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  • Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    What if we told you the very 4 subjects you put away from preparing until the last moment can get you above 90 marks in Prelims if you studied them from the right books and followed the correct study plan?

    The first subject is Indian Economy. UPSC aspirants are often doubtful of the approach and study materials for this subject, as most of the questions that appear in Prelims require current affairs knowledge and depend upon the aspirant’s grasp in the complexities of our country’s economy. Many aspirants realise that unlike Art and Culture or Modern History, there is no single book that can do justice to the UPSC’s expectations of Indian Economy. Since 2014, the weightage of Indian Economy remained above most of the other subjects.

    UPSC Prelims Economy Questions & Answers [2013-2021]

    On the other hand the confusing topics of Science and Technology are the recent applications in this field, space technology, nano technology, diseases and biotechnology. Incidentally, they also have the highest weightage in the number of questions asked.

    Polity, as a subject used to be straightforward from the book Laxmikant. But nowadays, topics like the different schedules in Indian Consitution, Parliamentary and bill making procedure are difficult to remember despite revising many times. Conceptual clarity is a must, else it will be difficult to find the right answer for questions like this (Prelims 2021)

    Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards.
    (a) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
    (b) Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
    (C) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
    Which of the above statements are not correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Thought not UPSC’s favourite before, Environment and Ecology has gained momentum in the past 9 years with atleast 10% of prelims questions centred around it. Answers to questions on Indian and International Bodies and Conventions have got more negative marking than scoring points .

    What makes the subject slightly tricky is that the current affairs questions are more than a year old, with some of the questions about news related to 2014-15 happenings.

    With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014
    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests
    3. It is a legally binding international declaration
    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities.
    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception

    Select the correct answer using the code given below
    (a) 1, 2 and 4
    (b) 1, 3 and 5
    (c) 3 and 4
    (d) 2 and 5

    Other questions happen to test your general awareness and is not easily found in standard books.

     Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?

    1. Brakes of motor vehicles

    2. Engines of motor vehicles

    3. Microwave stoves within homes

    4. Power plants

    5. Telephone lines

    Select the correct answer using the code given below

    (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5only

    (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (c) 3, 4 and 5 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Open to All, Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra on UPSC Prelims 2022

    Taking this into consideration, we have roped in Civilsdaily Mentor Swatantra to guide UPSC aspirants. His experience of scoring 110+ in all the 6 Prelims exams, coupled with scoring 135+ marks in ethics and essay papers and attending the interview twice, makes him a suitable guide to address this pressing issue.

    Swatantra sir is a mentor with CivilsDaily for nearly two years and is now working with Sukanya Rana Ma’am in the Civilsdaily Mains Guidance Program.

    If you wish to score above 90+ in UPSC Prelims, then this free live webinar will give you the right ladder to aim high. Since there is a limited time of 1 hour, we urge interested aspirants to register right away!

    What will you learn in this Webinar by Swatantra Sir?

    1. How to handle the static aspects of politics, the economy, and the environment intelligently?

    2. What are the current affairs topics to be revised in economy, environment, and science for UPSC Prelims 2022?

    3. Why should one NOT read Ncerts and Reference books on these four subjects from Cover to Cover?

    How to take test series and revise for UPSC 2022 on a daily basis?

    How to prepare for remaining subjects like History (including art and culture) and Geography without spending more than 3 weeks?

    What common mistakes have candidates made in the last 75 days of their preparation?

    Webinar Details

    You can crack UPSC only if the fire in you burns brighter than the fire around you. Register & attend this free live webinar by Swatantra sir if you want to get your doubts resolved and interact with other UPSC aspirants.

    Date: 14th March, 2022 (Monday)

    Time: 7PM

  • Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    What if we told you the very 4 subjects you put away from preparing until the last moment can get you above 90 marks in Prelims if you studied them from the right books and followed the correct study plan?

    The first subject is Indian Economy. UPSC aspirants are often doubtful of the approach and study materials for this subject, as most of the questions that appear in Prelims require current affairs knowledge and depend upon the aspirant’s grasp in the complexities of our country’s economy. Many aspirants realise that unlike Art and Culture or Modern History, there is no single book that can do justice to the UPSC’s expectations of Indian Economy. Since 2014, the weightage of Indian Economy remained above most of the other subjects.

    UPSC Prelims Economy Questions & Answers [2013-2021]

    On the other hand the confusing topics of Science and Technology are the recent applications in this field, space technology, nano technology, diseases and biotechnology. Incidentally, they also have the highest weightage in the number of questions asked.

    Polity, as a subject used to be straightforward from the book Laxmikant. But nowadays, topics like the different schedules in Indian Consitution, Parliamentary and bill making procedure are difficult to remember despite revising many times. Conceptual clarity is a must, else it will be difficult to find the right answer for questions like this (Prelims 2021)

    Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards.
    (a) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
    (b) Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
    (C) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
    Which of the above statements are not correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Thought not UPSC’s favourite before, Environment and Ecology has gained momentum in the past 9 years with atleast 10% of prelims questions centred around it. Answers to questions on Indian and International Bodies and Conventions have got more negative marking than scoring points .

    What makes the subject slightly tricky is that the current affairs questions are more than a year old, with some of the questions about news related to 2014-15 happenings.

    With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014
    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests
    3. It is a legally binding international declaration
    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities.
    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception

    Select the correct answer using the code given below
    (a) 1, 2 and 4
    (b) 1, 3 and 5
    (c) 3 and 4
    (d) 2 and 5

    Other questions happen to test your general awareness and is not easily found in standard books.

     Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?

    1. Brakes of motor vehicles

    2. Engines of motor vehicles

    3. Microwave stoves within homes

    4. Power plants

    5. Telephone lines

    Select the correct answer using the code given below

    (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5only

    (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (c) 3, 4 and 5 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Open to All, Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra on UPSC Prelims 2022

    Taking this into consideration, we have roped in Civilsdaily Mentor Swatantra to guide UPSC aspirants. His experience of scoring 110+ in all the 6 Prelims exams, coupled with scoring 135+ marks in ethics and essay papers and attending the interview twice, makes him a suitable guide to address this pressing issue.

    Swatantra sir is a mentor with CivilsDaily for nearly two years and is now working with Sukanya Rana Ma’am in the Civilsdaily Mains Guidance Program.

    If you wish to score above 90+ in UPSC Prelims, then this free live webinar will give you the right ladder to aim high. Since there is a limited time of 1 hour, we urge interested aspirants to register right away!

    What will you learn in this Webinar by Swatantra Sir?

    1. How to handle the static aspects of politics, the economy, and the environment intelligently?

    2. What are the current affairs topics to be revised in economy, environment, and science for UPSC Prelims 2022?

    3. Why should one NOT read Ncerts and Reference books on these four subjects from Cover to Cover?

    How to take test series and revise for UPSC 2022 on a daily basis?

    How to prepare for remaining subjects like History (including art and culture) and Geography without spending more than 3 weeks?

    What common mistakes have candidates made in the last 75 days of their preparation?

    Webinar Details

    You can crack UPSC only if the fire in you burns brighter than the fire around you. Register & attend this free live webinar by Swatantra sir if you want to get your doubts resolved and interact with other UPSC aspirants.

    Date: 14th March, 2022 (Monday)

    Time: 7PM

  • Issues with high gold demand

    Context

    Gold’s appeal as a safe haven is only rising: as tensions escalate in Ukraine, its price is approaching records.

    Factors explaining demand for gold in India

    • India is the world’s second-largest market for the yellow metal, behind China, though it produces almost none at home.
    • This is partly driven by tradition.
    • Brides are given jewellery as part of their dowry and it is deemed auspicious to buy bullion around certain religious festivals.
    • It is a handy store of undeclared wealth, too, often stashed in wardrobes or under the mattress.
    • But the pandemic has also affirmed an investment advice passed on over generations: park savings in gold as a rainy-day fund.

    Concerns with such a high demand

    • Vast gold imports can destabilise the economy.
    • During the 2013 “taper tantrum”, when India’s foreign-exchange reserves were lower than they are now, a rush of gold imports helped push the current-account deficit to 4.8% of GDP and fuelled worries of a currency crisis.
    • Savings stashed away as idle gold could be put to more productive use elsewhere. 
    • Indian households hold 22,500 tonnes of the physical metal—five times the stock in America’s bullion depository .

    Policy measures by the government

    • Import duties hover around 10%, even after cuts in last year’s budget aimed at keeping smuggling in check.
    • The central bank has ramped up issuance of sovereign gold bonds, which are denominated in grams of gold.
    • Of the 86 tonnes’ worth issued since 2015, about 60% were sold after the pandemic began.
    • And the gold monetisation scheme, which allows households to hand gold over to a bank and earn interest, was revamped last year to reduce limits on the size of deposits.
    • Lockdowns inadvertently helped the state’s agenda.
    • Mobile payments platforms like PhonePe and Google Pay reported rising appetite for digital gold, which is sold online and stored by the seller.
    • Money also rushed into gold exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
    • Their assets hit 184bn rupees ($2.5bn) in December, a 30% rise in a year.

    Conclusion

    Still, only a sliver of the population, mostly well-off urban types and millennials, invest in complex financial products. A large part of India’s demand for physical gold comes from rural areas, where it seems in no danger of losing its lustre.

    UPSC 2022 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

  • Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    What if we told you the very 4 subjects you put away from preparing until the last moment can get you above 90 marks in Prelims if you studied them from the right books and followed the correct study plan?

    The first subject is Indian Economy. UPSC aspirants are often doubtful of the approach and study materials for this subject, as most of the questions that appear in Prelims require current affairs knowledge and depend upon the aspirant’s grasp in the complexities of our country’s economy. Many aspirants realise that unlike Art and Culture or Modern History, there is no single book that can do justice to the UPSC’s expectations of Indian Economy. Since 2014, the weightage of Indian Economy remained above most of the other subjects.

    UPSC Prelims Economy Questions & Answers [2013-2021]

    On the other hand the confusing topics of Science and Technology are the recent applications in this field, space technology, nano technology, diseases and biotechnology. Incidentally, they also have the highest weightage in the number of questions asked.

    Polity, as a subject used to be straightforward from the book Laxmikant. But nowadays, topics like the different schedules in Indian Consitution, Parliamentary and bill making procedure are difficult to remember despite revising many times. Conceptual clarity is a must, else it will be difficult to find the right answer for questions like this (Prelims 2021)

    Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards.
    (a) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
    (b) Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
    (C) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
    Which of the above statements are not correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Thought not UPSC’s favourite before, Environment and Ecology has gained momentum in the past 9 years with atleast 10% of prelims questions centred around it. Answers to questions on Indian and International Bodies and Conventions have got more negative marking than scoring points .

    What makes the subject slightly tricky is that the current affairs questions are more than a year old, with some of the questions about news related to 2014-15 happenings.

    With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014
    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests
    3. It is a legally binding international declaration
    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities.
    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception

    Select the correct answer using the code given below
    (a) 1, 2 and 4
    (b) 1, 3 and 5
    (c) 3 and 4
    (d) 2 and 5

    Other questions happen to test your general awareness and is not easily found in standard books.

     Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?

    1. Brakes of motor vehicles

    2. Engines of motor vehicles

    3. Microwave stoves within homes

    4. Power plants

    5. Telephone lines

    Select the correct answer using the code given below

    (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5only

    (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (c) 3, 4 and 5 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Open to All, Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra on UPSC Prelims 2022

    Taking this into consideration, we have roped in Civilsdaily Mentor Swatantra to guide UPSC aspirants. His experience of scoring 110+ in all the 6 Prelims exams, coupled with scoring 135+ marks in ethics and essay papers and attending the interview twice, makes him a suitable guide to address this pressing issue.

    Swatantra sir is a mentor with CivilsDaily for nearly two years and is now working with Sukanya Rana Ma’am in the Civilsdaily Mains Guidance Program.

    If you wish to score above 90+ in UPSC Prelims, then this free live webinar will give you the right ladder to aim high. Since there is a limited time of 1 hour, we urge interested aspirants to register right away!

    What will you learn in this Webinar by Swatantra Sir?

    1. How to handle the static aspects of politics, the economy, and the environment intelligently?

    2. What are the current affairs topics to be revised in economy, environment, and science for UPSC Prelims 2022?

    3. Why should one NOT read Ncerts and Reference books on these four subjects from Cover to Cover?

    How to take test series and revise for UPSC 2022 on a daily basis?

    How to prepare for remaining subjects like History (including art and culture) and Geography without spending more than 3 weeks?

    What common mistakes have candidates made in the last 75 days of their preparation?

    Webinar Details

    You can crack UPSC only if the fire in you burns brighter than the fire around you. Register & attend this free live webinar by Swatantra sir if you want to get your doubts resolved and interact with other UPSC aspirants.

    Date: 14th March, 2022 (Monday)

    Time: 7PM

  • Why India must cancel its nuclear expansion plans

    Context

    A fire broke out near the Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant in Ukraine (Europe’s largest) during the course of a military battle. Had the fire affected the cooling system, the plant’s power supply, or its spent fuel pool, a major disaster could have occurred.

    Issues with India’s nuclear expansion plans

    • On December 15, 2021, the Indian government informed Parliament that it plans to build “10 indigenous reactors… in fleet mode” and had granted “in principle approval” for 28 additional reactors, including 24 to be imported from France, the U.S. and Russia.
    • Capital intensive: Nuclear power plants are capital intensive and recent nuclear builds have suffered major cost overruns.
    • Decreasing cost of renewable: In contrast, renewable energy technologies have become cheaper.
    • The Wall Street company, Lazard, estimated that the cost of electricity from solar photovoltaics and wind turbines in the U.S. declined by 90% and 72%, respectively, between 2009-21.
    • Recent low bids are of ₹2.14 per unit for solar power, and ₹2.34 for solar-wind hybrid projects; even in projects coupled with storage, bids are around ₹4.30 per unit.
    • Global trend suggests declining use of nuclear energy: In 1996, 17.5% of the world’s electricity came from nuclear power plants; by 2020, this figure had declined to just around 10%.
    • Safety concerns: In a densely populated country such as India, land is at a premium and emergency health care is far from uniformly available.
    • Local citizens understand that a nuclear disaster might leave large swathes of land uninhabitable — as in Chernobyl — or require a prohibitively expensive clean-up — as in Fukushima, where the final costs may eventually exceed $600 billion.
    • Indemnity clause: Concerns about safety have been accentuated by the insistence of multinational nuclear suppliers that they be indemnified of liability for the consequence of any accident in India.
    • India’s liability law already largely protects them.
    • But the industry objects to the small window of opportunity available for the Indian government to hold them to account.
    • Climate concerns: Climate change will increase the risk of nuclear reactor accidents.
    • Recently, a wildfire approached the Hanul nuclear power plant in South Korea and President Moon Jae-in ordered “all-out efforts” to avoid an accident at the reactors there.
    • In 2020, a windstorm caused the Duane Arnold nuclear plant in the U.S. to cease operations.
    • The frequency of such extreme weather events is likely to increase in the future.

    Consider the question “What are the concerns with the nuclear energy expansion plans of India? Suggest the way forward.”

    Conclusion

    Given the inherent vulnerabilities of nuclear reactors and their high costs, it would be best for the Government to unambiguously cancel its plans for a nuclear expansion.

    UPSC 2022 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)


    Back2Basics: What is EPR (nuclear reactor)

    • The EPR is a third generation pressurised water reactor design.
    • It has been designed and developed mainly by Framatome (part of Areva between 2001 and 2017) and Électricité de France (EDF) in France, and Siemens in Germany.
    • In Europe this reactor design was called European Pressurised Reactor, and the internationalised name was Evolutionary Power Reactor, but it is now simply named EPR.

  • Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    Learn the Strategy of the 4 Scoring Subjects in Prelims 2022 which alone can fetch you >90 marks|| Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra who scored 110+ marks in Prelims 6 Times|| Limited Slots Available, Register Now

    What if we told you the very 4 subjects you put away from preparing until the last moment can get you above 90 marks in Prelims if you studied them from the right books and followed the correct study plan?

    The first subject is Indian Economy. UPSC aspirants are often doubtful of the approach and study materials for this subject, as most of the questions that appear in Prelims require current affairs knowledge and depend upon the aspirant’s grasp in the complexities of our country’s economy. Many aspirants realise that unlike Art and Culture or Modern History, there is no single book that can do justice to the UPSC’s expectations of Indian Economy. Since 2014, the weightage of Indian Economy remained above most of the other subjects.

    UPSC Prelims Economy Questions & Answers [2013-2021]

    On the other hand the confusing topics of Science and Technology are the recent applications in this field, space technology, nano technology, diseases and biotechnology. Incidentally, they also have the highest weightage in the number of questions asked.

    Polity, as a subject used to be straightforward from the book Laxmikant. But nowadays, topics like the different schedules in Indian Consitution, Parliamentary and bill making procedure are difficult to remember despite revising many times. Conceptual clarity is a must, else it will be difficult to find the right answer for questions like this (Prelims 2021)

    Consider the following statements in respect of Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards.
    (a) Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titles under the Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
    (b) Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
    (C) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
    Which of the above statements are not correct?
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1 and 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Thought not UPSC’s favourite before, Environment and Ecology has gained momentum in the past 9 years with atleast 10% of prelims questions centred around it. Answers to questions on Indian and International Bodies and Conventions have got more negative marking than scoring points .

    What makes the subject slightly tricky is that the current affairs questions are more than a year old, with some of the questions about news related to 2014-15 happenings.

    With reference to the ‘’New York Declaration on Forests’’, which of the following statements are correct?

    1. It was first endorsed at the United Nations Climate Summit in 2014
    2. It endorses a global timeline to end the loss of forests
    3. It is a legally binding international declaration
    4. It is endorsed by governments, big companies and indigenous communities.
    5. India was one of the signatories at its inception

    Select the correct answer using the code given below
    (a) 1, 2 and 4
    (b) 1, 3 and 5
    (c) 3 and 4
    (d) 2 and 5

    Other questions happen to test your general awareness and is not easily found in standard books.

     Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following?

    1. Brakes of motor vehicles

    2. Engines of motor vehicles

    3. Microwave stoves within homes

    4. Power plants

    5. Telephone lines

    Select the correct answer using the code given below

    (a) 1, 2, 3 and 5only

    (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

    (c) 3, 4 and 5 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

    Open to All, Free Live Webinar by CD Mentor Swatantra on UPSC Prelims 2022

    Taking this into consideration, we have roped in Civilsdaily Mentor Swatantra to guide UPSC aspirants. His experience of scoring 110+ in all the 6 Prelims exams, coupled with scoring 135+ marks in ethics and essay papers and attending the interview twice, makes him a suitable guide to address this pressing issue.

    Swatantra sir is a mentor with CivilsDaily for nearly two years and is now working with Sukanya Rana Ma’am in the Civilsdaily Mains Guidance Program.

    If you wish to score above 90+ in UPSC Prelims, then this free live webinar will give you the right ladder to aim high. Since there is a limited time of 1 hour, we urge interested aspirants to register right away!

    What will you learn in this Webinar by Swatantra Sir?

    1. How to handle the static aspects of politics, the economy, and the environment intelligently?

    2. What are the current affairs topics to be revised in economy, environment, and science for UPSC Prelims 2022?

    3. Why should one NOT read Ncerts and Reference books on these four subjects from Cover to Cover?

    How to take test series and revise for UPSC 2022 on a daily basis?

    How to prepare for remaining subjects like History (including art and culture) and Geography without spending more than 3 weeks?

    What common mistakes have candidates made in the last 75 days of their preparation?

    Webinar Details

    You can crack UPSC only if the fire in you burns brighter than the fire around you. Register & attend this free live webinar by Swatantra sir if you want to get your doubts resolved and interact with other UPSC aspirants.

    Date: 14th March, 2022 (Monday)

    Time: 7PM

  • Electoral democracy vs constitutional democracy: Post-poll lessons

    Context

    The recently concluded assembly elections have some larger implications that we need to take note of. The consequences are not confined to the five states where the electoral battle was fought.

    Undermining of non-electoral dimensions of democracy

    • In much of the world, the electoral aspects of democracy are now being used to undermine the non-electoral dimensions of democracy.
    • Today, such contradictions exist in Turkey, Poland, Hungary, Russia, to name just a few countries.
    • A freely conducted vote can thus be used to cripple the other freedoms that modern democracies also value.

    How electoral democracy can be a vehicle of assault on constitutional democracy

    • The triumph of such politics can now be used in three ways — in executive decrees, in legislative chambers to formulate laws, and on the street via vigilante forces.
    • Though minority rights are enshrined in India’s Constitution, election victories can now be used to create laws, or government policies that begin to attack precisely those rights.
    • Role of judiciary: The courts are the final custodian of constitutional proprieties in a democracy and can frustrate a legislative or executive attack on the Constitution.
    • But that depends on whether the judiciary is willing to play its constitutionally assigned role.
    • Judicial interpretation can go either way – in favour of the government or against it.

    Contradictory aspects of democracy from other parts of the world

    • These contradictory aspects of democracy do have older roots.
    • We can go all the way back to some tendencies that emerged in the democracy of America’s southern states in the 1880s, which lasted till the 1960s.
    • America’s Blacks lost their equality as well as franchise, and the courts did not invalidate a majoritarian attack on their rights.
    • The history of 1930s Germany is also viewed as an example of how democracy undermined democracy.
    • As early as the 1950s, Sri Lanka imposed a “Sinhala only” policy on the Tamil minority of the country.
    •  In the 1980s, a civil war was born as a consequence.
    • In Malaysia, following roughly similar policies, the Malay majority sidelined the Chinese minority.
    • Internal tensions and aggravations rose but, unlike Sri Lanka, a civil war did not.
    • The minorities pursued their interests by entering into coalitions with political parties within the larger parameters of the polity.

    Consider the question “How the electoral aspect of the democracy can affect the non-electoral aspect of the democracy. What are the implications of such phenomenon for the democracy?”

    Conclusion

    This process can be called the battle between electoral democracy and constitutional democracy. Processes internal to the democratic system can severely weaken democracy itself, even causing its collapse.

    UPSC 2022 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

  • [Burning Issue] The Tobacco Pandemic

    UPSC 2022 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

    Context

    Tobacco is a silent killer in our midst that kills an estimated 1.35 million Indians every year.

    Status of Tobacco Consumption in India

    • According to the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, India has the second-largest number (268 million) of tobacco users in the world and of these 13 lakh die every year from tobacco-related diseases.
    • Ten lakh deaths are due to smoking, with over 2,00,000 due to second-hand smoke exposure, and over 35,000 are due to smokeless tobacco use.
    • About 27 crore people above the age of 15 years and 8.5% of school-going children in the age group 13-15 years use tobacco in some form in India.
    • India bears an annual economic burden of over ₹1,77,340 crore on account of tobacco use.
    • Tobacco use is known to be a major risk factor for several non-communicable diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic lung diseases.
    • Nearly 27% of all cancers in India are due to tobacco usage.

    Socio-Economic Burden of ‘Tobacco’

    • In India, over 1.3 million deaths are attributable to tobacco use every year amounting to 3500 deaths per day, imposing a lot of avoidable socio-economic burden.
    • In addition to the death and diseases it causes, tobacco also impacts the economic development of the country.
    • Smokers face a 40-50% higher risk of developing severe disease deaths from Covid-19.
    • As per the WHO study titled “Economic Costs of Diseases and Deaths Attributable to Tobacco Use in India”, it has been estimated that the economic burden of diseases and deaths attributable to use of tobacco in India was as high as approx 1% of GDP.

    Measures towards tobacco control in India

    • India adopted the tobacco control provisions under WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC).
    • Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003:
      • It replaced the Cigarettes Act of 1975 (largely limited to statutory warnings- ‘Cigarette Smoking is Injurious to Health’ to be displayed on cigarette packs and advertisements. It did not include non-cigarettes).
      • The 2003 Act also included cigars, bidis, cheroots, pipe tobacco, hookah, chewing tobacco, pan masala, and gutka.
    • Promulgation of the Prohibition of Electronic Cigarettes Ordinance, 2019: Which prohibits Production, Manufacture, Import, Export, Transport, Sale, Distribution, Storage and Advertisement of e-Cigarettes.
    • National Tobacco Quitline Services (NTQLS): Tobacco Quitline Services have the potential to reach a large number of tobacco users with the sole objective to provide telephone-based information, advice, support, and referrals for tobacco cessation.
    • mCessation Programme: It is an initiative using mobile technology for tobacco cessation.
      • India launched mCessation using text messages in 2016 as part of the government’s Digital India initiative.

    How do the price and taxation of tobacco matter?

    • Although not a communicable disease like SARS-CoV-2, the tobacco epidemic — as the World Health Organisation characterizes it — has some definitive solutions that can reduce the death toll.
    • Research from many countries around the world including India shows that a price increase induces people to quit or reduce tobacco use as well as discourages non-users from getting into the habit of tobacco use.
    • There is overwhelming consensus within the research community that taxation is one of the most cost-effective measures to reduce the demand for tobacco products.
    • There has been no significant tax increase on any tobacco product for four years in a row.
    • This is quite unlike the pre-GST years where the Union government and many State governments used to effect regular tax increases on tobacco products.
    • As peer-reviewed studies show, the lack of tax increase over these years has made all tobacco products increasingly more affordable.
    • The absence of a tax increase on tobacco has the potential to reverse the reduction in tobacco use prevalence that India saw during the last decade and now push more people into harm’s way.
    •  It would also mean foregone tax revenues for the Government.
    • High and increasing tax rates provide a profitable opportunity for tax evasion and encourage growth in illegal trade.

    What is the Taxation Scenario of Tobacco in India?

    • Ever since the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) legislation in 2017, there has been no significant tax increase on any tobacco product.
    • There was only a minor increase in the National Calamity Contingent Duty (NCCD) during the Union Budget 2020-21 which only had the effect of increasing cigarette prices by roughly 5%.
    • The Union Budget 2022-23 was an excellent but lost opportunity for the Government of India to buck this trend and significantly increase either excise duties or NCCDs.
    • No significant tax increase on any tobacco product for four years in a row has made all tobacco products increasingly more affordable.
    • More affordable tobacco products could attract new users especially among the youth.
    • It would also mean foregone tax revenues for the Government especially at a time when the Government of India is looking forward to increasing the share of public spending on health

    The decline in Tobacco Consumption

    • The prevalence of tobacco use has decreased by six percentage points from 34.6% in 2009-10 to 28.6% in 2016-17.
    • Under the National Health Policy 2017, India has set an ambitious target of reducing tobacco use by 30% by 2025.

    WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

    • Governments adopt and implement the tobacco control provisions of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC).
    • It is the first international treaty negotiated under the auspices of the WHO.
    • It was adopted by the World Health Assembly (apex decision making body of WHO) on 21st May 2003 and entered into force on 27th February 2005.
    • It was developed in response to the globalization of the tobacco epidemic and is an evidence-based treaty that reaffirms the right of all people to the highest standard of health.
    • The FCTC’s measures to combat tobacco use include:
    1. Price and tax measures.
    2. Large, graphic warnings on tobacco packages.
    3. 100% smoke-free public spaces.
    4. A ban on tobacco marketing.
    5. Support for smokers who want to quit.
    6. Prevention of tobacco industry interference.

    Way Forward

    (1) Opportunities in Budget

    • The government should take a considerate view of public health and significantly increase excise taxes — either basic excise duty or National Calamity Contingent Duty (NCCD) — on all tobacco products.
    • Fixing an excise tax of at least ₹1 per stick of bidis while aiming for a significant increase in the excise tax of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco products.
    • Taxation should achieve a significant reduction in the affordability of tobacco products to reduce tobacco use prevalence and facilitate India’s march towards sustainable development goals.

    (2) Role of GST Council

    • There is absolutely no public health rationale why a product as harmful as a bidi does not have a cess levied on it under the GST or why the specific cess applied on cigarettes has remained unchanged for four years in the face of increasing inflation.
    • GST Council meetings must strive to keep public health ahead of the interests of the tobacco industry and significantly increase either the GST rates or the GST compensation cess rates applied on all tobacco products.
    • The aim should be to arrest the increasing affordability of tobacco products in India and also rationalise tobacco taxation under the GST.

    (3) Tobacco Control Laws

    • It is scientifically established that if a person is kept away from tobacco till the age of 21 and above, there is a very high probability that he/she will remain tobacco-free for the rest of their life.
    • The experts have urged the government to increase the legal age of sale of tobacco products from 18 to 21 by amending the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003.
    • Also, imposing a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising and banning sale of single sticks of cigarettes/bidis would go a long way in preventing children and youth from initiating tobacco use.
    • At least 14 countries (Ethiopia, Guam, Honduras, Japan, Kuwait, Mongolia, Palau, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uganda, and the U.S.) have now increased the minimum age to 21 for buying tobacco products.
    • At least 86 countries have banned the sale of single stick cigarettes to control their easy accessibility and affordability to youth.

    (4) Educating Children

    • The role of teachers is most crucial in creating awareness among children and their parents about harm due to tobacco use and for shaping the attitude of children in this regard.
    • The more and the sooner awareness is created among children about harms due to tobacco use, the better will be the outcomes in terms of reduction in the prevalence of tobacco use among children and consequently among adults.
    • Harmful effects of tobacco use should be incorporated in school curricula at various levels starting right from the primary school level.

    Conclusion

    The aim should be to arrest the increasing affordability of tobacco products in India and also rationalize tobacco taxation under the GST.

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  • Manual Scavenging and its prevalence in India

    Three laborers in Mumbai, allegedly hired for manual scavenging, died after inhaling toxic fumes in a septic tank.

    What is Manual Scavenging?

    • Manual scavenging is the practice of removing human excreta by hand from sewers or septic tanks.
    • India banned the practice under the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 (PEMSR).
    • The Act bans the use of any individual for manually cleaning, carrying, disposing of or otherwise handling in any manner, human excreta till its disposal.
    • In 2013, the definition of manual scavengers was also broadened to include people employed to clean septic tanks, ditches, or railway tracks.
    • The Act recognizes manual scavenging as a “dehumanizing practice,” and cites a need to “correct the historical injustice and indignity suffered by the manual scavengers.”

    Why is it still prevalent in India?

    • Low awareness: Manual scavenging is mostly done by the marginalized section of the society and they are generally not aware about their rights.
    • Enforcement issues: The lack of enforcement of the Act and exploitation of unskilled labourers are the reasons why the practice is still prevalent in India.
    • High cost of automated: The Mumbai civic body charges anywhere between Rs 20,000 and Rs 30,000 to clean septic tanks.
    • Cheaper availability: The unskilled labourers, meanwhile, are much cheaper to hire and contractors illegally employ them at a daily wage of Rs 300-500.
    • Caste dynamics: Caste hierarchy still exists and it reinforces the caste’s relation with occupation. Almost all the manual scavengers belong to lower castes.

    Various policy initiatives

    • Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation (Amendment) Bill, 2020: It proposes to completely mechanise sewer cleaning, introduce ways for ‘on-site’ protection and provide compensation to manual scavengers in case of sewer deaths.
    • Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013: Superseding the 1993 Act, the 2013 Act goes beyond prohibitions on dry latrines, and outlaws all manual excrement cleaning of insanitary latrines, open drains, or pits.
    • Rashtriya Garima Abhiyan: It started national wide march “Maila Mukti Yatra” for total eradication of manual scavenging from 30th November 2012 from Bhopal.
    • Prevention of Atrocities Act: In 1989, the Prevention of Atrocities Act became an integrated guard for sanitation workers since majority of the manual scavengers belonged to the Scheduled Caste.
    • Compensation: As per the Prohibition of Employment of Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation (PEMSR) Act, 2013 and the Supreme Court’s decision in the Safai Karamchari Andolan vs Union of India case, a compensation of Rs 10 lakh is awarded to the victims family.

    Way forward

    • Regular surveys and social audits must be conducted against the involvement of manual scavengers by public and local authorities.
    • There must be proper identification and capacity building of manual scavengers for alternate sources of livelihood.
    • Creating awareness about the legal protection of manual scavengers is necessary.

     

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  • Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC)

    India has emphasized on following the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) at the UNSC meeting on Ukraine.

    Why in news?

    • The meeting came after a request from Russia, who claimed that the US is involved in bioweapon manufacture in war-torn Ukraine.
    • However, Washington has strongly dismissed this claim.

    What is BTWC?

    • The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) was the first multilateral treaty categorically banning a class of weapon.
    • It is a treaty that came into force in 1975 and prohibits the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological weapons.
    • A total of 183 countries are party to the treaty that outlaws bioweapons, including US, Russia and Ukraine.

    Obligations of the treaty

    • The treaty prohibits the development, stockpile, production, or transfer of biological agents and toxins of “types and quantities” that have no justification for protective or peaceful use.
    • Furthermore, the treaty bans the development of weapons, equipment, or delivery systems to disseminate such agents or toxins.
    • Should a state possess any agent, toxin, or delivery system for them, they have nine months from entry into force of the treaty to destroy their stockpiles, or divert them for peaceful use.
    • The convention stipulates that states shall cooperate bilaterally or multilaterally to solve compliance issues.
    • States may also submit complaints to the UNSCR should they believe another state is violating the treaty.

    Issues with the treaty

    • There is no implementation body of the BTWC, allowing for blatant violations as seen in the past.
    • There is only a review conference that too every five years to review the convention’s implementation, and establish confidence-building measures.

    Signatories to the BTWC

    • The Convention currently has 183 states-parties, including Palestine, and four signatories (Egypt, Haiti, Somalia, and Syria).
    • Ten states have neither signed nor ratified the BWC: Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Israel, Kiribati, Micronesia, Namibia, South Sudan, and Tuvalu.

     

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  • Indian missile misfires into Pakistan

    India has acknowledged a malfunction led to accidental firing of a missile, which Pakistan says landed in its territory.

    Conducting Missile Tests: NOTAM and NAVAREA Warnings

    • Under the pre-notification of flight testing of ballistic missiles agreement signed in 2005, a country must provide the other an advance notification on flight test it intends to take for any land or sea launched, surface-to-surface ballistic missile.
    • Before the test, the country must issue Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM) or Navigational Warning (NAVAREA) to alert aviation pilots and seafarers, respectively.
    • Also, the testing country must ensure that the launch site is not within 40 km, and the planned impact area is not within 75 km of either the International Boundary (IB) or the Line of Control (LoC).
    • The planned trajectory should not cross the IB or the LoC and must maintain a horizontal distance of at least 40 km from the border.

    Pre-notifications to the neighbours

    • The testing country must notify the other nation “no less than three days in advance of the commencement of a five day launch window within which it intends to undertake flight tests.
    • The pre-notification has to be conveyed through the respective Foreign Offices and the High Commissions, as per the format annexed to this Agreement.

    What is the recent case of misfire?

    • Neither country has spelt this out; Pakistan has only called it a “supersonic” missile.
    • Some experts have speculated that it was a test of one of India’s top missiles, BrahMos, jointly developed with Russia.
    • Their assessment is based on information that it travelled 200 km, manoeuvred mid-air and travelled at 2.5 times to 3 times the speed of sound at an altitude of 40,000 feet.
    Note:  BrahMos has a top speed of Mach 3, a range of around 290 km, and a cruising altitude of 15 km (around 50,000 feet). It can be fired from anywhere, is nuclear-capable, and can carry warheads of 200-300 kg.

     

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  • Art-form in news: Santhali Sohrai Murals

    Santhali communities of Odisha and Jharkhand are changing their ways of painting traditional Sohrai murals to modernity.

    What is Sohrai?

    • Sohrai is a harvest festival of the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and West Bengal.
    • It also called cattle festival. It is celebrated after harvest and coincide with festival of Diwali.

    What are Sohrai Murals?

    • Sohrai Mural is an indigenous art form is practised by the women of Santhal Community.
    • Ritualistic art is done on mud walls to welcome the harvest and to celebrate the cattle.
    • The women clean their houses and decorate their walls with murals of Sohrai arts.
    • This art form has continued since 10,000-4,000 BC. It was prevalent mostly in caves, but shifted to houses with mud walls.

    Features of this art

    • This Sohrai art form can be monochromatic or colorful.
    • The people coat the wall with a layer of white mud, and while the layer is still wet, they draw with their fingertips on it.
    • Their designs range from flowers and fruits to various other nature-inspired designs.
    • The cow dung that was earlier used to cake the walls of the house is used to add colour.
    • The dark outline is visible due to the previously applied contrasting white mud coat.
    • The artists are spontaneous in their drawing. The designs are usually drawn from the artist’s memory.
    • The personal experience of the artist and their interaction with nature are the biggest influence.

     

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  • Taking stock of the Indian economy

    Context

    This article takes the stock of the Indian economy using the EFGHIJ framework.

    Export

    • The $400-billion target of goods exports in FY22 appears achievable:
    • This is a structural break from ~$300-330 billion per year over the last decade.
    • Note that in calendar year 2021, India exported almost $400 billion worth of goods.
    • This export growth comes at a time when global shipping and freight markets have been in a tizzy over the last few months as Covid-related supply chain disruptions across commodities and final products reverberated across the globe.

    Fiscal growth

    • India has significant fiscal headroom in FY23 with a 6.4% fiscal deficit pencilled in.
    • The revenue buoyancy, assumed at less than 1, is conservative as is the overall assumption on nominal growth at 11%.
    • In as volatile a world as this, the conservatism in forecasting should come to India’s advantage.
    • India saw healthy direct and indirect tax receipts in FY22: the GST collections have consistently remained above the `1 trillion-a-month mark for many months now.
    • Two aspects need a close watch:
    • (a) as the prices of various commodities rise, there can be calls for softening the blow on the final consumer via tax cuts or direct support, and
    • (b) the disinvestment programme of the government which could face a market where investor appetite is uncertain.

    Growth challenges and opportunities for India

    • India’s GDP growth in FY23 is projected to be 7.6-8.5%, making it one of the fastest-growing economies.
    • With the newly changed circumstances, it is possible that this tight range and the absolute number may require revision.
    • It is, however, too early to say in which direction and by what amounts.
    • Opportunities for India: Global dislocations of supply chain or the creation of new supply sources could create divergent challenges and opportunities for India.
    • The post Covid rebound in high frequency indicators (air and rail passengers, toll collections, UPI payments, etc.) suggests that the internal consumption economy is currently back on track.
    • It is important to note that India continues to be the fastest-growing nation of its size in the world.

    Health

    • India has now completed almost 1.8 billion doses.
    • The Omicron wave, thankfully both due to the inherent nature of the virus and the large vaccination drive, did not cause significant economic upheaval.
    •  It may be time to think of Covid as endemic and plan accordingly.

    Inflation

    • The inflation in 2021 was based on a sudden bout of fiscal-support-driven spending meeting with tight supply chain bottlenecks.
    • It was expected that as spending normalises and supply chains open, prices will stabilise.
    • However, the sharp uptick in the prices of crude, coal, commodities, and chips has created a more sustained scare for inflation.
    • Many measures may be taken across the world to curb the impact for the common man: from opening of oil reserves, to cutting of taxes, to direct support, etc—all of which could impact the fiscal.

    Capital

    • Denoted by K by economists, expect to see a lot of ebb-and-flow here as investors react to evolving, volatile trends.
    • Higher public investment in the last two years has supported economic recovery: India has planned for a record `10 lakh crore plus public capex.
    • Net FDI has been strong at $25.3 billion up to December in FY2022.
    • While FPIs have withdrawn $9.5 billion in FY22, DIIs and retail investors have supported the markets.

    Conclusion

    With two waves of COVID-19 largely behind us, many macroeconomic factors have changed dramatically, especially in the last fortnight.


    Source:

    https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/efghijk-taking-stock-of-the-indian-economy/2457255/

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  • 11th March 2022| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1       Effects of globalization on Indian society.

    GS-2       Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting  India’s interests.

    GS-3       Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth. 

    GS-4        Case Studies

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 Globalization is incredibly efficient but has so far been incredibly unjust. Examine the statement in the context of developing countries like India. (10 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 The narrative of a widening strategic gap between New Delhi and Moscow has been prevalent for some time now. In the context of this, examine the areas of convergence and divergence between the two countries. (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 How the Phased Manufacturing Programs (PMPs) and Production Linked Incentives (PLIs) can help encourage investment in Make in India? What are the challenges in their success? (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 You have recently been posted as a probationary officer in the District Magistrate’s office in a tribal district. During one of the fieldtrips, while interacting with the tribals, you come to know about a private company, established a few years back, which has transformed their lives. The company, using the traditional knowledge of tribals, had launched a series of products and provided numerous livelihood opportunities to the tribals. Upon further enquiry, you come to know that while the lives of tribals had indeed improved, the distribution of profits however, has been quite disproportionate. The company has seen a huge growth in its operations and its owners have amassed huge wealth. It is also planning to file for IPR, which may further hinder the interests of the tribals. You feel that tribals have been left short changed and there has not been an equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of their resources. When you tried to approach the Gram Sabha and voice your concerns, the tribals requested you not to intervene as they do not have any alternatives. They also argue that governments in the past have failed to protect their interests. Given the situation, answer the following: (a) Identify the different stakeholders and their interests involved in this case. (b) Present a case to convince the District Magistrate for the need of government intervention in the situation. (20 Marks)

     

    HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?

    1. Daily 4 questions from General studies 1, 2, 3, and 4 will be provided to you.

    2. A Mentor’s Comment will be available for all answers. This can be used as a guidance tool but we encourage you to write original answers.

    3. You can write your answer on an A4 sheet and scan/click pictures of the same.

    4.  Upload the scanned answer in the comment section of the same question.

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    *In case your answer is not reviewed, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. 

    1. For the philosophy of AWE and payment: 

  • Q.4 You have recently been posted as a probationary officer in the District Magistrate’s office in a tribal district. During one of the fieldtrips, while interacting with the tribals, you come to know about a private company, established a few years back, which has transformed their lives. The company, using the traditional knowledge of tribals, had launched a series of products and provided numerous livelihood opportunities to the tribals. Upon further enquiry, you come to know that while the lives of tribals had indeed improved, the distribution of profits however, has been quite disproportionate. The company has seen a huge growth in its operations and its owners have amassed huge wealth. It is also planning to file for IPR, which may further hinder the interests of the tribals. You feel that tribals have been left short changed and there has not been an equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of their resources. When you tried to approach the Gram Sabha and voice your concerns, the tribals requested you not to intervene as they do not have any alternatives. They also argue that governments in the past have failed to protect their interests. Given the situation, answer the following: (a) Identify the different stakeholders and their interests involved in this case. (b) Present a case to convince the District Magistrate for the need of government intervention in the situation. (20 Marks)

    Mentor’s Comments-

    • Introduce by giving the gist of the case study.
    • Enumerate the stakeholders involved in the case study and their interests.
    • In brief present a case to convince the DM for the need of government intervention in the above
      situation.
    • Conclude on the basis of the above points.
  • Q.3 How the Phased Manufacturing Programs (PMPs) and Production Linked Incentives (PLIs) can help encourage investment in Make in India? What are the challenges in their success? (10 Marks)

    Mentor’s comment-
    • https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/make-trade-deals-for-make-in-india/2457320/
    • In the intro, mention the government’s plans to encourage manufacturing in India through Make in India program.
    • In the body mention the provision of PMPs and PLIs and how these aims to attract investment in India. In the challenges mention the lack of BITs, challenges in providing other factors required for manufacturing, policy hurdles and Preferential Trade Agreements etc.
    • Conclude by mentioning the need to pay attention to the challenges and shortcomings to ensure the success of Make in India.
  • Q.2 The narrative of a widening strategic gap between New Delhi and Moscow has been prevalent for some time now. In the context of this, examine the areas of convergence and divergence between the two countries. (10 Marks)

    Mentor’s comment-
  • Q.1 Globalization is incredibly efficient but has so far been incredibly unjust. Examine the statement in the context of developing countries like India. (10 Marks)

    Mentor’s Comments-

    • Introduce by explaining the meaning of globalisation.
    • Explain how the process of globalisation is incredibly efficient.
    • Write points to justify that globalisation has been incredibly unjust as well.
    • Conclude accordingly.

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