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Project RE-HAB
The forest authorities intend to mitigate human-elephant conflict by installing bee boxes along the periphery of the forest and the villages under the Project RE-HAB.

On similar lines, try this PYQ:

Q.The term ‘M-STrIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of:

(a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna

(b) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves

(c) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System

(d) Security of National Highways

Project RE-HAB
- Project RE-HAB stands for Reducing Elephant-Human Attacks using Bees. It is an initiative of the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).
- It intends to create “bee fences” to thwart elephant attacks in human habitations using honeybees.
- Bee boxes have been placed on the ground as well as hung from the trees.
- The boxes are connected with a string so that when elephants attempt to pass through, a tug causes the bees to swarm the elephant herds and dissuade them from progressing further.
- This idea stems from the elephants’ proven fear of the bees.
Areas covered by the project
- The pilot project was launched at four locations around Chelur village in the Kodagu district of Karnataka.
- These spots are located on the periphery of Nagarahole National Park and Tiger Reserve, known conflict zones.
Benefits offered
- The biggest advantage of Project RE-HAB is that it dissuades elephants without causing any harm to them.
- It is extremely cost-effective as compared to various other measures such as digging trenches or erecting fences.
March 18, 2021
State budgets belies the hopes of public-spending-led recovery
The article highlights the trends emerging from the State budgets which dashes the hopes of public-spending led economic recovery.

State-level budget trends
- Over the past few weeks, several state governments have presented their budgets for the financial year 2021-22.
- The states, put together, account for a larger share of general government spending than the Centre.
- States’ spending stance is pivotal to the hopes of a government spending-led economic recovery.
5 Broad trends from the state budgets
- The broad state-level budget trends are based on 11 states that account for a little over 60 per cent of India’s GDP.
1) Offsetting the additional spending by Centre
- There is a collapse in states’ revenues and transfers from the Centre.
- Along with it, there is a “reluctance” among some states to borrow more to spend.
- Thus, the aggregate level spending by these states in 2020-21 will end up being lower than what they had budgeted for before the onset of the pandemic.
- The revised estimates peg their total expenditure to decline by around 6 per cent in 2020-21 from their budget estimates.
- If these trends were to hold for the other states as well, then it would imply that the additional spending by the central government, over and above its budget estimate is likely to be offset by the decline in spending by states.
2) From revenue surplus to revenue deficit
- This year, states which typically run revenue surpluses will run revenue deficits.
- The collapse in revenues meant that states that usually borrow to finance capital expenditure have had to borrow to finance their recurring expenditure (revenue expenditure) as well.
- As a consequence, capital spending by states has been cut sharply.
- States, though, expect the situation to reverse in the coming fiscal year, with most projecting a return to revenue surpluses even as the Centre will continue to run revenue deficits.
- This anomaly is unlikely to be resolved unless the root cause of the situation — the nature of the fiscal compact between the Centre and the states — is addressed.
3) Reluctance by states to borrow
- The Centre had raised the ceiling on their market borrowings from 3 to 5 per cent of GSDP.
- Of this 2 percentage point increase in the borrowing limit, part was unconditional while the remaining was subject to fulfilling Centre-mandated reforms.
- As per ICRA’s estimate, 17 states qualified based on the One Nation One Ration Card reforms, 15 qualified based on the ease of doing business reforms, seven partially completed power sector reforms, while six had completed the urban local body reforms.
- But, it is only the low-income states of Bihar, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh with already stretched finances that seem to have availed the additional borrowing space.
- The high-income states of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka, all of whom had greater fiscal headroom going to the crisis, and were better placed to borrow more and spend, have not done so.
4) Aggressive fiscal consolidation
- As is the case with the Centre, states have, remarkably, budgeted for aggressive fiscal consolidation next year.
- The average fiscal deficit across these states is expected to fall by more than 1 percentage point of GSDP, more than twice the decline recommended by the 15th finance commission.
5) Ambitious revenue assumptions
- The aggressive consolidation next year is expected to be achieved not by expenditure compression, as is the case with the Centre, but by significant revenue enhancement.
- However, some revenue assumptions are quite ambitious, to say the least — some states have pegged their GST and VAT collections to grow far in excess of 30 per cent in 2021-22.
- A deterioration in fiscal marksmanship will mean that expenditure in the coming fiscal year will also end up being lower than what has been budgeted for.
Consider the question “The pandemic has upended the States’ fiscal space, which is evident in their budgets. In light of this, examine the trends emerging from the budgets of the States and their implications for the economy.”

Conclusion

Subdued general government spending during these tumultuous years heightens the risks to economic recovery. Considering the possibility of the economy exiting from this period with lower medium-term growth prospects, there is a strong case for greater government spending during these years.
March 18, 2021
18th March 2021 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

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March 18, 2021
18th March 2021| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement

Important Announcement: Topics to be covered on 19th March-

GS-1 The Freedom Struggle.

GS-4 Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders.

Question 1)

Explain the reasons as to why some of the major hot deserts of the world are located on the western margins of the continents? 10 marks

Question 2)

Misuse of power and political interference has been the most important issues plaguing the police in India. In light of this, examine the state of the police reforms and reasons for the delay in carrying out the police reforms. 10 Marks

Question 3)

The hopes of public-spending-led recovery in the aftermath of covid pandemic could be dashed by fiscal constraints faced by the States. What are the constraints faced by the states. 10 marks

Question 4)

Are white lies ethically justified? Using examples debate on the concept of white lies. 10 marks

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March 18, 2021
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Yes I want Mentorship

How are we going to approach UPSC IAS 2022?

Broadly, six factors determine your success in cracking this prestigious IAS exam. The most important being understanding the expectations of UPSC; according to that planning and strategizing; then Learning – Knowledge and information; Analyzing – making linkages, connections, etc.; Executing and utilizing information; and Constant course correction – because mistakes are inevitable, need to rectify them asap.

Through our mentorship-driven and personalized approach, we’re hell-bent on simplifying things for you. Hence, we have come up with a plan that you will instantly connect with you and give you a vibe that yes you can do it!

1. Integrated Approach

Preparation for Prelims and Mains is harmonized. You study a subject, attempt prelims tests and then attempt mains tests for the same. This leads to a solid preparation.

Many institutes our there will not able to present an integrated approach. They offer separate timetables for prelims and mains confusing the students further. That’s not the case with us!

2. Simplified Approach

Our Time-table is the easiest to remember and follow. All test prelims, mains, and Samachar Manthan will be held on the weekend.
- Prelims Tests are held on the 1st and 3rd Saturday of every month.
- Monthly Current Affairs Tests are held on the last Saturday of every month.
- Mains Tests are held on the 1st and 3rd Sunday of every month after the subject is complete.
- Essay Tests are held on the 2nd Sunday of every month.
3. Priority-wise Coverage of subjects

We are starting with the most important subjects from the exam perspective first. These are very predictable + have a very high return on investment. They need to be mastered if one has to have a shot at the exam. Polity, Modern History, and Economics. The lower priority ones follow afterward.

4. Logical Division of Topics

Subjects have been divided into topics that logically fit together. Eg. for Polity we ask you to prepare in 2 parts – first, till Central Government and second, from State Government and beyond. This division is not ad-hoc and does not break the flow of your studies.

5. Base and Advanced Sources

We have divided the sources into 2 parts, Base Sources, and Advanced Sources. Base sources are those which you have to master. You should come to advanced sources only when you are thorough with the Base Sources.

All this under the guidance of a dedicated mentor who will oversee your progress, help you strategies your preparation, plan it and make it measurable, help you analyze and evaluate your preparation; and introduce strategic interventions wherever and whenever required.

schedule a FREE 1-ON-1 MENTORSHIP discussion SESSION: Samanvaya

Get enrolled in Foundation 2022 (click here)

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Should you have any queries or want to have a discussion with a mentor please mention this course and write to hello@civilsdaily.com or reach out to us at 8929987787.

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March 18, 2021
India should abandon its suspicion of digital currency
The article discusses the advantages of central bank digital currency which could combine the advantages of both fiat money and cryptocurrency.

India’s suspicion of the cryptocurrencies
- In 2018, the Reserve Bank of India prohibited regulated entities from providing services to anyone who deals with or settles trades in any virtual currency.
- This was effectively banning Bitcoin trading in the country.
- The Supreme Court lifted this restriction in 2020.
- There were rumours earlier this year that a new law was in the works that would make it a crime to possess, issue, mine, trade or transfer crypto assets in India.
Thinking of digital currencies as asset not currency
- There are concerns over the speculative nature of cryptocurrencies.
- There are also law enforcement concerns around how digital currencies make it hard for the police to track down criminals.
- One of the most important attributes of a currency is that it should be a stable store of value, and Bitcoin is anything but.
- To deal with this difficulty, it will be helpful to think of digital currencies as just another asset—the digital equivalent of a scarce commodity that, like gold, certain collectors prize.
Difference between working of banks and cryptocurrencies
- Our financial system relies on banks to record transactions.
- It is a ‘permissioned’ ledger system in that only trusted intermediaries-registered banks under the supervision of the central bank-can make changes to the ledgers to certify that a given transaction has been completed.
- Cryptocurrencies, on the other hand, are ‘permissionless’ systems that need no intermediary.
- Instead of a centralized ledger, transactions are recorded on a distributed database.
- A purely permissionless system has no need of banks.
Role of banks in maintaining financial health
- Central banks are not just intermediaries managing the great big financial ledger of the country, they are responsible for its financial health.
- To perform this function, they need to be able to take money out of the system when required or put money back into economic circulation.
- None of this is possible in a purely permissionless system.
Advantages of digitally native currencies
- Digitally native currencies are programmable and capable of being incorporated into smart contracts, offering various opportunities for innovative digital solutions.
- Since they can be directly allotted to citizens who don’t have a bank account, they are ideal for financial inclusion.
- Being digitally auditable, transactions can be audited, reducing the scope for illicit activity.
- The challenge is one of integrating the best that digital currencies have to offer into the traditional financial paradigm.
Central bank digital currencies as an alternative
- CBDCs are a completely re-engineered form of money that use a distributed ledger as their underlying technology layer, but are backed by suitable amounts of monetary reserves, just like normal fiat currency.
- Many countries have been toying with the idea of a central bank digital currency (CBDC).
- They are run by central banks along with select financial entities responsible for managing the distributed ledger.
- The best CBDCs will converge the best of both worlds—the programability and security of cryptocurrencies and the reserve-backed stability of fiat currency.
- Several countries are already testing this concept.
How central bank digital currency differs from cryptocurrency? What are its advantages?”

Conclusion

Banning technology has never made it go away. Instead, let’s make an effort to better understand it, and having done so, do all we can to create the digital currency our country needs.
March 17, 2021
(Reminder) Revealed with with Zeeshan sir 6:30 pm, and Memory techniques bootcamp with Poorti ma’am 9 pm (Link inside)
Zeeshan sir and Poorti ma’am will be live on Habitat for free sessions on Habitat. You don’t want to miss out on these sessions.

Score Boosting Session with Zeeshan sir

Time: 6:30 pm; Venue: Habitat- General club (Click here for link)

Memory techniques with Poorti ma’am

Time: 9:00 pm; Venue: Habitat- General club (Click here for link)

https://youtu.be/-MgydTCBCkY

Prelims is around the corner and Zeeshan sir is back with his signature sessions on Score Boosting and Tikdams for UPSC IAS prelims exam. These techniques can boost your score by 30 marks. Join Zeeshan sir at 6:30 pm.

https://youtu.be/wJJUVdTPdJE

Poorti, ma’am with her memory technique for UPSC IAS preparation will be taking mini Bootcamp sessions on Habitat. Since in this information-loaded exam memorizing things is a necessity Poorti ma’am will make it effortless for you. Learn the techniques.

Join Poorti ma’am at 9 pm

Instructions for joining Habitat
1. Click here for Habitat
2. If you haven’t registered already, click on ‘Register a new account’ and enter your details.
3. Choose a username.
4. That is it. Welcome to Habitat.
For access through the Mobile app:
1. Install the Mobile application (click here) from your Appstore.
2. Use the same email id and password as you used above.
March 17, 2021
17th March 2021| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement

Important Announcement: Topics to be covered on 18th March-

GS-1 Salient features of world’s physical geography.

GS-4 Ethics in private and public relationships.

Question 1)

Land reforms included structural and institutional changes in the ownership pattern, land tenure system, modernization of agricultural operations and changes in the supportive institutions at the level of the village community. Comment . 10 marks

Question 2)

The National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Bill, 2021 seeks to give effect to the Supreme Courts judgement in 2018. Do you think that the proposed bill will succeed in avoiding the conflict between Lt. Governor and the elected government. 10 marks

Question 3)

What is Artificial Intelligence? Explain the ways in which it could help human beings? What are the issues associated with it? 10 marks

Question 4)

Virtue is a state that lies between two vices, one of excess and the other of deficiency. State your opinion. 10 marks

home

Reviews will be provided in a week. (In the order of submission- First come first serve basis). In case the answer is submitted late the review period may get extended to two weeks.

*In case your answer is not reviewed in a week, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. If Parth Sir’s tag is available then tag him.

For the philosophy of AWE and payment, check here: Click2Join

March 17, 2021
A robust economic relationship between India and U.S.
The article outlines the potential for India-U.S. collaboration in certain ares of trade which will bring many gains.

India-U.S. bilateral trade
- In the five years to 2019, bilateral trade grew at a CAGR of 7.7% per year to $146 billion.
- If we assume the same rate of growth, the $500 billion target will be achieved by 2036.
- To ensure this, the CAGR would need to be set at 11.9%.
- This is doable if the right policy actions are taken.
Areas of collaboration

1) Healthcare exchanges
- A collaborative response to the pandemic would contribute to global containment of the virus.
- Business partnerships are already taking place in the supply chain.
- As India becomes the hub of global vaccine distribution, building confidence in the Indian IPR regime, reviving the U.S.-India Health Dialogue, and mutually recognising standards and approvals will help drive healthcare exchanges.
2) Improving the macro trade architecture
- The macro trade architecture can be strengthened with a broad trade agreement focusing on resolving the low-hanging fruit.
- The U.S.-India Trade Policy Forum meetings can be revived along with a cross-sector track-2 group to look at convergence on issues such as market access.
- There is potential for flexibility from both sides for restoring the Generalised System of Preferences.
- The two countries should consider initiating discussions on a free trade agreement.
3) Trade in services
- Recent regulations in the U.S. have impacted labour mobility which can be addressed through immigration reforms for employment-based visa backlogs and smooth and timely processes.
- The MoU on labour cooperation signed in 2011 could be updated in line with India’s recent labour regulatory changes.
- This may also be a good time to reconsider a totalisation agreement pertaining to social security, given that both have already entered into such agreements with many of the same partner countries.
4) Defence industry ties
- Defence industry ties can be stepped up in coordination with industry.
- A defence dialogue including the private sectors of both sides could help in co-production and co-development in the defence and aerospace sectors.
5) Stepping up engagement of SMEs
- Five, engagement of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can be stepped up.
- Smaller U.S. companies can find significant new opportunities for investments in India and sourcing from India.
- A U.S.-India SME CEOs Forum can be set up to catalyse such partnerships.
6) Clean energy and climate change
- The U.S.-India Strategic Energy Partnership should be geared towards joint investments in industrial decarbonisation, carbon dioxide removal and green hydrogen.
- The programmes of Partnership to Advance Clean Energy Research, Partnership to Advance Clean Energy Deployment and Promoting Energy Access through Clean Energy must be relaunched.
7) Digital economy partnership
- India has proved its ability in this space with new opportunities opening up in robotics, space, AI and electric vehicles.
- It is also important to disseminate information on India’s IPR regime improvements and work towards taking India off the U.S. Trade Representative IPR priority watchlist.
8) Other areas
- Other opportunities in the bilateral economic relationship include education, innovation and R&D, and agricultural trade and technology.
Conclusion

A closer economic partnership would bring gains to both sides in terms of GDP, employment, and productivity, given the complementary natures of their economies.
March 17, 2021
Responsible and ethical AI
The article highlights the challenges and opportunities offered by the Artificial Intelligence and suggests the ways to deal with them.

AI as a part of our life
- AI is embedded in the recommendations we get on our favourite streaming or shopping site; in GPS mapping technology; in the predictive text that completes our sentences when we try to send an email or complete a web search.
- And the more we use AI, the more data we generate, the smarter it gets.
- In just the last decade, AI has evolved with unprecedented velocity.
How AI could help us
- AI has helped increase crop yields, raised business productivity, improved access to credit and made cancer detection faster and more precise.
- It could contribute more than $15 trillion to the world economy by 2030, adding 14% to global GDP.
- Google has identified over 2,600 use cases of “AI for good” worldwide.
- A study published in Nature reviewing the impact of AI on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) finds that AI may act as an enabler on 134 of all SDG targets.
Concerns with AI
- Yet, the study in Nature also finds that AI can actively hinder 59 — or 35% — of SDG targets.
- AI requires massive computational capacity, which means more power-hungry data centres — and a big carbon footprint.
- AI could compound digital exclusion.
- Many desk jobs will be edged out by AI, such as accountants, financial traders and middle managers.
- Without clear policies on reskilling workers, the promise of new opportunities will in fact create serious new inequalities.
- Investment is likely to shift to countries where AI-related work is already established widening gaps among and within countries.
- AI also presents serious data privacy concerns.
- We shape the algorithms and it is our data AI operate on.
- In 2016, it took less than a day for Microsoft’s Twitter chatbot, “Tay”, to start spewing egregious racist content, based on the material it encountered.
Way forward
- Without ethical guard rails, AI will widen social and economic schisms, amplifying any innate biases.
- Only a “whole of society” approach to AI governance will enable us to develop broad-based ethical principles, cultures and codes of conduct.
- Given the global reach of AI, such a “whole of society” approach must rest on a “whole of world” approach.
- The UN Secretary-General’s Roadmap on Digital Cooperation is a good starting point.
- This approach lays out the need for multi-stakeholder efforts on global cooperation.
- UNESCO has developed a global, comprehensive standard-setting draft Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence to Member States for deliberation and adoption.
- Many countries, including India, are cognisant of the opportunities and the risks, and are striving to strike the right balance between AI promotion and AI governance.
- NITI Aayog’s Responsible AI for All strategy, the culmination of a year-long consultative process, is a case in point.
Consider the question “What are the ways in which Artificial Intelligence in helping humanity? What are the concerns with the promotion and the governance of AI?”

Conclusion

Chellenging part starts where principles meet reality that the ethical issues and conundrums arise in practice, and for which we must be prepared for deep, difficult, multi-stakeholder ethical reflection, analyses and resolve. Only then will AI provide humanity its full promise.
March 17, 2021

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