The India Meteorological Department’s (IMD) Doppler Radar in Mumbai, which surveys weather patterns and forecasts, stopped working after heavy rainfalls.
How does a Doppler radar work?
In radars, a beam of energy– called radio waves– is emitted from an antenna.
When this beam strikes an object in the atmosphere, the energy scatters in all directions, with some reflecting directly back to the radar.
The larger the object deflecting the beam, the greater is the amount of energy that the radar receives in return.
Observing the time required for the beam to be transmitted and returned to the radar allows weather forecasting departments to “see” raindrops in the atmosphere, and measure their distance from the radar.
What makes a Doppler radar special?
It can provide information on both the position of targets as well as their movement.
It does this by tracking the ‘phase’ of transmitted radio wave pulses; phase meaning the shape, position, and form of those pulses.
As computers measure the shift in phase between the original pulse and the received echo, the movement of raindrops can be calculated.
Thus it is possible to tell whether the precipitation is moving toward or away from the radar.
Types of Doppler radar
In India, Doppler radars of varying frequencies — S-band, C-band and X-band — are commonly used.
They help track the movement of weather systems and cloud bands and gauge rainfall over its coverage area of about 500 km.
The radars guide meteorologists, particularly in times of extreme weather events like cyclones and associated heavy rainfall.
An X-band radar is used to detect thunderstorms and lightning whereas C-band guides in cyclone tracking.
Why are they called ‘Doppler’ radars?
The phase shift in these radars works on the same lines as the “Doppler effect” observed in sound waves.
It tells that the sound pitch of an object approaching the observer is higher due to the compression of sound waves (a change in their phase).
As this object moves away from the observer, the sound waves stretch, resulting in lower frequency.
This effect explains why an approaching train’s whistle sounds louder than the whistle when the train moves away.
The discovery of the phenomenon is attributed to Christian Doppler, a 19th-century Austrian physicist.
HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?
Daily 4 questions from General studies 1, 2, 3, and 4 will be provided to you.
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Recently, the government of Uttar Pradesh released a “Population Policy” in which it stated its intention to bring the gross fertility rate in the State down from the existing 2.7 to 2.1 by 2026.
Provisions in the Bill
This draft law, titled the Uttar Pradesh Population (Control, Stabilisation and Welfare) Bill, 2021, seeks to provide a series of incentives to families that adhere to a two-child norm.
The Bill also intends on disentitling families that breach the norm from benefits and subsidies.
It promises public servants who undergo sterilisation and adopt a two-child norm several benefits.
The draft Bill also contains a list of punishments.
A person who breaches the two-child norm will be debarred from securing the benefit of any government-sponsored welfare scheme and will be disqualified from applying to any State government job.
Existing government employees who infringe the rule will be denied the benefit of promotion.
Transgressing individuals will be prohibited from contesting elections to local authorities and bodies.
Issues with coercive population control policies
1) Counter-productive measure
Through an affidavit filed in court, the central government argued that “international experience shows that any coercion to have a certain number of children is counter-productive and leads to demographic distortions”.
2) Against international obligations
India is committed to its obligations under international law, including the principles contained in the International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action, 1994.
Foremost in those principles was a pledge from nations that they would look beyond demographic targets and focus instead on guaranteeing a right to reproductive freedom.
3) Against right to reproductive freedom and privacy
In Suchita Srivastava & Anr vs Chandigarh Administration (2009), the Court found that a woman’s freedom to make reproductive decisions is an integral facet of the right to personal liberty guaranteed by Article 21.
This ruling was endorsed by the Supreme Court’s nine-judge Bench verdict in K.S. Puttaswamy vs Union of India (2017).
A reading of the plurality of opinions there shows us that the Constitution sees a person’s autonomy over her body as an extension of the right to privacy.
A simple reading of U.P.’s draft law will show us that, if enacted, it will grossly impinge on the right to reproductive freedom.
However, In Javed & Ors vs State of Haryana & Ors (2003), the Court upheld a law that disqualified persons with more than two children from contesting in local body elections.
But the present UP Bill is far more disproportionate, therefore, the judgment in Javed can no longer be seen as good law.
The UP government will likely argue that there is no violation of privacy here because any decision on sterilisation would be voluntary.
But, as we ought to by now know, making welfare conditional is a hallmark of coercion.
Therefore, the proposed law will fall foul of a proportionality analysis.
4) Negative consequences
An already skewed sex ratio may be compounded by families aborting a daughter in the hope of having a son with a view to conforming to the two-child norm.
The law could also lead to a proliferation in sterilisation camps, a practice that the Supreme Court has previously deprecated.
In Devika Biswas vs Union of India (2016), the Court pointed to how these camps invariably have a disparate impact on minorities and other vulnerable groups.
Way forward
Experiences from other States in India show us that there are more efficacious and alternative measures available to control the growth of population, including processes aimed at improving public health and access to education.
Conclusion
For one thing, the reasoning of the Bill goes against the Puttaswamy case. But as rousing as the nine-judge Bench verdict is, its legacy depends on how its findings are applied.
Top Features of Super- 25 group 1. 32 tests to cover the whole syllabus 2. Subject wise specific Critical input aimed at prelims-2021 3. Mentor Calls from Santosh sir twice a week (before and after test) 4. Weekly 2 Zoom meetings for discussions and Important topics discussion 5. Individual Personal attention by Santosh sir 6. Daily Monitoring of weekly targets 7. 360 Degree approach to learning Current Affairs of one year 8. Learn 3 fold approach of attempting prelims questions Results of Super-20 held last year gave result output of 60% i. e. 12 out of 20 students mentored by Santosh Sir qualified prelims-2020.
Reconquer batch-2 features: 1.32 Tests for prelims-2021 for fast forward revision and practice 2.Overall mentorship by Santosh Gupta sir 3.Current affairs Magazine by CivilsDaily of one year 4. Weekly 2 zoom meetings with me for Monitoring progress 5. Score boosting videos
Mock Interviews at Civilsdaily form a crucial part of UPSC interview preparation. The quality and diversity of the panel help prepare an aspirant for the actual interview at UPSC.
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DAF questionnaire
Detailed Application Form (DAF) is one of the most important documents that you might have filled for UPSC interviews. A major part of the interview will revolve around the information and details provided in the DAF. It is more than your CV.
Your ability to defend your DAF before the panel is going to decide your success. Anticipating and preparing for the questions based on your DAF is an essential part of the interview preparation.
