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  • Data for better education, a brighter future for students

    PYQ Relevance:

    Mains: 

    Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement.(UPSC IAS/2020)

    Q The quality of higher education in India requires major improvement to make it internationally competitive. Do you think that the entry of foreign educational institutions would help improve the quality of technical and higher education in the country. Discuss.(UPSC IAS/2015)

    Mentore comment: The release of the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2023 in mid-January has once again drawn significant attention, following a tradition dating back to 2005, with exceptions during the COVID-19 years. Among the multitude of insights provided by the report, particular focus has been placed on the foundational skills of 14-18 year olds, which has garnered headlines. While the learning outcomes data raises concerns, it is imperative for practitioners and policymakers to delve deeper into the data to extract actionable insights aimed at enhancing education and overall outcomes for India’s adolescents and youth.

    Why in the news? 

     The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2023 was released in mid-January this year.

     Foundational learning trajectories as per ASER 2023 Beyond Basics survey  

    • District level Representation: The survey was conducted in 28 rural districts across 26 states, providing insights into the activities, abilities, and aspirations of 14-18 year olds at the district level, though not nationally representative.
    • Literacy : Overall, 26% of 14-18 year olds cannot read a standard two level text in their regional language, reflecting concerning literacy levels.  
    • Distribution of Children without Basic Reading Skills: Among 14-18 year olds without basic reading skills, 57% are enrolled in standard 10 or below, while 28% are not enrolled in any educational institution. This suggests a need for targeted interventions and efforts to encourage school attendance.

    Challenges in Reading Improvement: 

    • Many children who struggle with reading may face ridicule and embarrassment, leading to disengagement with reading. The availability of reading materials, including beyond textbooks, is crucial for developing reading habits and abilities.

    Children and careers

    • Educational Aspirations: More than 60% of surveyed adolescents aim to obtain a college education, with a higher percentage of girls aspiring for higher education compared to boys.
    • Work Aspirations: One in five respondents had not seriously considered their future careers. Among those who had, joining the police or defense forces was prominent for boys, while becoming a teacher or doctor was prominent for girls.
    • Perceptions of Vocational Education: Vocational education faced negative perceptions in some areas, seen as a fallback option for those unable to secure white-collar jobs. However, in Solan, Himachal Pradesh, context-driven vocational courses such as tourism and hotel management gained aspirational value, encouraging students to aspire for related professions with the support of on-the-job training and readily available career information.

    Challenges related to careers 

    • Need for Support and Mentorship: Youth require support, mentorship, and inspiration to evaluate their aspirations, identify alternative prospects, and prepare for their chosen paths.
    • Lack of Familiarity with Professions: Nearly half of the surveyed adolescents with work aspirations do not personally know anyone working in their desired profession, indicating a need for greater exposure and guidance.

     Digita literacy as per ASER 2023 report

    • Smartphone Ownership: Boys in the 14-18 age group are more than twice as likely to own smartphones compared to girls, with 43.7% of males owning smartphones compared to 19.8% of females
    • Digital Literacy: Girls are less likely to know how to use smartphones or computers compared to boys, with males outperforming females in tasks like using email, Google Maps, and other digital functions
    • Educational Usage: While about two-thirds of youth use smartphones for educational purposes, there is a notable emphasis on entertainment and social media over educational activities, indicating a need to leverage digital technology for educational purposes
    • Gender Gaps: The gender gap extends to online safety awareness, with boys being more familiar with safety settings than girls, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies to address the digital gender divide

    Suggestive measures to address the identified issues:

    • Improving Foundational Learning: Encourage school attendance by addressing the needs of 14-18 year olds without basic reading skills, with a particular emphasis on those not enrolled in any educational institution.
    • Role of Community Libraries: Ensure effective management of community libraries and engage committed individuals to cultivate a culture of reading and support readers of all ages and abilities.
    • Educational and Career Aspirations: Address the lack of familiarity with professions by offering exposure opportunities and guidance to help youth make informed career choices.
    • Digital Literacy and Gender Gaps:  Promote educational usage of smartphones by leveraging digital technology for educational purposes and bridging the gender gap in online safety awareness.
    • Addressing Vocational Education Perceptions: Encourage context-driven vocational courses that align with local aspirations and provide on-the-job training and career information to support career choices.

    Conclusion 

    To address literacy and career challenges, prioritize targeted interventions to improve educational access and support, enhance digital literacy among girls, promote vocational education, and leverage digital technology for educational purposes, bridging gender gaps.

     

     

  • What is Doxxing and what can you do if it happens to you?

    Why in the news?

    In mid-February, a woman reported an incident of doxxing to Mumbai Police after a man shared a video of her dancing and subjected her to harassment online.

    What is Doxxing?

    • Doxxing involves publicly disclosing an individual’s private information without consent, including personal details like addresses, phone numbers, and more.
    • It can lead to severe consequences, including physical, digital, and emotional harm, such as stalking, threats, and loss of privacy.

    Legality and Intentions

    • While sharing public content may be legal, the intentions behind sharing such content can be malicious and harmful.
    • Social media platforms like X take action against users who share information with abusive intent or to harass others.

    Consequences of Doxxing

    • Victims of doxxing may face numerous challenges, including securing their physical location, clarifying situations with employers, and dealing with a barrage of threats.
    • Security measures such as changing passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, and reporting incidents to social media platforms are crucial for safeguarding against doxxing.

    Legal Remedy Against Doxxing

    • Victims of doxxing can report incidents through platforms like the:
    1. National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal and
    2. File FIRs (with law enforcement authorities).
    • Social media companies like Meta and Google have tools and mechanisms in place to assist individuals who have been doxxed.

    PYQ:

    [2020] In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits?

    1.    Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one’s computer

    2.    Cost of a new computer if some miscreant willfully damages it, if proved so

    3.    Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion

    4.    Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third-party files a suit

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (b) 1, 3 and 4 only

    (c) 2 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, and 4

  • India ranks number 10 in World Cybercrime Index

    Why in the news?

    A new research effort, the ‘World Cybercrime Index,’ sheds light on the global cybercrime scenario, ranking India in the 10th position worldwide.

    About the World Cybercrime Index

    • The World Cybercrime Index has been developed as a joint partnership between the University of Oxford and University of New South Wales, Sydney.
    • It has been funded by CRIMGOV, a European Union-supported project.
    • The index was developed to identify major cybercrime hotspots globally by ranking countries based on the significant sources of cybercrime at a national level.
    • The study ‘Mapping the global geography of cybercrime with the World Cybercrime Index’ has been published in the journal PLOS ONE.

    The five major categories of cybercrime assessed by the study were:

    1. Technical products/services (e.g. malware coding, botnet access, access to compromised systems, tool production).
    2. Attacks and extortion (e.g. denial-of-service attacks, ransomware).
    3. Data/identity theft (e.g. hacking, phishing, account compromises, credit card comprises).
    4. Scams (e.g. advance fee fraud, business email compromise, online auction fraud).
    5. Cashing out/money laundering (e.g. credit card fraud, money mules, illicit virtual currency platforms).

    Key Findings of the Report

    • India occupies the 10th position in the cybercrime rankings, with scams involving advance fee payments being the most prevalent type.
    • Russia leads the index, followed by Ukraine, China, the US, Nigeria, and Romania, with North Korea, the UK, and Brazil rounding out the top positions.
    • Russia and Ukraine emerged as highly technical cybercrime hubs, while Nigerian cybercriminals primarily engaged in less technical forms of cybercrime.

    PYQ:

    [2018] The terms ‘Wanna Cry, Petya and Eternal Blue’ sometimes mentioned in the news recently are related to:

    (a) Exo-planets

    (b) Crypto-currency

    (c) Cyber attacks

    (d) Mini-satellites

  • Adjudication Process under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)

    Why in the news?

    • The Adjudicating Authority under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA) has confirmed the attachment of assets worth Rs 751.9 crore linked to a politician family.
    • The Enforcement Directorate (ED) had provisionally attached these properties in PMLA case.

    About Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002

    Details
    Precursor Enacted to fulfill India’s global commitments to combat money laundering, aligning with international conventions such as:

    1. UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic; Substances 1988;
    2. Basle Statement of Principles, 1989;
    3. Financial Action Task Force’s Forty Recommendations, 1990;
    4. UN General Assembly’s Political Declaration and Global Program of Action, 1990.
    What is it?
    • Criminal law targeting money laundering and property confiscation from illicit activities.
    • Central to India’s anti-money laundering legal framework.
    • Applicable to financial institutions, banks (including RBI), mutual funds, insurance companies, and their intermediaries.
    Amendments Amended in the year 2005, 2009 and 2012.
    Objectives
    • Confiscate proceeds of crime involved in money laundering.
    • Establish legal mechanisms to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing.
    • Strengthen investigation and prosecution of money laundering offenses.
    • Enhance international cooperation in combating money laundering.
    Regulating Authorities
    1. Directorate of Enforcement (ED) enforces PMLA provisions and investigates money laundering cases.
    2. Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) receives, processes, analyses and disseminates information related to suspect financial transactions.
    Salient Features
    • Punishment and Jail Term: Provides rigorous imprisonment from 3 to 7 years for money laundering, extendable up to 10 years.
    • Powers of Attachment: Director or officer above Deputy Director rank can provisionally attach suspected “proceeds of crime” property.
    • Adjudicating Authority: Appointed by the central government to determine involvement of attached or seized property in money laundering.
    • Presumption in Inter-Connected Transactions: Transactions are presumed interconnected in money laundering cases.
    • Burden of Proof: Accused must prove alleged proceeds of crime are lawful.
    • Appellate Tribunal: Empowered to hear appeals against Adjudicating Authority and other orders under the Act.
    • Special Court Establishment: Ensures expedited trials.

     

    In news: Adjudicating Authority under PMLA

    • The ED, empowered by Section 5 of the PMLA, provisionally attaches assets suspected to be acquired through criminal proceeds.
    • These provisional orders, valid for 180 days, require confirmation by the Adjudicating Authority within the stipulated period to maintain legal validity.
    1. Role of the Adjudicating Authority:
    • The Adjudicating Authority, appointed by the central government, reviews the attachment orders to ensure compliance with legal standards and procedural requirements.
    • Failure to confirm the attachment within the prescribed timeline results in automatic release of the attached property.
    1. Legal Ramifications Post-Confirmation:
    • Once confirmed, the accused retains the right to challenge the order within 45 days at the PMLA’s Appellate Tribunal.
    • If the order is upheld, the accused may pursue further legal avenues, while the attached property remains inaccessible until the conclusion of legal proceedings.
    1. Impact on Property Owners and Enforcement Agencies:
    • Confirmed attachments may lead to the ED taking possession of residential properties, compelling owners to evacuate.
    • Attached properties, including vehicles, may deteriorate over time as legal battles prolong, with significant financial implications for both parties.

    PYQ:

     

    [2013] Money laundering poses a serious security threat to a country’s economic sovereignty. What is its significance for India and what steps are required to be taken to control this menace?

     

    [2019] Consider the following statements:

    1.    The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’.

    2.    The UNCAC is the ever-first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.

    3.    A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from whom they had been taken illicitly.

    4.    The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is mandated by its member States to assist in the implementation of both UNCAC and UNTOC.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    (a) 1 and 3 only

    (b) 2, 3 and 4 only

    (c) 2 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, and 4

  • Mount Etna’s Volcanic Vortex Rings: A Rare Natural Phenomenon

    Mt. Etna

    Why in the news?

    Mount Etna, located on the east coast of Sicily in Italy recently gained attention for emitting circular rings of vapor from its summit, known as volcanic vortex rings.

    About Mount Etna

    • Mount Etna is located on the east coast of Sicily, Italy.
    • It is an active stratovolcano, characterized by its conical shape formed by layers of hardened lava, ash, and volcanic rocks.
    • It is Europe’s tallest active volcano, standing at approximately 3,329 meters (10,922 feet) above sea level.
    • It is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and has been erupting for thousands of years, with the first recorded eruption dating back to around 1500 BCE.
    • Mount Etna and its surrounding area have been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2013, recognizing its geological significance and natural beauty.
    • It boasts five craters responsible for eruptions, alongside numerous vents along its slopes.

    What are Volcanic Vortex Rings?

    • Volcanic vortex rings are a rare phenomenon observed when gas, primarily water vapor, is rapidly released through a vent in the volcano’s crater, forming circular rings of smoke above the mountain.
    • This phenomenon, similar to smoke rings blown by cigarette smokers, occurs when gas is expelled through a nearly perfect circular vent in the crater.
    • These rings can rise in the air for up to 10 minutes but may disintegrate quickly under windy conditions.

    Volcanism in Italy

    • The volcanism of Italy is due chiefly to the presence, a short distance to the south, of the boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate.
    • Italy is a volcanically active country, containing the only active volcanoes in mainland Europe (while volcanic islands are also present in Greece, in the volcanic arc of the southern Aegean).
    • The lava erupted by Italy’s volcanoes is thought to result from the subduction and melting of one plate below another.
    • Other active volcanoes include Mt. Stromboli and Vesuvius.

    Historical and Recent Observations

    • Etna produces more vapor rings than any other volcano on Earth, making it a hotspot for studying this phenomenon.
    • The occurrence of volcanic vortex rings was first documented in 1724 at Mount Etna and Vesuvius in Italy, and has since been observed at various volcanoes worldwide.
    • Recent observations of this phenomenon have been reported at volcanoes in Alaska, Ecuador, Guatemala, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Vanuatu, New Zealand, and Nicaragua.

    Recent Volcanic Eruptions in News:

    Many of the world’s most active volcanoes are concentrated in the Pacific Ring of Fire, encompassing regions like New Zealand, Southeast Asia, Japan, and the western coast of the Americas. This volatile area also experiences about 90% of all earthquakes globally.

    • Kilauea, Hawaii: The Kilauea volcano in Hawaii captivated the world with a nearly nonstop eruption that began in 1983 and continued for an astonishing 35 years until 2018. Remarkably, it rekindled in 2021, with the eruption still ongoing.
    • Dukono, Indonesia: Erupting since August 1933, Dukono volcano in Indonesia stands as a testament to long-term volcanic activity, defying the passage of time.
    • Santa Maria, Guatemala: The eruption of Santa Maria in Guatemala commenced in June 1922 and persists to this day, underscoring the enduring nature of certain volcanic phenomena.
    • Yasur, Vanuatu: Yasur in Vanuatu first erupted around 1270 and has maintained its volcanic activity, continuing as of June 9, 2023.

    Understanding Volcanoes

    • Volcanoes are geological features characterized by openings or vents through which lava, tephra (small rocks), and steam erupt onto the Earth’s surface.
    • They result from both their own eruptions and the broader processes of tectonic plate movement.
    • Volcanic eruptions are essentially the result of magma, or molten rock, beneath the Earth’s surface rising, bubbling, and ultimately overflowing, much like boiling milk spilling out of a pot on a stove.
    • The magma seeks pathways to vents within the volcano, where it erupts and is expelled across the land and into the atmosphere, a phenomenon referred to as lava.

    Appearance Formation Eruption Style Notable Examples
    Cinder Cones Small, steep, conical Formed from basaltic magma with high gas content Often explosive eruptions with cinders/scoria Paricutin (Mexico), Sunset Crater (USA)
    Composite/Stratovolcanoes Tall and symmetrical Result from alternating layers of lava, ash, etc. Both explosive and effusive eruptions Mount St. Helens (USA), Mount Fuji (Japan)
    Shield Volcanoes Broad and gently sloping Primarily formed from basaltic magma Primarily non-explosive with extensive lava flows Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea (Hawaii)
    Lava Domes Rounded dome-like shape Formed from slow extrusion of viscous magma Typically non-explosive but can be dangerous Novarupta Dome (Alaska), Mount St. Helens’ Lava Dome (USA)

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] Consider the following statements:

    1.    The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian Territory.

    2.    Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.

    3.    The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991 and it has remained inactive since then.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1 and 3

  • India, US to reactivate Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS)

    Why in the news?

    India and the US have decided to reactivate the Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS).

    What is IndOOS?

    • Established in 2006, the Indian Ocean Observing System (IndOOS) comprises moored buoys strategically placed across the Indian Ocean.
    • It consists of a network of 36 moored buoys in the high seas to collect high-resolution ocean and atmospheric data for weather forecasts.
    • These buoys measure various parameters like seawater temperature, salinity, ocean currents, atmospheric humidity, and wind speed.
    • IndOOS originally focused on understanding and predicting the monsoon.
    • It now aids in climate modelling under changing climatic conditions and predicts extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and cyclones.

    Objectives of IndOOS include:

    1. The primary objective of IndOOS is to provide continuous and high-quality oceanographic and meteorological data to support informed decision-making and improve scientific understanding of weather and climate.
    2. It aims to foster partnerships among Indian Ocean countries and beyond to enhance long-term monitoring and forecasting capabilities.

    Need for IndOOS

    • The Indian Ocean region, home to nearly one-third of the global population, faces significant vulnerabilities due to climate change and extreme weather events.
    • Fisheries and rain-dependent agriculture in these regions are heavily influenced by the monsoon, making accurate weather forecasts crucial for mitigating potential damage to crops and livelihoods.
    • The Indian Ocean’s influence extends beyond its boundaries, redistributing heat across the planet and modulating the climate in the Pacific, North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.

    Observing Networks under IndOOS

    • The framework for IndOOS comprises five observing networks:
    1. Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA)
    2. Profiling floats (part of the global Argo array)
    3. Surface drifters (Global Drifter Program, GDP)
    4. Repeat temperature lines (eXpendable Bathy Thermograph (XBT) network)
    5. Tide gauges
    • These networks are complemented by satellite observations of surface wind, sea level, temperature, salinity, rainfall, and ocean color.

    Partnerships and Support:

    • IndOOS originated from discussions among scientists during the First International Conference on the Ocean Observing System for Climate (OceanObs) in 1999.
    • An implementation plan for IndOOS was developed by the Indian Ocean Panel, established under the Climate and Ocean Variability, Predictability, and Change (CLIVAR) and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission – Global Ocean Observing System (IOC-GOOS) programs.
  • Online TEST ATTEMPT Link-All India Open Test

    Online TEST ATTEMPT Link-All India Open Test

    Attempt the test now!

    Attempt the test NOW!
    https://prelims.civilsdaily.com/products/dominate-prelims-open-test-2024/

    Starts at 4:30PM NOW

    The features of the test are as follows:

    Our open tests have the highest hit ratios because we follow 2 simple principles, 5 categories, and 80 themes.

    1. 5 categories of questions  

    The actual UPSC prelims paper can be said to follow broadly 5 categories – 1.⁠ ⁠Core, 2.⁠ ⁠Non-core, 3.⁠ ⁠Logical, 4.⁠ ⁠Ultra-hard (Skippable), 5.⁠ ⁠Surprising. We are aligning very closely with this distribution. 

    1.⁠ ⁠Core: These questions are from core sources like standard books, monthly magazines, and Atomic Notes. You are expected to answer ALL of these questions correctly. 

    [2023] Consider the following organizations/ bodies in India:

    1.⁠ ⁠The National Commission for Backward Classes

    2.  The National Human Rights Commission

    3.  The National Law Commissions

    4.  The National Consumer Disputes Redressal CommissionHow many of the above are constitutional bodies?

    (a) Only one

    (b) Only two

    (c) Only three

    (d) All four

    2.⁠ ⁠Non-core: These questions are 1 level above what is present in core sources. E.g. Political Parties during the freedom movement, Ancient Medieval terms, and terms around Buddhism Jainism.  

    [2023] Consider the following statements:

    1.⁠ ⁠India has more arable area than China.

    2.⁠ ⁠The proportion of irrigated area is more in India as compared to China.

    3.⁠ ⁠The average productivity per hectare in Indian agriculture is higher than that in China.

    How many of the above statements are correct?

    (a) Only one

    (b) Only two

    (c)  All three

    (d) None

    3.⁠ ⁠Logical: Not solvable by knowledge alone but through logical approach. 

    [2023] Consider the following statements:

    1.⁠ ⁠Some mushrooms have medicinal properties.

    2.⁠ ⁠Some mushrooms have psychoactive properties

    3.⁠ ⁠Some mushrooms have insecticidal properties

    4.⁠ ⁠Some mushrooms have bioluminescent properties.

    How many of the above statements are correct?

    (a) Only one

    (b) Only two

    (c) Only three

    (d) All four

    4.⁠ ⁠Ultra-hard (Skippable): Needs to be skipped (if attempted by student, it’s a case of over-attempt. Because knowing what not to attempt is as important as knowing what to attempt. 

    [2023] Consider the following fauna:

    1.⁠ ⁠Lion-tailed Macaque

    2.⁠ ⁠Malabar Civet

    3.⁠ ⁠Sambar Deer

    How many of the above are generally nocturnal or most active after sunset?

    (a)  Only one

    (b) Only two

    (c)  All three

    (d) None

    5.⁠ ⁠Surprising: Unexpected questions in terms of content and format inspired by innovations we see in other exams conducted by UPSC. Ensures you are not rattled during the exam. 

    [2019] Consider the following States:

    1.⁠ ⁠Chhattisgarh

    2.⁠ ⁠Madhya Pradesh

    3.⁠ ⁠Maharashtra

    4.⁠ ⁠Odisha

    With reference to the States mentioned above, in terms of percentage of forest cover to the total area of State, which one of the following is the correct ascending order?

    (a) 2-3-1-4

    (b) 2-3-4-1

    (c) 3-2-4-1

    (d) 3-2-1-4

    2. 80 most repeated UPSC themes 

    We are being very precise. We won’t ask you a broad question on Species. 

    When it comes to high-profile species like tigers, elephants, and other critically endangered species, UPSC is asking for conservation efforts or behavioural patterns. We will ask you something similar. We are this detail-oriented. 

    This is true for all subjects. For instance, in Economics, detailed questions on inflation, bonds, differentiated banks, etc. are more difficult. 

    We have 80 detailed themes and our questions will be framed on similar lines. 

    [CSP2017]Q. The term ‘M-STrIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of

    (a)Captive breeding of Wild Fauna

    (b)Maintenance of Tiger Reserves

    (c)Indigenous Satellite Navigation System

    (d)Security of National Highways

    [CSP2020]Q. Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?

    (a) Corbett

    (b) Ranthambore

    (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam

    (d) Sunderbans

    [CSP2021]Q. With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements:

    1.The leader of an elephant group is a female.

    2.The maximum gestation period can be 22 months.

    3.An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only.

    4.Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2 and 4 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 3 and 4 only

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  • [12 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: In poll season, the perils of scorching bilateral ties

    [12 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: In poll season, the perils of scorching bilateral ties

    Mains PYQ Relevance: 

    Q The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.(UPSC IAS/2018)

    Q “Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of several member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).” Explain with suitable examples.(UPSC IAS/2016)

    Note4Students: 

    Mains:  Bilateral ties

    Mentor comments: In the contemporary era of populism, an unwritten maxim dictates that “all geopolitics is local,” shaping policymaking worldwide. Consequently, leaders often craft foreign policies with a keen eye on domestic political ramifications, aiming not only to avoid negative impacts but even to secure additional voter support. However, it’s unusual for general elections to become entangled with foreign policy matters to the extent seen in the upcoming elections in India.

    Let’s learn

    —

    Why in the news? 

    The upcoming 2024 elections in India are making headlines due to the significant impact they may have on the country’s foreign policy.

    Raising Geopolitical issues in the General Election:

    • The recent statements by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar calling into question the 1974 India-Sri Lanka agreement. 
    • Not only did they both  criticize former Prime Ministers and their party for the decision to recognise Katchatheevu island as part of Sri Lankan territory, but the External Affairs Minister also went on to say that a “solution” must be found for the continuing “situation” Tamil Nadu fishermen find themselves in as a result of the agreement.

    Credibility could take a hit:

    • Reputation as an Interlocutor: Any move by New Delhi to reopen or revise international agreements, especially those recognized by bodies like the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), could call into question India’s reliability and credibility as a diplomatic partner.  
    • Impact on Negotiations: Renegotiating or revising agreements, such as the maritime boundary settlement with Bangladesh or the land boundary agreement between India and Bangladesh, could complicate ongoing negotiations and strain diplomatic relations with partner countries.  
    • Precedent Setting: The actions taken by India regarding the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan serve as a precedent. Despite threats and calls for renegotiation, the treaty remains intact.
      • This indicates the challenges and complexities involved in revising established agreements, underscoring the potential ramifications for India’s credibility.
    • Long-Term Consequences: Any perceived inconsistency in India’s approach to international agreements may have long-term consequences for its diplomatic standing and ability to effectively engage in multilateral negotiations.  

    Key Challenges with Indian Government: 

    • Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) and the NRC: The implementation of the CAA, which excludes Muslims and is seen as discriminatory by neighboring countries like Bangladesh, has the potential to strain diplomatic ties.
      • Additionally, fears over the subsequent implementation of the NRC and the potential designation of hundreds of thousands of people from Bangladesh as stateless citizens could further escalate tensions with Dhaka.
    • China Factor: The ongoing standoff with China at the Line of Actual Control (LAC) raises concerns, particularly regarding China’s occupation of land since April 2020.
    • Canada Factor: Allegations of transnational killings by Indian agencies, including the trial of an Indian national in the United States for an alleged assassination plot and Canada’s claims of Indian involvement in the killing of a Sikh community leader, have sparked international attention and scrutiny.
    • Pakistan Factor: Pakistan has sought to align its claims of Indian involvement in killings with cases in the U.S. and Canada, further complicating diplomatic relations between the two countries.

    Way Forward: 

    • Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA) and National Register of Citizens (NRC): Engage in transparent dialogue with neighboring countries, especially Bangladesh, to address concerns about the discriminatory nature of the CAA and potential implications of the NRC.
    • Standoff with China: Prioritize diplomatic channels to de-escalate tensions and seek peaceful resolutions to territorial disputes along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
    • Alleged Transnational Killings: Cooperate with international investigations to transparently address allegations of transnational killings, ensuring adherence to legal procedures and respect for human rights.
    • Pakistan’s Allegations: Maintain diplomatic composure and refute baseless allegations through evidence-based responses, avoiding escalation of tensions.

    Source: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/in-poll-season-the-perils-of-scorching-bilateral-ties/article68054471.ece

  • ADB raises India’s GDP growth forecast for FY25 to 7% from 6.7% earlier

    Why in the News?

    The Asian Development Bank (ADB) increased its GDP growth projection for India for the current fiscal year to 7%, up from its previous estimate of 6.7%.

    Reason behind the increased India’s GDP growth projection by ADB:

    • Manufacturing Sector: The manufacturing sector growth of India in the 2023 fiscal year was robust, with the S&P Global India Manufacturing PMI rebounding to 56.0 in November 2023 from an eight-month low of 55.5 in October 2023.
    • Investment and Consumption Demand: Investment and Consumption demand are both expected to drive India’s economic growth in 2024 and FY25. Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE) grew at 3.5% in the December quarter of FY24.
    • Inflation Trend: Inflation in India is expected to continue its downward trend in tandem with global trends Inflation in India decreased to 5.09 percent in February 2024 from 5.10 percent in January 2024. India’s inflation rate is projected to trend around 4.30 percent in 2025, according to econometric models.
    • Monetary policy: The RBI has kept the repo rate unchanged at 6.5% for 2023-24, focusing on withdrawal of accommodation to ensure that inflation progressively aligns to the target while supporting growth.

    Government Initiatives taken for Regional Development:

    • Regional Cooperation and Integration (RCI) Conference, 2023:
        • It was organised by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) at Tbilisi, Georgia.
        • Theme: ‘Strengthening Regional Cooperation and Integration through Economic Corridor Development (ECD)’.
        • Objective: To integrate spatial transformation and area-centric approach with the help of Economic Corridor Development.
        • In this Conference, India offered its indigenously developed GIS-based technology though knowledge sharing  to ADB and South Asia Sub-Regional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) countries for enhancing socio-economic planning and regional cooperation.
    • PM GatiShakti National Master Plan and Multi-modal Connectivity:
      • Basically, PM Gati Shakti is principled to bring socio-economic area-based development as part of regional connectivity.
      • It is being implemented to enhance connectivity with regional partners with the help of GIS-based technology. For Example: Indo-Nepal Haldia Access Controlled Corridor project.

    BACK2BASIC:

    About Asian Development Bank(ADB):

    • Established in 1966, it is owned by 68 members-49 from the region. ADB’s five largest shareholders are Japan and the United States (each with 15.6% of total shares), the People’s Republic of China (6.4%), India (6.3%), and Australia (5.8%).
    • Headquarters: Manila, Philippines.
    • Objective: To foster social and economic development across Asia and the Pacific region.

     

    Conclusion: Indian  government’s effort across the robust manufacturing growth, investment, working on consumption demand, decreasing inflation, and supportive monetary policy, aligning with its goal of promoting regional social and economic development are gaining some fruits.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor.(UPSC IAS/2017) 

    Q India has recently signed to become founding member of New Development Bank (NDB) and also the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). How will the role of the two Banks be different? Discuss the strategic significance of these two Banks for India. (UPSC IAS/2014)

  • Crafted in Indian labs, NexCAR19 takes India to next level in Cancer Care

    Why in the News? 

    • President Droupadi Murmu launched India’s first indigenously-developed CAR T-cell therapy, hailing it as a major breakthrough against cancer.
    • This therapy was developed by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay and the Tata Memorial Centre, and it is known as ‘NexCAR19 CAR T-cell therapy’.

    BACK2BASICS:

    What is CAR T cell thearpy? 

    CAR T-cell therapy is a type of immunotherapy that involves modifying a patient’s T cells, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system, to recognize and attack cancer cells. This therapy is designed to target specific proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, such as CD19, which is commonly found on B cells.

    How are CAR-T cells made?

    Significance of CAR T Thearpy:

    • Promising results:  This therapy has shown promising results in treating some types of blood cancers, including certain kinds of lymphoma, pediatric leukemia, and adult leukemia.  It has shown with approximately 70% of patients responding to the treatment.
    • Less time for treatment: CAR T-cell therapies are generally a single infusion with less than 2 weeks of inpatient care, while stem cell transplants and chemotherapy treatment regimens can take months to complete

    Limitiations of CAR-T Therapy:

    • Risks of CAR-T Therapy: The efficacy of CAR-T therapy varies from person to person, and it is too early to declare it a complete cure. While it has shown remarkable progress in challenging cases, its effectiveness is not universal.
    • High Cost Therapy: NexCAR19 is priced at a fraction of its US counterpart, it remains relatively high for many Indians, ranging from ₹40 to 45 lakh.
    • It’s Side Effects includes:
      • Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS): CRS is the most common side effect of CAR-T therapy, triggering an ‘Inflammatory Response’ that leads to immune system hyperactivity.
      • Neurotoxicity: Although not observed in early-stage clinical trials, neurotoxicity is a common side effect of CAR-T therapy that can manifest as confusion, seizures, or difficulty speaking or walking.
      • Infections and Blood Cell Counts: Patients undergoing CAR-T therapy may experience infections and low blood cell counts as anticipated side effects.

    Conclusion: India’s is moving towards heralding a breakthrough in Cancer Care Therapy. Despite cost challenges, Government efforts are aimed to enhance accessibility and better outputs in Healthcare Sector.

  • Is Transparency lacking in Candidate Disclosure?

    Why in the news? 

    The Supreme Court held that candidates need not to disclose every piece of Information and Possession in their Election Affidavit unless it is Substantial in Nature.

    What are the Legal Provisions?

    • Nomination paper with Affidavit: Section 33 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RP Act) read with rule 4A of election rules, requires every contesting candidate to file their nomination paper for elections along with an Affidavit in a ‘prescribed format’.
    • Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR) Vs Union of India (2002): The Supreme Court held that voters have the right to know about the criminal antecedents, income and asset details of the candidate and his/her dependants and educational qualification of contesting candidates.
      • This judgement resulted in Section 33A being added to the RP Act that requires details of criminal antecedents to be part of the election affidavit.
    • Punishable Offence: Section 125A of the RP Act further provides that failure to furnish required information, giving false information or concealing any information in the nomination paper or affidavit shall be punishable with imprisonment up to six months or fine or both.

    Present Dilemma of Accountability:

    • Candidates with Criminal Charges: The significant issue of candidates with serious criminal charges contesting elections raises questions about the integrity and suitability of such candidates for public office.
      • According to a report by ADR, 19% of candidates in the 2019 Lok Sabha election faced charges of rape, murder or kidnapping.
    • Circumvention of Disclosure Requirements: Some candidates attempted to circumvent disclosure requirements by leaving certain columns blank and filing incomplete affidavits, indicating loopholes in the electoral process.

    Recommendations by Election Commission and Law Commission in its 244th report:

    • A conviction for filing a false affidavit should attract a punishment of a minimum of 2 years imprisonment and be a ground for disqualification.
    • The Trials in such cases must be conducted on a day-to-day basis.
    • Persons charged by a competent court with offences punishable by imprisonment of at least 5 years should be debarred from contesting in the elections provided the case is filed at least 6 months before the election in question.

    Supreme Court’s Judgement to resolve this issues: 

    • In Public Interest Foundation Vs Union of India (2018) directed candidates as well as political parties to issue a declaration about criminal antecedents, at least three times before the election, in a newspaper in the locality and electronic media.

    Way Forward:

    • Debarring from contesting elections : Debarring chargesheeted candidates from contesting elections is likely to be misused by various ruling parties.
    • Increasing Punishment for False Affidavits: Increasing punishment for filing false affidavits and making it a ground for disqualification need to be implemented.
    • Strict Implementation of SC order:The Supreme Court’s order to provide wide publicity of criminal records should also be strictly implemented.

    Conclusion: Addressing challenges in candidate disclosure, enhancing electoral integrity can be achieved through measures such as imposing stricter penalties for false affidavits, enforcing disclosure laws rigorously, and ensuring widespread dissemination of candidates’ criminal records.

  • Patanjali Misleading Advertisement Case

    Why in the news?

    • The Supreme Court ruling refusing to accept Patanjali’s MD’s unconditional apologies underscores the gravity of intentionally misleading advertisements and their repercussions.
    • Despite apologies, Patanjali’s breach of its commitment not to disseminate false claims about curing various illnesses led to this decision.

    The Concept of Obiter Dicta Lexicon:

    • In the context of the criticism directed towards the Hon’ble Supreme Court Bench’s statement in the Patanjali case, the concept of “obiter dicta lexicon” may find relevance.
    • “Obiter dicta” is a Latin term that translates to “things said by the way” and refers to statements made by a judge in passing, which are not essential to the decision of the case at hand.
    • It refers to the use of language or expressions that are not directly relevant to the legal reasoning or decision-making process in a court judgment or opinion.

    SC Bench Statement on Patanjali’s Apology:

    • The statement “we will rip you apart” is being criticized for being overly aggressive and potentially inappropriate for a judicial setting.
    • Therefore, in this case, the use of language that deviated from the core legal issues at hand and instead conveyed a sense of aggression or hostility could be viewed as part of the “obiter dicta lexicon.”

    Understanding Misleading Advertisements:

    • The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 prohibits unfair trade practices, including misleading advertisements, and provides mechanisms for consumers to seek redressal for grievances related to misleading advertising.

    Following are the types of Misleading Ads:

    1. False Claims: Advertisements with untrue statements about a product’s features or benefits.
    2. Exaggerated Claims: Ads that overstate a product’s benefits beyond reason.
    3. Omission of Material Information: Ads that hide important details consumers need to know.
    4. Comparative Advertising: Ads unfairly attacking competitors’ products.
    5. Endorsements and Testimonials: Ads using fake endorsements or testimonials.
    6. Health and Safety Claims: Ads with unproven health or safety benefits.
    7. Bait-and-Switch Tactics: Ads luring with false promises and switching to different offers.

    Key Legislation dealing with Misleading Ads:

    1. Bureau of Indian Standards (Certification) Regulations, 1988
    2. Food Safety and Standards Act of 2006
    3. The Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act of 1955 (DOMA)
    4. The Drug and Cosmetics Act of 1940
    5. The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act of 2003

     

    Regulatory Authorities dealing with the Issue:

    1. Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI): Ensures fairness and compliance with the ASCI Code in Indian commercials.
    2. Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA): Regulates consumer rights violations, unfair trade practices, and misleading marketing detrimental to public interests. It has issued the Guidelines for the Prevention and Endorsement of Misleading Advertisements, 2022.

    About the Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act of 1955 (DOMA):

    • The Magic Remedies Act encompasses the definition of “drug”.
    • It extends to include articles like talismans, mantras, and charms purportedly possessing miraculous healing powers.

    Here are the key provisions of the Act:

    1. Prohibition of Certain Advertisements: The Act prohibits advertisements that claim to prevent or cure certain diseases or ailments listed in Schedule J of the Act through drugs or remedies. These diseases include conditions like cancer, tuberculosis, diabetes, and epilepsy.
    2. Prohibition of Misleading Advertisements: The Act prohibits advertisements that are false or misleading in any material particular regarding the nature, substance, quality, or potency of any drug or remedy.
    3. Cognizance of Offences: No court shall take cognizance of any offence under the Act except on a complaint made by the government or by a person authorized by the government.
    4. Exemptions: The Act provides exemptions for advertisements of drugs or remedies containing certain substances or preparations listed in Schedule J if the advertisement conforms to the conditions specified in the Schedule.

    Violations made by Patanjali Ayurveda

    1. Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act of 1954 (DOMA): By disseminating deceptive advertisements, Patanjali breached Section 4 of the DOMA, which prohibits the publication of false drug ads.
    2. Consumer Protection Act of 2019 (CPA): Patanjali made false claims in their advertisements about curing different illnesses, contravening Section 2(28) of the CPA, which defines “misleading advertisement”.
    3. Violation of MoU between Ministry of AYUSH and ASCI: Patanjali’s actions breached the memorandum signed between the Ministry of AYUSH and the Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI), indicating non-compliance with agreed-upon standards for advertising practices.

    PYQ:

    [2012] With reference to consumers’ rights/privileges under the provisions of law in India, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1.    Consumers are empowered to take samples for food testing.

    2.    When a consumer files a complaint in any consumer forum, no fee is required to be paid.

    3.    In case of death of a consumer, his/her legal heir can file a complaint in the consumer forum on his/her behalf.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Doctrine of Harmonious Construction

    Why in the news?

    The Supreme Court refused to condone a delay of 5659 days in an appeal filing, setting forth eight guiding principles by interpreting Sections 3 and 5 of the Limitation Act, 1963, in ‘Harmonious Construction’.

    What is the Doctrine of Harmonious Construction?

    • The doctrine of harmonious construction means figuring out how to understand different parts of a law that seem to disagree with each other.
    • This doctrine helps maintain consistency and coherence in legal interpretation, ensuring that legislative intent is upheld while resolving apparent conflicts within statutes.
    • Origin: The Origin of the Doctrine of Harmonious Construction dates back to the landmark Judgement of Sri Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India (1951), when there existed conflict between Fundamental Rights and DPDP.
    • In the present context, the SC harmoniously construed Sections 3 and 5 of the Limitation Act, ensuring that the strict interpretation of limitation periods under Section 3 was balanced with the liberal approach to condonation of delay under Section 5.

    What is Limitation Act, 1963?

    • The Limitation Act, 1963 is a statute enacted by the Parliament that prescribes the time limits within which legal proceedings can be initiated for various civil and criminal matters.
    • The Act sets out the specific time periods, known as limitation periods, within which a person must file a lawsuit or take legal action to enforce their rights or claim remedies for a particular cause of action.
    • Once the limitation period expires, the right to initiate legal proceedings becomes barred by law, and the aggrieved party loses the right to seek legal redress.

    Here are its key features:

    • Applicability: The Limitation Act, 1963 applies to civil suits, appeals, and applications filed in courts across India, with exceptions for cases where specific statutes provide for different limitation periods.
    • Limitation Periods: The Act sets a limitation period of 3 years for filing suits related to recovery of debts, breach of contract, or injury to a person.
    • Commencement of Limitation: The limitation period typically begins from the date when the cause of action arises, which is when the aggrieved party becomes entitled to sue.
    • Extension and Suspension: The Act allows for certain circumstances where the limitation period may be extended or suspended. For instance, if the plaintiff is under a disability or if fraud is discovered, the limitation period may be extended.

    Principles for Condonation of Delay

    Justices Bela M Trivedi and Pankaj Mithal presided over the bench that delineated these principles.

    1. Public Policy Basis: Limitation law aims to conclude litigation by forfeiting the remedy rather than the right itself.
    2. Temporal Limitation: Rights or remedies unexercised for a prolonged duration should cease to exist.
    3. Strict vs. Liberal Construction: Section 3 (limitation period) requires strict interpretation, while Section 5 (condonation of delay) demands a liberal approach.
    4. Substantial Justice: While promoting substantial justice, the core of limitation law (Section 3) must not be undermined.
    5. Discretionary Power: Courts may condone delay if sufficient cause is explained but may refrain due to factors like inordinate delay and negligence.
    6. Individual Justification: Relief granted to some does not mandate the same for others if delay justification is unsatisfactory.
    7. Merit Irrelevance: Merits of the case need not influence delay condonation decisions.
    8. Condonation Parameters: Applications for delay condonation must adhere to statutory provisions; overlooking conditions amounts to disregarding the law.

    Why were these guidelines laid out?

    • These principles emerged from a case where legal heirs sought to challenge a High Court decision dismissing their plea to condone delay in filing an appeal against a Trial Court’s reference dismissal.
    • The litigant’s heirs argued insufficient knowledge about the dismissal due to her stay in the matrimonial house, leading to a delayed filing.
    • However, the Supreme Court rejected this argument, citing negligence in pursuing the reference and appeal, lack of procedural diligence, and acceptance of the reference court’s decision by most claimants.

    PYQ:

     

    [2021] With reference to Indian judiciary, consider the following statements:​

    1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with prior permission of the President of India.​

    2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.​

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • NGT Intervention to prevent Stubble Burning

    Why in the news?

    The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed the Punjab government to devise a comprehensive strategy for managing the estimated 19.52 million tonnes of paddy stubble in the state.

    About National Green Tribunal (NGT)

    Description
    Establishment Formed in 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act as a statutory body.
    Objective

     
    • To deal with cases related to environmental issues and ensure speedy implementation of decisions.
    • Responsible for making many prominent decisions aimed at environmental protection, including addressing air pollution in Delhi and cancelling coal block clearances.
    Composition
    • Headquartered in Delhi, chaired by a retired Supreme Court judge
    • Included Judicial Members and Expert Panel.
    Powers Empowered to decide on questions related to various environmental laws and hear civil cases concerning environmental issues:

    1. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974;
    2. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977;
    3. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980;
    4. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;
    5. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986;
    6. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991;
    7. The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
    Exceptions Prohibited to hear any issues which are covered under:

    1. The Indian Forest Act, 1927,
    2. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and
    3. Any other laws made by States which are related to protection of trees, forests, etc.
    Places
    • Principal bench in Delhi;
    • Additional benches in Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, and Chennai.
    Governing Principles
    • Governed by principles of natural justice, not bound by Indian Evidence Act.
    • Applies principles of sustainable development, precautionary, and polluter pays.
    Review and Challenge
    • NGT orders can be reviewed as per Rule 22 of NGT Rules.
    • Can be challenged before the Supreme Court within ninety days.

    NGT intervention in Punjab

    • The ban and action against people burning crop residue are regulated under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
    • Punjab is required to provide details on the steps taken to utilize paddy straw in the previous year, including the mode and manner of removal, transportation, and utilization in various units.
    • Punjab estimated an increase in paddy straw generation to 52 million tonnes in 2024, with a projected utilization of 18.66 million tonnes.
    • Notably, the off-site utilization is expected to see a significant 60% increase, with 5.96 million tonnes being utilized in industrial and energy plants.

    Alternatives used for Stubble Burning

    • In-Situ Treatment: This involves managing crop residue directly in the field. Examples include using zero-tiller machines and bio-decomposers to break down stubble.
    • Ex-Situ Treatment: This method involves treating crop residue outside the field. An example is using rice straw as cattle fodder.
    • Turbo Happy Seeder (THS) Technique: This can uproot stubble and sow seeds while clearing the field. The stubble can then be used as mulch.

    Pusa-Biodecomposer

    • Pusa-Biodecomposer is a fungi-based liquid solution developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
    • It softens hard stubble, making it easy to mix with soil as compost.
    • It produces enzymes to digest cellulose, lignin, and pectin in paddy straw, rapidly converting crop residues and other waste into organic manure.

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] Consider the following:

    1.    Carbon monoxide

    2.    Methane

    3.    Ozone

    4.    Sulphur dioxide

    Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 2, 3 and 4 only

    (c) 1 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

  • Microbial Formulations for Enhanced Agricultural Productivity

    Why in the news?

    The Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR), located in Kozhikode, has introduced and validated three new microbial formulations (Bactolime, Bactogypsum, and Trichogypsum) aimed at improving agricultural productivity.

    IISR Microbial Formulations

    • It leverages granular lime and gypsum to address soil pH issues while simultaneously delivering beneficial microorganisms.
    • These are developed using IISR’s proprietary patent-applied technology.
    • The formulations are:
    1. Bactolime:
    • Bactolime, the flagship product, combines beneficial bacteria, specifically plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria, with liming material in a single formulation.
    • This integration ensures not only the correction of soil acidity but also the provision of essential nutrients to plants.
    1. Bactogypsum and Trichogypsum:
    • The other two formulations, Bactogypsum and Trichogypsum, utilize gypsum as a base material to buffer soil pH to a near-neutral level.
    • By creating an optimal environment for beneficial microbes, these formulations improve soil structure, enhance the availability of secondary nutrients, and boost overall microbial activity.

    Back2Basics: Soil Microbes

    Soil microbes refer to microorganisms that inhabit the soil environment and play vital roles in soil health, nutrient cycling, and plant growth. These microorganisms are diverse and include bacteria, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and algae.

    Function Benefits
    Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, making it available to plants Enhance soil fertility, improve plant growth and yield
    Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria Solubilize insoluble phosphorus, making it available to plants Increase phosphorus availability, promote root development and flowering
    Mycorrhizal Fungi Form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, facilitate nutrient uptake Improve soil structure, enhance nutrient absorption, increase plant resilience
    Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Stimulate plant growth, enhance nutrient uptake, suppress pathogens Promote root development, improve nutrient efficiency, increase stress tolerance
    Actinomycetes Decompose organic matter, produce antibiotics Enhance soil fertility, control soil-borne diseases and pests
    Azotobacter Fix atmospheric nitrogen, produce growth-promoting substances Increase nitrogen availability, stimulate root growth and nutrient uptake
    Azospirillum Fix atmospheric nitrogen, produce phytohormones Enhance nitrogen availability, promote root growth and stress tolerance
    Bacillus spp. Produce antimicrobial compounds, enzymes Control plant diseases and pests, improve soil health and fertility

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] Why does the Government of India promote the use of ‘Neem-coated Urea’ in agriculture?

    (a) Release of Neem oil in the soil increases nitrogen fixation by the soil microorganisms

    (b) Neem coating slows down the rate of dissolution of urea in the soil

    (c) Nitrous oxide, which is a greenhouse gas, is not at all released into atmosphere by crop fields

    (d) It is a combination of a weedicide and a fertilizer for particular crops
  • [11 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Katchatheevu demands thinking outside the box

    [11 April 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Katchatheevu demands thinking outside the box

    PYQ Relevance:
    Mains: 
    Q) ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in light of the preceding statement. (UPSC CSE 2022) 
    Q) In respect of India — Sri Lanka relations, discuss how domestic factors influence foreign policy. (UPSC CSE 2013) 

    Note4Students: 

    Prelims: Places in News; India and Sri Lanka;

    Mains: Bilateral Issues; India and Sri-Lanka;

    Mentor comments: India and Sri Lanka both are close neighbors with historical, political, social, and religious similarities. Simultaneously, both are in disputes on certain issues. The Katchatheevu issue is a long-standing dispute between India and Sri Lanka regarding the ownership and use of the Katchatheevu Island, which is strategically located in the Palk Strait. The island was historically owned by the Ramanad Kingdom of Ramanathapuram district in Tamil Nadu before Indian independence. In 1974, India recognized Sri Lanka’s ownership of the island under a conditional agreement, which has been a point of contention, especially for Indian fishermen from Tamil Nadu. We need to discuss this issue as the central government has attempted to address these issues, but the dispute remains unresolved.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    In a Public meeting, Tamil fishermen criticized the ceding of Katchatheevu Island. They highlighted the Indian fishermen being shot by the Sri Lankan Navy. 

    Background Story:

    • Despite the historical claims and disputes, the Katchatheevu issue was formally addressed in 1974 when India signed an agreement to demarcate the boundaries, leading to the cession of Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka. 
    • This decision has been a point of contention as follows:
      • Tamil Nadu’s perspective: The root cause of the problem is a conflict of interests. On the one side are the two governments which do not want to reopen the issue of Katchatheevu. 
      • Indian fishermen’s perspective: The Indian fishermen will not easily give up a means of livelihood that they have enjoyed for several years.
    Two interrelated issues for India and Sri Lanka should be kept in mind:

    Sanctity of Bilateral Agreements: The unilateral scrapping of a bilateral agreement will have profound consequences not only on India-Sri Lanka relations but also with several of India’s other neighboring countries. Bilateral agreements have their sanctity and cannot be scrapped based on the whims and fancies of every party in power.

    Siamese Twin Game: The Centre should be urged to take immediate steps to ensure the livelihood of fishermen on both sides of the Palk Strait. It would be unwise to attempt to create a Berlin Wall in the Palk Strait. What afflicts one will affect the other.

    The Quest for a Peaceful Solution:

    To solve this present issue there are two solutions:

    • Firstly, getting back to the island of Katchatheevu on lease in perpetuity (Tin Bigha) in reverse. India could use the island and the surrounding waters for fishing. However, this can uphold the sovereignty of Sri Lanka. 
    • Secondly, to allow Indian fishermen to fish in Sri Lankan waters up to 5nm. There was a precedent to this. Under the 1976 Agreement, Sri Lankan fishermen were permitted to fish near the Wadge Bank, near Kanniyakumari, for 3 years. 
    • While the TN regional governments accepted these suggestions, the greatest obstacle was the Centre refusing to reopen the issue.

    Introduction of ‘Trawling’:

    • Bottom trawling is a fishing method that involves scouring the sea bed for fish, pulling in a variety of marine life, including coral and seaweed.
      • This method of fishing destroys spawning grounds and the marine ecosystem, depleting future catches.
    • While it is banned in Sri Lanka, it continues to be practiced in India, causing damage to the sea bed and reducing fish availability on the Indian side of Palk Bay. 
    • This has led Indian fishermen to enter Sri Lankan waters in search of fish, causing conflict with Sri Lankan Tamil fishermen who use traditional forms of fishing.
    • India’s image may suffer if Sri Lanka takes the ICJ case against India.

    The Need for Bold Decisions:

    • Working on the Palk Bay:  It can work as a bridge between India and Sri Lanka. India can convert contested territory to a common heritage.
      • The government of India needs to ban all fishing equipment which are banned in Sri Lanka. Further, we should work to ensure that fishermen can equitably enjoy the rich marine wealth. 
    • Encourage joint ventures: Both governments need to encourage the Tamil fishermen of both countries to meet, form cooperative societies, and venture into deep-sea fishing.
      • Such joint ventures will also help repair the damage Indian fishermen have caused to the livelihood of their Tamil counterparts. 

    Conclusion: Every challenge provides an opportunity. The problems in Palk Bay can be solved only if we start thinking outside the box. 

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/katchatheevu-demands-thinking-outside-the-box/article68051227.ece

  • On Unemployment in Indian States

    Why in the news? 

    A recent report by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Institute for Human Development (IHD) revealed that two out of every three unemployed individuals were young graduates.

    Unemployment across Indian States: 

    • Highest Unemployment Rate: At almost 10%, Goa’s unemployment rate is more than three times the national average of 3.17%.
      • Four of the top five states with high unemployment rates (Goa, Kerala, Haryana, and Punjab) are comparatively richer states.
    • Lower Unemployment Rates: Maharashtra and Gujarat, which are rich states in western India, experience unemployment rates far less than the national average.
    • Unemployment in Northern and Southern states: All northern states (Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh) and most southern states have unemployment rates higher than the national average, except Karnataka.
    • Unemployment below the National Average: Out of the 27 states considered, 12 states have unemployment rates less than the national average.
    • Lower unemployment rates in poorer states: Except for Maharashtra and Gujarat, most states with unemployment rates lower than the national average also have per capita incomes lesser than the national average.

    What is the Relationship between Urbanisation and Unemployment? (ILO observations)

    • Relationship between Self-employment and Unemployment: The trend line shows a downward slope, indicating a negative relationship between self-employment and unemployment.
    • Informal self-employment mainly in Agriculture and Rural Economy: A significant portion of informal self-employment is in agriculture and the rural sector.

    • Relationship between Labor Force and Unemployment: Figure 3 illustrates a positive relationship between the urban share of the labor force and the unemployment rate. Highly urbanized states tend to have higher unemployment rates (Positive relationship).
    • High Unemployment and Urbanized states: States like Goa and Kerala, which are highly urbanized, experience high unemployment rates. This is attributed to the limited scope for informal jobs in urban settings compared to rural agriculture, which acts as a reserve for absorbing surplus labor.
    • Limited Informal Sectors: Although informal sectors exist and thrive in urban settings, they have limited capacity to absorb job-seekers compared to rural agriculture.
    • Exceptions states: Gujarat and Maharashtra, despite being highly urbanized, have lower unemployment rates compared to states like Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

    Nexus between Education and Employment:

    • Highly educated labor force and unemployment: Kerala, with a highly educated labor force (30% of graduates), faces high unemployment.
      • In contrast, Gujarat and Maharashtra have lower proportions of graduates in their labor force (14% and 20% respectively) and experience lower unemployment rates despite being richer and urbanized.
    • High unemployment among graduates: Graduates may lack the skills required for the growing modern sector, highlighting the need for improved teaching infrastructure and standards.
      • Graduates aspire to high-wage jobs that match their skills, leading to unemployment if the modern sector doesn’t expand enough to absorb them.

    Conclusion: Addressing youth unemployment necessitates improving education quality to match job market demands, fostering skill development for the modern sector, promoting entrepreneurship, and enhancing rural employment opportunities. Policy interventions should target these areas for inclusive growth and employment generation.

  • The advent of a holistic approach to ‘one health’

    Why in the news? 

    In the past, we have seen that there is interdependence between humans, animals, and the environment has been made increasingly evident with the emergence of pandemics such as COVID-19.

    • It is not just humans who are affected by pandemics but also livestock — an example being the outbreak of lumpy skin disease that has spread across countries.

    Why an integrated idea like the ‘One Health’ Mission is needed?

    One Health is an interdisciplinary approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and environmental health. It emphasizes collaboration across various sectors, including medicine, veterinary science, ecology, and public health, to address health challenges comprehensively.

    Key features of National One Health Mission:

    • Intersectoral Collaboration: The mission aims to coordinate, support, and integrate all existing One Health initiatives in the country, including the Ministries of Health and Family Welfare, Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Environment, and Science and Technology
    • Integrated Disease Surveillance: The mission implements integrated disease surveillance within and across human, animal, and environmental sectors to address communicable diseases, including zoonotic diseases, and improve overall pandemic preparedness and integrated disease control.
    • Consolidation of data: The mission creates an integrated, science-based environment where researchers from various disciplines can use laboratories as necessary and generate requisite inputs for One Health Science, including databases and models with a consolidated approach of ecologists, field biologists, epidemiologists, and other scientists.

     Challenges in National One Health Mission

    • Limited Database: There have been limited efforts to develop databases and models with a consolidated approach of ecologists, field biologists, epidemiologists, and other scientists to understand and respond to the drivers that threaten health and optimize the effectiveness of public health systems in achieving these goals within each sector.
    • Lack of Awareness and Understanding: The lack of awareness and understanding of the One Health concept among stakeholders hinders collaborative efforts required to address complex public health issues
    • Funding Constraints: Funding constraints are a significant barrier to implementing One Health interventions, especially in low- and middle-income countries that may need more resources to invest in One Health initiatives

    Conclusion: To address challenges in the National One Health Mission, efforts must focus on enhancing data collection, raising awareness among the stakeholders, and securing adequate funding. These measures are essential for effective implementation and holistic health management.

  • Corruption has risen over the past five years, say 55% of respondents

    Why in the news? 

    In the run-up to elections, political parties make allegations of corruption against their rivals to reach out to voters and influence voting patterns. So, let’s see about the corruption trend in India.

    What is Corruption? 

    Corruption refers to dishonest or unethical conduct by individuals or institutions, often involving the misuse of entrusted power or resources for personal gain. It can take various forms, including bribery, embezzlement, fraud, nepotism, cronyism, and favoritism. Corruption undermines the principles of fairness, integrity, and accountability in both public and private sectors.

    Corruption in India (Pre-poll survey of 2024 compared with 2019 Survey):

    • Increase in Corruption: According to a pre-poll survey, more than half (55%) of respondents believe that corruption has increased in the past five years.
      • The proportion of respondents believing that corruption has decreased has declined significantly, from 37% in 2019 to 19% in 2024.
    • Causes for Corruption in India: A majority of respondents (56%) hold both Union and State governments responsible for the increase in corruption, with a higher proportion blaming the Union government specifically.
    • Across Spatial Consistency: Regardless of whether respondents live in villages, towns, or cities, the perception of increased corruption is widespread.
    • Opinion of Respondents: Both rich and poor respondents largely agree that corruption has increased, though there is a slight increase in the perception of decreased corruption among richer respondents.

    What does the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) report say?

    • Lack of Transparency: The opacity of government processes and decision-making provides opportunities for corruption.
    • Regulatory Environment: Cumbersome and complex regulations create opportunities for rent-seeking behavior by officials and bureaucrats.
    • Political Interference: Politicization of administrative processes and appointments leads to patronage networks and favoritism, fostering corruption.
    • Lack of Whistleblower Protection: The absence of robust mechanisms to protect whistleblowers discourages individuals from reporting corruption. Fear of retaliation and inadequate legal safeguards inhibit the exposure of corrupt practices.
    • Weak Enforcement Mechanisms: Inadequate enforcement of laws and regulations allows corrupt practices to thrive.

    Conclusion: To combat rising corruption in India, comprehensive measures including enhancing transparency, simplifying regulations, strengthening enforcement, depoliticizing administration, and implementing robust whistleblower protection are imperative for fostering integrity and accountability in governance.

     

  • Understanding perspectives: Farmers’ Protests raise divisive opinions

    Why in the news? 

    A recent survey conducted by CSDS-Lokniti aimed to gather opinions regarding the ongoing farmer protests.

    Opinion about the Farmer Protest:

    The major key demands of Farmers in India include:

    • On Minimum Support Price (MSP): Farmers demand a legal guarantee for MSP for crops, which is a crucial lifeline for farmers facing market uncertainties.
    • On Electricity Act 2020: Farmers are demanding the repeal of the Electricity Act 2020, which they believe will negatively impact their income.
    • On Compensation: Farmers are demanding compensation for farmers who died during the previous agitation in Lakhimpur Kheri.
    • Withdrawal of Cases: Farmers are demanding the withdrawal of cases registered against farmers during the 2020-21 agitation.

    Government Initiatives: 

    • Negotiations: The government has taken several steps to address the farmer agitation, including negotiations with protesting farmers, proposing the formation of a committee to provide statutory backing to the Minimum Support Price (MSP), and engaging in talks with farmer representatives.
    • Demands: Despite promises made to farmers in 2021, the government has not fully responded to their demands, leading to continued tensions and protests. The government’s reaction to the protest still appears to be focused on maintaining law and order rather than proactively addressing the underlying issues raised by the farmers

    Conclusion: The CSDS-Lokniti 2024 pre-poll survey highlights divisive opinions on farmer protests, citing demands for an MSP guarantee, repeal of the Electricity Act, and compensation for fatalities. Despite negotiations, unresolved grievances persist, indicating a need for proactive governmental action and dialogue

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