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Land record Modernisation in India
Updated land record system could help the landowner in many ways. However, there is a lack of an updated land record system in India. There are several factors responsible for it. The article highlights these factors.

Need for updated land record
- For a significant section of the rural poor, land is both an asset and a source of livelihood.
- With livelihoods affected, the importance of land ownership for access to formal loans as well as government relief programmes became even more evident.
- But the relatively poor availability of clear and updated land titles remains a hurdle.
- The government of India’s Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DI-LRMP) scheme is the most recent effort in encouraging updating of land record.
Reasons for lack of updated land record data

The National Council of Applied Economic Research made a pioneering effort in this direction by launching NCAER Land Records and Services Index (N-LRSI) in 2020.

Following are the finding of NCAER about the poor state of land records.
- The dismal state of land records is due to the failure of the Indian administration to evolve from British-era land policies.
- In addition, land record regulations and policies vary widely across Indian states/union territories.
- Though DI-LRMP provides a common framework for reporting the progress of land record management by states/UTs, the heterogeneous nature of regulations/guidelines for land record management in India makes the progress non-uniform.
- One of the major roadblocks in ensuring continuous updation of land records is the lack of skilled manpower in land record departments in states.
- Another dimension relates to the poor synergy across land record departments.
- There is a lack of synergy between the revenue department as the custodian of textual records, the survey and settlement department managing the spatial records and the registration department, which is responsible for registering land transactions.
- The swiftness of the process of updating ownership as the result of the registration of a transaction is commonly known as mutation.
- The information obtained from all the state/UT sources in this regard revealed that no state/UT has the provision for online mutation on the same day as the registration.
Way forward
- With poor inter-departmental synergy, aspiring for updated and accurate records will always be a distant goal and states/UTs should take necessary actions to have the appropriate systems in place.
- The improved system of land records is likely to facilitate the efforts that some states/UTs are making to ease land transactions — like lowering stamp duties by the Maharashtra government.
- Finally, these efforts are going to be instrumental for the health of India’s rural economy.
Consider the question “How an updated and functional land record system could help transform the rural economy? What are the hurdles in creating the updated land record system?”

Conclusion

The governments need to take measures to remove the hurdles in the creation of a robust land record system so as to help the landowners access institutional channels of credit.
April 2, 2021
Joint Logistics Node (JLN)
As part of measures to boost tri-service integration and resource optimisation, Chief of Defence Staff General has operationalised the third joint logistics node (JLN) in Mumbai.

Must read:

Explained: How to unify defence resources

Joint Logistics Node (JLN)
- The Joint Operations Division (JOD) under the Headquarters Integrated Defence Staff pursued and enabled the establishment of the JLNs.
- JLNs provide integrated logistics cover to the armed forces for their small arms ammunition, rations, fuel, general stores, civil hired transport, aviation clothing, spares and also engineering support to synergise their operational efforts.
- The initiative would accrue advantages in terms of saving of manpower, economize utilization of resources, besides financial savings.
- It is a very important first step in the direction of logistics integration of our three Services.
- The government has operationalised the establishment of the JLNs in Mumbai, Guwahati and Port Blair.
April 2, 2021
What are Small Savings Instruments?
The government has sharply slashed the rates on all small savings instruments for the first quarter of 2021-22 (Update: The order has been slashed now)

What is the news?
- The government has sharply slashed the rates of return on the Public Provident Fund down from 7.1% to 6.4% and effecting cuts ranging from 40 basis points (0.4%) to 110 basis points (1.1%).
What are Small Savings Instruments?
- Saving schemes are instruments that help individuals achieve their financial goals over a particular period.
- These schemes are launched by the Government of India, public/private sector banks, and financial institutions.
- The government or banks decide the interest rate for these schemes and are periodically updated.
- You can use the savings you make through these schemes for emergencies, retirement, higher education, children’s education, marriage, at the time of job loss, to reduce debts and more.
Why are they significant?

Saving schemes are important for individuals of a country and, in turn, for an economy because of the following reasons:
- Safety: Depositing your hard-earned excess money in saving schemes will help secure it for your future needs. Holding on to liquid money may not be safe.
- Retirement Funds: Periodically, depositing money in long-term saving schemes can help you build a retirement corpus..
- Tax Savings: Many saving schemes offer one or the other kind of tax benefits—may it be tax deductions, exemption, or both.
- Avoid Unwanted Expenses: When you have all the money at hand, you may end up spending it on unwanted items.
April 2, 2021
[pib] Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) 3.0
The Government has extended the scope of Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) through introduction of ECLGS 3.0 to cover business enterprises in Hospitality, Travel & Tourism, Leisure & Sporting sectors.

ECGL Scheme
- Under the Scheme, 100% guarantee coverage to be provided by National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Limited (NCGTC) for additional funding of up to Rs. 3 lakh crore to eligible MSMEs and interested MUDRA borrowers.
- The credit will be provided in the form of a Guaranteed Emergency Credit Line (GECL) facility.
- The Scheme would be applicable to all loans sanctioned under GECL Facility during the period from the date of announcement of the Scheme to 31.10.2020.
Aims and objectives
- The Scheme aims at mitigating the economic distress faced by MSMEs by providing them additional funding in the form of a fully guaranteed emergency credit line.
- The main objective is to provide an incentive to Member Lending Institutions (MLIs), i.e., Banks, Financial Institutions (FIs) and NBFCs to increase access to, and enable the availability of additional funding facility to MSME borrowers.
- It aims to provide a 100 per cent guarantee for any losses suffered by them due to non-repayment of the GECL funding by borrowers.
Salient features
- The entire funding provided under GECL shall be provided with a 100% credit guarantee by NCGTC to MLIs under ECLGS.
- Tenor of the loan under Scheme shall be four years with a moratorium period of one year on the principal amount.
- No Guarantee Fee shall be charged by NCGTC from the Member Lending Institutions (MLIs) under the Scheme.
- Interest rates under the Scheme shall be capped at 9.25% for banks and FIs, and at 14% for NBFCs.
ECLGS 3.0
- It would involve extension of credit of upto 40% of total credit outstanding across all lending institutions.
- The tenor of loans granted under ECLGS 3.0 shall be 6 years including moratorium period of 2 years.
- Further, the validity of ECLGS i.e. ECLGS 1.0, ECLGS 2.0 & ECLGS 3.0 have been extended upto 30.06.2021 or till guarantees for an amount of Rs. 3 lakh crore are issued.
- The revised operational guidelines in this regard shall be issued by National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Ltd (NCGTC).
April 2, 2021
2nd April 2021 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

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April 2, 2021
Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector
Russian scientists have launched one of the world’s biggest underwater neutrino telescopes called the Baikal-GVD (Gigaton Volume Detector) in the waters of Lake Baikail, the world’s deepest lake situated in Siberia.

Try this PYQ from CSP 2020:

Q. The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of equilateral triangle that has sides one million km long, with lasers shining between the craft.” the experiment in the question refers to?
(a) Voyager-2
(b) New horizons
(c) LISA pathfinder
(d) Evolved LISA

Baikal GVD
- The Baikal-GVD is one of the three largest neutrino detectors in the world along with the IceCube at the South Pole and ANTARES in the Mediterranean Sea.
- The construction of this telescope, which started in 2016, is motivated by the mission to study in detail the elusive fundamental particles called neutrinos and to possibly determine their sources.
- It will help understanding the origins of the universe since some neutrinos were formed during the Big Bang while others continue to be formed as a result of supernova explosions or because of nuclear reactions in the Sun.
- An underwater telescope such as the GVD is designed to detect high-energy neutrinos that may have come from the Earth’s core, or could have been produced during nuclear reactions in the Sun.
What are fundamental particles?
- So far, the understanding is that the universe is made of some fundamental particles that are indivisible.
- Broadly, particles of matter that scientists know about as of now can be classified into quarks and leptons.
- Explorations has led to the discovery of over 12 such quarks and leptons, but three of these (protons, neutrons and electrons) is what everything in the world is made up of.
- Protons (carry a positive charge) and neutrons (no charge) are types of quarks, whereas electrons (carry a negative charge) are types of leptons.
- These three particles make what is referred to as the building block of life– the atom.
Why do scientists study fundamental particles?
- Studying what humans and everything around them is made up of gives scientists a window into understanding the universe a better way.
- This is one reason why scientists are so keen on studying neutrinos (not the same as neutrons), which are also a type of fundamental particle.
- Fundamental means that neutrinos, like electrons, protons and neutrons cannot be broken down further into smaller particles.
So where do neutrinos fit in?
- What makes neutrinos especially interesting is that they are abundant in nature, with about a thousand trillion of them passing through a human body every second.
- In fact, they are the second most abundant particles, after photons, which are particles of light.
- But while neutrinos are abundant, they are not easy to catch, this is because they do not carry a charge, as a result of which they do not interact with matter.
- One way of detecting neutrinos is in water or ice, where neutrinos leave a flash of light or a line of bubbles when they interact.
- To capture these signs, scientists have to build large detectors.
Back2Basics: Lake Baikal
- Lake Baikal is a rift lake located in southern Siberia, Russia, between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast.
- It is the largest freshwater lake by volume in the world, containing 22 to 23% of the world’s fresh surface water.
- With a maximum depth of 1,642 m it is the world’s deepest lake.
- It is among the world’s clearest lakes and is the world’s oldest lake, at 25–30 million years. It is the seventh-largest lake in the world by surface area.
- Lake Baikal formed as an ancient rift valley and has a long, crescent shape, with a surface area of 31,722 km2 (12,248 sq mi), slightly larger than Belgium.
- The region to the east of Lake Baikal is referred to as Transbaikalia or as the Transbaikal and the loosely defined region around the lake itself is sometimes known as Baikalia.
- UNESCO declared Lake Baikal a World Heritage Site in 1996.
April 2, 2021
2nd April 2021| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement

Important Announcement: Topics to be covered on 3rd April-

GS-1 Indian National Movement.

GS-4 Probity in Governance.

Question 1)

Elucidate volcano formation, their types and structures associated with suitable examples. 10 marks

Question 2)

The U.S. foreign policy has undergone a change in which engagement with countries will be done on issues with little or no trade-off among them. What does this change mean for India-U.S. relations? 10 marks

Question 3)

How updated and functional land record system can help revive the rural economy? What are the challenges in updating the land record system in India? 10 marks

Question 4)

You can change your behavior by changing your attitude. Elucidate. 10 marks

Reviews will be provided in a week. (In the order of submission- First come first serve basis). In case the answer is submitted late the review period may get extended to two weeks.

*In case your answer is not reviewed in a week, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. If Parth Sir’s tag is available then tag him.

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April 2, 2021
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Yes I want Mentorship

Starting with our list of deadly mistakes you should avoid.

1. Ignoring or failing to understand what UPSC expects from you.

UPSC through this exam has to maintain the merit in the Indian administration. For that, they are constantly evolving w.r.t. the exam process – questions and the manner in which they ask questions. Just go through the last three years’ UPSC Prelims question papers and you will realize it yourself.

Just knowing the syllabus and sources is not enough. Neither is it about finishing the syllabus only. It has to be done in a certain manner. Only when you know what UPSC wants you can make an effort in that direction. Fill Samanvaya form below to discuss the expectations of UPSC and more.

Samanvaya: FREE 1-ON-1 MENTORSHIP SESSION (click)

Abhishek has benefited from Civilsdaily’s approach, so did 70+ candidates who cleared UPSC IAS 2019

2. Not having a workable strategy

Internet and youtube are flooded with IAS toppers’ strategy. While it worked for the toppers, what will work for you is a strategy that is based on your situation (UPSC experience, education, background, etc.), your learning style, the time you have, consideration for your job commitments, etc.

In short, your strategy has to be unique. Just for you. Moreover, it has to be organic and adaptable. Else it won’t work. Let us help make one for you or improve your strategy. (Just fill in the Samanvaya form)

3. No mechanism to identify your mistakes

Even if you’ve taken multiple attempts you are bound to make some mistakes, much more for UPSC beginners. These are inevitable. And this makes it essential for you to put up a mechanism to find out and highlight those mistakes in your preparation on a regular basis.

Eg. Finished Modern History (or any subject), only to realize after a month that you don’t seem to remember a thing or solve a UPSC level MCQ. This realization that you’re doing it wrong should have come to you on the first or second day itself. You could’ve saved your precious time, efforts and attempt.

Discussing your approach with mentors is one of them. Don’t have a mentor? Yes, you have one at Civilsdaily. Fill in this Samanvaya form.

Civilsdaily’s Hall of Fame.

4. Inability to rectify your mistakes

Maybe due to inertia or ignorance or fear of change, most of the aspirants are not able to rectify their mistakes.

Eg. Even after finishing Laxmikant for Polity a couple of times you can’t understand why you are scoring miserably low marks in Polity pre-mocks. Or, not able to improve your mains answers.

Only those who are able to rectify their mistakes on a frequent basis are able to clear this exam. What issues with your preparation you feel are difficult to resolve? Fill Samanvaya and let us help you resolve them.

5. Integrate these learnings in your preparation

After you have developed the awareness of the mistakes and what should be done, you must integrate it asap with your preparation. The required unlearning and re-learning must take on a regular basis.

Eg. You were scoring less in answer writing and realized that it was due to either missing out on the demand of the question or not giving examples to support your arguments. Don’t stall the process of improvement. Do it asap.

Instead of regressing or stopping, you should always be moving forward, closing the loops of progress, and returning to the most effective path.

Whatever be the stage of your IAS exam preparation, these mistakes must be avoided at all costs and nipped-in-the-bud.

Samanvaya: FREE 1-ON-1 MENTORSHIP SESSION (click)

More than 10.5 lakh applied, but only 796 are going to clear UPSC IAS 2020. It is going to be much more challenging in 2021 and 2022.

It is not just about walking. It is about walking in the right direction. If you don’t have these above issues sorted you are bound to make more mistakes.

Fill the Samanvaya form given above to discuss your strategy and issues that you are facing.

Why mentorship?

See, broadly six factors determine your success in cracking this prestigious IAS exam and the most important being understanding the expectations of UPSC and according to that planning and strategizing; other being, Learning – Knowledge and information; Analyzing – making linkages, connections, etc.; Executing and utilizing information; and Constant course correction – because mistakes are inevitable, need to rectify them asap.

These are the areas where most of the aspirants fail to create a balance. Where are you facing an issue?

Integrate them in your preparation. We’ll tell you how to do it

To address the problems in your preparation, guidance and mentorship are the first steps. And here comes our three tiered mentorship.

CLICK HERE FOR A FREE 1-ON-1 MENTORSHIP SESSION: Samanvaya

Our 3 tier mentoring:

1. First step starts with this Samanvaya call: Once you fill in the form, our senior mentors will have a 1-to-1 detailed discussion (on-call) with you to understand your prep level, working/ study constraints, current strategies, and create a step by step plan for next week, next month and so on.

2. You are given access to our invite-only chat platform, Habitat where you can connect with mentors, ask your daily doubts, discuss your test-prep questions and have real-time live sessions on news and op-eds, and find your optional groups.

Daily target monitoring.

3. The third and the most personalized tier is the dedicated 1 on 1 mentor allotment who stays with you through the course of your UPSC preparation – always-on chat and on scheduled calls to help you assess, evaluate, and chart the next milestone of your IAS 2021/2022 journey.

Daily target monitoring on Habitat

Samanvaya: CLICK HERE FOR A FREE 1-ON-1 MENTORSHIP SESSION

Who are you?
1. Working Junta? If you are preparing for IAS 2021/2022 and working simultaneously, we can help you strategize and decipher the IAS exam and design a timetable that fits right in your hectic schedule.
2. First-time prep? If you are in the last year of college or thinking of dropping a year and preparing for IAS 2021/2022 full time, we’ll help you pick the right books and craft a practical & personal strategy.
3. Have appeared before? and weren’t successful. We’ll help you identify your mistakes, rectify them for the necessary course correction. Let this be your final and successful attempt.
You just have to take 5 minutes out and fill this form: Samanvaya For IAS 2021/2022

Talk to senior mentors from Civilsdaily: Fill Samanvaya form for IAS 2021 and IAS 2022. Once done, we will call you within 24 hours or so.

Fill up the following details in the Samanvaya form to schedule a free one-on-one mentorship session with senior mentors from Civilsdaily. We’ll call you within 24 hours.

Samanvaya: click here for a free 1-on-1 mentorship session
April 2, 2021
Abhyaas by Garima Jain: Answer writing skills development and practice for UPSC IAS Mains | Exclusive Habitat club – Enroll here
Click here to enroll in abhyaas

You will be directed to the Habitat club. Tag Garima ma’am using @ before Garima_Jain and introduce yourself. More details will be shared in the club.

What is Abhyaas by Garima Jain?

Abhyaas is a month-long mains answer writing program. Here you will learn answer writing skills and practice them daily with Garima ma’am.

https://youtu.be/J_ycLEdukh4

We’re going to work on the foundations and then move upwards to help you write amazing answers.

Program inclusion:
- Exclusive Habitat club membership
- 5 days a week Habitat session (twice a day)
- Detailed discussion, analysis, and explanation of three questions daily- 2 from current and 1 from static.
- Consolidated model answers with evaluation.
Duration:

30 days (5 days a week)

Course fee

1500 + GST = Rs 1770

Click here to enroll in abhyaas

Objectives of this program:
- Making answer writing simple and systematic.
- Bringing time management in answer writing.
- Content enrichment.
- Extensive discussion on each question ensuring a 360-degree coverage of topics for all stages of UPSC exam: Prelims, Mains, and Interviews.
Mode of discussion:

Habitat is a chat-based platform. Thus primarily discussions are going to be in the form of texts. However, mentors can use a combination of text, audio and video message.

How sessions are going to be held?

Daily two sessions are going to be held. Timings will be shared in the club.

In the first session, Garima ma’am will teach you the skills and techniques for answer writing. An engaging discussion will take place where every component of a UPSC answer will be isolated, understood and analyzed in its entirety. You will be writing answers on a daily basis under the guidance of Garima ma’am.

In the second session, Garima ma’am will help you all discuss, write and practice answer writing in a collaborative manner. It is going to be a peer driven and enriched discussion primarily.

How to join?

Click here to enroll in abhyaas

You will be directed to the Habitat club. Tag Garima ma’am using @ before Garima_Jain and introduce yourself. More details will be shared in the club.
April 2, 2021
IAS pre-2021 special| Stashed 2.0 by Poorti Garg- Memory techniques for UPSC IAS current affairs | Join Habitat club here
Enroll here in Stashed 2.0- Memory techniques for UPSC IAS prelims Current affairs

UPSC IAS exam is an information-loaded exam and there is no way out to memorizing things. The current affairs and the topics are vast. To cover and memorize them in essential for your success.

Stashed 2.0, the successor of Stashed program, will help you cover and memorize current affairs in an efficient manner.

What is Stashed 2.0?

Stashed 2.0 is a unique program to help you learn memory techniques and their application for covering and memorizing current affairs for UPSC IAS exam.

https://youtu.be/BKgUcElqgic

It will be conducted as a 10 days workshop on Habitat where you will be learning, discussing with Poorti ma’am and peers, and practicing these techniques.

You’ll also be covering important yet hard to memorize and complex topics in this program through memory techniques.

Enroll here in Stashed 2.0- Memory techniques for UPSC IAS prelims Current affairs

Program inclusion
- 10+ Memory techniques and their application for UPSC IAS exam
- 10 days Habitat workshop
- Video lectures
- Worksheet and notes (PDF)
- Membership to the exclusive Stashed club on Habitat
- Support and consultancy by Poorti ma’am
Course fee: Rs 1000 + GST= Rs 1180

Enroll here in Stashed 2.0- Memory techniques for UPSC IAS prelims Current affairs

Topics to be covered

International Relations
- Places in News
- International visits of Prime Minister Modi
- Exercises
- International agreements
- International organizations and reports
Environment
- Species in news
- Conservation areas- National Parks, etc.
- Laws, schemes and policies
- Conventions and Protocols
- Agreements
- Important organizations
Science and technology
- Important discoveries
- New technologies
- Defence- missiles, etc.
- Space missions, etc.
Economy
- Indices and Reports
- Important terms of Economic survey
- Budget
- Important trends, etc.
Polity
- Bills/ Acts/ Laws
- Policies and schemes
Geography
- Volcanoes and other geographical events
- Mountains, plateaus etc. in news
- Economic geography- crops, minerals, etc. in news
- Landlocked countries, etc. in news
Art and Culture
- Heritage sites in news
- Indian States Tableaux on Republic Day
- GI tags
- Important leaders in news, etc.
How to attend these workshops?

This program will start from 05th April 2021. It is a 10 days course-cum-workshop.

Video lecture by Poorti ma’am will be shared with you all before a session. These lectures will cover memory techniques and their application. You must watch them before every workshop.

Workshops are going to take place on Habitat, our chat-based learning platform. On Habitat, you are going to discuss the techniques and their application with Poorti ma’am. Habitat sessions are going to be a mix of text and audio messages.

You will also learn to apply the same techniques to topics other than those covered in the lecture.

Students are encouraged to bring their topics as well and discuss with peers and Poorti ma’am as how to memorize them quickly and effectively. You’ll be receiving worksheets which to be attempted and discussed in Habitat sessions.

Poorti ma’am is going to be there to guide and resolve all your doubts in the Habitat club.

How to access the course?

Enroll here in Stashed 2.0- Memory techniques for UPSC IAS prelims Current affairs
April 1, 2021

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