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What are Optical Atomic Clocks?

Why in the News? Researchers conducted the most precise global comparison of 10 Optical Atomic Clocks to pave the way for redefining the second by 2030, replacing Caesium Clocks with more accurate Optical ones. Definition of a Second: The current SI unit of time is based on caesium-133 (Cs) atomic clocks. In 1967, one second… Continue reading

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Why in the News? The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) negotiations are facing a credibility crisis, as years of underperformance, weak accountability, and neglect of developing countries’ concerns have created growing frustration. About the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): Overview: The UNFCCC is an international treaty adopted at the 1992 Rio… Continue reading

Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAM)

Why in the News? BRICS group has condemned and rejected the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and other similar climate-linked trade measures. What Is the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)? Overview: It is a climate-related import duty imposed by the European Union on goods whose production involves higher carbon emissions than what is… Continue reading

Revamping Logistics : What’s Holding Back India’s Story ?

N4S: Big on plans, slow in delivery—India’s logistics is at crossroads.The UPSC often uses large themes like inclusive growth or economic competitiveness to ask specific questions where aspirants must connect the dots. The 2021 question—“Investment in infrastructure is essential for inclusive growth”—is a classic example. Here, aspirants struggle because they either write only about roads… Continue reading

High Security Registration Plates (HSRPs)

Why in the News? Maharashtra’s transport department has now made HSRP number plate mandatory with a final deadline set for 15 August. What is a High-Security Registration Plate (HSRP)? About: It is a standardised, tamper-proof vehicle number plate mandated for all vehicles in India. Launch: It was officially introduced in 2001 under Rule 50 of… Continue reading

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[9th July 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The dark signs of restricted or selective franchise

PYQ Relevance: [UPSC 2024] Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggest ed by various committees with particular reference to “one na tion-one election” principle. Linkage: The article talks about the “Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in Bihar,” initiated on June 24, 2025, after a gap of over 20 years. This SIR is… Continue reading

Beyond Symbolism: Did Operation Sindoor Truly Validate Indigenous Defence?

N4S: This article shows how indigenous tech in Operation Sindoor helped neutralise threats while signalling India’s growing self-reliance. Using the operation as an anchor, it analyses the full supply chain, key reforms since Independence, systemic challenges, and what India must do next to become a defence manufacturing powerhouse. UPSC usually doesn’t ask straight questions like… Continue reading

Quick fix: On India’s Research Development and Innovation scheme

Why in the News? The Union Cabinet has recently approved a ₹1-lakh crore Research Development and Innovation (RDI) scheme to encourage private companies to invest more in basic scientific research. What are the aims and design of the ₹1-lakh crore RDI scheme? Promote Private Investment in Basic Research: The scheme aims to shift the R&D… Continue reading

Looking inward: Reservation in Supreme Court

Why in the News? Recently, for the first time ever, the Supreme Court of India has introduced a reservation policy for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in hiring and promoting its non-judicial staff, such as assistants and attendants. What is the importance of the Supreme Court’s internal reservation policy? Bridges the Gap Between… Continue reading

PARAKH Survey reveals deficits in Student Learning

Why in the News? The Ministry of Education recently released the PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan (RS) Report, an extensive nationwide student performance assessment for Grades 3, 6, and 9. About PARAKH: Full Form: PARAKH stands for Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development. Establishment: It was established in 2023 as an autonomous institution… Continue reading

Rare Great Hornbill sighted in Kerala

Why in the News? The Great Hornbill (Malamuzhakki Vezhambal)—Kerala’s State bird and a symbol of forest biodiversity—was spotted far outside its usual habitat. About the Great Hornbill (Malamuzhakki Vezhambal) Overview: The Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) is the largest hornbill species found in India. Attributes: It is known for its striking yellow casque on the upper… Continue reading

Quad Critical Minerals Initiative

Why in the News? The Quad has launched the “Quad Critical Minerals Initiative” to secure critical mineral supplies, addressing concerns over China’s price manipulation and coercive practices. What is the Quad Critical Minerals Initiative? Launch: The Quad Critical Minerals Initiative was launched during the second Quad Foreign Ministers’ Meeting held in Washington, DC. Participants: The… Continue reading

RECLAIM Framework for Inclusive Mine Closure

Why in the News? The Ministry of Coal has launched RECLAIM Framework— A Community Engagement and Development Framework for Mine Closure and Repurposing. About the RECLAIM Framework: Launch: The Ministry of Coal has launched the RECLAIM framework to guide inclusive and sustainable coal mine closures in India. Developed By: The framework was developed by the… Continue reading

125th Birth Anniversary of Syama Prasad Mookerjee

Why in the News? Prime Minister Modi has paid respectful tributes to eminent thinker and educationist Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee on his 125th birth anniversary. About Syama Prasad Mookerjee (1901-1953): Early life: He was born on July 6, 1901, in Kolkata, West Bengal. Academics: He studied at Presidency College and the University of Calcutta, where… Continue reading

Vera C Rubin Observatory

Why in the News? The Vera C. Rubin Observatory has recently begun a 10-year project to study dark matter and dark energy using a 3,200-megapixel camera (of the Simonyi Survey Telescope) from its site in the Chilean Andes. About Vera C. Rubin Observatory: Location: The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is situated on Cerro Pachón in… Continue reading

Indonesia’s Mount Lewotobi erupts

Why in the News? Mount Lewotobi Laki Laki in eastern Indonesia has erupted violently, spreading ash up to 18 kilometers into the sky. About Mount Lewotobi: Key Features Overview: Mount Lewotobi is a twin volcano located in East Nusa Tenggara province, consisting of Lewotobi Laki Laki (“Male”) and Lewotobi Perempuan (“Female”). Elevation and Activity: Lewotobi… Continue reading

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