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What is Merchant Discount Rate (MDR)?

Why in the News? The Finance Ministry has firmly denied recent online rumours suggesting that the government is planning to impose Merchant Discount Rate (MDR) charges on UPI transactions. About Merchant Discount Rate (MDR): Overview: MDR refers to the fee charged to merchants by banks or payment service providers for processing digital payments made via… Continue reading

Will India’s Aviation Sector Overcome Its Challenges to Reach New Heights?

Note4students: The Indian aviation sector became the world’s third-largest domestic aviation market. Big news from the Mains perspective. PYQs analysis gives us 2 possible lines of questioning: upcoming challenges for the sector to maintain the status quo or your comment on the evolution of aviation sector in India. Avoid writing generic pointers. Standard textbooks won’t… Continue reading

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[13th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Trump’s tariffs and a U.S.-India trade agreement

PYQ Relevance: [UPSC 2019] What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem and ambitions” Explain with suitable examples. Linkage: The article points out several trade and economic tensions between… Continue reading

Urbanisation and the challenge of ideal transit solutions

Why in the News? India’s path to becoming a “Viksit Bharat” by 2047 relies on transforming its urban areas, as over 60% of the population is expected to live in cities by the 2060s. What are the main challenges India faces in achieving efficient urban mobility? Insufficient Public Transport Coverage: Only 37% of urban residents… Continue reading

Is Bangladesh slipping into authoritarianism?

Why in the News? Bangladesh is seeing major political change as interim leader Dr. Muhammad Yunus delays elections to April 2026 and proposes the “July Proclamation” to reform or replace the 1972 Constitution. Why is the ‘July Proclamation’ seen as a threat to Bangladesh’s democratic foundations? Lacks Democratic Legitimacy: It is being pushed by an… Continue reading

Inflation and Food Prices: Can Rate Cuts and Falling Food Prices Sustain the Trend ?

N4S: This article explains the causes and control of food inflation in India clearly and simply. UPSC often asks questions that require linking causes of inflation with monetary policy measures, as seen in the 2024 question on food inflation and RBI’s policy effectiveness. Aspirants usually falter by not connecting theory with current data or by… Continue reading

Science behind right AC Temperature

Why in the News? The Union Ministry of Power is considering a policy to restrict the temperature range of new air conditioners (ACs) in India to between 20°C and 28°C. Important Facts and Keywords related to ACs: Efficiency Ratings: ACs have ratings like SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) or EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio). A higher… Continue reading

AviList 2025: World’s First Unified Global Bird Checklist

Why in the News? The Working Group on Avian Checklists has released AviList, the world’s first unified global bird checklist to standardize bird classification and support global research and conservation. What is AviList? Overview: AviList is the first unified global checklist of bird species, officially launched on June 12, 2025. Who developed it: It was… Continue reading

Exercise KHAAN QUEST

Why in the News? The Indian Army has deployed it’s contingent to participate in Exercise KHAAN QUEST 2025, a major multinational peacekeeping exercise being held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Concurrently, India is also set to conduct Exercise SHAKTI 2025 with France. About Exercise KHAAN QUEST, 2025: Overview: It is a multinational peacekeeping military exercise being held… Continue reading

India slips to 131st position in Global Gender Gap Index, 2025

Why in the News? India has been ranked 131 out of 148 countries in the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Gender Gap Report 2025, falling two places from last year’s rank of 129. About the Global Gender Gap Index: Overview: It is released annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF) and has been published since… Continue reading

The Supreme Court vs. The Tamil Nadu Governor: What Does This Judgment Say About the Governor’s Role ?

N4S: This article unpacks the complex and often controversial role of the Governor in India’s democracy. UPSC usually frames questions on this topic by testing aspirants’ understanding of the Governor’s constitutional powers, their discretionary limits, and the tension between the executive and legislature (for example, the 2022 mains question on legislative powers and ordinance re-promulgation).… Continue reading

Bad blood India and Canada must use every opportunity to reset ties

Why in the News? Prime Minister’s upcoming visit to Kananaskis (Canada), Alberta, for the G-7 outreach summit is an important chance for India and Canada to improve their diplomatic relations. What led to the deterioration of India-Canada relations since 2023? Assassination Allegations: Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau publicly alleged that Indian government agents were involved… Continue reading

Why govts revise GDP base year and methodology, why the proposed 2026 revision matters for India’s global standing

Why in the News? India will update the base year for calculating GDP to 2022–23, and the new data is expected by February 2026. This change, confirmed by Saurabh Garg from the Ministry of Statistics, is an important step to improve the accuracy and trust in India’s economic data both in the country and around… Continue reading

CROPIC Initiative

Why in the News? The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare is set to launch CROPIC (Collection of Real Time Observations & Photo of Crops)- a digital initiative that uses field photography and AI-based models to monitor crop health and automate loss assessment. What is CROPIC? Overview: CROPIC is a digital initiative launched by the… Continue reading

BBX32 Protein in Plants

Why in the News? A new study from researchers at IISER Bhopal has revealed how a single protein called BBX32 helps plants time the critical moment they emerge from darkness into light. What is BBX32? Function: BBX32 is a plant protein that helps a seedling keep its protective hook closed as it pushes through the… Continue reading

India participates in 2nd Session of IALA Council

Why in the News? India is serving as a Vice President to the 2nd Session of the International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation (and Lighthouse Activities) (IALA) Council held in Nice, France. About IALA: Overview: It is the global authority headquartered near Paris, France, responsible for standardizing and harmonizing marine aids to navigation (AtoN),… Continue reading

Poson Poya festival in Sri Lanka

Why in the News? Sri Lanka is celebrating Poson Poya festival which commemorates the arrival of Buddhism over 2,000 years ago. About Poson Poya Festival: Overview: Poson Poya is the second most important Buddhist festival in Sri Lanka, following Vesak in religious significance. Date of Observance: It is celebrated on the full moon day of… Continue reading

PM pays tributes to Sant Kabir

Why in the News? Prime Minister paid tributes to Sant Kabir Das on his birth anniversary. About Sant Kabir: Birth: Sant Kabir was likely born between 1398 and 1440 in Kashi (Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) and passed away in 1518. According to legend, he was born to a Brahmin widow and later adopted by a Muslim… Continue reading

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