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  • [pib] 150 Years of Metre Convention 

    Why in the News?

    On May 20, 2025, the Department of Consumer Affairs celebrated World Metrology Day, marking the 150th anniversary of the signing of the Metre Convention in Paris on May 20, 1875.

    About the Metre Convention:

    • Inception: Also called the Treaty of the Metre, it was signed in Paris on May 20, 1875, to establish a global system of standardised measurements.
    • 17 Founding Members: Argentina, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Ottoman Empire (Turkiye), USA, and Venezuela.
    • Institutions Created: The treaty established the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), and two governing bodies—CGPM (General Conference on Weights and Measures) and CIPM (International Committee for Weights and Measures).
    • Early Prototypes: It created international prototypes of the metre and kilogram, stored at the BIPM; member countries received national copies for comparison.
    • Expansion in 1921: The Convention was extended to cover all physical quantities, forming the basis for the International System of Units (SI).
    • Global Reach: As of October 2024, there are 64 member states in the Convention.
    • Collaboration: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), World Meteorological Organization (WMO), European Space Agency (ESA) participate in the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).

    India and the Convention:

    • Membership: India joined the Metre Convention in 1957 after passing the Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1956.
    • Participation Benefits: India gained the ability to participate in BIPM work, align with global systems, and ensure international recognition of its standards.
    • Recent Milestone: India is now the 13th country authorized to issue OIML (International Organisation of Legal Metrology) Certificates.
    [UPSC 2007] Consider the following statements:

    1. The series of the International Paper Sizes is based on A0 size whose area is 0.5 m² (approximately).

    2. The area of A4 size paper is 1/8th of that of the A0 size paper.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 *

     

  • Hoyle–Narlikar Theory of Gravity

    Why in the News?

    Jayant Narlikar, renowned Indian astrophysicist and Padma Vibhushan awardee, who co-developed the Hoyle–Narlikar Theory to refine Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, passed away in Pune at the age of 87.

    About Jayant Narlikar and His Contributions:

    • Early Life: Born in 1938 in Kolhapur, Maharashtra, and pursued a PhD at Cambridge University under Fred Hoyle.
    • Scientific Influence: Hoyle had earlier developed the steady-state theory with Bondi and Gold and coined the term “Big Bang” sarcastically in 1948.
    • Narlikar’s Belief: He argued that the universe always looks the same, as new matter fills the gaps created by expansion.
    • Critique of Big Bang: He believed the Big Bang theory includes unproven assumptions, especially about the sudden origin of all matter and energy.
    • Enduring Work: Despite steady-state theory’s decline, Narlikar’s contributions remain respected for their scientific depth and originality.

    What Is the Hoyle–Narlikar Theory?

    Fred Hoyle and Jayant Narlikar developed a theory to answer one of the most basic questions: Why do things have mass, and how are they connected to the rest of the universe?

    • Based on Mach’s Principle: They believed your mass isn’t just something you have on your own. Instead, it depends on your connection to everything else in the universe. That means even faraway stars and galaxies play a role in what you weigh.
    • Inertia Explained: In simple terms, when you feel resistance while trying to move (inertia), it’s because of the gravitational pull of all the matter in the universe acting on you at once.
    • Mass is Relative: Earth, the Sun, or even you don’t have a fixed mass. That mass is influenced by everything else that exists out there, no matter how far away it is.
    • C-field and Steady-State Model
      • New Idea – C-Field: They introduced the “creation field”, which creates new matter in space.
      • Universe Without a Start: Their steady-state theory says the universe has no beginning or end, is always expanding, and keeps its density constant.
      • Against the Big Bang: They believed the Big Bang couldn’t explain everything we see today.
      • Hydrogen Creation: They said hydrogen atoms form in space to fill in the gaps as the universe grows.
    • Issues with the Theory:
      • CMB Discovery (1965): Scientists found cosmic microwave background radiation, strong proof of the Big Bang.
      • Other Evidence: Later discoveries like young, chaotic galaxies and studies by Hawking and Penrose supported the Big Bang.
      • Current View: The Big Bang theory became more accepted, but Hoyle and Narlikar’s ideas are still respected for their scientific value.
    [UPSC 2018] Consider the following phenomena:

    1. Light is affected by gravity.

    2. The Universe is constantly expanding.

    3. Matter warps its surrounding space-time.

    Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions of Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, often discussed in media?

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3*

     

  • RBI revises rules for investment in Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs)

    Why in the News?

    The RBI has released revised draft guidelines for investments made by Regulated Entities (REs) in Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) to ensure better regulatory oversight, prevent misuse of funds, and align with the rules already set by SEBI.

    What are Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs)?

    • Definition: They are unique investment vehicles that are privately pooled and invested in alternative asset classes such as venture capital, private equity, hedge funds, commodities, real estate, and derivatives.
    • Regulation: They are governed by SEBI under the SEBI (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012.
    • Working: It can be formed as a trust, company, Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), or any other SEBI-permitted structure.
    • Legal Structure: They can be set up as trusts, companies, Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), or other legally permitted forms.
    • Investor Base:
      • AIFs are meant for High Net-Worth Individuals (HNIs) and institutional investors, NOT small retail investors.
      • Resident Indians, NRIs, and foreign nationals can invest.
    • Minimum Investment Requirement:
      • The minimum investment size is ₹1 crore (SEBI, May 2024), except for accredited investors as defined by SEBI.
      • For employees or directors of the AIF or its manager, the minimum investment is ₹25 lakh.
      • An AIF must have a minimum corpus of ₹20 crore (₹10 crore for Angel Funds).

    Types of AIFs: 

    1. Category I: These funds invest in early-stage unlisted companies in the form of equity or debt (venture capital). These alternative asset funds can also invest in infrastructure-based projects or social ventures.
    2. Category II: These types of funds invest in equity or debt of unlisted companies that are in the mid or late stage of growth and are known as private equity or pre-IPO, respectively.
    3. Category III: This category of funds invests in the shares of listed companies. These alternative strategy funds can be for any period, long only or a combination of long and short.
    [UPSC 2014] What does Venture Capital mean?

    Options: (a) A short-term capital provided to industries. (b) A long-term start-up capital provided to new entrepreneurs* (c) Funds provided to industries at times of incurring losses. (d) Funds provided for replacement and renovation of industries.

     

  • Potato Cultivation in India

    Why in the News?

    India is likely to become the world’s largest potato producer, overtaking China, by 2050, according to experts from the International Potato Center (CIP) based in Peru.

    Back2Basics: International Potato Center (CIP)

    • The CIP is a research-for-development organisation founded in 1971, focused on improving potato, sweet potato, and Andean root and tuber crops.
    • Headquartered in Lima, Peru, CIP operates in over 20 countries across Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
    • It maintains the world’s largest Potato Gene Bank, safeguarding biodiversity for future use in research and breeding.

    Potato Cultivation in India:

    • About: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is known as the “King of Vegetables” and is India’s fourth most important food crop after rice, wheat, and maize.
    • Origin: Introduced to India by Portuguese traders in the 17th century.
    • Geographic Spread: Grown in 23 states, but 85% of production comes from the Indo-Gangetic plains in North India.
    • Top Producing States:
      • Uttar Pradesh: ~30% of total output
      • West Bengal: ~23.5%
      • Bihar: ~17%
      • Other contributors: Punjab, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
    • Climate Needs: Potato is a cool-season crop.
      • Ideal growth temp: 24°C
      • Ideal tuber formation temp: 20°C
    • Soil Requirements: Prefers well-drained, fertile soils with moisture retention.
    • Planting Seasons:
      • Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand: Spring (Jan–Feb), Summer (May)
      • Punjab, Haryana, UP, Bihar, Bengal: Main crop in October
      • MP, Maharashtra, Karnataka: Both kharif and rabi seasons
    • Seed Management: Use disease-free, sprouted seeds (30–50g);
    • Popular varieties: Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Bahar, Kufri Pukhraj, and Kufri Chandramukhi.
    • Fertilization & Irrigation: Apply balanced nutrients, especially phosphorus and potassium; drip irrigation is recommended.
    • Harvesting: Ready in 90–120 days, harvested manually or mechanically.

    Global Comparison and Future Outlook:

    • Global Rank: India is the second-largest producer after China.
    • Production Volume: Over 50 million tonnes/year currently; projected to reach 100 million tonnes by 2050 (CIP experts).
    • Growth Drivers: Expansion is due to large cultivation area, strong domestic demand, and government support.
    • Tuber Crop Potential: Promoting crops like sweet potato can improve nutrition, livelihoods, and climate resilience.

    Policy measure for Potato Farmers: Operation Greens

    • It is a scheme launched by the GoI in 2018, modelled after Operation Flood, with the aim to stabilize the supply and prices of Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) crops.
    • The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) and was initially allocated a budget of ₹500 crore.
    • Objectives:
      • Stabilize the supply and prices of potatoes (along with tomato and onion) to protect both farmers and consumers from extreme price fluctuations.
      • Reduce post-harvest losses of potatoes by improving storage, processing, and logistics infrastructure

     

    [UPSC 2014] In India, cluster bean (Guar) is traditionally used as a vegetable or animal feed, but recently the cultivation of this has assumed significance.

    Which one of the following statements is correct in this context?

    Options: (a) The oil extracted from seeds is used in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics. (b) The gum made from its seeds is used in the extraction of shale gas.* (c) The leaf extract of this plant has the properties of antihistamines. (d) It is a source of high quality biodiesel.

     

  • [20th May 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Understanding India’s relationship with Turkey and Azerbaijan

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2013] ‘The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well in India.’ What is your opinion about this statement? Give reasons and examples to support your answer.

    Linkage: Turkiye is a NATO member, and its foreign policy decisions (like supporting Pakistan or Azerbaijan) are influenced by its position within such alliances, which in turn affects India’s relationships and interests in the region.

     

    Mentor’s Comment: India, Turkey, and Azerbaijan entered into diplomatic tensions after Turkey and Azerbaijan openly supported Pakistan following the Pahalgam massacre. This support sparked a sharp rise in regional political conflicts and strong public reactions. Social media anger quickly escalated, prompting top Indian institutions to pause agreements and causing many travelers to cancel trips to Turkey and Azerbaijan, as reported by travel websites.

    Today’s editorial explains the diplomatic tensions between India, Turkey, and Azerbaijan and their implications. This topic will be included in GS Paper I (Unity in Society) and GS Paper II (International Relations).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Data shows that even if India officially bans trade with Azerbaijan and Turkey, it is likely to experience minimal losses due to limited economic dependence on these countries.

    What triggered the boycott of Turkiye and Azerbaijan in India?

    • Support for Pakistan: Turkiye and Azerbaijan backed Pakistan following India’s military confrontation after the Pahalgam massacre, which angered many Indians.
    • Social media-driven calls for boycott: The support sparked calls on social media to boycott both countries, leading to a surge in travel cancellations. Eg: Sharp spike in cancellations of tour bookings to Turkiye and Azerbaijan reported by travel platforms.
    • Institutional actions: Indian institutions suspended ties, and trader associations resolved to boycott trade and commercial ties with these countries. Eg: IIT Bombay and IIT Roorkee suspended MoUs with Turkish universities.

    Why do Azerbaijan and Turkey oppose India? 

    • Support for Pakistan in the Kashmir conflict: Historically, Turkiye has aligned with Pakistan on the Kashmir issue, opposing India’s sovereignty over the region. Eg: Turkiye’s consistent diplomatic backing of Pakistan’s claims on Kashmir since the partition of India in 1947.
    • Azerbaijan’s conflict with Armenia: India has historically supplied arms and support to Armenia, Azerbaijan’s adversary in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, creating tensions with Azerbaijan. Eg: India’s provision of surface-to-air missile systems to Armenia, opposing Azerbaijan’s territorial claims.

    How have arms trade relations evolved between Turkiye and Pakistan?

    • Long-term arms exports since the 1990s: Turkiye has been supplying arms to Pakistan continuously for over three decades. Eg: SIPRI data shows arms exports from Turkiye to Pakistan starting in the 1990s.
    • Major focus on artillery systems: A significant part of the trade involves artillery like naval guns, howitzers, self-propelled guns, and multiple rocket launchers. Eg: Pakistan has received multiple rocket launchers and howitzers from Turkiye.
    • Supply of armored vehicles: Turkiye exports tanks, armored cars, and personnel carriers to Pakistan’s military. Eg: Delivery of armored vehicles strengthens Pakistan’s ground forces.
    • Mutual strategic and political support: Arms trade is supported by reciprocal backing in geopolitical issues such as Kashmir and Cyprus. Eg: Turkiye supports Pakistan on Kashmir; Pakistan supports Turkiye on Cyprus disputes.
    • Strengthened ties during regional conflicts: The relationship deepened as Turkiye provided diplomatic and military backing to Pakistan in various geopolitical standoffs. Eg: Turkiye’s vocal support for Pakistan during Kashmir-related tensions.

    Who stands to lose more economically if trade is banned?

    • India’s low dependency on crude oil: The combined share of crude oil imports from these two countries is less than 1% of India’s total crude imports. Eg: Charts show less than 1% crude import share over the past six years.
    • Azerbaijan’s significant reliance on India: India was Azerbaijan’s third largest destination for crude oil exports in 2023. Eg: Azerbaijan could face a bigger impact if India bans trade.

    • Limited trade volume in machinery: Turkiye accounts for only about 1% of India’s total imports in machinery, including nuclear reactors and boilers. Eg: India relies more on countries like China and Germany for such equipment.

    • India’s diversified import sources: India’s major imports come from several other countries, making it less vulnerable to a ban on trade with Turkiye and Azerbaijan. Eg: China and Germany are larger suppliers of machinery than Turkiye.
    • Greater economic impact likely on Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan stands to lose more from India’s trade ban because India is a major crude oil buyer for them. Eg: India being the third largest market for Azerbaijan’s crude oil exports highlights this dependence.

    Where has there been a notable rise in Indian tourism and student migration recently?

    Indian tourism

    • Significant increase in Indian tourists to Turkey: In 2024, about 330,000 Indian tourists visited Turkey, marking a 20.7% increase from the previous year. This growth was due to better air connectivity and Turkey’s appeal as a budget-friendly European destination.
    • Rapid growth of Indian tourists in Azerbaijan: Indian tourist arrivals in Azerbaijan jumped from around 60,700 in 2022 to over 243,000 in 2024, fueled by affordability and rich cultural heritage.

     Student migration

    • Increase in Indian students in Turkey: Indian student numbers in Turkey have grown from less than 100 in 2017 to several hundreds by 2024, attracted by diverse programs and competitive costs.
    • Rising Indian student in Azerbaijan: The number of Indian students in Azerbaijan also increased significantly, supported by institutions like Türkiye-Azerbaijan University established in 2024.

    Note: This 2024 data is from before Operation Sindoor. The real effects on tourism and student migration will be seen later because it takes time for such events to show their impact. 

    Way forward: 

    • Promote diplomatic dialogue: India should engage in sustained diplomatic efforts with Turkiye and Azerbaijan to address mutual concerns and reduce geopolitical tensions.
    • Expand people-to-people and economic ties: Enhancing cultural exchanges, trade, and educational cooperation can build trust and diversify relations beyond political differences.

  • Getting the ‘micropicture’ at the panchayat level 

    Why in the News?

    The release of the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) Baseline Report 2022–23 in April 2025 marks a major milestone in India’s grassroots governance and data-driven policymaking.

    Why does it mark a major milestone? 

    • Empowers Local Decision-Making: PAI presents complex data in an understandable way for Gram Panchayat leaders, enabling them to identify gaps and take targeted actions. Eg: A sarpanch can use PAI scores to improve health or education outcomes in their village.
    • Links Data to Outcomes: It moves beyond raw data by connecting indicators to actual development results, helping stakeholders focus on measurable progress. Eg: PAI scores reveal if a Panchayat is truly “healthy,” guiding specific interventions to improve wellbeing.

    What is the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI)?

    PAI is a composite index using 435 local indicators (331 mandatory, 104 optional) and 566 data points across nine themes of Localized SDGs (LSDGs).

    Why is it significant?

    • Scale: Covers over 2.16 lakh gram panchayats; data from 11,000+ GPs excluded for non-validation.
    • Participatory & Understandable: Designed for grassroots actors—sarpanchs, ward members—enabling self-assessment and goal-setting.
    • States’ Response: While 25 States/UTs provided almost complete data, Uttar Pradesh reported only 40% GPs, raising concerns about governance bottlenecks.
    • Outcome-Oriented: Data is now tied directly to outcomes—e.g., identifying gaps in a GP’s health indicators helps drive targeted intervention.

    What are the main limitations in evidence-based decision-making?

    • Delayed and Inaccessible Data: Lack of timely and accessible data hinders informed planning and policy formulation. Eg: The delay in conducting the Census and not releasing its data restricts effective resource allocation in sectors like health, education, and welfare schemes.
    • Poor Data Usability and Visualization: Data made available is often in complex formats, making it difficult for citizens and policymakers to interpret and act upon. Eg: On data.gov.in, datasets are vast but lack adequate visualization tools, overwhelming even trained researchers.
    • Top-Down Data Flow: Data is often generated at the grassroots but is primarily used by officials at the state or national level, not by local decision-makers. Eg: Gram Panchayat data is collected but rarely used by local elected representatives due to lack of access or interpretation tools.

    Who are the stakeholders expected to benefit from the PAI? 

    • Gram Panchayat Representatives: Sarpanches and ward members can understand their Panchayat’s performance and take action to improve local governance.
    • State and District Level Officials: Block Development Officers and District Collectors can use PAI data to plan and monitor development programs more effectively.
    • Elected Legislators: Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) can identify local gaps and use funds from MPLADS/MLALADS accordingly.
    • Line Departments and Frontline Workers: Departments like health, education, and rural development can coordinate efforts better using specific PAI indicators.
    • Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and Academia: NGOs and Unnat Bharat Abhiyan institutions can support Panchayats by interpreting data and suggesting local interventions.
    • Citizens and Local Communities: Residents can be made aware of their Panchayat’s status and engage in participatory planning and accountability.

    How can they contribute to achieving the LSDGs (Localisation of Sustainable Development Goals)?

    • Targeted Planning and Implementation: Stakeholders can use PAI data to identify local gaps and implement focused interventions aligned with LSDGs. Eg: A Panchayat noticing low scores in sanitation can prioritize toilet construction and awareness drives under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
    • Resource Optimization and Fund Allocation: Elected representatives and officials can direct funds more effectively to areas needing urgent attention. Eg: An MLA can use MLALAD funds to improve access to clean drinking water in a low-scoring GP on the “Safe Drinking Water” indicator.
    • Community Mobilization and Accountability: Civil society and academic institutions can raise awareness and ensure community involvement in achieving development goals. Eg: An NGO working with local residents can organize meetings to explain their PAI score and co-develop action plans to improve education or health indicators.

    Where does data submission fall short, and why is it concerning?

    • Incomplete data: Undermines the reliability of the Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI). Eg: Without full data from Uttar Pradesh, true development gaps remain hidden.
    • Policy gaps: Poor data coverage leads to misinformed decisions, leaving underperforming areas unaddressed. Eg: GPs excluded from PAI may not receive adequate funds or interventions.
    • Inequality: Skewed data causes unequal resource allocation and widens regional disparities. Eg: States with full data submissions benefit more from schemes aligned with LSDGs.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP), 2012: The government made non-sensitive data publicly available in open, accessible formats to promote transparency. Eg: Data is shared through portals like https://data.gov.in.
    • Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI): A composite index was developed to analyze and present data from over 2.16 lakh Gram Panchayats to help local leaders understand and act on development goals. Eg: PAI links data to outcomes like health, enabling targeted interventions at the grassroots.
    • Use of Technology and Portals: The government created online platforms like the PAI portal (www.pai.gov.in) for easy access and report generation by officials and representatives. Eg: MPs and MLAs can generate constituency-wise reports to plan specific development actions.

    Way forward: 

    • Improve Data Accessibility and Visualization: Develop user-friendly dashboards and visualization tools to make data easily understandable for all stakeholders, including elected representatives and citizens.
    • Strengthen Data Validation and Coverage: Ensure complete and accurate data submission from all states and Gram Panchayats through rigorous validation and support mechanisms.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2022] “To what extent, in your opinion, has the decentralisation of power in India changed the governance landscape at the grassroots ?

    Linkage: The governance landscape at the grassroots and the impact of decentralization. Evaluating this impact necessitates a detailed understanding of the local reality and changes brought about by devolving power – precisely what “getting the micropicture” seeks to achieve.

  • The ongoing oil price tensions

    Why in the News?

    In May 2025, Saudi Arabia led OPEC+ to reverse previous production cuts, sparking a full-fledged oil price war—a new form of global conflict fought aggressively over barrels of crude oil rather than through military aggression.

    What is OPEC+? 

    OPEC+ is a group consisting of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) plus several non-OPEC oil-producing countries that coordinate their oil production policies to manage global oil supply and influence prices.

    Key points about OPEC+:

    • OPEC: A cartel of 13 major oil-exporting countries, including Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, UAE, Nigeria, and others.
    • The “+”: Includes major non-OPEC producers like Russia, Mexico, Kazakhstan, Oman, and others.

    What led OPEC+ to increase oil production in May 2025?

    • Ineffectiveness of previous cuts: Despite voluntary output cuts of 2.2 million barrels per day (bpd) by eight members in 2023 (including a collective cut of 5 million bpd earlier), oil prices kept declining.
    • Oversupply & competition: New producers (e.g., Brazil, Guyana, shale oil players) increased their market share, reducing OPEC+’s control.
    • Saudi frustration: Overproduction by OPEC+ members like Kazakhstan, Iraq, UAE, and Nigeria undermined collective output discipline.
    • Market flooding strategy: To discipline overproducers and regain market share, Saudi Arabia led a reversal in strategy, increasing output (411,000 bpd) starting June 2025.
    • Preemptive move: Anticipating return of major sanctioned producers (Iran, Venezuela, Russia), OPEC+ may be frontloading production before supply increases further.

    Why is Saudi Arabia called a “swing producer”?

    • Large spare production capacity: It can increase or decrease output swiftly to influence global oil prices.
    • Stabilizing role: Prefers stable and moderately high prices to ensure consistent oil revenue.
    • Historical precedence: Has previously launched price wars (1985–86, 1998, 2014–16, 2020) to discipline the market and punish overproducers.
    • Current context: Took the largest voluntary cut (3 million bpd) in 2024, but shifted to increasing output as a strategic move to reassert influence.

    Who are the key oil producers under U.S. sanctions?

    • Russia: Sanctioned due to the Ukraine conflict and other geopolitical reasons.  
    • Iran: Sanctioned for its nuclear program and regional activities.  
    • Venezuela: Sanctioned for political repression and economic mismanagement.

    How does the oil price war affect India’s economy?

    • Lower Import Bill and Fiscal Savings: Falling oil prices reduce India’s import costs significantly. Eg: In 2024–25, India spent $137 billion on crude imports. A $1 drop in global oil prices can save India roughly $1.5 billion annually.
    • Reduced Export Earnings from Petroleum Products: India exports refined petroleum products, a top export item. Lower crude prices reduce global demand and margins for these exports. Eg: Refinery margins decline, affecting companies like Reliance Industries and Indian Oil Corporation, and reducing foreign exchange earnings.
    • Negative Impact on Gulf Economies and Remittances: Gulf countries face revenue drops, leading to reduced infrastructure spending and job losses for Indian expatriates. Eg: Over 9 million Indians work in the Gulf, sending home more than $50 billion in remittances annually. Job losses or salary cuts can hurt India’s balance of payments.
    • Lower Tax Revenues from Oil Sector: As oil prices drop, the government earns less in excise duties, royalties, and other taxes from oil and gas sales. Eg: The petroleum sector contributes significantly to India’s tax base—lower prices reduce collections, affecting fiscal planning and public spending.
    • Strained Bilateral Economic Ties with Oil Exporters: Economic decline in oil-exporting countries (like Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Nigeria) affects India’s project exports, bilateral trade, and inbound investments. Eg: Indian companies working on infrastructure projects in Gulf countries may face payment delays or cancellations due to budgetary constraints in host nations.

    Way forward: 

    • Diversify Energy Sources and Boost Renewables: Reduce dependency on crude oil imports by accelerating adoption of renewable energy, energy efficiency, and alternative fuels like hydrogen and biofuels to enhance energy security.
    • Strengthen Economic Resilience and Diplomatic Engagement: Build strategic petroleum reserves, improve fiscal buffers, and deepen diplomatic ties with diverse energy suppliers to better manage supply shocks and geopolitical risks.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2013] It is said the India has substantial reserves of shale oil and gas, which can feed the needs of country for quarter century. However, tapping of the resources doesn’t appear to be high on the agenda. Discuss critically the availability and issues involved.

    Linkage: It focuses on the potential of unconventional sources like shale oil/gas within India, which could impact its energy security and reduce dependence on imports influenced by global price tensions.

  • Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI)

    Why in the News?

    The Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) status of a notable British-Indian academic has been cancelled due to involvement in anti-India activities.

    About Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI):

    • Launch: Introduced in August 2005 to give Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) a long-term connection to India.
    • Eligibility: Open to those who were citizens of India on/after January 26, 1950, or eligible for Indian citizenship on that date.
    • Nature: OCI is not full citizenship but offers lifelong visa and residency benefits.
    • Benefits: Includes a multiple-entry, lifelong visa and exemption from police registration.
    • Administered by: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
    • Global Numbers (2023): Over 45 lakh OCI holders from 129 countries — top sources include the USA (16.8 lakh), UK (9.34 lakh), Australia (4.94 lakh), and Canada (4.18 lakh).

    Who are the Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs)?

    • The PIO category was abolished in 2015 and merged with the OCI category. However, existing PIO cards are valid till December 31, 2023.
    • PIO referred to a:
      • Foreign citizen (except a national of Pakistan, Afghanistan Bangladesh, China, Iran, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Nepal) who at any time held an Indian passport, or
      • Who or either of their parents/ grandparents/great grandparents was born and permanently resided in India as defined in Government of India Act, 1935, or
      • Who is a spouse of a citizen of India or a PIO.

    Rules, Amendments & Privileges:

    • 2021 Rule Change: Special permission required for visiting restricted areas, conducting research, journalism, or religious work.
    • FEMA Status: Treated as foreign nationals under the Foreign Exchange Management Act (2003).
    • Earlier Privileges:
      • 2005: Life-long visa, no FRRO (Foreigners Registration Office) registration
      • 2007: Parity with NRIs for adoption, domestic airfare
      • 2009: Parity for monument entry and access to regulated professions

    Limitations and Ineligibility:

    • Not Eligible:
      • Individuals with parents/grandparents from Pakistan or Bangladesh
      • Foreign military personnel, active or retired
    • Spouse Clause: Foreign spouse eligible if legally married for at least two years.
    • No Political Rights: OCI holders cannot vote, contest elections, hold constitutional posts (President, Vice President, or Supreme Court/High Court Judge), or work in Indian government services.
    [UPSC 2021] Consider the following statements:

    1.There is only one citizenship and one domicile.

    2.A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.

    3.A foreigner, once granted citizenship, cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only * (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 3

     

  • Global Report on Food Crises, 2025

    Why in the News?

    The Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC) 2025 has revealed that more than 295 million people in 53 countries and territories faced acute hunger in 2024.

    About the Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC):

    • Publication: The GRFC has been published every year since 2016 by the Global Network Against Food Crises (GNAFC).
    • Supporting Organisations: It is backed by the Food Security Information Network (FSIN) and includes input from UN agencies, the EU, and various NGOs.
    • Purpose: Provides a consensus-based analysis of acute food insecurity and malnutrition worldwide.

    Key Highlights from GRFC 2025:

    • Scope: The 2025 report covers 65 countries, with complete data for 53. India was not included in the analysis.
    • Global Hunger Level: In 2024, 295 million people faced acute food insecurity, up 13.7 million from 2023 — the sixth consecutive year of rising hunger.
    • Severity: 23% of the analysed population experienced food insecurity, remaining above 20% for five years.
    • Catastrophic Hunger: A record 1.9 million people were in Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Phase 5—catastrophic levels of hunger.

    [UPSC 2023] Which of the following countries has been suffering from decades of civil strife and food shortages and was in the news in the recent past for its very severe famine?

    Options: (a) Angola (b) Costa Rica (c) Ecuador (d) Somalia *

     

  • [pib] What is Operation Olivia?

    Why in the News?

    As of February 2025, the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) protected a record 6.98 lakh Olive Ridley turtles during their mass nesting at the Rushikulya river mouth in Odisha.

    About Operation Olivia:

    • Launch: Operation Olivia is an annual conservation mission by the Indian Coast Guard, started in the early 1980s.
    • Main Objective: It aims to protect Olive Ridley turtles during their nesting season, from November to May.
    • Primary Locations: The operation focuses on Odisha’s coast, especially Gahirmatha Beach, Devi River mouth, and Rushikulya River mouth.
    • Turtle Nesting Scale: Over 8 lakh turtles arrive annually at these sites to nest.
    • Surveillance Efforts: The Coast Guard has conducted more than 5,387 surface patrols and 1,768 aerial missions.
    • Community Engagement: Fishermen are encouraged to use Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) that allow turtles to escape fishing nets.

    About Olive Ridley Turtles:

    • Appearance: Named for their olive-green shell, or carapace.
    • Diet: They are Omnivores, though feeding mainly on jellyfish, crustaceans, and molluscs.
    • Nesting Behaviour: Known for Arribada, a phenomenon where thousands of females come ashore simultaneously to lay eggs.
    • Habitat Range: Found in warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.
    • Major Nesting Sites in India:
      • Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary, Odisha (largest site)
      • Devi River mouth (discovered in 1981)
      • Rushikulya River mouth (discovered in 1994)
    • Protection Status:
      • IUCN Red List: Listed as Vulnerable.
      • CITES: Included in Appendix I, banning international trade.
      • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I, offering the highest legal protection in India.
    [UPSC 2002] The sea coast of which one of the following states has become famous as a nesting place for the giant Olive Ridley turtles from South America?

    Options: (a) Goa (b) Gujarat (c) Odisha* (d) Tamil Nadu

     

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