Central Idea: The NExT examination, a common qualifying criterion for final-year undergraduate medical students will be introduced in the year 2024.
National Exit Test (NExT)
Objective: The examination aims to bring uniformity in evaluation across the country, ensuring minimum common standards of education and training for medical graduates.
Two-Part Examination: The NExT exam will consist of two parts: NExT 1, which will be a theoretical examination, and NExT 2, which will include practical, clinical, and oral examinations covering seven clinical subjects or disciplines.
Mock Test: A mock test may be conducted to familiarize students with the procedure and alleviate any anxiety before the official examination is rolled out.
National Medical Commission and Application of NExT
Role of NMC: The NMC is responsible for implementing the NExT examination and ensuring a common standard for medical education in the country.
Applicability: The NExT examination will also apply to institutes of national importance, including the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), to maintain uniformity in medical education.
Significance
Quality professionals: The NExT examination is seen as a means to ensure quality and produce well-trained Indian medical graduates.
Expert Perspectives: Experts in the medical field have welcomed the move, emphasizing the importance of uniform examination standards and the opportunity for interns to focus on their clinical training.
Here’s the heartfelt sincere pledge that Aaditya Pandey has made for his UAP Super Mentorship Plus Cohort of UPSC 2024 aspirants
UAP Super Mentorship Plus2024 (Online/ Offline) with Super Mentor, Aaditya Pandey (AIR 48) entails:
Full UPSC Pre & Mains GS Course & Theme-wise + Full Length Mocks
Dedicated Telegram group with CD Mentor, Ravi Sir & IAS Ranker, Aaditya Pandey
4+ Content Enrichment Zoom sessions per months with Aaditya Pandey
Dedicated 1 on 1 mentor calls with Ravi Sir basis your progress with the course and target completion
1 on 1 calls with Aaditya Pandey based on your stage of prep and growth needs
Preparing in this era of competition requires a fundamentally different approach. One has to parallelly work on understanding the demands of the exam, risk-taking abilities, and ‘preparation gaps’. And this is where Super Mentorship under Aaditya Pandey, AIR 48 can create a lot of difference. He is a ranker who has defied all odds and has perfected his exam-tested strategies.
All of these are now open for his exclusive batch of 50 students for 1 full year.
Fill the Form and our counsellors will call you and help you register for the course.
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The immense validation of our program is manifest in our stellar results from UPSC 2022 – 13 of our students ranked in the top 50 and over 250 students found their names in the final list.
This program is ideal for aspirants who:
Are aiming for a top 50 rank in the UPSC CSE 2024 exam.
It is specifically tailored for those who are seeking expert guidance, comprehensive study resources, and a structured preparation strategy, all bundled with consistent evaluation and feedback.
Adaptive Learners seeking Dynamic approach: This program is designed for aspirants who value an adaptive study timetable that molds itself to individual learning curves. It offers active learning through interactive sessions and encourages patient progress at each individual’s pace.
Holistic Aspirants: If you’re looking for a comprehensive UPSC Preparation Program covering best lectures by top faculties, UPSC level tests, in-depth and linked notes, and personalized mentorship, this is your perfect fit.
Trend Adapters: If you wish to align your preparation according to the latest UPSC trends and adapt to the expectation of UPSC, look no further.
Strategic Seekers: If you aim to prepare strategically, time-bound, and in a targeted manner under the guidance of IAS Rankers, this program is tailored for you.
Reattempt Hopefuls: Designed for those who, despite previous unsuccessful attempts in Prelims or Mains, are determined to ace UPSC-2024. This program is specifically tailored to offer strategic, time-bound, and targeted preparation under the guidance of IAS Rankers.
Efficiency Enthusiasts: If you seek productivity, consistency, efficiency, continuous evaluation, and doubt clearance in your UPSC journey, we’re here to facilitate that.
Integrated Learning Advocates: If you believe that news and static concepts should be interconnected for better retention, we’re on the same page.
Motivation Seekers: If you are comfortable with self-study but need occasional motivation boosters to keep on track, this program will provide that support.
Non-Judgmental Preparers: If you wish to learn in a non-judgmental environment where progress is appreciated, this program respects your pace.
Community Lovers: Great for those who thrive in a community of like-minded, sincere aspirants, feeding off each other’s energy and creating a supportive ecosystem for shared success.
Active Learners: If you prefer active learning and interactive sessions, this program caters to your learning style.
Doubt Resolvers: If you prefer an active doubt resolution process to keep your learning smooth, we’ve got you covered.
Patient Pursuers: If you’re patient with your progress and value assurance over haste, this program respects your journey and guarantees results.
Why with AIR 48, Aaditya?
Proven Strategies: Training under AIR 48, Aaditya provides first-hand access to effective strategies that led to his remarkable achievement. His guidance will offer you a clear and focused pathway to success.
Up-to-date Insights: Aaditya’s recent accomplishment ensures he has current and relevant knowledge about the UPSC exam patterns and expectations, giving you an edge over other candidates.
Customized Guidance: Aaditya can guide you to create a tailored study plan that factors in your individual strengths and weaknesses, promoting an efficient and streamlined preparation.
Stress Management: Aaditya can share valuable tips on managing the intense pressure and stress that often accompany the UPSC journey, enhancing your overall well-being and focus.
Critical Decision Support: Whether it’s selecting the right optional subject, balancing prelims and mains preparation, or effective time management, Aaditya’s guidance can assist you in making smarter, informed decisions.
Consistency Maintenance: Aaditya will consistently push you to maintain regularity and discipline in your studies. He will help you develop a steady study routine that can significantly boost your productivity.
Direct Feedback: Aaditya’s mentorship ensures you receive real-time feedback on your progress, helping you refine your preparation strategy and address shortcomings timely.
Practical Orientation: Learning from Aaditya’s own experiences can imbibe a more practical and problem-solving approach in your UPSC preparation, moving beyond mere theoretical learning.
Motivational Catalyst: The inspiring journey of Aaditya can serve as a major morale boost, keeping you motivated to persist in your endeavors, even when the going gets tough.
Exposure to Success Network: Under Aaditya’s mentorship, you get the chance to interact with fellow aspirants and other successful mentors, enriching your overall preparation experience and broadening your perspectives.
Exclusive batch of 50 students only
To ensure personalized attention and optimal guidance for each student, we are limiting the seats to 50 in this batch.
If you’re looking for exclusive mentorship that can make your UPSC dream a reality, this is your chance.
Act now and secure your spot in this prestigious program.
Fill the Form and our counsellors will call you and help you register for the course.
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Key outcomes
Complete Coverage: With the program’s meticulous planning, you will finish GS and Current Affairs syllabus, including revisions and tests, right on schedule.
Crystal Clear Understanding: Expect a profound, UPSC-caliber understanding of all concepts, equipping you for both Prelims and Mains.
Guided Consistency: With Aaditya, an IAS topper, and dedicated in-house mentors guiding your journey, your preparation will be relentlessly consistent, highly efficient, and optimally effective.
Mastering MCQs: Under the guidance of Aaditya (AIR 48) and experienced mentors like Sajal sir and Zeeshan sir, you’ll acquire expert-level MCQ-solving skills, with a sure-shot strategy to crack Prelims with 120+ scores.
Superior Answer Writing: Learn from the best! Aaditya and the team will equip you with unmatched answer writing skills, providing a clear strategy to conquer Mains papers.
Confident Clearing of Exams: With our program’s backing, you’ll not just clear, but ace the UPSC Prelims and Mains 2024.
Regular Refinement: Through frequent assessments and feedback from Aaditya and the team, you’ll continuously refine your strategy and improve your performance.
Assured Interview Success: Our program doesn’t stop at Mains. We’ll prepare you to confidently face and impress the UPSC interview board.
Personalized Pathway: Our individualized mentorship ensures that your unique challenges are addressed, and your potential is fully realized.
Guaranteed Success: With Aaditya’s proven track record and our program’s comprehensive structure, cracking UPSC 2024 isn’t just a possibility – it’s a certainty. You are not just preparing for the exam; you are preparing to rank high!
Program Inclusions:
The program is a comprehensive package that includes:
Super Mentorship with AIR 48: Personal guidance from a Top 50 ranker, Aaditya. Three tiered mentorship
Masterclass Lectures: Interactive and comprehensive lessons from our expert faculties.
Ultimate Assessment Program: Regular assessments to measure progress and areas for improvement.
Masterclass: GS Static Lecture series.
Masterclass covers 100 percent static syllabus from basic to advanced.
Focus on developing an interest in the subject.
Better language & explainers to ensure conceptual clarity
Comparative analysis with quick reference tables
Flowcharts, Listicles & Mind maps for easy recall
Note4Students in every chapter to establish relevance
Previous Year Questions to ensure you understand the level of depth required to crack the UPSC Mains.
UAP: Ultimate Assessment Program
Comprehensive Assessment Program that includes Test Series for both Prelims and Mains, Current Affairs and Weekly Answer Writing and Essay Program
Five Components of UAP:
UPSC Prime Prelims Test Series
Mains Essential Program
Samachar Manthan 2024 – Current Affairs and Answer Writing program by Sajal sir
📢Day-2 of UPSC Conclave (Online/Offline)by AIR-218 & his mentor Zeeshan Hashmi sir, (a senior IAS Mentor, and Prelims Guru at Civilsdaily):Details Below
The inaugural day of the 5-Day UPSC Conclave at Civilsdaily Pune has been truly remarkable, as participants from across India actively participated in this practical, enlightening, to-the-point, and valuable session. As we embark on Day 2, we are delighted to present 100+ UPSC’22 Rankers’ Mentor Zeeshan Sir & IAS Soham as a new addition to our esteemed panel.
Seminar/Webinar Details:
Topic: UPSC PRELIMS: Rote Learning is irrelevant now. Only Creative Knowledge gives the edge
Date: 9th June (Friday), 2023
Time: 5-7 P.M
Join Zeeshan sir & IAS Soham in a LIVE Online Workshop
Embrace the dawn of a new era in the UPSC Prelims 2024 paradigm. In our forthcoming Day-2 conclave, the esteemed presence of Zeeshan Hashmi Sir and his accomplished mentee Soham (AIR 218) will illuminate the ever-evolving landscape of the UPSC Prelims exam.
The evolving landscape of the UPSC Prelims demands a comprehensive overhaul in preparation strategies. Gone are those days when mere memorization sufficed; the focus has shifted towards a holistic evaluation encompassing not only factual knowledge but also critical thinking, adaptability to stress, and the ability to assess risks. The UPSC Prelims 2023 served as an eye-opener, catching numerous aspirants off-guard and highlighting the necessity for a fresh approach to excel in the Prelims ‘24 and subsequent exams
Who should attend this Workshop?
Aspirants targeting UPSC 2024.
Those who found UPSC Prelims 2023 challenging and unpredictable.
Aspirants seeking to understand the changing dynamics of UPSC exams.
Anyone keen on getting insights from successful UPSC mentors and rankers.
This is a part of the 5-Day UPSC Conclave in Pune, previously held sessions featured these rankers. You can request the Day-1 recorded session.
Civilsdaily Hall of Fame 2022
How to attend?
These sessions are FREE and Open to all and will be held in Online/Offline mode.
Dogs have always stirred up a range of emotions in people, making it impossible to ignore their presence in our lives. However, the growing population of street dogs in recent decades has presented numerous challenges for cities and municipalities across the country. Unfortunately, some critics have dismissed animal birth control initiatives as failures, demonstrating cynicism that is both mischievous and misguided.
Stray Dog Attacks in India
Cities have witnessed a sharp increase in the stray dog population, which as per the official 2019 livestock census stood at 1.5 crore.
However, independent estimates peg the number to be around 6.2 crore.
The number of dog bites has simultaneously doubled between 2012 and 2020.
Experts agree there may be a correlation between urbanisation and solid waste production, made visible due to the mismanagement of waste disposal.
Tepid animal birth control programmes and insufficient rescue centres, in conjunction with poor waste management, result in a proliferation of street animals in India.
Reasons behind
Poor waste management: Inadequate waste disposal facilities and the mismanagement of solid waste often lead to the congregation of stray dogs around garbage dumps and landfills, where they scavenge for food.
Unplanned urbanization: The population boom in Indian cities has led to a sharp increase in the stray dog population. Rapid urbanization has led to the creation of slums and unmanaged solid waste, which attract dogs.
Lack of food and shelter: The availability of food and shelter determines the carrying capacity of a city. In the absence of these facilities, free-ranging dogs become scavengers that forage around for food, eventually gravitating towards exposed garbage dumping sites.
Territoriality: Stray dogs often become territorial and aggressive about public spaces where they are fed, leading to increased attacks on humans.
Improper sterilization and rescue centres: Tepid animal birth control programmes and insufficient rescue centres, in conjunction with poor waste management, result in a proliferation of street animals in India.
Shortcomings of animal birth control
Inconsistent Implementation: One of the main challenges is the inconsistent implementation of animal birth control programs across different regions. The effectiveness of these programs can vary depending on the commitment and resources allocated by local authorities.
Limited Coverage: Animal birth control programs may not cover all areas affected by street dog overpopulation. Some regions may have inadequate resources or insufficient awareness about the benefits of sterilization programs.
Funding Constraints: Insufficient funding can hinder the implementation and sustainability of animal birth control programs. Limited financial resources may result in a shortage of trained personnel, inadequate infrastructure, and reduced outreach efforts.
Resistance from Communities: Some communities may resist animal birth control initiatives due to misconceptions, cultural beliefs, or lack of awareness. Overcoming these barriers requires targeted community engagement, education, and dispelling myths surrounding sterilization programs.
Behavioral Challenges: Animal birth control programs often face challenges related to capturing street dogs, performing surgeries, and post-operative care. Behavioral issues, such as fear or aggression, can make the process more challenging.
Long-term Sustainability: Ensuring the long-term sustainability of animal birth control programs is crucial. These programs require continued investment, monitoring, and evaluation to maintain their effectiveness.
Facts for prelims
Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023
The Central Government has introduced the Animal Birth Control Rules, 2023, superseding the Animal Birth Control (Dog) Rules, 2001.
These rules have been implemented to address the guidelines set by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in the Writ Petition No. 691 of 2009.
The Rules emphasize the responsibility of local bodies, such as municipalities, Municipal Corporations, and Panchayats, in conducting Animal Birth Control (ABC) programs for sterilization and immunization of stray dogs.
The rules aim to reduce the population of stray dogs and address animal welfare concerns.
The guidelines provide a framework for dealing with conflicts between humans and stray dogs without resorting to relocating the dogs from an area.
ABC programs must be conducted by organizations recognized by the Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) for their expertise in ABC programs
Misconceptions surrounding Animal Birth Control (ABC) programs
Ineffectiveness of Sterilization: Some people believe that sterilization does not effectively control street dog populations. They may argue that sterilized dogs can still reproduce or that the impact of sterilization is minimal. However, numerous studies and successful implementation of ABC programs worldwide have shown that sterilization is a proven method.
Cruelty or Harm to Animals: There is a misconception that sterilization surgeries are cruel and cause unnecessary harm to animals. However, ABC programs prioritize the health and welfare of animals, and sterilization is a safe and humane procedure performed under anesthesia by trained veterinarians.
Abandonment of Dogs: Some people believe that sterilized dogs are more likely to be abandoned by their owners or that sterilization leads to behavioral changes that make dogs less desirable as pets. However, sterilization has no negative impact on a dog’s behavior or loyalty.
Cost Inefficiency: It is sometimes claimed that sterilization programs are expensive and not cost-effective. However, the long-term benefits of ABC programs, such as reduced costs associated with managing stray dogs, decreased risks of dog bites, and improved public health, outweigh the initial investment.
Neglect of Other Issues: Some individuals argue that focusing on animal birth control diverts attention and resources from other pressing issues, such as poverty or healthcare. However, addressing street dog overpopulation through ABC programs is not mutually exclusive with addressing societal challenges.
Way ahead: A call for change
Strengthen Implementation: Efforts should be made to strengthen the implementation of Animal Birth Control (ABC) programs across all regions. This includes standardizing processes, improving infrastructure, and ensuring uniformity in the application of ABC rules and guidelines.
Increase Awareness and Education: Public awareness campaigns should be conducted to educate communities about responsible pet ownership, the benefits of sterilization, and how to coexist peacefully with street dogs.
Community Engagement: Engaging with local communities is vital to garner support and address concerns surrounding street dogs. Building trust, involving community leaders, and working collaboratively to develop solutions can help foster positive relationships and encourage responsible pet ownership practices.
Research and Data Collection: Continued research and data collection are essential to evaluate the impact of ABC programs, track population trends, and understand the dynamics of street dog issues. This data can inform evidence-based decision-making, facilitate targeted interventions, and support the refinement of strategies.
Strengthen Legislation and Policies: Reviewing and updating existing legislation related to animal welfare and responsible pet ownership can help create a more conducive environment for effective street dog management.
Strengthen Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaboration among government bodies, animal welfare organizations, veterinary professionals, and community stakeholders is crucial. Partnerships can help pool resources, expertise, and funding, leading to more impactful interventions and sustainable outcomes.
Long-Term Sustainability: Ensuring the long-term sustainability of street dog management programs requires continued funding, monitoring, and evaluation. Governments, philanthropic organizations, and individuals should allocate resources and support initiatives that prioritize the welfare of both humans and animals.
International Best Practices: Learning from successful street dog management programs implemented in other countries can provide valuable insights and guidance. Adopting international best practices, adapting them to local contexts, and sharing knowledge and experiences can contribute to more effective strategies.
Conclusion
Addressing street dog overpopulation requires a comprehensive approach that includes animal birth control as a key component. Instead of dismissing it as ineffective, we should embrace continuous policy reforms and resource investments. Let us work together to eliminate the suffering and public health risks associated with outdated methods, and strive to achieve our noble goal through the implementation of the new rules.
On May 29 Bola Ahmed Tinubu sworn in as Africa’s most populous nation Nigeria’s 16th Executive President, solidifying a quarter-century of unbroken constitutional democracy. Despite this achievement, Nigeria faces persistent challenges hindering the realization of its socio-economic potential. Insecurity, high unemployment, corruption, and inadequate infrastructure continue to impede progress.
What is mean by Yin-and-Yang Moment?
The Yin-and-Yang Moment is a term used to describe a situation in which two opposing forces are in balance.
The concept of Yin and Yang is a central one in Chinese philosophy, and it is often used to explain the natural world. In the context of the Yin-and-Yang Moment, the two opposing forces could be anything from economic growth and security challenges to social progress and political instability.
In the context of Nigeria, this could refer to the country’s growing economy and its ongoing security challenges.
What are the persistent Challenges for Nigeria?
Insecurity: Nigeria has long grappled with various security challenges, including Boko Haram insurgency, mass kidnappings, ethnic conflicts, and petty robberies. These security issues undermine social stability, economic growth, and investor confidence.
High Unemployment: Nigeria faces a significant unemployment crisis, particularly among its youth population. The lack of job opportunities and underemployment contribute to social unrest, poverty, and hinder overall economic development.
Corruption: Corruption remains a pervasive problem in Nigeria, affecting various sectors, including politics, business, and public services. Rampant corruption erodes public trust, hampers development efforts, and undermines effective governance.
Poverty and Education Gap: Nigeria has the largest number of people living below the poverty line globally, with a significant portion being children. Access to quality education remains limited, resulting in a high number of out-of-school children, hindering their future prospects and perpetuating the cycle of poverty.
Energy and Infrastructure Deficit: Nigeria struggles with inadequate infrastructure, particularly in the power sector. Despite efforts, the country’s power generation capacity remains insufficient to meet the demands of its growing population and economy. Insufficient infrastructure in transportation, healthcare, and other sectors further limits development opportunities.
Oil Sector Challenges: Nigeria heavily relies on oil exports for revenue, but the sector faces numerous challenges. Oil theft, bunkering, and operational inefficiencies in refineries contribute to revenue loss and hinder the development of a sustainable and diversified economy.
Governance and Political Instability: Nigeria has experienced political instability and governance challenges in the past. Effective governance, transparency, and accountability are crucial for addressing socio-economic issues and fostering sustainable development.
Proposed Solutions to address these challenges
Enhancing Security: Implement comprehensive security measures to address the various security challenges Nigeria faces. This includes strengthening law enforcement agencies, improving intelligence gathering and sharing, enhancing border control, and investing in counter-terrorism efforts.
Job Creation and Economic Growth: Promote an enabling business environment to stimulate economic growth and job creation. This involves reducing bureaucratic hurdles, providing incentives for entrepreneurship, and fostering a conducive environment for local and foreign investments.
Anti-Corruption Measures: Implement robust anti-corruption initiatives to tackle corruption at all levels of society. Whistleblower protection mechanisms can encourage reporting of corruption and help in its prevention.
Education and Poverty Alleviation: Prioritize investments in education and skills development, ensuring access to quality education for all children. Addressing the education gap and reducing the number of out-of-school children will improve human capital development and empower individuals to break the cycle of poverty.
Infrastructure Development: Invest in critical infrastructure, including power generation, transportation networks, healthcare facilities, and water and sanitation systems. Public-private partnerships can mobilize resources and expertise to bridge infrastructure gaps.
Diversification of the Economy: Reduce dependence on oil exports by promoting economic diversification. Encourage sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, and information technology to contribute significantly to the economy.
Governance Reforms: Strengthen governance institutions, promote transparency, and ensure accountability at all levels of government. Enhance public service delivery, streamline bureaucratic processes, and foster citizen participation in decision-making. Strengthening democratic institutions and the rule of law will contribute to stability, effective governance, and socio-economic development.
Key aspects of India’s stake in Nigeria
Economic Partnership: India and Nigeria have a strong economic partnership. Nigeria has traditionally been one of India’s largest trading partners in Africa. Strengthening economic ties with Nigeria provides India access to natural resources, including oil and gas, as well as opportunities for trade and investment.
Indian Diaspora: Nigeria is home to a large Indian diaspora, with over 50,000 people of Indian origin residing in the country. The Indian community in Nigeria contributes to trade, entrepreneurship, and cultural exchanges, fostering people-to-people ties between the two nations.
Trade and Investment: India has significant investments in Nigeria across various sectors, including telecommunications, manufacturing, agriculture, and banking. Strengthening trade relations and diversifying the bilateral trade basket can benefit both economies and create new avenues for economic cooperation.
Technology and Expertise: Nigeria values India’s appropriate technology solutions, which are often seen as well-suited to local conditions. Indian expertise in sectors such as information technology, healthcare, agriculture, and education can contribute to Nigeria’s development efforts and capacity building.
Defense Cooperation: Defense cooperation between India and Nigeria has a rich history. Nigeria has had several past presidents who were trained in India’s defense institutions. Reviving and enhancing defense ties can promote bilateral defense industry cooperation, training programs, and exchange of expertise in areas of mutual interest.
Regional Influence: Nigeria’s influence extends beyond its borders, particularly within the West African region. Strengthening relations with Nigeria allows India to engage more effectively in regional initiatives, enhance trade partnerships with neighboring countries, and contribute to regional stability and development.
Energy Security: Nigeria’s role as a major oil producer and exporter is of significance to India’s energy security. Cooperation in the energy sector, including oil exploration, refining, and renewable energy, can help diversify India’s energy sources and ensure a stable supply of energy resources.
Multilateral Engagement: Nigeria’s active participation in regional and international organizations provides an opportunity for India and Nigeria to collaborate on issues of mutual concern, including climate change, counterterrorism, peacekeeping, and global governance reforms.
Nigeria’s global significance
Population and Demographics: Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country and is projected to have a population of over 400 million by 2050, becoming the world’s fourth most populous country. This demographic trend has significant implications for global population dynamics, labor markets, and consumption patterns.
Economic Powerhouse: Nigeria is the largest economy in Africa and has substantial natural resources, including oil and gas reserves. As an important player in the global energy market, fluctuations in Nigeria’s oil production and exports can impact global oil prices and energy security.
Regional Influence: Nigeria’s size, population, and economic clout give it considerable influence within the West Africa region and across the broader African continent. Nigeria has played a pivotal role in regional peacekeeping efforts and has been involved in conflict resolution initiatives in neighboring countries.
Counterterrorism and Security: Nigeria’s battle against Boko Haram insurgency has regional and global implications for counterterrorism efforts. Collaborative measures to address security challenges in Nigeria can contribute to regional stability and counter the spread of extremist ideologies.
Diplomatic Relations: Nigeria is an active participant in international organizations, including the United Nations, African Union, and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Its diplomatic engagements and foreign policies impact regional and global dynamics, particularly within Africa.
Migration and Diaspora: Nigeria has a large diaspora spread across the globe, contributing to diverse societies and economies in various countries. Nigerian migrants play a role in trade, cultural exchanges, and remittances, which have significant global implications.
Trade and Investment: Nigeria’s vast consumer market and emerging middle class make it an attractive destination for foreign direct investment. The country’s trade relations and economic policies impact global trade flows, particularly within Africa and with major economies like India, China, and the European Union.
Cultural Influence: Nigeria’s vibrant and diverse cultural heritage, including its music, literature, film industry (Nollywood), and fashion, have gained international recognition and influence, contributing to global cultural exchanges and soft power.
Conclusion
Nigeria’s recent transfer of power showcases its commitment to democracy amidst a continent known for political instability. India, with its historical ties and economic partnership, has a crucial role to play in Nigeria’s journey. By fostering enhanced engagement, India can contribute to Nigeria’s progress and strengthen bilateral relations for mutual benefits.
In its 279th Report, the Law Commission of India has recommended the retention of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, commonly known as the Law of Sedition, along with enhanced punishment for the offense in the name of national security.
What is Sedition?
The Section 124A defines sedition as:
An offence committed when “any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law in India”.
Disaffection includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity.
However, comments without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, will not constitute an offense.
Sedition is a non-bailable offense.
Punishment under Section 124A ranges from imprisonment up to three years to a life term with/without a fine
Historical Perspective
Section 124A of the IPC was introduced during the British Raj in 1870 to suppress dissent and protest against the colonial government.
The then British government in India feared that religious preachers on the Indian subcontinent would wage a war against the government.
Particularly after the successful suppression of the Wahabi/Waliullah Movement by the British, the need was felt for such law.
Throughout the Raj, this section was used to suppress activists in favor of national independence, including Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi, both of whom were found guilty and imprisoned.
Two notable interpretations which added to the ambiguity surrounding the sedition law
Queen Empress vs Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1897)
In this case, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent freedom fighter, was charged with sedition for writing articles in a Marathi weekly called Kesari that invoked Shivaji and were seen as inciting disaffection towards the British government.
The court held that sedition encompassed the act of exciting disaffection towards the government, even if it did not incite rebellion or violence.
This interpretation broadened the scope of the offense to include political hatred of the government.
Niharendu Dutt Majumdar And Ors. vs Emperor (1942): Federal Court.
The court acquitted the accused, and Chief Justice Sir Maurice Gwyer explained that the essence of sedition lies in public disorder or the reasonable anticipation thereof.
According to this interpretation, sedition would be committed only when there is incitement to violence or disorder.
Constitutionality of Sedition
Violation of Freedom of Speech and Expression: The sedition law, as defined in Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, infringes upon the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. It criminalizes acts that bring hatred, contempt, or disaffection towards the government, which curtails the citizens’ ability to express their political dissent and discontent.
Democratic Principles: Disaffection towards a government, which is subject to change through the electoral process, cannot be treated as a criminal offense. The sedition law restricts the democratic principles of public debate, dissent, and accountability.
Omission from the Constitution: During the drafting of the Indian Constitution, the Constituent Assembly deliberately excluded sedition as a reasonable restriction on the freedom of speech and expression. This omission signifies the Assembly’s intent to safeguard the citizens’ right to express their opinions, including dissenting views on the government.
Ambiguity and Misuse: The broad wording and lack of precise definition allow for arbitrary interpretations, leading to the stifling of legitimate dissent and the targeting of individuals or groups critical of the government. This misuse undermines the rule of law and constitutional protections.
Chilling Effect on Free Speech: The existence of a sedition law creates a chilling effect on free speech and expression. The fear of potential sedition charges discourages individuals from openly expressing their opinions and engaging in robust public discourse, inhibiting the free flow of ideas and opinions necessary for a healthy democracy.
Conflict with International Standards: International bodies such as the United Nations Human Rights Committee have consistently expressed concerns about the misuse of sedition laws and called for their repeal or amendment to align with international human rights standards.
Inconsistencies regarding the sedition law in India
Interpretational Inconsistencies: The Tilak case (1897) interpreted sedition as exciting disaffection towards the government, even without inciting violence or rebellion. However, the Majumdar case (1942) acquitted the accused by emphasizing that sedition requires a tendency to incite violence or disorder.
Varying Judicial Approaches: The Supreme Court’s approach in the Kedarnath case (1962) further adds to the inconsistencies. While the Court upheld the constitutionality of the sedition law, it narrowed its application to only acts that incite violence. The Court’s attempt to retain sedition despite acknowledging its exclusion from the draft Constitution and concerns over its severity creates a contradictory stance.
Lack of Clarity in Statutory Language: The language of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code, which defines sedition, lacks precision and clarity. The vague terms such as hatred, contempt, and disaffection make it susceptible to subjective interpretations and misuse by law enforcement authorities. This lack of clarity contributes to the inconsistent application of the sedition law.
Conflict with Constitutional Principles: The sedition law, as it stands, conflicts with constitutional principles, particularly the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. The broad interpretation of sedition and its criminalization of political dissent and disaffection towards the government infringe upon citizens’ constitutional rights.
Disparity with International Standards: International bodies, including the United Nations Human Rights Committee, have expressed concerns about the misuse of sedition laws and recommended their repeal or amendment to align with international human rights norms. This disparity highlights the inconsistencies between the sedition law in India and global standards.
Way ahead: Recommendations to strike a balance
Repeal or Substantial Reform: Given the inconsistencies, ambiguity, and potential for misuse, there is a strong case for the repeal or substantial reform of the sedition law. This could involve narrowing the scope of the offense, clarifying the language, and aligning it with constitutional principles and international human rights standards.
Precise Definition: The sedition law should be defined more precisely to avoid ambiguity and subjective interpretations. A clear and specific definition would help establish the boundaries of the offense, ensuring that it is not misused to suppress legitimate dissent or criticism.
Balancing National Security and Freedom of Expression: Any reform or amendment to the sedition law should strike a balance between protecting national security and safeguarding freedom of expression. This can be achieved by focusing on acts that pose a genuine threat to public order, incite violence, or endanger the integrity of the state while ensuring that peaceful dissent and criticism are not stifled.
Judicial Clarity: The judiciary should provide consistent and well-defined guidelines for the interpretation and application of the sedition law. Clear guidelines would help prevent arbitrary enforcement and provide greater clarity on the limits of the offense.
Safeguards and Procedural Reforms: Implementing safeguards and procedural reforms can help prevent the misuse of the sedition law. This may include requiring higher standards of evidence, ensuring transparency and accountability in investigations and prosecutions, and providing avenues for redress in cases of wrongful or frivolous charges.
Public Awareness and Sensitization: There is a need for public awareness campaigns and sensitization programs to educate citizens, law enforcement authorities, and the judiciary about the nuances of freedom of expression and the potential pitfalls of the sedition law.
International Dialogue and Learning: Engaging in international dialogue and learning from best practices can provide valuable insights for reforming the sedition law. Studying the experiences of other democratic countries and considering international human rights standards can help shape more effective and rights-respecting legislation.
Conclusion
The interpretation and application of Section 124A have been inconsistent, leading to misuses and abuses by law enforcement authorities. The Law Commission’s recent recommendations for enhancing punishment and incorporating the tendency to incite disorder fail to address the core issue of the law’s unconstitutionality. It is imperative to reevaluate and repeal the sedition law to protect and uphold the democratic values of free speech and expression in India.
The Centre has set the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 17 kharif crops and variants.
What is MSP?
The MSP assures the farmers of a fixed price for their crops, well above their production costs.
MSP, by contrast, is devoid of any legal backing. Access to it, unlike subsidized grains through the PDS, isn’t an entitlement for farmers.
They cannot demand it as a matter of right. It is only a government policy that is part of administrative decision-making.
The Centre currently fixes MSPs for 23 farm commodities based on the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) recommendations.
Fixing of MSPs
The CACP considered various factors while recommending the MSP for a commodity, including the cost of cultivation.
It also takes into account the supply and demand situation for the commodity; market price trends (domestic and global) and parity vis-à-vis other crops; and implications for consumers (inflation), environment (soil and water use) and terms of trade between agriculture and non-agriculture sectors.
What changed with the 2018 budget?
The Budget for 2018-19 announced that MSPs would henceforth be fixed at 1.5 times of the production costs for crops as a “pre-determined principle”.
Simply put, the CACP’s job now was only to estimate production costs for a season and recommend the MSPs by applying the 1.5-times formula.
How was this production cost arrived at?
The CACP projects three kinds of production cost for every crop, both at the state and all-India average levels.
‘A2’ covers all paid-out costs directly incurred by the farmer — in cash and kind — on seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, hired labor, leased-in land, fuel, irrigation, etc.
‘A2+FL’ includes A2 plus an imputed value of unpaid family labor.
‘C2’ is a more comprehensive cost that factors in rentals and interest forgone on owned land and fixed capital assets, on top of A2+FL.
How much produce can the government procure at MSP?
The MSP value of the total production of the 23 crops worked out to around Rs 10.78 lakh crore in 2019-20.
Not all this produce, however, is marketed. Farmers retain part of it for self-consumption, the seed for the next season’s sowing, and also for feeding their animals.
The marketed surplus ratio for different crops is estimated to range differently for various crops.
It ranges from below 50% for ragi and 65-70% for bajra (pearl millet) and jawar (sorghum) to 75% for wheat, 80% for paddy, 85% for sugarcane, 90% for most pulses, and 95%-plus for cotton, soybean, etc.
Taking an average of 75% would yield a number of just over Rs 8 lakh crore.
This is the MSP value of production that is the marketable surplus — which farmers actually sell.
Nature of MSP
There is currently no statutory backing for these prices, nor any law mandating their enforcement.
Farmers demand over legalization
Legal entitlement: There is a demand that MSP based on a C2+50% formula should be made a legal entitlement for all agricultural produce.
Private traders’ responsibility: Some says that most of the cost should be borne by private traders, noting that both middlemen and corporate giants are buying commodities at low rates from farmers.
Mandatory purchase at MSP: A left-affiliated farm union has suggested a law that simply stipulates that no one — neither the Government nor private players — will be allowed to buy at a rate lower than MSP.
Surplus payment by the govt.: Other unions have said that if private buyers fail to purchase their crops, the Government must be prepared to buy out the entire surplus at MSP rates.
Expansion of C2: Farm unions are demanding that C2 must also include capital assets and the rentals and interest forgone on owned land as recommended by the National Commission for Farmers.
The current median age in India is 28, compared to China’s 39, indicating India’s demographic advantage will persist until the end of the century.
China’s youth population is declining, and the aging population is rising, leading to concerns about employment and stability.
Demographic Dividend
Definition
Economic growth potential results from a favourable demographic structure, particularly a large working-age population relative to the dependent population (children and elderly).
Age structure
“Bulge” in the working-age population due to declining fertility rates and improved life expectancy.
Economic benefits
Increased productivity, higher savings, and greater economic output.
Increased consumption
Rise in disposable income, stimulating consumer spending and demand.
Savings and investments
Opportunity for higher savings and productive investments.
Window of opportunity
Time-limited period to harness the potential of the young workforce.
Challenges and prerequisites
Effective policies and investments in education, skill development, healthcare, job creation, and infrastructure.
Demographic Advantage for India
The current median age of 28 in India signifies a young population, which brings several advantages:
Demographic advantage: A young population contributes to economic growth and development.
Productive workforce: With a large working-age population, India has the potential for a productive workforce.
Long-term economic growth: The young population offers a demographic dividend for sustained economic growth with investments in education, skills, and job creation.
Market potential: The young population represents a significant consumer market, stimulating economic activity.
Addressing societal challenges: Opportunities arise to address education, healthcare, and social welfare needs among the youth.
India’s Edge over China
(1) Job Market
Graduates facing difficulty finding employment: A large number of college and university graduates in China struggle to secure jobs, facing job market challenges exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Impact of the pandemic on employment: COVID-19 lockdowns and layoffs in key sectors have negatively affected China’s job market, particularly for the “post-’00s” generation who grew up during rapid economic growth.
(2) Urban Joblessness
Rising joblessness among young urbanites: One out of every five young urbanites in China is without work, leading to a growing problem of joblessness.
Official jobless rate for urban youth: China’s National Bureau of Statistics reported a 19.9% jobless rate for urban youth aged 16 to 24 in July, the highest since the release of youth employment data in 2018.
Factors Contributing to China’s job market challenges
Supply-demand contradiction: China’s economic growth decline and the impact of COVID-19 have created a supply-demand contradiction in the job market.
Issues with the education sector: Some argue that the problem lies within China’s education sector, and finding jobs for educated youth has become a perennial crisis.
Shifting focus to qualitative growth: Despite China’s focus shifting from quantitative to qualitative growth, the challenge of employment for educated youth persists.
Where does India stand?
Challenges for school leavers and graduates: India faces challenges with school leavers, liberal arts graduates, and engineers from low-grade colleges who struggle to find employment.
Shortage of specific skilled personnel: While facing a surplus of certain graduates, India experiences a shortage of skilled workers in various fields, such as plumbing, electrical work, and artisanal crafts.
Issues in India’s Skilling Efforts
Inadequacies in skill development initiatives: Entities like the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) have not delivered effective skilling programs, focusing on short courses rather than comprehensive skill acquisition.
Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs): The potential of ITIs to address the skill gap has been hampered by resistance from state governments and the failure of partnerships with industrial enterprises.
Private Skilling institutes: Private Skilling institutes, often in the informal sector, have emerged to fill some of the gaps left by government initiatives.
NEP and Vocational Training in India
Vocational segmentation in NEP 2020: NEP 2020 introduces vocational training from 6th to 8th grade to improve students’ skills in specific fields.
Need for continued vocational training: To be effective, vocational segmentation should continue at the secondary level, with dedicated schools focused on producing skilled artisans and specialists.
Challenges in vocational education: Similar to China, vocational education in India faces challenges in attracting students compared to traditional academic paths.
Way forward
Emulating Germany’s model: Germany’s emphasis on respecting and valuing vocational specializations can serve as a model for India.
Success of vocational education in other countries: Several countries, including Singapore and to some extent, China, have successfully implemented vocational education systems.
Addressing inequalities in education: In China, challenges remain in providing quality education for rural students, which can limit their access to better job opportunities.
A Delhi State Minister has moved the court seeking directions for the government to decide on granting her political clearance before it is too late.
Earlier, Delhi CM’s participation to attend the World Cities Summit in 2022 was due to delayed political clearance by the Centre.
Understanding Political Clearance
Political clearance is issued by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and is required for public servants and government officials traveling abroad.
Applications for political clearance can be made through the epolclearance.gov.in portal since 2016.
The decision on political clearance considers various factors, including the nature of the event, level of participation, invitation, and India’s relations with the host country.
(1) Process for CMs and State Ministers to Travel Abroad
Informing the cabinet: The Cabinet Secretariat’s circular of May 6, 2015, mandates informing the Cabinet Secretariat and Ministry of External Affairs about proposed foreign visits by CMs and State Ministers.
Mandatory nature: Prior political clearance and FCRA clearance are mandatory for such visits.
Application process: The application for clearance must be sent to the Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs (DEA).
(2) For other Ministers and Parliamentarians
Union ministers require clearance from the Prime Minister’s Office in addition to political clearance from the MEA for official and personal trips abroad.
Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha members need clearance from the Speaker and Chairperson respectively, only for official trips.
Government employees, depending on their rank and delegation type, require approval from the Minister concerned or a screening committee of secretaries.
(3) Application to Judges
Judges of the Supreme Court and state High Courts must send their proposals to the Department of Justice after obtaining clearance from the Chief Justice of India.
Approval from the MEA and, in certain cases, the Home Ministry is required.
Delhi High Court has struck down guidelines on judges’ personal travel in the past.
Debates surrounding political clearance
In his early term, PM Modi held meetings with Union department secretaries to discuss the issue.
Calls have been made to change the “dilatory system” of MEA clearing travel proposals by officials.
The MEA has asserted its prerogative in deciding the suitability, desirability, and level of participation of Indian officials in engagements abroad.
Reasons for Political Clearance Denials
The inappropriateness of direct correspondence: The MEA may consider direct correspondence between a diplomatic mission and a state government as inappropriate, leading to denial of clearance for a visit.
Substantive and protocol considerations: Concerns may arise regarding the substantive and protocol aspects of a CM’s visit, which could influence the decision to deny political clearance.
Unsuitability or undesirability: The nature of the event or the level of participation from other countries might be deemed unsuitable or undesirable for a CM’s visit, resulting in denial of clearance.
Special consideration challenges: Concerned agencies may face challenges in providing special consideration to a Chief Minister’s visit, considering substantive and protocol angles.
Prevailing circumstances: The prevailing circumstances, including diplomatic relations with the host country or other relevant factors, can play a role in the decision to deny political clearance.
National security concerns: In certain cases, national security considerations may lead to the denial of political clearance for an official visit.
Lack of sufficient justification: If the purpose or justification provided for the visit is not deemed sufficient, the political clearance request may be denied.
Importance of Political Clearance
Ensures effective representation and protection of India’s interests abroad.
Maintains diplomatic relations and adheres to established protocols.
Balances security concerns with the need for international engagements.
Implications for diplomacy
Denial of political clearance can impact bilateral and multilateral relationships.
Strengthens cooperation and dialogue between countries.
Builds trust and goodwill through smooth facilitation of visits and engagements.
