Way forward:
Sustainable Agricultural Practices: Promote the use of organic fertilizers, precision farming techniques, and regulated use of nitrogen-based fertilizers to minimize nitrate leaching into groundwater.
Strengthened Monitoring and Remediation: Expand digital groundwater monitoring networks, enforce strict industrial discharge regulations, and implement remediation techniques like bioremediation and constructed wetlands to mitigate contamination.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India?(UPSC IAS/2019)
The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways (MoPSW), has introduced the National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRT&NS), a landmark initiative aimed at ensuring safe, efficient, and sustainable navigation along India’s inland waterways.
About National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRT&NS)
The NRT&NS aims to modernize and enhance the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of inland water transport.
It leverages real-time data and technology to optimize navigation on India’s National Waterways, supporting eco-friendly and cost-effective transport for goods and passengers.
Key Features:
Real-time monitoring using GPS and GIS for safe vessel navigation.
Centralized traffic control centers for efficient operations.
Digital platforms for route planning, cargo tracking, and alerts.
Integrated infrastructure to streamline operations and reduce delays.
Focus on sustainability, economic growth, and capacity building in the inland water transport sector.
The system is being deployed across India’s National Waterways, including:
NW 1 (River Ganga): Key cargo routes from Haldia to Varanasi.
NW 2 (River Brahmaputra): Major transport corridor in the Northeast.
NW 3 (West Coast Canal, Champakara Canal, and Udyogmandal Canal), NW 4 (Krishna and Godavari), and NW 5 (Mahanadi rivers and its tributaries): Supporting regional trade and tourism.
Status of Inland Waterways in India
India has a vast network of 14,500 km of navigable waterways, including 111 declared National Waterways (NWs) under the National Waterways Act, 2016.
Key Highlights:
Increase in Operational Waterways: The number of operational NWs has increased by 767% since 2014.
Cargo Traffic Growth: Cargo traffic rose from 18 million tonnes in 2013-14 to 133 million tonnes in 2023-24, achieving a CAGR of over 22%.
Infrastructure Investments: Investments in NW development increased by 233% post-2014, supported by projects like:
Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP): Focused on NW 1 (Ganga).
Arth Ganga: Empowering local communities through economic activities along NW 1.
Tourism Growth: River cruise tourism expanded significantly, with 25 cruise vessels operational in 2023-24, up from 3 in 2013-14.
Challenges: Despite this, the share of IWT in India’s overall transport mix remains relatively low compared to global standards.
PYQ:
[2016] Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India.
