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  • India Co-Sponsors UNSC Resolution Against Iran

    Why in the News

    India co-sponsored a resolution at the United Nations Security Council calling for the immediate cessation of attacks by Iran on Gulf countries amid the ongoing West Asia conflict.

    Key Points of the Resolution

    • The resolution was backed by 134 countries.
    • 13 members of the UNSC voted in favour, while Russia and China abstained.
    • It demands that Iran stop attacks against Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.

    GCC Countries Mentioned

    • The resolution refers to members of the Gulf Cooperation Council, including: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Jordan (partner country).

    Maritime Security Concern

    • The resolution also condemns attempts by Iran to interfere with navigation through the Strait of Hormuz, a crucial route for global energy supplies.

    India’s Position

    According to the Ministry of External Affairs:

    • India prioritises the safety of all civilians in the conflict.
    • The GCC region is important because:
      • Around 10 million Indians live and work there.
      • The region supplies about 50% of India’s crude oil imports and around 90% of LPG imports.

    Criticism of India’s Stance

    Some former diplomats argued that:

    • India condemned Iran’s actions but did not explicitly criticise strikes by the United States and Israel against Iran.
    • Critics say diplomacy should recognise the complexity of the conflict rather than blame a single side.
    [2016] Which of the following is not a member of ‘Gulf Cooperation Council’? (a) Iran (b) Saudi Arabia (c) Oman (d) Kuwait

  • Speaker Says MPs Can Speak Only as Per Parliamentary Rules

    Why in the News

    Om Birla stated that every Member of Parliament has the right to speak in the Lok Sabha, but only according to the Constitution, Rules of Procedure, and Standing Orders.
    His remarks came a day after a motion seeking his removal was defeated in the House.

    Constitutional Basis

    • Freedom of Speech in Parliament: Under Article 105 of the Constitution of India:  MPs have freedom of speech in Parliament. However, this freedom is subject to parliamentary rules and procedures.

    Key Parliamentary Rules Governing Speeches

    • Recognition by the Chair: An MP can speak only when recognized by the Speaker. Members cannot stand and speak without permission.
    • Time is allocated based on: Party strength, Business of the House and Decision of the Speaker.
    • Agenda-Based Discussions
      • Members can speak mainly during: Question Hour, Zero Hour, Debates on Bills, Motions and Resolutions, Budget discussions

    Rules of Conduct: 

    • Members must:
      • Address the Chair (Speaker) and not other members directly.
      • Avoid unparliamentary language.
      • Speak only on the subject under discussion.

    Special Procedures

    Certain issues can be raised through specific procedures such as:

    • Adjournment Motion
    • Calling Attention Motion
    • Short Duration Discussion
    • Points of Order

    Role of the Speaker

    The Speaker:

    • Maintains order and discipline in the House.
    • Decides who speaks and for how long.
    • Can expunge remarks or suspend members for disorderly conduct.
    [2025] With reference to the Indian polity, consider the following statements: I. The Governor of a State is not answerable to any court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of his/her office. II. No criminal proceedings shall be instituted or continued against the Governor during his/her term of office. III. Members of a State Legislature are not liable to any proceedings in any court in respect of anything said within the House. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) I and II only (b) II and III only (c) I and III only (d) I, II and III

  • Supreme Court Verdict on OBC Creamy Layer Criterion

    Why in the News

    The Supreme Court of India ruled that income alone cannot determine the “creamy layer” among OBCs, and clarified how children of private sector and PSU employees should be treated in comparison with those of government servants. The judgment was delivered by Justices P. S. Narasimha and R. Mahadevan.

    What is the “Creamy Layer”?

    • The concept emerged from the landmark Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1992).
    • It excludes the economically and socially advanced members of the OBC category from reservation benefits.
    • Currently, the income ceiling for creamy layer is ₹8 lakh per year.

    What the Supreme Court Said

    1. Income Cannot Be the Sole Criterion

    • The Court held that salary income alone cannot determine creamy layer status.
    • The social position and post of the parents must also be considered.

    2. Equality Between Government and Private Sector Employees

    • The Court addressed discrimination created by a 2004 government clarification:
    • Earlier:
      • Salary of private sector and PSU employees was counted in income.
      • Salary of government employees was not counted.
    • The Court ruled this creates “hostile discrimination” between similarly placed OBC candidates.

    This violates equality principles under:

    • Article 14 of the Constitution of India
    • Article 15 of the Constitution of India
    • Article 16 of the Constitution of India

    What Changes After the Verdict

    • Equal Treatment
      • Children of PSU and private sector employees will now be assessed similar to government employees, considering the status of the post, not only income.

    Benefits for Affected Candidates

    • Candidates previously denied OBC status in exams (like the Civil Services Examination) may now receive benefits.
    • The Court allowed the government to create supernumerary posts if necessary to accommodate them.

    Background of the Issue

    • 1993 DoPT guidelines excluded salary and agricultural income while determining creamy layer.
    • A 2004 clarification included salary income for private/PSU employees, causing the dispute.
    [2023] Consider the following statements: Statement-I: The Supreme Court of India has held in some judgements that the reservation policies made under Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India would be limited by Article 335 for maintenance of efficiency of administration. Statement-II : Article 335 of the Constitution of India defines the term ‘efficiency of administration’. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

  • Supreme Court to Examine Definition of “Personal Data” under DPDP Law

    Why in the News

    The Supreme Court of India has agreed to examine what constitutes “personal data” and “public data” under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, amid concerns that the law may restrict access to information under the Right to Information Act, 2005.

    Background of the Case

    • The petition was filed by journalist Geeta Seshu and the Software Freedom Law Center India.
    • It was argued by senior advocate Indira Jaising.

    The petition claims the DPDP law may:

    • Restrict journalists’ access to information in the public interest
    • Allow excessive state surveillance
    • Weaken transparency provisions under RTI.

    Issues Raised in the Petition

    1. Restriction on RTI Access

    • Section 44(3) of the DPDP Act allegedly blocks disclosure of personal information through RTI requests.
    • The term “public interest” has reportedly been removed, making access to information harder.

    2. Lack of Clear Definitions

    • The petition argues the law does not clearly define: Personal data, Public data, and Information. This ambiguity may allow authorities to deny access to important information.

    3. Compensation Concerns

    • Penalties for data breaches go to the Consolidated Fund of India.
    • Individuals whose data is violated do not receive direct compensation.

    Court’s Observations

    The Bench headed by Surya Kant said:

    • A balance must be maintained between privacy and transparency.
    • Data privacy should not undermine the public’s right to information.
    • The Court also noted that data has become a major economic and strategic resource, requiring careful regulation.

    What Happens Next

    • The petitioners have been asked to frame specific legal questions.
    • The case will be heard further on March 23, 2026.

    Significance

    • The case could shape how privacy laws interact with RTI in India.
    • It may clarify the scope of personal data in governance and journalism.
    • The judgment could influence the future of digital rights and transparency in India.
    [2024] Under which of the following Articles of the Constitution of India, has the Supreme Court of India placed the Right to Privacy? (a) Article 15  (b) Article 16  (c) Article 19  (d) Article 21

  • [12th March 2026] The Hindu OpED: A seismic decision: On revision to India’s earthquake zoning, rollback 

    PYQ Relevance[UPSC 2021] Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades.Linkage: It highlights India’s seismic vulnerability and the need for accurate hazard assessment. The revision of the earthquake zoning framework and adoption of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment strengthen disaster preparedness and risk mapping.

    Mentor’s Comment

    The rollback of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) revision of India’s earthquake zoning framework has revived debate over seismic risk assessment. The proposed revision sought to replace the simplified fixed seismic zoning model with probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, a method widely used globally. It also introduced a new high-risk Zone VI covering vulnerable regions such as Kashmir and the Himalayan belt. However, stricter zoning raised economic concerns, as construction costs could increase by about 20% with a one-zone rise and nearly one-third with two zones. 

    Why does India require a revised earthquake zoning framework?

    1. Urban Expansion and Risk Exposure: Rapid urbanisation increases population and infrastructure in seismically vulnerable areas. Large infrastructure such as metro systems, dams, highways, and power stations require updated seismic design standards.
    2. Disaster Preparedness: Accurate zoning enables safer city planning, infrastructure design, and disaster management strategies. It reduces casualties and economic losses during earthquakes.
    3. Climate and Disaster Resilience: Earthquake-resilient infrastructure contributes to broader climate-resilient development and sustainable cities.
    4. Infrastructure Protection: Critical infrastructure projects must incorporate seismic design standards to prevent catastrophic failure during earthquakes.

    What is the current earthquake zoning system in India?

    1. Fixed Zoning Model: India currently uses a simplified seismic zoning map, dividing the country into fixed categories based on historical seismic activity.
    2. Seismic Zones: India’s seismic classification includes Zones II, III, IV and V, with Zone V representing the highest risk areas.
    3. Limitations of Fixed Zoning: Fixed zones rely heavily on past earthquake records and may not fully capture future seismic probabilities or micro-level risk variations.
    4. Urban Planning Integration: These zones influence building codes, infrastructure design standards, and urban planning guidelines.

    What changes were proposed in the BIS revision?

    1. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA): Introduces probability-based simulations to estimate earthquake intensity and frequency rather than relying solely on historical data.
    2. Introduction of Zone VI: Adds a new highest-risk seismic zone, covering Kashmir, parts of the Himalayan belt, Kutch in Gujarat, and the northeast.
    3. Improved Risk Modelling: Uses dynamic modelling of ground motion probabilities to improve earthquake preparedness.
    4. Alignment with Global Practice: Aligns India’s seismic risk assessment methodology with advanced economies and seismically active regions worldwide.

    Why did the proposed revision face opposition?

    1. Economic Cost: Construction costs could rise significantly.
      1. One-zone increase: Costs may rise by around 20%.
      2. Two-zone increase: Costs may rise by nearly one-third.
    2. Infrastructure Cost Escalation: High-value projects such as metro systems, dams, and power stations may face substantially higher structural design costs.
    3. Development Concerns: Urban planners fear stricter zoning could slow infrastructure development in economically fragile regions.
    4. Housing Informality: Nearly 80% of India’s housing stock lies in the informal sector, raising concerns that stricter regulations may increase unregulated construction.

    What are the broader governance and policy challenges?

    1. Institutional Coordination: The proposal faced resistance from multiple agencies including Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Home Affairs, Central Water Commission, and National Dam Safety Authority.
    2. Policy Consultation Gap: Large regulatory changes require extensive consultation across government agencies, industry stakeholders, and technical experts.
    3. Balancing Safety and Affordability: Stricter building standards improve safety but increase construction costs and housing affordability pressures.
    4. Implementation Capacity: Enforcement challenges remain significant due to informal housing markets and limited regulatory capacity.

    How does the debate intersect with climate and sustainability goals?

    1. Construction Sector Emissions: The construction sector is among the largest dispersed sources of carbon emissions in India.
    2. Infrastructure Lifecycle: Seismic-resilient structures reduce the need for reconstruction after disasters, lowering long-term carbon and economic costs.
    3. Resilient Urban Development: Disaster-proof infrastructure supports climate adaptation strategies and sustainable urbanisation.

    Conclusion

    Revising India’s earthquake zoning framework remains essential for ensuring disaster-resilient urban growth and infrastructure safety. However, scientific improvements must be accompanied by broad institutional consultation, economic feasibility assessments, and strong implementation mechanisms. A balanced framework that integrates advanced risk modelling with practical governance capacity is critical for strengthening India’s long-term disaster resilience.

  • The framework behind Supreme Court’s euthanasia verdict

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court permitted withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment for 32-year-old Harish Rana, who has been in a vegetative state since a severe head injury in 2013. Applying the framework evolved through the Aruna Shanbaug Case and Common Cause v. Union of India, the Court allowed withdrawal of clinically assisted nutrition after medical boards confirmed the condition was irreversible. It also waived the 30-day reconsideration period, highlighting urgency where treatment is medically futile. The ruling is significant as India still lacks a comprehensive euthanasia law and relies mainly on constitutional interpretation under Article 21 and judicial precedents for end-of-life decisions.

    What constitutional principles guide euthanasia decisions in India?

    1. Right to Life with Dignity: Article 21 has been interpreted to include the right to live with dignity, which extends to a dignified death in cases of terminal illness or irreversible vegetative states.
    2. Judicial Interpretation: The Supreme Court clarified that Article 21 does not include a general “right to die”, but it protects patients from being forced to live through invasive or futile medical interventions.
    3. Withdrawal vs Assisted Death: The Court distinguished passive euthanasia (withdrawing treatment) from active euthanasia (intentional administration of lethal substances).
    4. Protection of Patient Autonomy: The constitutional framework recognizes the patient’s autonomy through advanced medical directives (“living wills”).
    5. Ethical Medical Practice: Courts emphasize medical ethics, compassion, and dignity, recognizing the complexity of end-of-life care.

    How did judicial precedents shape India’s euthanasia framework?

    1. Aruna Shanbaug Case (2011): The Supreme Court permitted passive euthanasia under strict safeguards, requiring approval from the High Court in each case.
    2. Common Cause Judgment (2018): Recognised advance directives or living wills, allowing individuals to specify refusal of life-prolonging treatment.
    3. 2018 Procedural Guidelines: Required two medical boards and judicial verification, but these safeguards proved difficult to implement.
    4. 2023 Simplification: The Supreme Court simplified procedures by removing mandatory magistrate approval and enabling hospital-level medical boards to decide.
    5. Current Application: The Harish Rana case represents the first full application of this evolving framework in a real medical scenario.

    Why does India still lack a comprehensive euthanasia law?

    1. Legislative Gap: India has not enacted a comprehensive statute governing euthanasia or end-of-life care.
    2. Judicial Governance: Courts have effectively created the framework through constitutional interpretation rather than legislation.
    3. Ethical Sensitivity: Euthanasia debates involve ethical, religious, and cultural sensitivities, slowing legislative consensus.
    4. Medical Complexity: Determining medical futility, patient autonomy, and consent requires careful safeguards.
    5. Policy Vacuum: Absence of statutory law results in procedural ambiguity across hospitals and states.

    What procedural safeguards govern withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment?

    1. Primary Medical Board: Hospital forms a board including the treating physician and specialists to assess medical futility.
    2. Secondary Medical Board: Independent board with senior doctors reviews the decision to prevent misuse.
    3. Advance Directive Recognition: Living wills must be documented and stored in digital health records where possible.
    4. Family Consent: Family members participate in decision-making when the patient lacks decision-making capacity.
    5. Hospital Responsibility: Hospitals inform magistrates before withdrawal but do not require judicial approval.

    What ethical dilemmas arise in passive euthanasia decisions?

    1. Sanctity vs Quality of Life: Balances the principle of preserving life with human dignity in terminal suffering.
    2. Medical Futility: Raises questions about continuing treatment when recovery is medically impossible.
    3. Family Burden: Long-term vegetative states impose emotional and financial strain on families.
    4. Risk of Misuse: Concerns about coercion, inheritance disputes, or pressure on vulnerable patients.
    5. Healthcare Resource Allocation: Intensive care for irreversible cases may divert limited healthcare resources.

    How does India’s euthanasia approach compare globally?

    1. Active Euthanasia Legal: Countries such as Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, and parts of the United States permit physician-assisted dying under strict conditions.
    2. Passive Euthanasia Accepted: Many jurisdictions allow withdrawal of treatment when it is medically futile.
    3. Strict Regulatory Frameworks: Countries that permit euthanasia maintain strong documentation, psychiatric evaluation, and oversight mechanisms.
    4. India’s Model: Focuses on passive euthanasia with strong medical safeguards, avoiding active euthanasia.

    Conclusion

    The Supreme Court’s decision in the Harish Rana case reinforces the constitutional principle that dignity must extend to the end of life. By clarifying procedural safeguards for withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, the Court has advanced patient autonomy while maintaining strict medical oversight. However, reliance on judicial precedents rather than legislation underscores the need for a comprehensive end-of-life care law in India to ensure clarity, consistency, and protection against misuse.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2023] The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society.” Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty.

    Linkage: The euthanasia debate emerges from the expanded interpretation of Article 21, where the Supreme Court recognised the right to die with dignity in cases like Aruna Shanbaug and Common Cause.

  • A revision of GDP and its implications

    Why in the News?

    India’s National Statistical Office (NSO) has released a new GDP series with 2022-23 as the base year, revising earlier national income estimates. The revision reduces the absolute size of India’s GDP by around 3-4% compared with estimates based on the 2011-12 base year and introduces changes in sectoral and institutional shares of output.

    What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

    1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Measures the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of a country during a specific period, usually one year.
    2. Indicator of Economic Performance: Serves as the primary measure of economic size, growth rate, and overall economic activity used in national and international comparisons.
    3. Measurement Methods: Calculated through three approaches, Production (Value Added) Method, Income Method, and Expenditure Method to estimate economic output.
    4. Policy Relevance: Guides macroeconomic policy, fiscal planning, investment decisions, and development assessment.

    How is GDP Revision Done?

    1. Base Year Revision: Updates the reference year for calculating GDP at constant prices to reflect current economic structure and price levels.
    2. Data Source Updating: Incorporates new surveys, administrative datasets, enterprise records, and sectoral statistics for more accurate estimation.
    3. Methodological Improvements: Adopts updated statistical techniques and classifications aligned with the UN System of National Accounts (SNA).
    4. Sectoral Reclassification: Revises sectoral contributions (agriculture, industry, services) and institutional sectors such as households and corporations.
    5. Institutional Responsibility: Conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) to maintain credible national accounts.

    Why is the Revision of India’s GDP Series Significant?

    1. Fiscal Indicator Recalibration: Revises key macroeconomic ratios such as Fiscal Deficit-to-GDP, Debt-to-GDP, and Tax-to-GDP, influencing budgetary planning, fiscal responsibility targets, and macroeconomic stability assessments.
    2. Reassessment of Past Economic Performance: Recomputes historical GDP estimates using the new base year, enabling more accurate evaluation of growth trends, policy outcomes, and economic cycles during the previous decade.
    3. Global Economic Standing: Alters India’s comparative GDP size, affecting its position among major economies and influence within international institutions such as the IMF, World Bank, and G20.
    4. Policy Planning Baseline: Establishes a new benchmark for long-term economic planning, including projections related to development targets, productivity growth, and sectoral policy frameworks.
    5. Investor and Market Signalling: Provides updated macroeconomic indicators for investors, rating agencies, and financial markets, shaping perceptions about India’s growth potential, economic resilience, and investment attractiveness.

    What Does Re-basing the GDP Series Mean and Why is it Necessary?

    1. Base Year Revision: Updates the reference year for calculating GDP to reflect contemporary economic structure. The new base year is 2022-23, replacing 2011-12.
    2. Structural Updating: Captures changes in production patterns, prices, and sectoral contributions within the economy.
    3. Methodological Revision: Incorporates new datasets, surveys, and statistical techniques to improve accuracy.
    4. Periodic Exercise: Conducted roughly every 5-10 years under the System of National Accounts (SNA) framework.
    5. Institutional Responsibility: Managed by the National Statistical Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).

    How Has the Revision Changed the Estimated Size of India’s Economy?

    1. GDP Contraction: Shows a 3-4% reduction in the absolute size of GDP compared with the 2011-12 series.
    2. Growth Rate Differences: Indicates minor variations in growth rates, generally within one percentage point between the two series.
    3. Revised Growth Estimates:
      1. 2022-23 to 2023-24: Earlier series estimated 12% growth, revised series estimates 11%.
      2. 2023-24 to 2024-25: Earlier estimate 9.8%, revised estimate 9.7%.
    4. Interpretation: Suggests the earlier GDP series may have slightly overstated economic expansion.

    How Has the Sectoral Composition of the Economy Changed?

    1. Agriculture: Share increased from 18.1% to 20% of Gross Value Added (GVA).
    2. Industry: Share increased marginally from 27.7% to 28.1%.
    3. Manufacturing: Share increased from 14.3% to 14.7%.
    4. Services: Share declined from 54.3% to 51.8%.
    5. Interpretation: Indicates a modest shift toward primary and industrial sectors, while services appear slightly smaller in the revised structure.

    What Changes Have Occurred in Institutional Classification of Output?

    1. Private Non-Financial Corporations (PNFCs): Share declined from 35.4% to 33.9% of GVA.
    2. Household Sector: Share increased from 44.3% to 45% of GVA.
    3. Interpretation: Suggests greater recognition of informal and household economic activity in the revised dataset.

    Does the Revision Address Earlier Concerns About India’s GDP Estimates?

    1. Overestimation Debate: Concerns existed that growth rates under the 2011-12 series were overstated.
    2. International Evaluation: IMF review of member countries’ economic statistics assigned India a ‘C’ grade for NAS quality.
    3. Partial Correction: Reduction in GDP size suggests a possible statistical correction.
    4. Remaining Uncertainty: Lack of detailed methodological explanation leaves questions about the reliability of the revised estimates.

    What Are the Policy Implications of the GDP Revision?

    1. Economic Benchmarking: Revises the baseline for measuring economic performance and growth trajectories.
    2. Policy Planning: Affects macroeconomic planning, fiscal projections, and development targets.
    3. International Comparisons: Influences India’s global economic ranking and comparisons with other economies.
    4. Development Targets: May impact timelines for achieving goals such as the $5 trillion economy target.
    5. Statistical Credibility: Emphasizes the need to strengthen statistical transparency and methodological clarity.

    Conclusion

    The revision of India’s GDP series with 2022-23 as the base year represents a necessary statistical update to align national income estimates with the evolving structure of the economy. While the revised estimates moderately alter the size and sectoral composition of GDP, the exercise underscores the importance of robust data systems, transparent methodology, and credible statistical institutions for sound economic policymaking. Strengthening India’s statistical architecture, expanding high-quality datasets, and ensuring institutional independence of statistical agencies will be critical to improving the reliability of macroeconomic indicators and enabling evidence-based governance and development planning.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2020] Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP?

    Linkage: The revised GDP series directly relates to debates on accurate measurement of GDP and assessment of India’s real growth potential. This makes statistical revisions crucial for understanding true economic performance and policy planning.

  • IEA Announces Record Release of Strategic Oil Stocks

    Why in the News

    The International Energy Agency announced a record release of 400 million barrels of oil from strategic reserves to stabilise global markets after oil prices surged due to the US-Israel war with Iran.

    Key Points

    • Largest Release Ever
      • IEA’s 32 member countries agreed to release 400 million barrels of oil.
      • This is the largest coordinated release in the agency’s history.
      • It is the sixth emergency release since the IEA was created in 1974 after the oil crisis.
      • India is not a full member of the IEA.
    • Reason for the Decision
      • The conflict disrupted oil supply routes in the Middle East.
      • Tanker movement through the Strait of Hormuz has been blocked or restricted.
      • Around 20 million barrels per day of oil flows are affected.
    • Contribution by Countries
      • Member countries will release oil based on their national circumstances.
      • Japan plans to release about 80 million barrels from its reserves.
    • Market Reaction
      • Oil prices initially fell but rebounded later.
      • Markets doubt whether the release will offset the large supply disruption caused by the conflict.
    • Comparison with Earlier Crisis
      • During the Russia–Ukraine War, IEA countries released 182.7 million barrels, previously the largest coordinated action.

    Strategic Oil Reserves

    • IEA member countries collectively hold over 1.2 billion barrels in emergency reserves.
    • An additional 600 million barrels are held by industry under government obligations.

    Significance

    • Aims to stabilise global oil prices and supply.
    • Demonstrates international coordination during energy crises.
    • Highlights global vulnerability to disruptions in key energy transit routes like the Strait of Hormuz.
    In the context of global oil prices, “Brent crude oil” is frequently referred to in the news. What does this term imply? It is a major classification of crude oil. It is sourced from the North Sea. It does not contain sulphur. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?(a) 2 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • National Book Trust’s India@75 Series Highlights Forgotten Figures

    Why in the News

    New books in the India@75 series are bringing attention to overlooked scientists, freedom fighters, and social leaders, such as Anna Mani, whose contributions had received limited public recognition.

    About the India@75 Series

    • Launched during Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav.
    • The series aims to document India’s historical journey before and after independence.
    • Categories in the Series: The books are divided into four themes: People, Places, Events, and Themes

    Focus on Unsung Personalities

    • Under the People category, the series highlights both famous and lesser known figures such as:
      • Anna Mani
      • Janaki Ammal
      • Dhyan Chand
      • Minoo Masani
      • Rani Chennamma

    Anna Mani

    • Known as India’s “weather woman.”
    • Designed and standardised more than 100 meteorological instruments.
    • Contributed significantly to meteorology, solar radiation research, and wind energy studies.

    Janaki Ammal

    • Full name: Edavaleth Kakkat Janaki Ammal (1897–1984).
    • One of India’s first women botanists and cytogeneticists.
    • Known for pioneering work in plant breeding and genetics.

    Dhyan Chand

    • Born: 1905, Prayagraj; died: 1979.
    • Known as the “Wizard of Hockey.”
    • One of the greatest hockey players in history.

    Minoo Masani

    • Full name: Minocher Rustom Masani (1905–1998).
    • A prominent Indian liberal political leader and writer.
    • Co-founder of the Swatantra Party in 1959 with C. Rajagopalachari.
    • Advocated free markets, individual liberty, and democratic values.

    Rani Chennamma

    • Born: 1778 in present-day Karnataka.
    • Queen of the Kittur.
    • Role in Freedom Struggle: Led an armed rebellion against the British East India Company in 1824.
      • Opposed the British refusal to recognize her adopted heir to the throne.
    [2023] Consider the following pairs with regard to sports awards: 1. Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award : For the most spectacular and outstanding performance by a sportsperson over period of last four years 2. Arjuna Award : For the lifetime achievement by a sportsperson 3. Dronacharya Award : To honour eminent coaches who have successfully trained sportspersons or teams 4. Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar : To recognize the contribution made by sportspersons even after their retirement How many of the above pairs are correctly matched? (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four

  • Starship Delays May Affect NASA’s Moon Landing Timeline

    Why in the News

    A report by NASA’s Inspector General warns that delays in SpaceX Starship could affect the timeline of the Artemis Program, which aims to land humans on the Moon before 2030.

    Background: Artemis Moon Mission

    • NASA is working with private companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin
    • The Artemis programme aims to establish sustainable human missions to the Moon and eventually support missions to Mars.
    • Originally, the Moon landing under Artemis III was targeted for 2024, but delays have pushed the timeline to around 2028 or later.

    Why It Is Difficult

    • Starship uses liquid methane and liquid oxygen as fuel. These must be stored at cryogenic temperatures below −150°C.
    • The system must perform multiple docking and fuel transfers in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
    • LEO already has heavy satellite traffic, increasing operational risk.
    [2011] An artificial satellite orbiting around the Earth does not fall down. This is so because the attraction of Earth (a) does not exist at such a distance. (b) is neutralized by the attraction of the moon. (c) provides the necessary speed for its steady motion. (d) provides the necessary acceleration for its motion.

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