Tamil Nadu, a leader in wind energy with turbines over 30 years old, introduced a new policy for upgrading old windmills in August 2024. However, wind energy producers opposed it, took the issue to the Madras High Court, and obtained a stay.
What is Tamil Nadu’s wind power capacity?
Installed Capacity: As of November 2023, Tamil Nadu has an installed wind energy capacity of approximately 10,377.97 MW, making it the second-largest wind energy producer in India after Gujarat. This represents about 23% of India’s total installed wind capacity.
Age of Turbines: Many turbines in Tamil Nadu are over 30 years old, which raises concerns about efficiency and technological advancements5.
Potential for Repowering: The state has a repowering potential of over 7,387 MW, which could significantly enhance its energy generation capabilities if older turbines are replaced or refurbished.
What about national wind energy capacity?
Total Potential: The National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) estimates that India has a wind power potential of 1,163.86 GW at a height of 150 meters, ranking fourth globally for installed capacity.
Current Utilization: At 120 meters (the standard height for modern turbines), India’s potential is around 695.51 GW, with only about 6.5% currently utilized nationally and nearly 15% in Tamil Nadu.
Leading States: The states contributing most to India’s wind power include Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh, which collectively account for approximately 93.37% of the country’s installed capacity.
What does the repowering and refurbishing of wind turbines mean?
Repowering involves replacing old turbines with new ones to enhance efficiency and output. Refurbishing includes upgrading components like gearboxes and blades to improve performance without complete replacement.
Regulatory Framework: The Tamil Nadu government introduced a new policy aimed at facilitating these processes. However, generators argue that the policy lacks provisions that effectively promote wind energy generation and financial viability.
Why are wind energy generators opposing the new policy of the TN government?
Concerns from Generators: Wind energy generators have opposed the new “Tamil Nadu Repowering, Refurbishment and Life Extension Policy for Wind Power Projects – 2024”, claiming it does not adequately support the promotion of wind energy generation. They have approached the Madras High Court and received a stay on the policy implementation.
Financial Viability Issues: The opposition stems from concerns that repowered turbines will be treated as new installations without banking facilities for generated energy, impacting financial returns on investments.
Generators emphasize that without a commercially beneficial framework, investments in repowering will decline.
Way forward:
Revise the Policy to Ensure Financial Viability: The Tamil Nadu government should amend the policy to provide incentives like banking facilities for energy generated from repowered turbines, making the projects financially viable for investors.
Promote Technological Advancements and Infrastructure Upgrades: The policy should focus on facilitating the replacement of old turbines with modern, high-capacity ones and improving wind energy transmission infrastructure to harness the full potential of Tamil Nadu’s wind resources.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above bjective? Explain. (UPSC IAS/2022)
National Health Accounts (NHA) data for 2021-22 shows a decline in Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) on healthcare due to increased government health expenditure (GHE) and an enhanced public healthcare framework.
What are NHA estimates?
The NHA estimates are based on the globally accepted framework of ‘A System of Health Accounts (SHA), 2011’ which facilitates inter-country comparisons.
This report provides a systematic description of the financial flows in India’s health system by different sources, how the money is spent, how healthcare is provided, and the nature of healthcare services that are used.
Key Observations from the NHA 2021-22 Data:
Details
Decline in Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE)
OOPE has decreased due to increased government investment and improved public healthcare infrastructure, making healthcare more accessible and affordable.
Rise in Government Health Expenditure (GHE)
GHE as a percentage of GDP rose from 1.13% in 2014-15 to 1.84% in 2021-22. GHE’s share of overall government spending increased from 3.94% to 6.12%, reflecting the government’s commitment to public healthcare.
Increase in Per Capita Health Spending
Per capita health spending tripled from ₹1,108 in 2014-15 to ₹3,169 in 2021-22, allowing for more investment in infrastructure, workforce, and services.
Expansion of Social Security Expenditure (SSE)
SSE on healthcare grew from 5.7% to 8.7% of Total Health Expenditure (THE), helping protect individuals from catastrophic health expenses and reducing OOPE.
Growth of Government-Funded Insurance Schemes
Programs like Ayushman Bharat and state-level health insurance schemes increased healthcare access for economically vulnerable populations, reducing reliance on personal funds.
Foundation for Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
The decline in OOPE and increased public health spending are integral to achievingUHC, aiming for equitable healthcare access for all citizens.
PYQ:
[2021] “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.
[2019] In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of:
(a) Digital security infrastructure
(b) Food security infrastructure
(c) Health care and education infrastructure
(d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure
China reasserted its claim over Flashpoint Reef (the Scarborough Shoal) in the South China Sea following Philippines’ establishment of defined sea boundaries.
Do you know?
Fiery Cross Reef is a rock located in the Spratly Islands. China first took possession of the feature in 1988.
Mischief Reef is a Low-Tide Elevation (LTE) within the Philippines’ EEZ. It is part of the submerged continental shelf of the adjacent coastal state, which is the Philippines.
About the Flashpoint Reef
It generally refers to Scarborough Shoal, a contested reef in the South China Sea.
Known as Huangyan Dao in China, this reef has become a focal point of territorial disputes between China and the Philippines.
It lies close to the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) but is also claimed by China, which asserts control over nearly the entire South China Sea under its nine-dash line claim.
China took control of the shoal in 2012 after a standoff with the Philippines, despite an international tribunal ruling in 2016 that invalidated China’s claims.
Its significance in the South China Sea
It is strategically located near key shipping lanes that are essential for global trade, with about one-third of global shipping passing through the South China Sea.
Its proximity to the Philippines, Vietnam, and China makes it an ideal location for military outposts, providing control over surrounding waters and a base for monitoring activities in the region.
Control over Scarborough Shoal could allow China to extend its air and naval reach, reinforcing its influence and deterrence capabilities over other Southeast Asian nations.
The South China Sea, including Scarborough Shoal, is believed to hold vast reserves of oil and natural gas—up to 11 billion barrels of oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
This reef is strategically important due to its proximity to rich fishing grounds and potential undersea mineral resources.
PYQ:
[2011] Southeast Asia has captivated the attention of global community over space and time as a geostrategically significant region. Which among the following is the most convincing explanation for this global perspective?
(a) It was the hot theatre during the Second World War
(b) Its location between the Asian powers of China and India
(c) It was the arena of superpower confrontation during the Cold War period
(d) Its location between the Pacific and Indian oceans and its preeminent maritime character
UPSC eligibility criteria refer to the essential requirements that candidates must fulfil to sit for the exam. They include nationality, age limit, educational qualification, medical fitness, etc. Applications that don’t meet the UPSC eligibility criteria will be rejected by the UPSC board.
On the other hand, not knowing the detailed IAS exam criteria might make one lose the chance of attempting the exam as there are limited attempts allowed. If you’re aspiring for the UPSC 2025, you should learn about the UPSC/IAS eligibility criteria and deduce whether you can apply or not.
What is the UPSC Exam
UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) is a Public exam in India, conducted to select candidates for various Grade A administrative posts, including IAS, IPS, IFS, and IRS. It is conducted in three stages: UPSC Prelims, UPSC Mains, and Interview. Those who pass successfully through these stages will be inducted into the respective cadres as per their score in the exam. However, knowing the UPSC eligibility criteria is important for aspirants to make successful applications.
UPSC Eligibility Criteria 2024-2025
Nationality
Citizen of India
Age Limit
21-32 years for the General Category21-35 years OBC Category21-37 years SC/ST Category
Educational Qualification
A graduate degree from a recognised university
Number of Attempts
6 for the General Category9 for OBC Category/PwBDUnlimited (until age limit) for SC/ST Category
Exam Fee
Rs. 100 for all except Female/SC/ST
Physical Standards
Medical Tests, Physical Fitness, Body Measurements (For IPS and Indian Railway Services, etc.)
Detailed UPSC Eligibility Criteria
Candidates must thoroughly check the detailed UPSC eligibility criteria along with special rules and restrictions.
Nationality
When it comes to the UPSC Eligibility Criteria, nationality plays a role.
For Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), and Indian Police Service (IPS): Candidates must be citizens of India to meet IAS eligibility criteria. This is a strict UPSC eligibility criteria for these prestigious positions, as they are integral to the Indian administrative framework.
For Other Services: There are a few additional UPSC eligibility criteria:
They can be citizens of India.
Citizens of Nepal or Bhutan are also eligible.
Tibetan refugees who settled in India before January 1, 1962, may apply.
People of Indian origin who have migrated from countries like Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, and certain East African nations can also be considered, provided they intend to permanently settle in India.
There is one more IAS eligibility criterion: Citizens of Nepal, Bhutan, Tibetan refugees, and individuals of Indian origin must secure a certificate of eligibility from the Government of India. While these candidates can sit for the exam, an offer of appointment will only be made once the eligibility certificate is issued.
Age Limit
General Age Limit: The upper IAS age limit for the exam is 32 years for general category candidates.
Age Relaxation:
Scheduled Caste (SC) / Scheduled Tribe (ST): Up to 5 years.
Other Backward Classes (OBC): Up to 3 years.
Defence Services Personnel: Up to 3 years for those disabled during service.
Ex-Servicemen: Up to 5 years for those with a minimum of 5 years of military service.
ECOs/SSCOs: Up to 5 years if they have completed at least 5 years of military service and have a certificate from the Ministry of Defence.
Persons with Benchmark Disabilities (PwBD): IAS eligibility allows up to 10 years, covering various disabilities as specified.
To fulfil UPSC/IAS exam criteria, the proof of age must be the same as recorded in their Matriculation or equivalent certificate. Candidates must be careful, as requests for changes to the date of birth are not permitted after submitting their UPSC application, except in cases of unintentional errors, which must be rectified by a specific deadline.
UPSC Qualification
The UPSC eligibility criteria for education include the following requirements:
Degree Requirement Candidates must hold a graduate degree from a recognised university or institution in India to fulfil UPSC qualifications.
Awaiting Results Those who have appeared for a qualifying examination but are waiting for results can apply for the Preliminary Exam. Proof of passing must be provided for the Main Exam.
Exceptional Cases Candidates without the required qualifications may be considered if they have passed an exam considered equivalent by the Commission.
Professional Qualifications: Candidates with recognised professional or technical qualifications equivalent to a degree are also eligible.
Medical Graduates Medical graduates who have completed their final MBBS exam but not their internship can apply provisionally. They must have proof of passing the exam and complete their internship before the interview.
Number of Attempts
Candidates meeting the UPSC eligibility criteria for the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) are allowed six attempts. However, there are relaxations for certain categories:
Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST): Unlimited attempts.
Other Backward Classes (OBC): Up to 9 attempts.
Persons with Benchmark Disabilities (PwBD): Also up to 9 attempts for General, EWS, and OBC categories; unlimited for SC/ST.
If a candidate appears in the Preliminary exam without attempting the UPSC Mains, it is counted as an attempt. Even if the candidate is disqualified or cancelled, it is counted. So every aspirant must be careful in utilising the number of UPSC attempts allowed for them. They can’t apply after exhausting their limit for the UPSC attempts, even if they fulfil the IAS exam criteria.
Restrictions to UPSC Application
Candidates already appointed to the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) or Indian Foreign Service (IFS) through previous exams cannot apply for the Civil Services Examination (CSE), even if they fulfil UPSC eligibility criteria. This includes those who qualify for the Preliminary Exam.
If they join IAS or IFS after the Preliminary Exam but before the Main Exam results, they won’t be considered for appointments based on the CSE.
Similarly, candidates already in the Indian Police Service (IPS) cannot apply for IPS positions through the CSE, even if they fulfil the UPSC eligibility criteria.
Physical Standards
Candidates must pass a medical test to meet the UPSC/IAS exam criteria for Civil Service appointments.
Specific physical requirements (height, weight, chest measurements) apply mainly to:
IPS officers
Police services
Indian Railway services
UPSC eligibility criteria for non-technical positions have fewer physical requirements. But they require candidates to be fit and mentally stable.
Apart from the UPSC eligibility criteria, aspirants should focus on understanding the UPSC exam pattern and stages in detail. It’s equally important to be aware of how previous year question trends evolve, which could provide an edge in UPSC preparation. Building a solid strategy for each stage ensures better success. Additionally, staying informed about UPSC exam notifications and updates is key to avoiding missing important deadlines or changes.
FAQs
Is the UPSC age limit increased to 35?
The age relaxation in the UPSC to 35 years applies to only OBC/PwBD candidates. General candidates have up to 32 years maximum.
Are the UPSC eligibility criteria for females and males the same?
UPSC/IAS exam criteria for OBC, General, and SC/ST are the same for both men and women. However, females of all categories are exempted from paying the examination fee of Rs. 100.
What is the UPSC age limit for females?
The age limit for females in the UPSC remains as that for the males.
For General category females, the age limit is 21-32 years.
For OBC, the age limit is 21-35 years.
For SC/ST, it is 21-37 years.
Is there a UPSC age limit of 40 years?
No, the UPSC/IAS age limit of 40 years is not applicable for general, OBC, SC/ST candidates. However, if you’re a PwBD person, you have an age relaxation of up to 42 years.
The Bombay High Court recently struck down a provision related to the Fact Check Unit in the 2021 IT Rules. While it’s tempting to jump straight into learning about IT Rules alone, it’s vital to see the bigger picture where governance, digital freedom, and judiciary intersect, especially in balancing individual rights vs. state interests. This article gives special focus to the evolving idea of regulated digital freedom, key rulings, and the role of institutions in shaping this critical issue.
GS Paper 1: Indian Society: Role of Media and Social Media Note4Students: Examine case studies on social media’s impact on public opinion, focusing on its role in recent social movements and electoral processes.
Microtheme: Social empowerment
GS Paper 2: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations: Governance and Accountability, Regulation of Social Media, Judicial Review and Role of the Judiciary Note4Students: Analyze recent legislative changes regarding social media regulation and their implications for citizen rights and government accountability.
Microtheme: Fundamental Rights
GS Paper 3: Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security, and Disaster Management: Cybersecurity, Digital Economy Note4Students: Discuss the dual aspects of cybersecurity measures—ensuring national security while maintaining individual freedoms and the implications for the digital economy.
Microtheme: Cyber security
GS Paper 4: Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude: Ethics in Governance, Regulation vs. Free Speech, Transparency and Accountability Note4Students: Reflect on ethical dilemmas in digital governance, considering the balance between regulating harmful content and upholding free speech rights.
Microtheme: Public/Civil Service Values
Establishment of the Fact Check Unit
Earlier this year, the Government of India notified the Press Information Bureau’s Fact-Check Unit (PIB-FCU) under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) as the Central Government’s official fact-check unit. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), under the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2023 designated the PIB’s FCU as the fact-check unit. It amended the 2021 IT Rules. The amendment broadened the definition of ‘fake news’ to cover matters related to ‘government business’.
Aim of the Fact Check Unit (FCU)
The FCU was tasked with flagging any social media posts that it deemed ‘fake,’ ‘false,’ or ‘misleading’ regarding government affairs.
It could compel social media platforms to remove such flagged content to maintain their “safe harbour” status and legal immunity.
PIB’s Fact-Check Unit (PIB-FCU)Establishment: The PIB-FCU was launched in November 2019 with the aim of acting as a deterrent against the creation and spread of fake news and misinformation related to the Government of India. It provides an avenue for the public to report questionable information about government policies.Functions and Mandate:Counter Misinformation: The PIB-FCU counters misinformation about government policies, initiatives, and schemes, either proactively (suo motu) or based on complaints.Monitor and Detect: The unit actively monitors and detects disinformation campaigns and promptly exposes false information regarding the government.Content Removal: When the unit identifies a piece of content as fake, social media platforms must remove it as part of their due diligence under IT Rules. Additionally, internet and telecom service providers are required to block web links to such fake news.
Judgement of the Bombay High Court
Observation
Details
Violation of Fundamental Rights
The amended Rule 3(1)(b)(v) violated Articles 14, 19(1)(a), and 19(1)(g) of the Constitution by allowing the state to determine what is “fake, false, or misleading.”
Right to Equality and Free Speech
The Rule violated Articles 14, 19(1)(a), and 19(1)(g), and was declared ultra vires to the IT Act. There is no “right to the truth” under Article 19(1)(a).
Discrimination Against Digital Platforms
The Rule unfairly targeted digital platforms while excluding print media, with no valid reason for this difference in treatment.
Government Cannot Be Judge in Its Own Cause
The FCU allowed the government to act as the final arbiter of “fake news,” creating a conflict of interest by allowing the government to judge itself.
Vagueness and Overbreadth
Terms like “fake, false, or misleading” were vague, making the rule excessively broad and prone to misuse, leading to potential censorship.
Chilling Effect on Digital Intermediaries
The rule had a chilling effect on digital platforms, causing self-censorship to avoid hosting undefined “fake or misleading” content.
Vagueness Leads to Censorship
The lack of clear definitions for “misleading” could lead to lawful content being censored, failing the proportionality test for restricting rights.
How is it related to the concept of regulated digital freedom ?
The issue of notifying the PIB’s Fact-Check Unit (PIB-FCU) as the Central Government’s official fact-checking body is directly related to the concept of regulated digital freedom in several ways:
1. Balance Between Freedom of Expression and Accountability
Digital Freedom: Online platforms provide individuals the freedom to express their views freely, which is a core aspect of democratic societies.
Regulation: The establishment of the PIB-FCU aims to regulate this freedom by ensuring that false and misleading content, especially related to government policies, is monitored and removed. While it seeks to prevent the spread of disinformation, it raises questions about whether this regulation could inadvertently suppress legitimate speech.
2. Accountability of Social Media Intermediaries
Digital Freedom: Social media platforms are key enablers of free expression, providing a space for people to share opinions and information.
Regulation: By making social media intermediaries accountable for the removal of flagged content, the PIB-FCU adds a layer of oversight. However, this accountability may force platforms to err on the side of caution, potentially leading to over-censorship or the removal of lawful content to avoid penalties, affecting digital freedom.
3. Preventing Misinformation and Ensuring National Security
Digital Freedom: The unregulated sharing of content, including misinformation, can lead to public harm, such as inciting violence or hate speech, which undermines national security.
Regulation: The role of the PIB-FCU in flagging fake news aims to prevent the misuse of digital platforms for illegal activities, thus supporting a safe digital environment. However, the line between misinformation and critical discourse can sometimes blur, potentially leading to overregulation.
4. Cybersecurity and Control over Digital Platforms
Digital Freedom: Users enjoy open access to share and interact with content freely on digital platforms.
Regulation: By regulating content and enforcing the removal of harmful content (e.g., deepfakes, fake news), the PIB-FCU indirectly controls what can be shared, which can enhance cybersecurity. However, this regulation must be carefully managed to ensure it does not infringe on free speech unnecessarily.
Way Forward
Final Verdict of the Supreme Court: The Supreme Court must provide a final ruling on broader concerns in the IT Rules, such as mandates for social media platforms regarding grievance redressal and compliance mechanisms, following the Bombay HC’s ruling in the Kunal Kamra v. Union of India (2023) case, which declared fact-check units unconstitutional.
Develop a Transparent and Participatory Process: The government should collaborate with civil society, media organizations, and stakeholders to create a more transparent and participatory process for identifying fake or misleading content.
Establish an Independent Fact-Checking Body: An independent, non-partisan fact-checking body should be created with clear guidelines for making decisions to avoid bias or influence.
Adhere to Judicial Guidelines: Any government takedown requests should follow judicial procedures, as outlined in Shreya Singhal v. Union of India or Section 69A of the IT Act, ensuring that takedowns are legal and necessary under specific conditions.
The introduction of the PIB-FCU reflects a broader global trend toward regulated digital freedom, where governments seek to balance the benefits of digital openness with the need for accountability, cybersecurity, and the prevention of harm. However, it also raises critical concerns about the potential for overregulation, censorship, and infringement on individual freedoms, making the need for transparency and clear boundaries essential in maintaining the right balance between freedom and regulation.
Hello,
We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.
Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.
This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.
Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?
So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.
Cyclone Asna was a rare August storm in the Arabian Sea, but just blaming climate change and discussing it is oversimplifying the topic. This article kicks off by analyzing past trends and what caused them, before diving into the rising frequency of cyclones in the Arabian Sea, especially post-monsoon. Our take offers a fresh perspective, connecting the dots between climate change and extreme weather events, making sure you’re fully prepped with the insights you need.
GS Paper 1: Geography and Indian Society: Salient Features of World’s Physical Geography
Note4Students: Understand the relationship between cyclones, sea surface temperatures, and climate change, and their effects on global weather patterns.
Microtheme: Climatology
GS Paper 2: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations: Government Policies and Interventions for Development in Various Sectors
Note4Students: Learn about the necessity of climate resilience policies, especially in coastal regions vulnerable to increasing cyclone frequency.
Microtheme: Miscellaneous
GS Paper 3: Environment, Disaster Management, and Science & Technology: Disaster Management
Note4Students: Explore strategies for cyclone preparedness and the role of early warning systems in minimizing damage from natural disasters.
Microtheme: Climate change impact
GS Paper 4: Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude: Ethics in Climate Change and Environmental Conservation
Note4Students: Analyze the ethical responsibilities of nations and individuals in addressing climate change and protecting the environment for future generations.
Microtheme: Ethical Issues in International Relations and funding
How is ‘Asna’ different ?
“Asna” is notable because it’s the first cyclone in August in the North Indian Ocean since 1981. August is typically not part of the cyclone season in this region. The cyclone began as a land-born depression that intensified as it moved over the warm waters of the Arabian Sea. It formed from a rare strong low-pressure system that grew unusually powerful over land. Asna’s formation is linked to the broader context of rapid warming over the Arabian Sea, influenced by climate change. The northward shift of the low-level jet stream due to warming over West Asia contributed to its development
Trends of Cyclones in Arabian Sea
Historical Trends:The Arabian Sea historically experienced 2-3 cyclones per year, mostly weak, with a 1:4 ratio compared to the Bay of Bengal. From 1891 to 2000, 48 tropical cyclones impacted India’s west coast, 24 of which were severe, while the east coast experienced 308 cyclones, including 103 severe storms. Cyclones typically occur in May-June (pre-monsoon) and October-November (post-monsoon). Cyclone formation in the Arabian Sea is common pre-monsoon but rare in post-monsoon, when the Bay of Bengal usually sees cyclonic activity.
Current Trends: Recent trends show increasing frequency and timing shifts in cyclones over the Arabian Sea. Sea surface temperatures (SST) remain abnormally high, at around 30°C, fueling cyclone formation. Since 1980, 2021 marked the first time pre-monsoon cyclones occurred four years in a row. Cyclones are also moving closer to India’s west coast, with 2018 seeing three cyclones in the Arabian Sea and 2019 witnessing five, compared to the usual one. Between 2014-2019, there was a 32% rise in cyclones. The intensity of cyclones has also increased, with Tauktae being the fifth-strongest storm in the Arabian Sea since 1998 and the strongest pre-monsoon cyclone since 2010. Severe post-monsoon cyclones, such as Nilofar (2014), Chapal, and Megh (2015), occurred unusually during October and November.
Reasons for Increasing Frequency of Cyclones in the Arabian Sea
Reason
Explanation
Substantiation
Climate Change and Global Warming
Rising ocean temperatures increase cyclone formation as cyclones draw energy from ocean heat.
Climate scientist Hiroyuki Murakami’s study showed 64% of recent cyclones in the Arabian Sea were caused by climate change.
Temperature Rise in Indian Ocean
Over the last 4 decades, the Indian Ocean’s temperature rose by 0.7°C; the western Indian Ocean unexpectedly warmed by 1.2°C in summer.
The IMD noted the Arabian Sea’s surface temperature is 30-31°C, especially around Goa-Lakshadweep, where Cyclone Tauktae originated.
Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
A positive IOD warms the western Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea, creating low-pressure areas conducive to cyclone formation.
In 2019, 5 cyclones formed in the Arabian Sea, coinciding with the strongest positive IOD recorded.
Teleconnections
Distant climate phenomena, such as atmospheric or oceanic changes, can impact cyclone patterns in the Arabian Sea.
A study by the National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, suggested teleconnections influence cyclone activity.
Reasons for Increased Frequency of Severe Cyclonic Storms in the Post-Monsoon Period
Reason
Explanation
Substantiation
Shift in Cyclone Occurrence
Severe cyclones, which typically occur in spring, are now occurring in the post-monsoon period (October-November).
Severe cyclones Nilofar, Chapal, and Megh occurred in October-November. In 2019, Kyarr, Maha, and Pawan formed post-monsoon.
Rising Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
Increased SST, linked to human activity and natural variability, is intensifying cyclones, making them more severe.
SST rise in the Arabian Sea leads to more intense storms, especially during the post-monsoon period.
Delayed Winter Monsoon
The delay in the onset of the winter monsoon extends the storm season, leading to an increase in severe cyclones.
Delayed monsoons contribute to longer cyclone seasons and more severe storms in the Arabian Sea.
Anthropogenic Aerosols
Aerosols from post-harvest activities change SST distribution, leading to more active cyclonic storms during the post-monsoon season.
After the kharif harvest, increased aerosol emissions influence SST and cyclonic storm activity in the Arabian Sea.
#CLIMATE EXTREMES & CLIMATE CHANGE
According to IPCC -AR6, changing climate leads to changes in the frequency, intensity, spatial extent, duration, and timing of weather and climate extremes. • While many weather and climate extremes are the result of natural climate variability (including phenomena such as El Niño), and natural decadal or multi-decadal variabilities, it is the anthropogenic activities which are the driving force in climate change.
As a consequence, average temperatures have risen by 1.2 C compared to pre industrial era. This additional energy is unevenly distributed and bursts out in extremes events disasters like hurricanes, heat-waves, cloud bursts, droughts etc.
For example: Some of the extreme events that have been experienced around the world are:
A heat wave in Canada and adjacent parts of the USA pushed temperatures to nearly 50C in a village in British Columbia.
Death Valley, California reached 54.4C during one of multiple heat waves in the south-western USA.
A second successive year of drought in sub-tropical South America reduced the flow of river basins and hit agriculture, transport and energy production
Extreme Event
Impact
Example
Drought
Climate change is shifting the equilibrium of the water cycle, making large regions more drought-prone by 2100.
The Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index indicates more drought-prone conditions, particularly in mid-latitude regions.
Extreme Precipitation
Warmer air holds more water vapor (7% more per degree of warming), leading to more intense and variable precipitation events, increasing both floods and droughts.
Increased risk of flooding and dam failure during heavy rains, while water storage becomes critical during droughts.
Tropical Storms
Tropical storms and hurricanes are shifting towards the poles due to expanding tropics caused by higher global temperatures.
Warmer sea temperatures could intensify hurricane wind speeds by up to 10%. Hurricanes Florence (2018) and Imelda (2019) caused devastating floods due to this shift.
Coastal Storms and Storm Surges
Rising sea levels (by 1-4 feet globally) in low to moderate emissions scenarios will amplify the impact of coastal storms and storm surges.
Hurricane Ida in 2021 hit Louisiana, US, as an extremely dangerous Category 4 storm, with increased damage due to rising sea levels and coastal storm surges.
Warmer Sea Surface Temperatures
Higher sea surface temperatures lead to more low-pressure systems, increasing the likelihood of stronger and more frequent tropical storms.
NOAA has predicted an increase in Category 4 and 5 hurricanes, with wind speeds rising by up to 10%, intensifying storms like Hurricane Florence and Hurricane Imelda.
Wildfires
Warmer, drier conditions caused by climate change increase wildfire risk by affecting temperature, soil moisture, and fuel availability (trees, shrubs).
In the U.S. West, a 1°C rise could increase the median burned area by up to 600% in some forests.
Hello,
We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.
Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.
This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.
Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?
So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.
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– Citations per Faculty (research influence)
Regional Rankings
Includes regional rankings for Asia, Latin America, Europe, etc.
Annual Release
Published annually, typically in June.
Key Insights from QS Asia Rankings 2025
The 2025 rankings cover 984 institutions across 25 countries in Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern, and Central Asia, offering a detailed comparison of institutional performance in the region.
India made impressive gains, with 2 institutions in the top 50 and seven in the top 100 of the QS Asia Rankings 2025.
India has the highest number of ranked institutions, dominating the top 10 universities in Southern Asia with seven Indian institutions.
Top Rankings for India:
Top 50: IIT Delhi (44th) and IIT Bombay (48th).
Top 100: Includes IIT Madras (56), IIT Kharagpur (60), Indian Institute of Science (62), IIT Kanpur (67), and University of Delhi (81).
Top 150: Features IIT Guwahati, IIT Roorkee, JNU, Chandigarh University (120), UPES (148), and Vellore Institute of Technology (150).
IIT Delhi achieved India’s highest rank at 44th with a 99% employer reputation score, while IIT Bombay follows with 99.5% employer reputation and 96.6% academic reputation.
University of Delhi improved its ranking from 94th to 81st, with a high score of 96.4% in the International Research Network indicator.
Anna University scored a perfect 100 in Papers per Faculty, highlighting its strong research output.
15 universities scored over 99% in the Staff with PhD indicator, reflecting India’s focus on qualified faculty and teaching quality.
North Eastern Hill University and University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, both scored 100 in faculty-student ratio, indicating top-tier academic credibility.
PYQ:
[2014] Should the premier institutes like IITs/IIMs be allowed to retain premier status, allowed more academic independence in designing courses and also decide mode/criteria of selection of students. Discuss in light of the growing challenges.
Political Campaigning’s gone digital big-time lately! Morever, Elections have been a recurring theme in the UPSC- be it the challenges, role of ECI etc. Adding to this layer, is when the themes are cross cutting subject such as this one- Elections X Technology. There is a dearth of sorted content good enough to replicated directly in the answers. We’ve packed this article with insights to help you evaluate the impact, ethics, and challenges of this shift. We have incorporated real-world examples into the discussions to give you a unique perspective that sets your analysis apart. Take a special note of the various regulatory reforms which can be replicated directly in the exams.
GS1:
Indian Society: Globalization and Social Change
Note4Students: Analyze the influence of digital political campaigns on societal structures and voter engagement in a globalized context.
Microtheme: Globalisation
GS2:
Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations: Election and Representation
Note4Students: Explore how digital platforms are transforming electoral processes and enhancing political participation among diverse groups.
Microtheme: Elections
GS3:
Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security, and Disaster Management: Awareness in IT
Note4Students: Examine the role of technology, such as AI and big data, in shaping political campaigns and influencing voter behavior at a granular level.
Microtheme: Tech solutions for daily challenges
GS4:
Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude: Ethical Concerns in Governance
Note4Students: Understand the ethical implications of digital campaigns, including misinformation and the need for transparency in political advertising.
Microtheme: Applied Ethics
· Leave.EU was a pro-Brexit political campaign group led by Arron Banks and Andy Wigmore. Active during the 2016 EU referendum, it focused on national sovereignty, immigration, and economic independence. Known for its aggressive rhetoric, social media tactics, and controversy, it played a key role in the Brexit outcome.Digital political campaigns in India:· Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) – 2014 and 2019 Elections: The BJP’s use of digital platforms was a game-changer. They employed social media, mobile apps, and digital marketing to engage with voters, with Narendra Modi’s Twitter and Facebook presence playing a key role. The NaMo App also allowed direct interaction with voters.· #MainBhiChowkidar Campaign (2019): The BJP launched the #MainBhiChowkidar campaign, where Prime Minister Modi and his supporters used the phrase on social media to emphasize the government’s role in fighting corruption. It went viral, with thousands adding “Chowkidar” to their Twitter names.· WhatsApp Groups for Grassroots Campaigning: In various elections, political parties have extensively used WhatsApp for direct communication. Targeted messages, rally announcements, and even misinformation were circulated through community groups to influence voter behavior.· Congress Party’s Digital Push (2019): The Indian National Congress ramped up its digital presence for the 2019 elections, led by Rahul Gandhi’s increased social media visibility. The #AbHogaNyay campaign used videos, infographics, and social media outreach to convey their message.
The Economics of Digital Campaigning
A)Digital Spending Overview
Political Party
Election Year
Estimated Digital Spending
Key Digital Strategies
BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party)
2014 General Elections
₹150-400 crores
Social media ads, NaMo App, WhatsApp, Twitter, YouTube campaigns
2019 General Elections
₹500+ crores
#MainBhiChowkidar campaign, personalized outreach via NaMo App, influencer marketing
Indian National Congress
2019 General Elections
₹150-200 crores
#AbHogaNyay, social media ads, influencer partnerships, Twitter and Facebook outreach
Aam Aadmi Party (AAP)
2015 Delhi Elections
₹10-20 crores
Facebook, Twitter campaigns, YouTube ads, grassroots WhatsApp groups
2020 Delhi Elections
₹20-30 crores
YouTube, Twitter ads, WhatsApp messaging, targeted video campaigns
Samajwadi Party
2022 UP Elections
₹5-10 crores
Social media, Twitter campaigns, WhatsApp groups, targeted digital ads
Trinamool Congress (TMC)
2021 West Bengal Elections
₹10-20 crores
YouTube ads, social media, influencer campaigns, WhatsApp group targeting
Shift towards Digital Platform: Conventional publicity tools like flags, billboards, and public meetings made up only a small fraction of parties’ total propaganda spending in the 2023 Karnataka election. This indicates a strategic shift toward digital platforms in electoral strategies.
Key Factors behind this shift
Category
Details
1. Rising Internet Penetration
India’s Digital Growth: Over 700 million internet users; affordable smartphones and data have made digital platforms the primary communication mode.
Youth Engagement: A significant portion of the electorate is young and tech-savvy, ideal for targeting first-time voters.
2. Cost-effectiveness and Reach
Lower Costs: Digital campaigns are more cost-effective than traditional advertising, offering higher ROI through targeted ads.
Wide Reach: Social media platforms allow parties to reach diverse voter demographics; WhatsApp enables grassroots micro-targeting.
3. Data-driven Campaigning
Targeted Ads: Data analytics helps create highly targeted ads for specific voter groups based on demographics.
Personalization: Voter behavior data allows parties to craft personalized content and engage voters directly.
4. Social Media Dominance
Viral Campaigns: Platforms like Twitter and Facebook are crucial for political discourse, utilizing hashtags and viral videos.
Influencer Partnerships: Collaboration with social media influencers amplifies messaging and expands audience reach.
5. Real-time Feedback and Engagement
Direct Interaction: Social media enables real-time interaction between politicians and voters, facilitating immediate feedback.
Live-streaming and Virtual Rallies: Live-streamed events on platforms like YouTube and Facebook became common during elections and crises like COVID-19.
6. WhatsApp and Messaging Apps
Grassroots Campaigning: WhatsApp is used to disseminate campaign materials and organize volunteer groups at the local level.
Micro-targeting: Personalized messaging and real-time mobilization through WhatsApp groups enhance campaign efforts.
7. Regulatory and Ethical Challenges
Misinformation and Fake News: The digital shift has led to increased misinformation, raising ethical concerns about platform usage.
Regulatory Scrutiny: The Election Commission of India monitors digital campaigns, enforcing rules like pre-approval of political ads for transparency.
8. Future of Political Campaigning
Hybrid Campaigns: Combining traditional methods with digital initiatives is becoming the norm in political campaigning.
Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: Parties use AI tools and big data to predict voter behavior and optimize outreach strategies.
Micro-targeting Capabilities: Political parties are utilizing micro-targeting to reach specific audiences down to the panchayat level based on location. One party was found to micro-target over 1,700 pin codes in a single advertisement, demonstrating digital platforms’ capacity to shape electoral narratives with precision.
Rise of Third-Party Campaigners: While major political parties have significant financial power, a less visible force, known as third-party campaigners, operates behind the scenes. Although spending on Google Ads is publicly available, these third-party campaigners work quietly and often go unnoticed, influencing elections without much oversight. A study by Lokniti-CSDS found that 31 third-party campaigners on Meta spent over ₹2,260 lakh in just 90 days leading up to June 29, 2024.
What is the present Issue?
On Google, political ads generally avoid offensive content, but the spending by third-party groups is limited.
On Meta, many third-party campaigners are top spenders and often share inflammatory content.
This inconsistency highlights the need for unified rules across all platforms to manage harmful content and hold tech companies accountable.
IN NEED of REGULATORY REFORMS
Regulatory Reform
Description
Existing Example
Mandatory Disclosure of Ad Spending
Require political parties to disclose digital ad spending in real-time for transparency.
U.S. Federal Election Commission: Requires candidates to report ad spending, including digital platforms.
Pre-approval of Political Ads
Social media platforms should enforce pre-approval of political ads to prevent misinformation.
Facebook’s Ad Archive: Political ads must be approved and logged for public viewing.
Cap on Digital Campaign Spending
Introduce spending limits on digital campaigns to ensure a level playing field among political parties.
Canada’s Election Act: Limits on total campaign spending, including digital ads.
Regulating Micro-targeting
Implement data protection rules and require transparency on how personal data is used for targeting.
EU’s GDPR: Requires consent for data processing and provides rights to individuals regarding their data.
Fact-checking Mechanisms
Establish independent fact-checking bodies to verify content and prevent the spread of fake news.
WhatsApp Fact-Checking Initiative: Collaborates with fact-checkers to verify information shared on its platform.
6. Limits on Bulk Messaging
Restrict the use of bulk messaging tools to prevent the mass dissemination of false information.
WhatsApp’s Policy on Bulk Messaging: Limits forwarding messages to curb misinformation during elections.
Hello,
We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.
Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.
This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.
Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?
So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.
The Indian government is exploring the possibility of allowing Chinese investments in high-tech electronics on a case-by-case basis. Impact of this move on India’s economy is something you will read multiple times till the exam. But not reading the specifics will lead to a place where you would be writing generic answers. It is important to understand that this topic needs to be understood in the context of Make in India initiative. By diving into the concept of the Indianisation of the economy, we’ve analyzed how these investments could influence India’s future trajectory and shape its industrial landscape.
GS Paper 1:
Economic Geography and India’s Industrialization
Note4Students: Analyze how India’s geography, infrastructure, and natural resources influence its manufacturing capabilities. Explore how reliance on global supply chains and regional disparities affects the Indianization of the economy.
Microtheme: Secondary Sector
GS Paper 2:
Governance, Policies, and Foreign Investment
Note4Students: Examine the constitutional and policy-related challenges in balancing foreign investments, particularly from China, with national security and economic sovereignty goals like Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India.
Microtheme: Neighbourhood
GS Paper 3:
Indian Economy, Industrial Policy, and Global Competition
Note4Students: Assess the impact of global competition and domestic constraints on India’s industrial policies. Critically analyze the role of government interventions such as the PLI scheme in strengthening India’s position in global supply chains.
Microtheme: Industrial Policy
GS Paper 4:
Ethics in Economic Policy and Foreign Investment
Note4Students: Consider the ethical challenges of allowing foreign investments from politically sensitive countries. Reflect on the balance between economic pragmatism, national interest, and the ethical responsibility of ensuring transparency and fairness in decision-making.
Microtheme: Utilization of public funds
Reasons for this move?
Pressure from Indian Industry: Indian companies, particularly in electronics, are urging the government to relax restrictions on Chinese investments to access advanced technology and boost domestic production.
Technological Expertise: China has expertise in critical areas such as AC compressors, display panels, and semiconductors—technology that is not easily available from countries like South Korea or Taiwan.
Boost to Domestic Manufacturing: The government is focusing on investments that can significantly enhance India’s domestic component manufacturing and reduce reliance on imports.
Thedilemma between ‘Make in India’ and China’s presence:
Aspect
‘Make in India’ Initiative
China’s Presence in India
Objective
To develop India as a global manufacturing hub, reduce import dependence, and boost domestic industries.
Dominates India’s smartphone market, with 4 out of 5 top-selling brands being Chinese, controlling 50%+ market share.
Policy Support
Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to attract investment and boost large-scale electronics manufacturing.
Chinese companies are taking advantage of PLI schemes by setting up local production and adapting to regulations.
Government Allocations
Union Budget 2024-25 allocates ₹6,125 crore for electronics manufacturing and ₹1,148 crore for R&D.
Chinese firms have operated in India for over a decade, becoming major players in electronics production.
Self-Reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat)
Focus on reducing dependence on foreign imports, promoting indigenous innovation and local talent.
Chinese companies continue to integrate into India’s supply chain, although India is pushing for more local ownership and manufacturing.
Employment and Localization
Aims to generate local jobs by encouraging domestic manufacturing and R&D in critical sectors.
Chinese companies have adapted by hiring Indian executives, local production staff, and collaborating with Indian partners.
Political and Economic Concerns
Anti-China sentiments post-Galwan conflict, push to boycott Chinese products, and reduce Chinese investments.
Despite anti-China rhetoric, Chinese companies remain critical to India’s smartphone market and supply chain.
Strategic Alliances
Exploring partnerships with Taiwanese firms to further reduce dependency on Chinese manufacturers.
Chinese companies continue to seek opportunities within India despite increasing government scrutiny and regulatory challenges.
Technological Advancements
Encourages domestic innovation, particularly in the smartphone and IT sectors, to build a competitive edge.
Chinese firms bring advanced manufacturing techniques and technological expertise, raising concerns about reliance on foreign innovation.
Long-term Vision
Envisions a self-reliant India with home-grown companies leading major industries.
China continues to leverage its scale, efficiency, and market dominance in India, posing a challenge to India’s self-reliance efforts.
#Indianisation of the economy
A shift in economic policies and practices aimed at promoting domestic growth, reducing dependence on foreign products, and fostering a self-reliant and culturally integrated economy.
Challenges to complete Indianisation:
Challenge
Description
Example
Lack of Advanced Technology
India lacks cutting-edge technology and innovation capabilities, especially in sectors like electronics and semiconductors.
The absence of a domestic semiconductor industry forces dependency on countries like Taiwan, South Korea, and China.
Dependence on Global Supply Chains
Many critical components are imported, making self-reliance difficult without domestic supply chains.
India’s smartphone production is heavily reliant on Chinese imports for critical components like chips, circuits, and cameras as evident during COVID-19 pandemic.
Insufficient Infrastructure
Underdeveloped infrastructure in logistics, power, and manufacturing hinders competitiveness.
Despite the PLI scheme for electronics, India lacks adequate manufacturing infrastructure. India’s power shortages and logistics inefficiencies further impede large-scale manufacturing.
Skilled Labor Shortage
Lack of adequately skilled workers in advanced manufacturing sectors.
India lacks the required skilled workforce to work in high-tech manufacturing sectors like semiconductor fabs and precision electronics manufacturing.
Investment and Capital Constraints
High investments needed for infrastructure and technology development.
The Union Budget 2024-25 allocated ₹6,125 crore to electronics manufacturing under the PLI scheme, but the total investment would require tens of billions of dollars.
Quality and Scale Issues
Difficulty in achieving consistent product quality and scaling production efficiently.
Apple relies on Foxconn, a Taiwanese company, to manufacture iPhones in India, and high-end product lines are still manufactured in China due to India’s lower scale and quality consistency.
Regulatory and Policy Hurdles
Bureaucratic delays and complex regulations slow down investment in manufacturing.
The World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Report ranked India 63rd in 2020. Red tape and complex approval processes have deterred some foreign manufacturers from investing in Indian factories.
Competition from Foreign Firms
Established foreign firms, especially Chinese, dominate sectors like electronics due to cheaper production.
Chinese companies dominate India’s smartphone market with a combined market share exceeding 50% by 2023.
Geopolitical and Trade Relations
Disrupting trade relations with countries like China can cause supply chain bottlenecks.
Following the Galwan Valley clash in 2020, restrictions on Chinese investments led to delays in projects and affected industries heavily reliant on Chinese imports, particularly electronics and telecom.
Consumer Preferences
Consumers are accustomed to affordable, feature-rich products from foreign brands.
Chinese smartphones like Xiaomi and Realme are popular due to their affordability and advanced features.
Hello,
We have a confession: we’re here to compete with your notes! Burning Issues magazine is your go-to resource as your exam approaches, designed to help you through the anxiety and overwhelm of preparing for the Civil Services Examination.
Many aspirants struggle despite reading current affairs for a year. This often happens because they interpret current affairs as merely news. As a UPSC aspirant, it’s essential to analyze these topics from the perspectives of General Studies 1, 2, 3, and 4, and that’s exactly what Elevate does.
This magazine features two sections: Burning Issues and Prelims Tidbits. Burning Issues covers current affairs that may appear in your Mains papers and teaches you how to think about these topics from different GS perspectives in just two pages.
Prelims Tidbits simplifies your Prelims preparation by distilling key facts, data, and concepts into easy-to-recall points framed around basic questions: What? Who? How? When?
So, dive in! Every page is crafted to enhance your UPSC prep. With consistency and this magazine, you’re not just preparing; you’re mastering the exam. The journey is about understanding and applying your knowledge effectively.
