The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has predicted that the rainfall during the June-September southwest monsoon season will be higher than usual, around 105% of the average rainfall over a long period.
What are the main factors that influence the Indian monsoon, as mentioned by the IMD?
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): El Niño, which is characterized by warming sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, tends to reduce monsoon rainfall over India. Eg, during the 2015 El Niño event, India experienced a weakened monsoon and below-normal rainfall.
Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): The IOD refers to temperature differences between the western and eastern Indian Ocean. A positive IOD (warmer waters in the west) is typically linked to above-average rainfall in India, while a negative IOD can lead to drought conditions. Eg,2019 saw a positive IOD, which helped counterbalance the El Niño and brought more rainfall.
Himalayan Snow Cover: As observed by Blanford, the amount of snow accumulation in the Himalayas influences the monsoon. A thicker snow cover in the winter months often leads to increased rainfall during the subsequent monsoon. Eg, years with heavy snowfall in the Himalayas tend to see better monsoon rainfall in regions like Northwest India.
How did Blanford contribute to the development of monsoon forecasting in India?
Identified the Snow-Monsoon Relationship: Blanford discovered an inverse relationship between the amount of snow accumulated in the Himalayas during winter and the subsequent monsoon rainfall over India. He hypothesized that greater snow accumulation led to a stronger monsoon. This was the basis for early monsoon predictions. Eg: Between 1882-1885, Blanford used Himalayan snow cover data to predict the intensity of the monsoon, marking a key step in systematic weather forecasting.
First Long-Range Forecast (1886): Blanford made India’s first long-range monsoon forecast in 1886, predicting the seasonal rainfall across India and Burma based on his snow-rain hypothesis. This was a pioneering effort in utilizing long-term data for weather predictions. Eg: Blanford’s 1886 forecast was the first to consider annual snowfall patterns in the Himalayas to predict the monsoon’s arrival and intensity across the entire Indian subcontinent.
Foundation for Modern Meteorology: Blanford’s work laid the foundation for further development in meteorology and forecasting. His research on snow cover influenced future meteorologists, including Sir John Eliot and Sir Gilbert Walker, who refined and expanded his methods using new data sources and statistical models. Eg: Blanford’s ideas directly influenced later meteorologists, helping to evolve more comprehensive models, including those considering global atmospheric factors.
Why were IMD’s forecasts inaccurate between 1932 and 1987?
Outdated Predictors: The parameters identified by Sir Gilbert Walker, such as the Southern Oscillation and other atmospheric factors, had lost their significance over time, meaning their relationship with the monsoon was no longer consistent. This led to inaccurate forecasts. Eg: For instance, in the period 1932-1987, the forecast errors were significant, with average errors of 12.33 cm for the peninsula and 9.9 cm for Northwest India, indicating the failure of the existing model.
Failure to Adapt to New Data: Despite attempts to tweak Walker’s model, the IMD did not fully integrate new meteorological data and evolving atmospheric conditions, leading to persistent inaccuracies in monsoon prediction. Eg: The model failed to predict the 1987 drought, highlighting the inadequacy of the forecasting system during this period and the inability to account for changing atmospheric patterns.
How has the IMD’s forecasting system improved since 2007?
Introduction of Statistical Ensemble Forecasting System (SEFS): In 2007, the IMD introduced the SEFS, which combined multiple models to generate a more robust prediction. This reduced the error margin and improved the accuracy of forecasts by considering different possible outcomes. Eg: The SEFS helped reduce the average absolute error in forecasts between 2007 and 2018 to 5.95% of the long-period average (LPA), compared to a higher 7.94% error in the earlier period (1995-2006).
Launch of the Monsoon Mission Coupled Forecasting System (MMCFS): In 2012, the IMD launched the MMCFS, which integrated ocean, atmosphere, and land data for more accurate predictions. This coupled dynamic model enabled better predictions by accounting for the interactions between various climate factors. Eg: The MMCFS contributed to more accurate monsoon forecasts in the years following its introduction, helping the IMD predict monsoon patterns with greater precision.
What impact did the Monsoon Mission Coupled Forecasting System (MMCFS) have on IMD’s accuracy?
Improved Forecast Accuracy by Integrating Multiple Data Sources: The MMCFS combined data from the ocean, atmosphere, and land, allowing for a more holistic and accurate monsoon forecast. This helped the IMD provide more reliable predictions by considering the dynamic interactions between various climate components. Eg: After the introduction of MMCFS in 2012, the IMD was able to produce more precise monsoon predictions, particularly in terms of seasonal rainfall.
Enhanced Long-Term Predictive Capabilities: The coupled model allowed the IMD to improve long-term monsoon predictions by simulating real-world climate interactions more accurately, reducing errors in forecasting and enhancing the reliability of predictions over longer time spans. Eg: The model helped improve predictions such as the 2014 monsoon season, where the forecast matched the actual rainfall more closely than earlier years, highlighting its effectiveness in reducing forecast errors.
Way forward:
Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Leveraging AI and ML can further refine IMD’s forecasting models by analyzing vast datasets more efficiently and identifying hidden patterns in climate behavior, improving the accuracy of short- and long-term monsoon predictions.
Collaboration with Global Climate Agencies: Strengthening partnerships with international climate research institutions can enhance data sharing and provide more comprehensive insights into global climate drivers affecting the Indian monsoon.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2015] How far do you agree that the behavior of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanizing landscapes? Discuss.
Linkage: Forecasting is essential for understanding the behavior of the Indian monsoon. This article explores the evolution of monsoon forecasting in India, particularly by the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
India’s growing economy has sparked discussions on using arbitration to handle increasing commercial disputes. The overburdened court system makes arbitration a popular choice, but questions remain about its effectiveness.
What are the two key parameters that define the credibility and legitimacy of Indian arbitration?
Efficient Conduct of Arbitral Proceedings: Arbitrators must manage timelines, procedures, and hearings to avoid unnecessary delays and ensure speedy resolution. Eg: In a construction contract dispute, an arbitrator who ensures hearings happen on schedule and avoids multiple adjournments boosts arbitration credibility.
Quality of Arbitral Awards: Arbitral awards must be factually accurate, well-reasoned, and legally sound so they can withstand court scrutiny. Eg: In a technology dispute, an arbitrator who carefully analyses technical evidence and explains compensation calculation clearly ensures the award is respected and upheld.
Why has the identification of elite Indian arbitrators primarily with retired judges been seen as a limitation?
Over-Reliance on Judicial Experience: Assumes judicial skills alone are enough for arbitration, without adapting to arbitration’s flexible needs. Eg: A retired judge may strictly follow civil procedure rules, causing unnecessary delays in arbitration.
Court-like Procedures in Arbitration: Arbitrations tend to mimic lengthy court processes, losing their speed and efficiency advantage. Eg: Instead of quick hearings, a retired judge-arbitrator may insist on prolonged cross-examinations like a courtroom trial.
Poorly Reasoned Awards: Awards by some retired judges may lack commercial understanding and detailed reasoning, leading to challenges and setting-aside in courts. Eg: In a business valuation dispute, an arbitrator may issue an award without deeply analysing financial reports, making it vulnerable to appeal.
Lack of Soft Skills and International Best Practices: Many retired judges are unfamiliar with global arbitration practices and soft skills like consensus-building within a tribunal. Eg: In an international arbitration panel, an Indian retired judge might struggle to navigate cultural differences or informal deliberations.
Limited Diversity of Expertise: Arbitration needs experts from various fields (engineering, finance, tech), not just law, to handle complex technical disputes. Eg: In a complex infrastructure project dispute, a technical expert-arbitrator could resolve issues faster than a purely legal expert.
Who plays the most decisive role in ensuring the efficiency and quality of arbitral proceedings in India?
Arbitrators Set the Procedural Framework: They design and enforce the timelines, hearing schedules, and procedural rules to keep the arbitration efficient. Eg: An arbitrator can fix strict deadlines for filing evidence to avoid unnecessary extensions.
Arbitrators Manage Disputes and Party Conduct: They resolve procedural disputes, manage party behavior, and can impose sanctions for delays or misconduct. Eg: If a party repeatedly seeks adjournments, the arbitrator can impose a cost penalty to maintain discipline.
Arbitrators Deliver Final, Reasoned Awards: They are responsible for writing high-quality, logical, and well-supported awards that stand strong in judicial review. Eg: In a financial fraud arbitration, a well-reasoned award citing expert evidence and quantifying losses strengthens the award’s credibility.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
Legislative Reforms: Passed the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Acts (2015, 2019, 2021) to reduce court interference, set strict timelines, and promote institutional arbitration. Eg: Introduction of a 12-month time limit to complete arbitration proceedings.
Establishment of Institutions: Set up the India International Arbitration Centre (IIAC) in New Delhi to promote institutional arbitration at par with global standards. Eg: IIAC aims to handle both domestic and international arbitrations efficiently.
Promoting Training and Accreditation: Government encouraged specialized training programs and certifications for arbitrators, including support for professional bodies like the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb) India branch. Eg: Collaboration with global arbitration bodies to train Indian arbitrators in international best practices.
How can the Indian arbitration ecosystem diversify and improve the quality of its arbitrators? (Way forward)
Diversify the Pool of Arbitrators: Include not just retired judges and advocates, but also trained professionals from fields like engineering, finance, and technology. Eg: Appointing a financial expert as arbitrator in a complex banking dispute can lead to faster and better-informed decisions.
Mandatory Training and Accreditation: Every arbitrator, regardless of background, must undergo rigorous training through specialized certificate courses and workshops. Eg: A retired judge attending an international arbitration course learns modern practices like fast-track arbitration and efficient evidence management.
Promote a Culture of Professional Arbitration: Build an ecosystem where arbitration is seen as a specialized profession, not as a secondary option to court litigation. Eg: Creating prestigious professional associations and ranking systems for arbitrators can motivate continuous learning and excellence.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases ?
Linkage: Arbitration Tribunals, requiring an understanding of their nature and function as a form of dispute resolution, which is the central theme of the Article.
To tackle the increasing number of digital payment frauds, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced the exclusive ‘.bank.in’ domain for Indian banks.
About the ‘.bank.in’ Domain
The ‘.bank.in’ domain was introduced in February 2025 to provide Indian banks with a unique online address, reducing the risk of fraudulent websites mimicking bank domains.
It will be operationalised by the Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT), under National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) oversight.
The ‘.in’Code Top-Level Domain (ccTLD) is India’s national identifier on the internet.
This domain adds an extra layer of trust, distinguishing legitimate banks from fraudulent entities.
The IDRBT, operating under MeitY, has been authorised as the exclusive registrar for this domain.
All banks in India must transition to this by October 31, 2025, with both old and new domains likely in use during the transition period.
[UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: The Reserve Bank of India’s recent directives relating to ‘Storage of Payment System Data’, popularly known as data diktat, command the payment system providers that
1. they shall ensure that entire data relating to payment systems operated by them are stored in a system only in India
2. they shall ensure that the systems are owned and operated by public sector enterprises
3. they shall submit the consolidated system audit report to the Comptroller and Auditor General of India by the end of the calendar
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
The Odisha government has notified Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR) as a national park, covering 845.70 sq/km. It is the 107th national park and the second in eastern Odisha, following Bhitarkanika.
About Similipal National Park:
Situated in the Mayurbhanj district of northern Odisha, Similipal is surrounded by high plateaus and hills.
It includes the Khairiburu and Meghashini peaks, rising to 1,515 meters above sea level.
The park has a diverse terrain with hills, open grasslands, and wooded areas, supporting various species.
Flora: The park is home to 1,078 plant species, including 94 species of orchids, with Sal trees dominating the forests.
Fauna: It boasts diverse wildlife, including leopards, gaurs, elephants, sloth bears, and pangolins. Similipal also supports migratory birds like Bar-headed geese and Brahmini ducks.
Several indigenous tribes inhabit the region, such as Kolha, Santhala, Bhumija, and Khadia.
Similipal was declared a Tiger Reserve in 1956, included under Project Tiger in 1973, and became a Biosphere Reserve in 2009.
Melanistic Tigers of Similipal:
Similipal is home to the world’s only wild population of pseudo-melanistic tigers, with 13 known to inhabit the area.
These tigers have a distinct appearance due to higher melanin levels, causing a unique, black-striped coat.
The mutation in the Taqpep gene makes these tigers pseudo-melanistic.
[UPSC 2012] Consider the following protected areas; 1. Bandipur 2. Bhitarkanika 3. Manas 4. Sundarbans
Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 Only (b) 1, 3 and 4 Only* (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1,2, 3 and 4
Under the SMILE scheme, the Union Social Justice Ministry has identified only 9,958 beggars across 81 cities, compared to 3.72 lakh recorded in the 2011 Census.
About the SMILE Scheme:
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment launched the SMILE scheme in 2022.
It is a Central Sector Scheme to rehabilitate individuals engaged in begging and empower transgender persons.
It focuses on rehabilitation, livelihood opportunities, skill development, and social empowerment for marginalized individuals.
It combines previous programs targeting beggars and transgender persons, providing a more cohesive approach to their empowerment.
Key Components:
Shelter Homes: Utilizes existing shelter homes managed by state/UT governments; new homes will be established where necessary.
Livelihood Support: Provides education, documentation, skill development, and economic linkages to help individuals become self-sufficient.
Target Beneficiaries: Around 60,000 marginalized individuals.
Implementation:
Pilot project has been launched in 30 cities (Phase 1) and extended to 50 more cities (Phase 2).
A local survey identifies individuals engaged in begging, aiming to rehabilitate 25 individuals per survey.
₹100 crore has been allocated for FY 2023-24 to 2025-26, with ₹14.71 crore spent by December 2024 on identification and rehabilitation.
Issues in Implementation:
Inadequate Shelter Infrastructure: Some regions face a lack of facilities for rehabilitation.
Resistance to Rehabilitation: Some individuals resist rehabilitation due to socio-economic factors or distrust in government schemes.
Funding and Resource Constraints: Ongoing financial investment is required for sustainability.
Sustainability of Rehabilitation: Long-term support is essential for successful reintegration into society.
[UPSC 2016] ‘Rashtriya Garima Abhiyaan’ is a national campaign to-
(a) rehabilitate the homeless and destitute persons and provide them with suitable sources of livelihood*
(b) abolish the Child Labour
(c) salvage the marshy lands and wetlands in the coastal areas and cultivate crops in them
(d) rehabilitate the manual scavengers and provide them with suitable sources of livelihood
India has recently expanded its claim in the Central Arabian Sea by nearly 10,000 square kilometers as part of its ‘extended continental shelf,’ modifying an earlier claim to resolve a dispute with Pakistan.
About Extended Continental Shelf (ECS):
ECS refers to the area beyond 200 nautical miles that countries can claim by submitting geological and geophysical evidence to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS).
These claims allow countries to explore resources like oil, gas, and minerals on and beneath the seabed.
Coastal states have rights to an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) up to 200 nautical miles from their coastline.
However, such States can claim additional seabed area beyond this limit if they prove scientifically that the continental shelf extends naturally from their landmass.
Back2Basics: Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS)
The CLCS estd. In 1997, is a UN body under the UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) that helps states determine the outer limits of their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles.
The CLCS reviews the scientific data provided by states and makes binding recommendations on the extent of the outer shelf limits.
The commission comprises 21 experts from geology, geophysics, and hydrography, ensuring legal compliance and peaceful boundary resolution.
India’s Modified Claims and Pakistan:
India first submitted a claim in 2009 for an extended shelf in the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, and Arabian Sea, claiming an additional 1.2 million square kilometers.
After Pakistan’s objections, India modified its claim, splitting it into two parts to resolve disputes and ensure uncontroversial areas in the Central Arabian Sea.
India also increased its claim by 10,000 square kilometers using new scientific data.
The Sir Creek area, a disputed waterway between India and Pakistan, remains a point of contention, but India’s modification aims for peaceful resolution.
India’s claim overlaps withOman’s shelf, but the two countries have an agreement to keep the delimitation open without conflict.
[UPSC 2022] With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements:
1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3*
Recently, a team of scientists from Germany reported a breakthrough in combating the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) through an innovative RNA-based antiviral agent.
About Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV):
CMV is one of the most widespread and destructive plant viruses, affecting over 1,200 plant species, including important food crops such as cucumbers, melons, and cereals.
The virus is transmitted byaphids, tiny insects that spread the virus as they feed on plants, making outbreaks difficult to control.
In India, CMV causes significant yield losses in crops like bananas, pumpkins, and cucumbers, leading to mosaic discoloration, stunted growth, and unviable fruits.
The economic impact of CMV includes both direct financial lossesfrom reduced crop yields and the indirect costs of pest management.
RNA Silencing Methods discussed (HIGS vs SIGS):
RNA silencing is a natural defense mechanism that plants use to protect themselves from viral infections.
Two RNA-based technologies, Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS) and Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS), have been developed to enhance plant immunity against diseases like CMV.
[1] Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS):
HIGS involves genetically modifying plants to produce dsRNA, which activates the plant’s immune system to fight off the virus.
This method provides continuous protection and long-term immunity throughout the plant’s lifecycle.
However, it faces challenges such as regulatory issues, high production costs, and the potential for viruses to evolve resistance over time.
[2] Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS):
SIGS, unlike HIGS, does not require genetic modification. Instead, plants are treated with RNA sprays containing dsRNA that targets specific viruses.
This method is cost-effective, non-GMO, and can be applied to a variety of crops.
However, SIGS provides short-term protection, may be ineffective due to random RNA mixtures, and its effectiveness can be reduced by environmental factors such as sunlight, rain, and soil microbes.
[UPSC 2019] RNA interference (RNAi)’ technology has gained popularity in the last few years. Why?
1. It is used in developing gene silencing therapies.
2. It can be used in developing therapies for-the treatment of cancer.
3. It can be used to develop hormone replacement therapies.
4. It can be used to produce crop plants that are resistant to viral pathogens.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1, 2 and 4* (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1 and 4 only
N4S: UPSC loves testing how well aspirants connect India’s policies to global trends. Take the 2024 question on the Maldives’ strategic importance—if you didn’t link it to India’s broader maritime vision, you probably missed key points. Many struggle with understanding how India’s maritime strategy is evolving. This article makes it simple.MAHASAGAR isn’t just an extension of SAGAR (2015)—it expands India’s maritime outreach beyond the Indian Ocean to Africa, ASEAN, and Latin America. What’s different? A sharper focus on trade, strategic partnerships, and defense cooperation. We break it down in an easy-to-read comparison table.One major blind spot in UPSC prep? Unconventional security threats. This piece unpacks everything from grey-zone warfare (like China’s maritime militia) to environmental risks like illegal fishing and climate change.And here’s the best part—our Back2Basics section gives you a quick refresher on India’s key maritime zones, trade routes, and policy shifts. Ever wondered why the Strait of Malacca is so critical for India? You’ll get crisp, exam-relevant insights.
PYQ Anchoring
Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this relation ship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition? [ GS 2, 2024]
Microthemes: Bilateral Relations
PM Modi has unveiled ‘MAHASAGAR’ (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions) during his March 2025 visit to Mauritius, outlining India’s expanded vision for security and development across the region.
About MAHASAGAR
Mahasagar is India’s expanded strategic vision aimed at enhancing security, trade, and development cooperation across the Global South.It builds on India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) policy, which focused on the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
Three Core Pillars:
Trade for Development: Enhancing economic ties through technology-sharing and trade facilitation.
Capacity Building for Sustainable Growth: Supporting nations with infrastructure, education, and economic partnerships.
Mutual Security for a Shared Future: Strengthening regional security, maritime cooperation, and defense ties.
It seeks to address China’s expanding presence in the Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean by promoting India-led cooperation models.It aims to position India as a champion of the Global South, amplifying their voice in global policymaking (e.g., G20, IORA, BRICS).
MAHASAGAR vs SAGAR (2015)
India’s SAGAR policy (2015) was a regional framework focused on maritime security and economic cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Mahasagar broadens this vision to global engagement with the Global South.
Parameter
SAGAR (2015)
Mahasagar (2025)
Geographic Scope
Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
Global South, Indo-Pacific, Africa, Latin America
Focus Areas
Maritime security, economic ties, blue economy, regional stability
Trade-driven development, technology-sharing, capacity building, global security
Strategic Partnerships
Mauritius, Seychelles, Maldives, Sri Lanka, IOR countries
Expands to Africa, ASEAN, Latin America, Pacific Island Nations
Blue economy, infrastructure, trade corridors in IOR
Technology transfer, concessional loans, trade in local currencies
Diplomatic Strategy
Regional cooperation through IORA, BIMSTEC
Voice of the Global South in G20, BRICS, UN initiatives
Challenges in the Maritime Domain
Maritime security is increasingly complex, with a mix of traditional and emerging threats. These challenges can be broadly categorized into three areas: hard security threats, unconventional security risks, and governance issues.
1. Hard Security Challenges
Unconventional Tactics in Warfare – Countries are using unconventional methods, such as Ukraine’s drone attacks on Russia and China’s maritime militias in the South China Sea, making it difficult to respond effectively.
Grey-Zone Warfare – Tactics that blur the line between peace and conflict, like violating exclusive economic zones (EEZs), create legal and policy challenges. Example: The USA’s contested presence in disputed waters.
Combat Drones & Land Attack Missiles – The increasing use of drones for surveillance and potential strikes, along with missiles launched from sea-based platforms, has transformed modern naval threats.
2. Unconventional Security Risks
Illegal Fishing & Resource Exploitation – Foreign fishing fleets encroach on territorial waters, affecting marine ecosystems and local livelihoods. Example: Sri Lankan fishermen in Indian waters.
Marine Pollution – Oil spills, plastic waste, and industrial discharge threaten ocean health and biodiversity.
Trafficking & Smuggling – Maritime routes are used for human and drug trafficking, increasing regional instability.
Geopolitical Rivalries in the Indo-Pacific – The US-China rivalry often overshadows the concerns of smaller nations in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, diverting resources from pressing security needs.
3. Challenges in Maritime Governance
Lack of Coordination Among Littoral States – Countries in Asia and Africa struggle to unite against maritime threats due to differing security priorities and enforcement capabilities. Example: ASEAN nations hesitating to confront China’s actions in the South China Sea.
Reluctance to Cooperate with Foreign Partners – Some nations prefer to avoid reliance on external assistance, weakening collaborative security measures.
Limited Information Sharing – Despite agreements, countries often share only minimal intelligence due to concerns over national security and sovereignty. Example: India and the USA have multiple agreements, but information exchange remains cautious.
Addressing these challenges requires stronger cooperation, better governance, and technological advancements to ensure a secure and stable maritime domain.
Way Forward for a Robust Maritime Neighbourhood Policy
To ensure a stable, secure, and cooperative maritime environment, India must adopt a multi-pronged approach that balances security, economic growth, environmental sustainability, and diplomatic engagement. The following steps can help shape an effective maritime neighbourhood policy:
1. Strengthening Regional Security Cooperation: Expand bilateral, trilateral, and multilateral collaborations through platforms like Quad, IORA, BIMSTEC, and IONS to enhance maritime security.
2. Enhancing Maritime Infrastructure & Connectivity: Invest in modernising port infrastructure and smart shipping corridors to boost trade and regional economic integration. Promote sustainable Blue Economy partnerships in fisheries, marine biotechnology, and deep-sea mining.
3. Promoting Sustainable & Inclusive Development: Implement stricter fisheries management agreements to prevent overfishing and protect coastal livelihoods. Encourage regional cooperation for tackling marine pollution and plastic waste in the Indian Ocean.
4. Strengthening Maritime Governance & Law Enforcement: Improve the capabilities of coast guards and maritime law enforcement agencies to combat non-traditional threats like trafficking and environmental crimes. Promote the adoption of a regional Code of Conduct based on UNCLOS, ensuring peaceful dispute resolution and responsible ocean governance.
5. Fostering Diplomatic Engagement & Strategic Partnerships: Balance power dynamics in the Indo-Pacific by deepening ties with smaller Indian Ocean nations (Sri Lanka, Maldives, Seychelles, Mauritius).
#BACK2BASICS: Maritime Neighbourhood of India
India’s maritime neighbourhood includes the countries and regions that share maritime boundaries or have strategic maritime linkages with India. These areas are significant for trade, security, and regional stability.
Key Regions in India’s Maritime Neighbourhood
1. Immediate Maritime Neighbours (Countries with direct maritime borders with India)
Sri Lanka (South of Tamil Nadu, separated by the Palk Strait)
Maldives (Southwest of India, near Lakshadweep)
Myanmar (Eastern maritime neighbour, Bay of Bengal)
Bangladesh (Northeastern maritime neighbour, Bay of Bengal)
Pakistan (Western maritime neighbour, Arabian Sea)
2. Extended Maritime Neighbours (Strategically important island nations & territories in the Indian Ocean)
Seychelles (Near India’s southwestern waters)
Mauritius (Deep in the Indian Ocean but a close partner of India)
Madagascar (Western Indian Ocean, near Africa)
Comoros & Réunion (French territory) (Further southwest in the Indian Ocean)
3. Strategic Waters & Regions (Vital for India’s maritime security and trade)
Bay of Bengal(Northeast of India, key for regional trade & security)
Arabian Sea(West of India, crucial for energy imports from the Middle East)
Indian Ocean Region (IOR)(Extends from Africa to Australia, vital for naval security & trade routes)
Strait of Malacca(A critical choke point for India’s trade & naval strategy, linking the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean via Southeast Asia)
Importance of India’s Maritime Neighbourhood
Trade & Connectivity: Over 90% of India’s trade by volume passes through these waters.
Security & Defense: Presence of Chinese naval activity, piracy, and smuggling threats in the Indian Ocean.
Diplomatic & Economic Ties: India engages with these nations through SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region), Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), and Quad & Indo-Pacific strategies.
India’s Evolution of Maritime Neighbourhood Policy
– Deepening ties with ASEAN & island nations – Maritime security expansion
– 2008: Anti-piracy missions in the Gulf of Aden – 2011: Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) launched
4. SAGAR & Indo-Pacific Strategy (2014–Present)
– SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) – Countering China’s influence in the Indian Ocean – Strengthening QUAD cooperation
– 2015: SAGAR doctrine announced – 2018: Logistics agreements with US, France, Australia – 2020: Stronger presence in Malacca Strait & Andaman-Nicobar – 2022: Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI) launched
5. MAHASAGAR: 2025 & Beyond
– Advanced Blue Economy – AI-driven Maritime Security – Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Indian Ocean – Greater Indo-Pacific Naval Collaboration
– MAHASAGAR Initiative (2025): India’s maritime vision for economic and security dominance – AI-based maritime surveillance system – Expansion of deep-sea exploration & green shipping corridors – Strengthened cooperation with IORA, BIMSTEC, & QUAD
For a Maritime Neighbourhood Policy to be successful, six key elements must guide foreign policy:
Security & Defense – Strengthening naval cooperation, joint patrols, and tackling maritime threats like piracy and smuggling.
Economic & Trade Connectivity – Enhancing port infrastructure, promoting Blue Economy initiatives, and boosting regional trade.
Disaster Management & Climate Resilience – Developing joint disaster response frameworks, early warning systems, and humanitarian aid efforts.
Strategic Diplomacy – Engaging in regional forums, countering geopolitical threats, and strengthening ties with island nations.
Technology & Infrastructure Development – Expanding smart ports, undersea communication networks, and AI-driven maritime security.
India’s performance assessment
Policy Element
Performance
Challenges
Security Cooperation
– Naval Engagements: India has actively participated in joint naval exercises with countries like the U.S., Japan, and Australia, enhancing interoperability and regional security. – Counter-Piracy Operations: The Indian Navy has been instrumental in reducing piracy incidents in the Gulf of Aden since 2008.
– Chinese Naval Presence: China’s expanding naval activities in the Indian Ocean pose strategic challenges for India.
– Resource Constraints: Budgetary limitations have slowed India’s naval modernization efforts, impacting its ability to maintain a robust maritime presence.
Economic & Trade Connectivity
– Infrastructure Development: India has invested in port development projects, such as Chabahar in Iran, to enhance regional trade connectivity. – Blue Economy Initiatives: Collaborations with neighboring countries have been initiated to sustainably harness marine resources.
– Competing Chinese Investments: China’s Belt and Road Initiative has led to significant investments in neighboring countries, challenging India’s influence.
– Political Instability: Changes in neighboring countries’ leaderships, such as in Bangladesh and the Maldives, have affected bilateral economic projects.
Disaster Management & Climate Resilience
– HADR Operations: The Indian Navy has provided timely humanitarian assistance during natural disasters in the region, showcasing India’s commitment to regional stability. – Climate Initiatives: India has engaged in regional dialogues to address climate change impacts on maritime nations.
– Coordination Challenges: Aligning disaster response strategies with diverse neighboring countries requires continuous diplomatic efforts. – Resource Allocation: Balancing resources between defense and disaster management remains a challenge.
Strategic Partnerships & Diplomacy
– Regional Forums: India’s active participation in IORA and BIMSTEC has strengthened regional cooperation. – SAGAR Vision: The ‘Security and Growth for All in the Region’ doctrine has been well-received, promoting collective security.
– Shifting Alliances: Neighboring countries, like Nepal and the Maldives, have shown inclinations towards China, challenging India’s diplomatic influence. – Domestic Political Changes: Political transitions in neighboring countries can disrupt established diplomatic relations.
Sustainable Maritime Governance
– Fisheries Agreements: India has entered into agreements to promote sustainable fishing practices. – Marine Conservation: Initiatives have been launched to protect marine biodiversity in collaboration with neighbors.
– Illegal Fishing: Preventing unauthorized fishing activities remains a persistent issue. – Policy Implementation: Ensuring compliance with environmental regulations across borders is challenging.
Technology & Infrastructure Development
– Digital Initiatives: Steps have been taken to modernize port operations and enhance maritime surveillance through technology. – Defense Acquisitions: Procurement of advanced surveillance drones has bolstered maritime domain awareness.
– Technological Gaps: Rapid technological advancements require continuous upgrades, posing financial and logistical challenges. – Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Developing world-class maritime infrastructure is hindered by bureaucratic delays and funding constraints.
India’s maritime policy demonstrates proactive engagement in enhancing regional security, economic connectivity, and disaster response. However, challenges such as external geopolitical influences, internal resource constraints, and dynamic political landscapes necessitate adaptive strategies to uphold its maritime interests.
How does the MAHASAGAR Initiative contribute to India’s relations with its neighbourhood? Identify the key challenges in its implementation.
Microtheme: Bilateral Relations
Demand: Evaluate MAHASAGAR’s role in maritime security, research, economic growth, and its implementation challenges.
[UPSC 2022] The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse.
Linkage: Teaching children about food and nutrition in schools can help them learn healthy eating habits early on. This supports the idea that education should go beyond just books and include lessons that improve their overall well-being.
Mentor’s Comment: At the Paris Nutrition for Growth Summit, the UNGA extended the Decade of Action on Nutrition to 2030, aiming to align with the SDGs and sustain global efforts to end malnutrition. This marks a crucial shift from merely food access to understanding eating behaviours, especially in children, linking nutrition with health, education, equity, and environmental sustainability
Today’s editorial examines the extension of the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition to 2030, offering valuable insights relevant to GS Paper 2 (Health and Education) in the UPSC Mains.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Food knowledge is now a necessity; we need to move beyond simply giving children food to also teaching them how to eat healthy.
What is the significance of extending the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition to 2030?
Continued Global Focus on Ending Malnutrition: The extension ensures that efforts to end malnutrition—in all its forms—remain a priority on the global agenda. The original timeframe (2016-2025) was extended to maintain momentum in addressing undernutrition, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies. Eg: It helps further the work initiated through the Global Nutrition Targets (World Health Organization), such as reducing childhood stunting and addressing maternal anemia, which are key components of the Decade of Action.
Aligning Nutrition Efforts with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The extension ensures better alignment with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, particularly SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. Eg: This could strengthen efforts to integrate nutrition into food security policies, such as promoting sustainable farming practices that support both nutrition and the environment.
Promoting Dietary Diversity and Healthy Eating: The Decade’s extension emphasizes the need for better education on dietary diversity and healthy eating habits. This shift is especially important in light of rising levels of obesity and diet-related diseases worldwide. Eg: Encouraging bio-diverse diets that include locally grown, seasonal foods to promote better health and reduce environmental impacts from food production.
Addressing the Growing Challenge of Overweight and Obesity: The extension allows for a more comprehensive response to the growing global challenge of overweight and obesity, particularly in children and adolescents, which leads to chronic diseases like diabetes and heart conditions. Eg: Policies supporting school nutrition programs and marketing restrictions on unhealthy food can be strengthened, as seen in countries like Mexico, which has implemented clear labeling for unhealthy foods.
Enabling Improved Food Systems and Environmental Sustainability: The extension of the Decade is a chance to transform food systems to be more inclusive, sustainable, and nutrition-sensitive. Eg: The Food Systems Summit and its alignment with the Decade’s goals will encourage the adoption of sustainable food production practices.
Why is it important to focus on the next 4,000 days of a child’s life, beyond the first 1,000 days?
Critical Period for Adolescents’ Growth and Development: The period from 2 to 18 years is when children experience rapid physical, emotional, and behavioral changes. This phase is crucial for addressing any nutritional deficits from the first 1,000 days and ensuring proper growth. Eg: Adequate nutrition during adolescence helps children catch up on growth and reduces the risk of stunting, which can impact long-term health and development.
Preventing Long-Term Health Issues: Nutrition during the next 4,000 days plays a key role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease that can develop due to poor dietary habits. Eg: If adolescents are provided with proper nutrition and healthy eating habits, they are less likely to develop obesity-related issues in adulthood, as shown by long-term studies on childhood obesity prevention.
Building Healthy Habits for Life: The nutritional choices children make during their adolescent years influence their lifelong eating patterns. Teaching children to make healthy choices during this period sets the foundation for their future eating habits. Eg: Education on balanced diets and the importance of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains in school programs can help prevent future generations from falling into unhealthy eating patterns.
Cognitive and Emotional Development: Proper nutrition during these years supports not only physical growth but also cognitive and emotional development. Nutritional deficiencies can impair brain function and emotional well-being, leading to issues in learning, concentration, and mental health. Eg: Nutrients like iron and omega-3 fatty acids are essential for brain development. Schools providing meals rich in these nutrients see improved cognitive performance and better emotional resilience among students.
Addressing Gender Inequality and Social Impact: Adequate nutrition in adolescence, especially for girls, can help break the cycle of poverty and malnutrition by empowering them to reach their full potential, contributing to both personal well-being and community development. Eg: Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) program in India that targets young girls’ education and nutrition to improve their future roles in society.
Where can children best be taught to build healthy eating habits?
Schools: Schools are ideal places to teach children healthy eating habits, as they can reach a large number of children and provide structured education on nutrition. School-based programs can include lessons on food choices, meal planning, and the importance of a balanced diet. Eg: In countries like Finland, students are taught about food, nutrition, and the environmental impact of food choices from a young age, with healthy meals provided in school canteens.
Home and Family: Parents play a crucial role in shaping children’s eating habits, as they control the food environment at home. Teaching children to make healthy food choices can begin in the kitchen, with parents modeling healthy behaviors and involving children in meal preparation. Eg: Families that cook together tend to make healthier food choices, as seen in research by the American Dietetic Association, where children who participate in preparing meals are more likely to eat fruits and vegetables.
Community Programs and Initiatives: Local community centers and health programs can offer opportunities for children to learn about nutrition outside the school environment. These programs often provide workshops, cooking classes, and activities that teach children how to make healthy choices in a fun, engaging way. Eg: The “Veggie Van” initiative in the U.S. brings fresh produce and nutrition education to underserved communities, helping children learn healthy eating habits in a community-based setting.
Public Health Campaigns: Public health campaigns, through media and outreach programs, can educate children on the importance of nutrition. Campaigns targeting children through TV, social media, and even mobile apps can reinforce healthy eating habits at an early age. Eg: The “Change4Life” campaign in the UK targets families and children with educational content about healthy eating and physical activity, encouraging healthy habits through accessible and relatable messaging.
What are the steps taken by Indian Government?
National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: The NEP 2020 emphasizes integrating nutrition and health education into the school curriculum. It encourages schools to include aspects of nutrition, healthy eating, and sustainable food practices in their teaching.
School Health and Wellness Programme (SHWP): This program, launched by the Ministry of Education, aims to improve the overall well-being of children through health and nutrition awareness campaigns, including healthy eating practices, physical activity, and mental health support.
Mid-Day Meal Scheme: This scheme is aimed at improving the nutritional status of children in government and government-aided schools by providing them with free nutritious meals during school hours. The government ensures that the meals meet dietary standards, focusing on providing balanced nutrition.
Poshan Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission): Launched in 2018, Poshan Abhiyaan aims to reduce malnutrition, stunting, and anemia among children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. The initiative includes awareness campaigns, community-based nutrition interventions, and regular monitoring of children’s health. Eg: Under Poshan Abhiyaan, the government has introduced the ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) platform for tracking the health and nutrition of children, which helps in better delivery of nutrition services.
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Initiatives: FSSAI has launched programs like “Eat Right India” to educate citizens, including children, about healthy eating habits. This initiative aims to promote balanced diets, food safety, and sustainable eating practices in schools and communities.
Way forward:
Enhance Community-Based Nutrition Programs: Strengthen local initiatives and integrate nutrition education into community centers, schools, and healthcare systems to ensure wider access to information and healthier food choices.
Increase Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between the government, private sector, and NGOs to innovate in food production, distribution, and education, ensuring sustainable and nutritious food options are accessible to all.
Despite global trade challenges and stock market fluctuations, India remains a strong and resilient economy. By using its young population and technological strengths, India has the potential to turn difficulties into opportunities. With its rich tradition of storytelling, India’s Media & Entertainment (M&E) sector aims to connect creators around the world through the vision of ‘Create in India, Create for the World.’
What is the vision behind India’s Media & Entertainment (M&E) sector as outlined in the WAVES 2025 initiative?
Global Creative Leadership: India aims to emerge as a ‘Creative Powerhouse’, encouraging the creation of world-class content that resonates globally through the ‘Create in India, Create for the World’ vision. Eg: Namit Malhotra’s DNEG delivered Oscar-winning VFX for Dune 2, showcasing India’s global capability.
Fostering Innovation and Startups: The vision promotes a vibrant M&E startup ecosystem through WAVEX—offering funding, mentorship, and exposure in areas like gaming, AR/VR, animation, and AI. Eg: WAVEX supports startups like Erucanavis Technologies (AI-driven ads) and Amaze Studios (VR storytelling).
Cultural and Technological Synergy: It seeks to blend India’s rich cultural heritage with digital innovation, empowering young creators and expanding India’s influence in entertainment, education, and digital media. Eg: InscapeXR uses immersive media to transform learning experiences through storytelling.
Who are some notable contributors and startups exemplifying India’s growing influence in the global creative industry?
DNEG (Namit Malhotra): India’s presence in high-end global cinema has grown significantly. Eg: DNEG, led by Namit Malhotra, delivered Oscar-winning VFX for Dune 2, showcasing India’s prowess in visual effects and animation.
Erucanavis Technologies: Innovation in ad-tech is pushing the boundaries of user interaction. Eg: Erucanavis is developing AI-driven playable ads, transforming digital advertising formats globally.
Lapwing Studios: Women-led creative startups are gaining recognition and scale. Eg: Lapwing Studios is supported under WAVEX, promoting inclusivity in India’s Media & Entertainment sector.
Amaze Studios: New-age storytelling formats are reshaping viewer experiences. Eg: Amaze Studios focuses on immersive storytelling through VR and animation, enhancing narrative depth.
InscapeXR: Ed-tech is merging with creative media to revolutionize learning. Eg: InscapeXR uses extended reality (XR) to create immersive educational content, blending creativity with pedagogy.
How does WAVEX aim to support and scale startups in India’s creative economy?
Mentorship: WAVEX connects startups with industry leaders for strategic guidance and capacity building Eg: Startups like Vygr Media gain mentorship on scaling content for global audiences.
Funding Access: It facilitates financial support to overcome capital barriers for creative ventures. Eg: Women-led startups such as Lapwing Studios receive funding through WAVEX platforms.
Global Exposure: WAVEX offers international visibility and networking with global investors and buyers. Eg: Over 5,900 buyers at the WAVES Bazaar help startups like Amaze Studios find global partners.
Tech Integration: It supports innovation in tech-driven media fields like AR/VR, AI, and the metaverse. Eg: Erucanavis Technologies is leveraging WAVEX support to expand AI-based playable ads.
Inclusive Ecosystem: WAVEX promotes diversity by uplifting women-led and regional startups in M&E. Eg: Initiatives like Vision Impact promote inclusive ed-tech innovation through immersive storytelling.
Why is India uniquely positioned to become a global creative powerhouse?
Demographic Dividend: India has a large, young population that fuels creativity and innovation across media sectors. Eg: WAVEX connects this youthful energy with global platforms to scale creative startups.
Technological Capability: India has strong digital infrastructure and IT expertise that power cutting-edge content creation. Eg: DNEG, led by Namit Malhotra, delivered Oscar-winning VFX in Dune 2, showcasing India’s tech strength.
Cultural Heritage: A rich legacy of storytelling, arts, and performance adds depth to creative expression. Eg: From classical dance to comics, Indian creators blend tradition with modern formats.
Government Support: Policy initiatives like WAVES 2025 foster a robust startup ecosystem for M&E. Eg: WAVEX provides funding, mentorship, and exposure to startups in AR/VR and AI-driven media.
Global Vision: India is aiming to create content not just for domestic audiences, but for the world. Eg: The ‘Create in India, Create for the World’ initiative positions India as a content export hub.
What are the challenges?
Access to Capital and Funding: Many startups in India’s creative sector face difficulty in securing adequate funding and investment. Despite government support through initiatives like Start-up India, access to venture capital and global investors remains a challenge for emerging companies. Eg: Small animation studios or VR companies, such as Amaze Studios, often struggle to scale due to limited financial resources.
Infrastructure Gaps: While the government has made significant strides in developing digital infrastructure, there are still gaps in areas like high-quality production facilities, broadband connectivity, and tech training centers. Smaller cities and rural areas, in particular, face challenges in accessing the necessary resources to contribute to the global creative industry. Eg: The lack of advanced digital infrastructure in tier-2 cities restricts the growth of tech-driven creative startups.
Way forward:
Enhanced Funding Support and Investment Channels: Strengthen access to venture capital and government-backed funding, especially for emerging creative startups, through dedicated investment platforms and incentives. Eg: Expanding initiatives like Start-up India to include sector-specific funding for M&E startups in animation, AR/VR, and AI.
Improved Infrastructure and Regional Connectivity: Invest in high-quality production facilities, fast-track broadband connectivity, and tech training programs across tier-2 cities and rural areas to bridge the infrastructure gap. Eg: Setting up regional M&E hubs outside major cities to create localized opportunities for tech-driven creative startups.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements.
Linkage: The “A chance for India’s creative ecosystem to make waves” text highlights the shift from traditional film-making to digital production and the role of technology like AI and VR/AR in the M&E sector. This PYQ on digitalisation is relevant as the growth of the creative ecosystem is heavily reliant on digital infrastructure and technologies.
