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  • Orunudoi Scheme

    Ahead of the Assam Assembly elections, the Orunudoi scheme, with women as its primary target group, is the most popular.

    There can be confusion from the name of the scheme.

    Orunudoi Scheme

    • Through Orunodoi — announced in the 2020-21 Budget — monthly assistance of Rs 830 is transferred to women members of marginalised families of Assam.
    • On account of being a DBT, or a Direct Benefit Transfer scheme, the money is credited directly to the bank account of the woman head of a family because they are primary caretakers of the household.
    • The scheme gives a choice to the poor and needy households on how they want to spend their money.

    Eligibility criteria

    • The applicant, a woman, has to be a permanent resident of Assam, whose composite household income should be less than Rs 2 lakh per annum.
    • Families with specially-abled members and divorced/widowed/separated /unmarried women are prioritized.
    • Poorer families, those without the National Food Security Act (NFSA) or ration cards, are also given priority.

  • ACT-Accelerator Coalition

    ACT-Accelerator, a global coalition formed in April 2020 to fight the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is facing a severe fund crunch to meet its goals for 2020-21.

    ACT-Accelerator

    • The Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT Accelerator) is a G20 initiative announced on 24 April 2020.
    • A call to action was published simultaneously by the World Health Organization (WHO).
    • The ACT Accelerator is a cross-discipline support structure to enable partners to share resources and knowledge.
    • It comprises four pillars, each managed by two to three collaborating partners:
    1. Vaccines (also called “COVAX”)
    2. Diagnostics
    3. Therapeutics
    4. Health Systems Connector
    • India is an active donor in this alliance.

    Try this PYQ based on a global coalition:

    Q.Consider the following statements:

    1. Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to Reduce Short Lived Climate Pollutants is a unique initiative of G20 group of countries.
    2. The CCAC focuses on methane, black carbon and Hydrofluorocarbons.

    Which of the above statements is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • [pib] Multi-Layer Farming

    ICAR is undertaking location-specific multi-layer farming involving crops of different heights.

    Multi-Layer Farming

    • Multi-layer farming means growing and cultivating compatible plants of different heights on the same field and at the same time.
    • It is generally practised in orchards and plantation crops for the utmost use of solar energy even under high planting density.
    • It is mostly cash crop-based and it includes a combination of vegetables and fruits that can be grown together.

    How it is done?

    • In Multi-layer farming, the crops are grown at different heights on the same land.
    • This farming cannot be done in open fields as shade is required. It is one type of intercropping.
    • Growing plants of different height in the same field at the same time is termed Multi-layer cropping. It is generally practised in orchards and plantation crops for maximum use of solar energy even under high planting density. It is the practice of several crops of varying heights, rooting pattern and duration to cultivate together.
    • The objective is to utilize vertical space more effectively.
    • In this, the tallest components have foliage of strong light and high evaporative demand and shorter components with foliage requiring shade and high humidity.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.What are the advantages of fertigation in agriculture?

    1.Controlling the alkalinity of irrigation water is possible.
    2. Efficient application of Rock Phosphate and all other phosphatic fertilizers is possible.
    3. Increased availability of nutrients to plants is possible.
    4. Reduction in the leaching of chemical nutrients is possible.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 3 only

    (b) 1,2 and 4 only

    (c) 1,3 and 4 only

    (d) 2, 3 and 4 only

    Benefits offered

    • Prevent water evaporation from the soil; as an effect, 70% of water is saved.
    • The income per unit area increases substantially
    • Minimize risks of crop yield loss and this system enables a steady supply of farm products the whole round the year.
    • Reduces the impacts of hazards such as high-intensity rainfall, soil erosion, and landslides.
    • Improve the soil characteristics and adds organic matter to the soil.
    • Effective utilization of leaching materials and helps in effective weed control.
    • Provide micro-climate conditions that advantage crops underneath.

    What else?

    : Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA)

    • In addition to this, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme ‘Support to State Extension Programs for Extension Reforms” popularly known as ATMA Scheme is already under implementation since 2005.
    • Presently, the Scheme is being implemented in 691 districts of 28 states & 5 UTs in the country.
    • The scheme promotes a decentralized farmer-friendly extension system in the country.
    • Under the scheme, grants-in-aid are released to the State with an objective to make available the latest agricultural technologies and good agricultural practices in different thematic areas of agriculture and allied areas to farmers including training for multi-layer farming.
    • Training of farmers is one of the eligible activities of the ATMA Scheme.
  • (IAS 2021-22) Are you preparing in the right direction?| Let us optimize your preparation |Samanvaya: free 1-to-1 mentorship (get free Tikdams e-book)

    (IAS 2021-22) Are you preparing in the right direction?| Let us optimize your preparation |Samanvaya: free 1-to-1 mentorship (get free Tikdams e-book)

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    How to prepare for upsc 2021? Strategy for upsc 2021? Answer writing for 2020 Abhishek Saraf rank 8 Civilsdaily
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    IAS exam, by design, is such that it should take just one attempt to clear it. Any further attempt, if you’re taking, should only be to improve your rank.

    More than 10.5 lakh applied, but only 796 are going to clear UPSC IAS 2020. It is going to be much more challenging in 2021 and 2022.

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    Last month we had a discussion with around 2500 students who were not able to clear prelims even after more than 2 attempts. Many were stuck on mains.

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    UPSC IAS preparation is not just about memorizing and information gathering.

    Did you have a look at Prelims 2020 paper? In many ways, it has highlighted the changing nature of UPSC, and to be successful you need to adapt to the expectations of UPSC and adopt a new approach.

    For 2021 aspirants, your preparation should be highly outcome-oriented (enabling you to fetch more marks). Every action of yours must be very objectively defined, every step as a part of your strategy. Whatever you are learning must be utilizable in the exam (both pre and mains). Your preparation should have an element of measurability.

    Moreover, you need to balance both Prelims and Mains on one hand and current-static-optional on the other. Fill Samanvaya form to know how it should be done.

    It’s about how ‘you’ should be doing it instead of how someone else did it. That is the ‘elephant in the room’.

    All this stands true for 2022 aspirants as well. This is the right time to start preparation.

    Fill Samanvaya form given at the bottom of this post.

    Broadly, six factors determine your success in cracking this prestigious IAS exam and the most important being understanding the expectations of UPSC and according to that planning and strategizing; other being, Learning – Knowledge and information; Analyzing – making linkages, connections, etc.; Executing and utilizing information; and Constant course correction – because mistakes are inevitable, need to rectify them asap.

    These are the areas where most of the aspirants fail to create a balance. Where are you facing an issue?

    Integrate them in your preparation. We’ll tell you how to do it

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  • A giant leap forward for the Quad

    The first-ever Quad summit is an important milestone in the geopolitics of the region. The article highlights its significance.

    Significance of the first Quad summit

    • The maiden Quadrilateral Security Dialogue summit of the leaders of Australia, India, Japan and the U.S. on March 12 was a defining moment in Asian geopolitics.
    • That it was a meeting at the highest political level, occasioned a productive dialogue, and concluded with a substantive joint statement is indicative of its immediate significance.
    • If it leads to tangible action and visible cooperation, it will impact the whole region.

    Brief background of the Quad

    • The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 triggered cooperation among the navies and governments of the Quad powers.
    • They sought to forge diplomatic cooperation on regional issues in 2006-08.
    • But gave up mainly because China objected to it and the hostility to China was not yet a potent enough glue.
    • This began to change in 2017 when Beijing’s behaviour turned hostile, climaxing in multiple challenges in 2020.
    • This time, U.S. President Joe Biden moved swiftly to host a virtual summit, drawing immediate response from the other three leaders.

    5 highlights of the summit

    • A more sophisticated approach is being invented, with enhanced emphasis by the U.S. on carrying its allies and strategic partners together.
    •  The summit’s outcome, therefore, merits close attention for at least five reasons.

    1) Compromise over vision of Indo-Pacific

    • Past debates over diverse, even differing, visions of the Indo-Pacific are over.
    • The joint statement struck a neat compromise:
    • To please the U.S. and Japan, it refers to a “free and open” Indo-Pacific, but in the very next sentence it offers an elaboration – “free, open, inclusive, healthy, anchored by democratic values, and unconstrained by coercion” – that amply satisfy India and Australia.

    2) Alignment of approach towards China

    • The summit leaders have secured an adequate alignment of their approaches towards China.
    • Senior officials gave sufficient hints on this score, reinforced by phrases such as “security challenges” and “the rules-based maritime order in the East and South China Seas” in the joint statement.
    • Instead of unidimensional antagonism, the Quad members have preferred a smart blend of competition, cooperation and confrontation.

    3) Quad’s commitment development and well being of the region

    • The Quad has placed a premium on winning the battle for the hearts and minds of people in the Indo-Pacific region.
    • This explains the special initiative to ensure equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines for every person in need in the region from the western Pacific to eastern Africa.

    4) Working groups

    • The establishment of three working groups on vaccine partnership; climate change; and critical and emerging technologies and their new standards, innovation and supply chains is a welcome step.
    • All this should get the four national establishments into serious policy coordination and action mode, creating new capacities.
    • The careful choice of themes reflects a deep understanding of the long-term challenge posed by China and has global implications.

    5) Quad working together in future

    • The March 12 summit will not be a one-off.
    • The leaders have agreed to meet in-person later this year, possibly at an international event within the region.
    • Foreign ministers will gather at least once a year; other relevant officials, more often.
    • Thus, will grow the habits of the Quad working together for a common vision and with agreed modalities for cooperation.

    How ASEAN and China will react

    • The summit has been watched closely by the ASEAN capitals. A few of them may express cautious welcome.
    • Beijing seems rattled but resigned to the Quad’s new momentum.
    • The Chinese see it in negative terms, targeting New Delhi in particular.

    Consider the question “With the first-ever summit, the Quad is moving towards a strong coalition. In light of this, examine the challenges India faces as it deepes its engagement in the grouping.” 

    Conclusion

    The summit and ‘The Spirit of the Quad’ – the inspired title of the joint statement – represented a giant leap forward. Now is the time to back political commitment with a strong mix of resolve, energy, stamina and the fresh ideas of stakeholders and experts outside of government to fulfil the promise of the Quad.

  • 16th March 2021| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement

    Important Announcement:  Topics to be covered on 17th March-

    GS-1  Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.

    GS-4 Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics
    in human actions.

    Question 1)

    Tribal and peasant movements and revolts were often put down in history as spontaneous movements, when uneducated, apolitical groups of people break forth in anger and not as conscious decision makers. But, the Santhals of the Rajmahal Hills did not revolt on a whim. Comment. 10 marks

    Question 2)

    A rising China has emerged as the biggest challenge to India and the US is increasingly an important part of the answer. Examine the elements that support this underlying transformation of India’s relationship with the two countries. 10 marks

    Question 3)

    The centrality of agriculture in India goes much beyond its immediate employment contribution. So, the growth process of agriculture should not be just more efficient, and inclusive of India’s small and marginal but also be sustainable — both financially and environmentally. In light of this, suggest the pathway for India’s agricultural growth. 10 Marks

    Question 4)  

    What do you understand by the following quote- ‘Life can be shaped in the desired way by changing your habits’. 10 marks

    home

    Reviews will be provided in a week. (In the order of submission- First come first serve basis). In case the answer is submitted late the review period may get extended to two weeks.

    *In case your answer is not reviewed in a week, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. If Parth Sir’s tag is available then tag him.

    For the philosophy of AWE and payment, check  here: Click2Join

  • National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Bill, 2021

    The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) moved the NCT of Delhi (Amendment) Bill, 2021 to the Lok Sabha where it proposed that “government” in Delhi means the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi.

    What is the news?

    • The Bill gives discretionary powers to the L-G of Delhi even in matters where the Legislative Assembly of Delhi is empowered to make laws.
    • The Delhi state govt has criticized the bill saying that it seeks to drastically curtail powers of the elected government”, which is “against” the Supreme Court judgment of 2018.

    NCT of Delhi (Amendment) Bill, 2021

    • Among the major proposed amendments, one makes it explicitly clear that the term “government” in any law made by the Legislative Assembly shall mean the L-G.
    • This, essentially, gives effect to the former L-G 2015 assertion that “Government means the Lieutenant Governor of the NCT of Delhi appointed by the President under Article 239 and designated as such under Article 239 AA of the Constitution”.
    • The Bill adds that the L-G’s opinion shall be obtained before the government takes any executive action based on decisions taken by the Cabinet or any individual minister.

    What purpose does the 1991 Act serve?

    • Delhi’s current status as a UT with a Legislative Assembly is an outcome of the 69th Amendment Act through which Articles 239AA and 239BB were introduced in the Constitution.
    • The Act was passed simultaneously to supplement the constitutional provisions relating to the Assembly and the Council of Ministers in the national capital.
    • For all practical purposes, it outlined the powers of the Assembly, the discretionary powers enjoyed by the L-G, and the duties of the CM with respect to the need to furnish information to the L-G.

    What is the 2018 Supreme Court Verdict?

    • In its 2018 verdict, the five-judge Bench had held that the LG’s concurrence is not required on issues other than police, public order and land.
    • It had added that decisions of the Council of Ministers will, however, have to be communicated to the LG.
    • The L-G was bound by the aid and advice if the council of ministers, it had said.
    • The Bench of then CJI status of the LG of Delhi is not that of a Governor of a State, rather he remains an Administrator, in a limited sense, working with the designation of Lieutenant Governor”.
    • It had also pointed out that the elected government must keep in mind that Delhi is not a state.

    Consider the question “What are the parameters laid down by the Supreme Court in the Government of NCT of Delhi vs. Union of India (2018) to avoid the conflict between Lt. Governor and the Delhi Government? Also examine the scope of referring any matter to the consideration of the President by the Lt. Governor.”

    What will change if the amendments are cleared by Parliament?

    • Encouraged by the Supreme Court verdict, the elected government had stopped sending files on executive matters to the L-G before the implementation of any decision.
    • It has been keeping the L-G abreast of all administrative developments, but not necessarily before implementing or executing any decision.
    • But the amendment, if cleared, will force the elected government to take the L-G’s advice before taking any action on any cabinet decision.
    • The Bill seeks to bar the Assembly or its committees from making rules to take up matters concerning day-to-day administration, or to conduct inquiries in relation to administrative decisions.

    Does the L-G enjoy no discretionary power under the current arrangement?

    • The L-G does have the power to refer any matter, over which there is a disagreement with the elected government, to the President under Article 239AA (4).
    • The Delhi Law Secretary had in 2019 written in an internal memo that the elected government cannot use the SC verdict to keep the L-G in the dark about its decisions.
    • But the SC had also categorically pointed out that the L-G should not act in a mechanical manner without due application of mind so as to refer every decision of the CM to the President.

    What are the state government’s fears?

    • From 2015 to 2018, the government was engaged in a constant battle with the Centre over policy decisions and the powers of the L-G with the elected government.
    • The SC judgment gave the Delhi govt a freer hand in terms of policy decisions.
    • The government insiders have maintained that it was because of the judgment that the government was able to clear policy decisions like giving free power to those using under 200 units, free bus rides for women.
    • The amendments will have far-reaching implications — beyond just the tussle between any political parties.

    Back2Basics: Special Status for New Delhi

    • Article 239AA of the Constitution of India granted Special Status to Delhi among Union Territories (UTs) in the year 1991 through the 69th constitutional amendment.
    • It provided a Legislative Assembly and a Council of Ministers responsible to such Assembly with appropriate powers.
    • That’s when Delhi was named as the National Capital Region (NCT) of Delhi.
    • As per this article – Public Order, Police & Land in NCT of Delhi fall within the domain and control of Central Government which shall have the power to make laws on these matters.
    • For remaining matters of State List or Concurrent List, in so far as any such matter is applicable to UTs, the Legislative Assembly shall have the power to make laws for NCT of Delhi.

  • Draft Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2021

    The draft Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2021, issued by the MoEFCC has necessitated a few changes in the country’s handling of its plastic waste.

    Background

    • The Environment Ministry had first notified the Plastic Waste Management Rules in March 2016.
    • It had provisions for effective and improved collection, segregation, processing, treatment and disposal of plastic waste.

    What are the 2021 rules?

    Phasing out Single-use Plastics

    Single-use plastics have been defined under the rules as “a plastic commodity intended to be used once for the same purpose before being disposed of or recycled”.

    • The rules have proposed to ban the manufacture, use, sale, import and handling of some single-use plastic items on a ‘pan India basis.
    • The provisions will also apply to ‘multi-layered packaging’ – involved extensively in e-commerce and deliver services- but will exempt packaging used for imported goods.
    • They shall apply to every waste generator, local body, Gram Panchayat, manufacturer, Importers and producer as well as ‘brand-owner and “plastic waste processor (recycler, co-processor, etc.)
    • Thermoset plastic and Thermoplastic will also fall within the ambit of these rules.
    • These provisions will, however, not apply to commodities (including carrying bags) made of compostable plastic material, according to the rules.

    The draft is proposed to be implemented in three stages starting this year and culminating in mid-2022.

    Stage I

    • The first set of rules propose that each sheet of non-woven plastic carry bag shall not be less than 60 (GSM per square metre) or 240 microns in thickness. A carry bag made of virgin or recycled plastic shall not be less than 120 microns, with effect from the same date.

    Stage II

    • The second stage will come into effect when six categories of single-use plastic — earbuds with plastic sticks, plastic sticks for balloons, plastic flags, candy sticks, ice-cream sticks, polystyrene (thermocol) for decoration — will be banned for sale, use, manufacture, stocking, import and distribution.

    Stage III

    • In the third stage, the list of banned items will grow to include single-use plastic plates, cups, glasses, cutlery such as forks, spoons, knives, straw, trays, wrapping/packing films around sweet boxes; invitation cards; cigarette packets, plastic/PVC banners less than 100 micron and stirrers.

    Local bodies and state pollution control boards will ensure the implementation and enforcement of these rules.

    What else is covered?

    One, the amendment has extended the applicability of the rules to brand-owner, plastic waste processor, including the recycler, co-processor, etc.  It will also include new definitions of:

    • Non-woven plastic bag
    • Plastic waste processing
    • Single-use plastic (SUP) item
    • Thermoset plastic
    • Thermoplastic

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following?

    (a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

    (b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999

    (c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011

    (d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011

    Why such a move?

    • As much as 3.3 million metric tonnes of plastic waste was generated in India in 2018-19, according to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report 2018-19.
    • The total municipal solid waste generation is 55-65 million tonnes; plastic waste is approximately 5-6 per cent of the total solid waste generated in the country.
    • Goa has the highest per capita plastic waste generation at 60 grams per capita per day, which is nearly double what Delhi generates (37 grams per capita per day).
    • Clearly, we do not know the amount of plastic we generate as a country, as the increase in wealth and affluence contributes to a higher generation of plastic waste.
    • Despite the Plastic Waste Management legislation of 2011, followed by numerous changes in the recent past, most parts of the country lack systematic efforts required to mitigate the risks associated with plastic waste.

    Way ahead

    Managing plastic waste requires effective knowledge, not only among those who produce plastic but also among those who handle it.

    • Brand owners, consumers, recyclers and regulatory authorities need to take long strides in ensuring that we first inventorize the total amount of plastic waste that we generate by means of proper calculations.
    • The second step would be to identify the avenues where the use of plastic can be minimised.
    • Third, the brand owner and manufacturer should try and understand the fates a plastic packaging material would meet after its purpose of packaging has been served.
    • Last, as consumers, we should ensure that all plastic waste leaving our homes is segregated and is not contaminated with food waste.

    Conclusion

    • Plastic, without a doubt, is a miracle commodity that has uses ranging from increasing shelf lives of eatables to medical equipment and automotive.
    • Their waste management needs due attention. And the draft policies is a significant step in this direction.

  • Maritime border dispute between Kenya and Somalia

    In a move that is set to further undermine stability in East Africa, Kenya has said that it will not take part in proceedings of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) over its maritime border dispute with neighbouring Somalia.

    Can you recall the terms like “Scramble for Africa”, “Paper Partition of Africa”? If yes, then you know very well the malady of the present-day Continent of Africa.

    What is the news?

    • Nairobi has accused the top UN body of bias.
    • The move comes after Somalia’s decision to sever diplomatic relations with Kenya in December after it accused Nairobi of meddling in its internal affairs.
    • The maritime dispute is said to form a crucial part of the diplomatic quarrel between the two countries.

    The disputed area

    • The main point of disagreement between the two neighbours is the direction in which their maritime boundary in the Indian Ocean should extend.
    • According to Somalia, the sea border should be an extension of the same direction in which their land border runs as it approaches the Indian Ocean, i.e. towards the southeast.
    • Kenya, on the other hand, argues that the territorial southeast border should take a 45-degree turn as it reaches the sea, and then run in a latitudinal direction, i.e. parallel to the equator.
    • Such an arrangement would be advantageous for Kenya, whose coastline of 536 km is more than 6 times smaller than Somalia’s (3,333 km).

    Why is this area important?

    • The triangular area thus created by the dispute is around 1.6 lakh sq km large and boasts of rich marine reserves.
    • It is also believed to have oil and gas deposits.
    • Both Somalia and Kenya have accused each other of auctioning off blocks from this area, Al Jazeera reported.

    How have Kenya and Somalia tried to resolve the dispute?

    • After negotiations to resolve the issue bilaterally failed, Somalia in 2014 asked the ICJ to adjudicate.
    • Kenya resisted, arguing that the world court did not have jurisdiction to hear the case.
    • In 2009 both countries had a commitment to settle the dispute out of court.
    • However, in February 2017, the ICJ ruled that it did have the right to rule in the case, and in June 2019 said that it would begin public hearings.
    • These hearings never took place, as Kenya successfully applied to have them postponed thrice– the last one being in June 2020, when it cited difficulties due to the Covid-19.

  • [pib] Development of Rakhi Garhi Archaeological Site

    Rakhi Garhi is being developed as one of the five Identified Iconic Archaeological Sites, informed the Minister of Culture and Tourism.

    Rakhi Garhi

    • The ancient site of Rakhi-Khas and Rakhi-Shahpur are collectively known as Rakhigarhi, located on the right bank of the now dried up Palaeo-channel of Drishadvati.
    • It is located in the Ghaggar-Hakra river plain in the Hissar district of Haryana.
    • Seven mounds are located here.
    • The site has yielded various stages of Harappan culture and is by far one of the largest Harappan sites in India.
    • The site shows the sequential development of the Indus culture in the now dried up Saraswati basin.

    Try this question from our AWE initiative

    Ancient Indian sculptural art is highly rich in its traditions. Trace the development ancient Indian sculpture that go back to the Indus Valley civilisation. 10 marks

    Major findings at Rakhi Garhi

    • Findings confirm both early and mature Harappan phases and include 4,600-year-old human skeletons, fortification and bricks.
    • Digging so far reveals a well-planned city with 1.92 m wide roads, a bit wider than in Kalibangan.
    • The pottery is similar to Kalibangan and Banawali.
    • Pits surrounded by walls have been found, which are thought to be for sacrificial or some religious ceremonies.
    • There are brick-lined drains to handle sewage from the houses.
    • Terracotta statues, weights, bronze artefacts, comb, copper fish hooks, needles and terracotta seals have also been found.
    • A bronze vessel has been found which is decorated with gold and silver.
    • A granary belonging to the mature Harappan phase has been found here.
    • Fire altars structures were revealed in Rakhigarhi.

    Back2Basics: Five Iconic Archaeological Sites

    The government has proposed to develop five archaeological sites as “iconic sites” with onsite museums in Rakhigarhi (Haryana), Hastinapur (Uttar Pradesh), Sivsagar (Assam), Dholavira (Gujarat) and Adichanallur (Tamil Nadu) in the Union Budget 2020-21.

    (1) Rakhigarhi

    *discussed above*

    (2) Hastinapur

    Hastinapur in the Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh finds mention in the Mahabharata and the Puranas. One of the most significant discoveries made at this site was of the “new ceramic industry”, which was named the Painted Grey Ware, which as per the report represented the relics of the early Indo-Aryans.

    (3) Sivasagar

    In Sivasagar (Assam), excavations at the Karenghar (Talatalghar) complex between 2000 and 2003 led to the discovery of buried structures in the north-western and north-eastern side of the complex. Among the structural remains found at the site were ceramic assemblages including vases, vessels, dishes, and bowls, etc. Terracotta smoking pipes were also found.

    (4) Dholavira

    Dholavira in Gujarat is located in the Khadir island of the Rann of Kutch, and like Rakhigarhi is one of the sites where the remains of the Harappan civilization have been found. It is unique because the remains of a complete water system have been found here.

    (5) Adichnallur

    Adichnallur lies in the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. The urn-burial site was first brought to light during a “haphazard excavation” by a German archaeologist in 1876. Following this, an Englishman Alexander Rae excavated the site between 1889 and 1905.

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