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How the DeepSeek-R1 AI model was taught to teach itself to reason

Introduction Reasoning, the ability to reflect, verify, self-correct, and adapt, has historically been considered uniquely human. From mathematics to moral decision-making, reasoning shapes every facet of human civilisation. Large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 have shown glimpses of reasoning, but these were achieved with human-provided examples, introducing cost, bias, and limits. In September 2024, researchers… Continue reading How the DeepSeek-R1 AI model was taught to teach itself to reason

Should India overlook boundary issues while normalizing ties with China?

Introduction The India-China relationship has historically oscillated between cautious cooperation and sharp confrontation. The latest Modi–Xi meeting on the sidelines of the SCO Summit reopened bilateral trade, air connectivity, and emphasised peace at the border. Yet, the memory of the 2020 Galwan clashes looms large. At stake is the central question: Can India afford to… Continue reading Should India overlook boundary issues while normalizing ties with China?

7 Natural Heritage Sites from India added to UNESCO’s Tentative List

Why in the News? Seven natural heritage sites from India were added to UNESCO’s Tentative List of World Heritage Sites, raising India’s tally from 62 to 69 places. About the 7 newly added UNESCO Tentative List Sites: Site Detailed Facts Deccan Traps (Panchgani & Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra) • One of the world’s largest volcanic provinces (~66… Continue reading 7 Natural Heritage Sites from India added to UNESCO’s Tentative List

[2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] What are Tsunamis? How and where are they formed? What are their consequences? Explain with examples. (10 Marks)

The word Tsunami comes from Japanese — tsu (harbor) and nami (wave). It is a series of large ocean waves caused by sudden displacement of a large volume of water. Key Characteristics of Tsunamis Causes of Tsunami Generation: Where They Form: Consequences of Tsunamis While tsunamis cannot be prevented, their catastrophic impact can be minimized… Continue reading [2025 GS1 UPSC MAINS] What are Tsunamis? How and where are they formed? What are their consequences? Explain with examples. (10 Marks)

Highlights of the Global Innovation Index, 2025

Why in the News? The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has released the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2025. About the Global Innovation Index (GII): Overview: Annual ranking of 139 economies by their innovation capacity and success. Publishers: Jointly by Cornell University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Origin: First published in 2007. Indicators:… Continue reading Highlights of the Global Innovation Index, 2025

Sirarakhong Hathei Chilli Festival

Why in the News? The 14th Sirarakhong Hathei Chilli Festival was inaugurated in Manipur. About Sirarakhong Hathei Chilli Festival: Overview: An annual agricultural and cultural festival celebrated in Sirarakhong village, Ukhrul district, Manipur. Origin: Began in 2010 to promote the Hathei chilli and its farming traditions. Focus: Highlights the Geographical Indication (GI)-tagged Hathei chilli, which… Continue reading Sirarakhong Hathei Chilli Festival

What is PM MITRA Park?

Why in the News? Prime Minister recently laid the foundation stone for India’s first PM MITRA (Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel) Park in Dhar, Madhya Pradesh. About PM MITRA Scheme: Overview: Introduced by the Ministry of Textiles in 2021, the scheme aims to strengthen India’s textile sector by creating 7 world-class integrated parks. Concept:… Continue reading What is PM MITRA Park?

[18th September 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: A judicial nudge following stuck legislative business

PYQ Relevance: UPSC 2022: Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. Linkage: The recent Supreme Court directive fixing a timeline for Governors under Article 200 directly relates to the constitutional limits on gubernatorial… Continue reading [18th September 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: A judicial nudge following stuck legislative business

Let Griger counters, not guesses, shape Iran Actions

Introduction The nuclear question has once again moved to the forefront of global geopolitics. Following the U.S. strikes on Iran’s underground nuclear site at Fordow in June 2025, the E3 (Britain, France, Germany) invoked the “snapback” clause of the 2015 nuclear deal, citing Iranian violations. If diplomacy falters, UN sanctions on enrichment, arms transfers, finance,… Continue reading Let Griger counters, not guesses, shape Iran Actions

Govt to push Geothermal Pilots under New Policy

Why in the News? The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) has launched its first National Policy on Geothermal Energy, aiming to create a regulatory and developmental framework for tapping geothermal resources. India’s Geothermal Policy, 2025: Key Highlights Launch: India’s first National Policy on Geothermal Energy was officially notified in September 2025 by the… Continue reading Govt to push Geothermal Pilots under New Policy

Launch of Bima Sugam Portal

Why in the News? Bima Sugam, envisioned as the world’s largest online marketplace for insurance, was officially launched by the Bima Sugam India Federation (BSIF) at the IRDAI headquarters in Hyderabad. What is Bima Sugam? Overview: World’s largest unified digital marketplace for insurance products and services, initiated by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of… Continue reading Launch of Bima Sugam Portal

WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies

Why in the News? The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies has entered into force on 15 September 2025, three years after adoption in June 2022. What is the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies? Nature: First WTO treaty centred on environmental sustainability, designed to reduce harmful subsidies that drive illegal, unreported, and unregulated… Continue reading WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies

In news: Almatti Dam

Why in the News? Karnataka govt. has approved Upper Krishna Project Phase-III to raise Almatti dam height, while Maharashtra warned of moving the Supreme Court against it. Why is Maharashtra opposing it? Fears submergence of villages and agricultural land in its territory if water levels rise further. Worries about reduced water availability downstream, affecting its… Continue reading In news: Almatti Dam

In news: Malabar Revolt (1921)

Why in the News? This newscard is an excerpt from the original articles published in The Hindu. About the Malabar Revolt: Nature: Also known as the Moplah or Mappila Rebellion, it was a major uprising in the Malabar region of Kerala. Causes: Exploitative land tenure policies and high rents on tenant farmers. Lack of tenure… Continue reading In news: Malabar Revolt (1921)

Ant Queens giving birth to different species

Why in the News? A groundbreaking study published in Nature (2025) has revealed that Messor ibericus, a Mediterranean harvester ant species, can produce male offspring of a completely different species, Messor structor. About the Specie Messor ibericus: Overview: A Mediterranean harvester ant, widely distributed across Southern Europe, known for its grain-harvesting behaviour and large colonies.… Continue reading Ant Queens giving birth to different species

Upgradation of Army Radars

Why in the News? After Operation Sindoor and Pakistani drone incursions, the Army is upgrading air defence with advanced radars to counter low-RCS (radar cross-section) drones and other aerial threats along northern and western borders. What are Radars? About: Radar stands for Radio Detection and Ranging; it uses radio waves to locate, track, and measure… Continue reading Upgradation of Army Radars

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