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  • India’s Parliament: A Silent Spectator in Budget Decisions

    A national budget isn’t just about numbers—it’s a roadmap that reflects a country’s economic goals, governance approach, and policy priorities. In a democracy, the power to oversee public spending should rest with the people’s representatives, ensuring financial discipline, transparency, and accountability.

    However, in India, Parliament plays a minimal role in shaping the Budget. Instead of thorough discussions and approvals by lawmakers, the process is largely controlled by the executive, leaving elected representatives with little say in financial decisions that impact the entire nation. This raises concerns about democratic oversight and fiscal accountability.

    Shouldn’t elected representatives have a greater say in deciding how the nation’s money is spent?

    The Budget as a Pillar of Democracy

    The Budget serves as the financial blueprint of a nation, determining the allocation of resources and setting the government’s economic and social priorities. It acts as a pillar of democracy by the following ways: 

    1. Ensures Accountability & Transparency – A well-structured budget allows elected representatives to scrutinize government spending, ensuring that public funds are used efficiently and for the public good.
    2. Prevents Executive Overreach – Legislative control over finances acts as a safeguard against unchecked government power, reinforcing the principle of separation of powers in a democracy.
    3. Reflects People’s Priorities – Through parliamentary debates and discussions, the budget aligns with citizens’ needs, ensuring that policies address economic and social challenges effectively.
    4. Promotes Economic Stability – Greater legislative engagement in budgeting leads to balanced policies, reducing fiscal mismanagement and ensuring long-term financial sustainability.
    5. Strengthens Public Trust – When governments are transparent about financial planning and expenditure, it enhances public confidence in democratic institutions and governance.

    Reasons for Structural Weakness in India’s Budgetary Process

    1. Lack of Legislative Involvement in Budget-Making
      • Budget Drafted Behind Closed Doors: Unlike other laws, the Budget is almost entirely prepared by the Finance Ministry, with little to no input from Parliament. Key decisions are made by the Finance Minister and senior bureaucrats, while even Cabinet Ministers remain largely unaware until the final presentation.
      • Minimal Transparency Compared to Other Democracies: Many developed nations involve their legislatures in budget formulation, ensuring greater accountability:
        • United States: Congress holds extensive pre-Budget discussions, and the President’s proposal is thoroughly debated before approval.
        • Germany & Sweden: Parliamentary committees review budget proposals in advance, allowing lawmakers to shape financial policies.
      • India’s Weak Parliamentary Role in Budgeting: In India, Parliament is largely excluded from early-stage budget discussions, limiting its influence on financial planning. By the time the Budget is presented, most decisions are final, leaving little room for meaningful debate or amendments.
    1. Insufficient Time for Debate and Review
      • Rushed Budget Discussions: Once the Budget is presented in the Lok Sabha, Parliament is expected to debate, scrutinize, and approve it within a short timeframe. This often results in hurried discussions, where key financial decisions do not receive the detailed analysis they require.
      • Compressed Timeline for Approval: The Budget is usually presented in early February and must be passed before the end of March. Given the complexity of financial allocations across various sectors, this tight schedule limits meaningful debate and informed decision-making.
      • Lack of Rigorous Scrutiny: With limited time, MPs struggle to thoroughly analyze spending plans, assess their impact, or suggest substantial modifications.As a result, many budgetary provisions get approved without deep examination, weakening parliamentary oversight over public finance.
    2. Weak Role of Parliamentary Committees
      • Limited Oversight Power: Parliamentary standing committees are meant to ensure oversight, but their influence on the Budget is minimal. They can review financial allocations but lack the authority to enforce changes.
      • Non-Binding Recommendations: The Departmentally Related Standing Committees (DRSCs) analyze budgetary demands from various ministries. However, their recommendations are not binding, allowing the government to overlook their suggestions without consequence.
      • Ineffective Scrutiny: Since the government is not obligated to act on committee recommendations, parliamentary scrutiny of financial policies remains weak. This reduces the effectiveness of democratic checks and balances in budget-making.
      • Stronger Legislative Committees in Other Democracies: Countries like Canada, Australia, and the UK empower their legislative committees to play an active role in budget analysis. Their recommendations hold greater weight in shaping financial policies.
      • Access to Independent Economic Research: Many developed democracies have dedicated budget offices that provide legislators with independent economic analysis. This ensures that lawmakers can make informed decisions and offer well-researched recommendations on fiscal policies.
    3. The Marginal Role of Rajya Sabha: Another structural weakness in India’s budgetary process is the limited role of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) in financial matters.
    • While the Rajya Sabha is a key legislative body responsible for reviewing laws and policies, it has little authority over budgetary decisions.
    • According to Article 110 of the Indian Constitution, the Budget is classified as a Money Bill, meaning it is primarily the domain of the Lok Sabha (Lower House).
    • Once the Lok Sabha passes the Budget, the Rajya Sabha can only discuss it but cannot amend or reject it.
    1. No Power to Modify the Budget
      • Limited Legislative Authority: One of the biggest constraints on Parliament’s role in budget-making is its inability to make direct modifications. MPs can raise concerns and propose changes, but they have no authority to alter expenditure or taxation proposals.
      • Comparison with Other Democracies: In countries like France and Sweden, legislators have the power to suggest alternative spending plans and reallocate resources. Indian MPs, however, lack such authority, limiting their role to discussion rather than decision-making.
      • Majority Rule in Budget Approval: Even within the Lok Sabha, opposition parties struggle to push for amendments. Since the ruling party usually holds a majority, the Budget is passed with little resistance, leaving minimal room for modifications.
      • Impact on Fiscal Oversight: This restriction weakens Parliament’s ability to influence financial policies effectively. As a result, the Budget remains largely an executive-driven exercise, with Parliament playing only a symbolic role in its approval.

    Which global models of legislative Budget scrutiny can India learn from to enhance parliamentary engagement?

    CountryFeaturesExample & Lessons for India
    United States – Congressional Budget Office (CBO) for Independent AnalysisThe U.S. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) provides independent, non-partisan economic and budgetary analysis to assist lawmakers in evaluating fiscal policies.India could establish a Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO) for similar fiscal oversight.
    United Kingdom – Strong Parliamentary Committee SystemThe UK’s House of Commons Treasury Committee scrutinizes budget proposals, questions government officials, and publishes reports on financial policy.In 2021, the Treasury Committee analyzed the economic impact of the UK Budget and made recommendations for pandemic recovery, influencing fiscal decisions. India can strengthen its Parliamentary Committees to enhance budgetary oversight.
    Germany – Pre-Budget Consultations for Legislative InputThe Bundestag (German Parliament) conducts structured pre-Budget discussions, allowing legislators to debate fiscal priorities before finalizing budgetary allocations.Germany’s Medium-Term Financial Planning Framework ensures multi-year fiscal policies align with economic goals. India could introduce pre-Budget discussions to improve transparency and parliamentary engagement.

    Necessary Reforms to Address the Structural Weaknesses

    1. Need for Pre-Budget Discussions

    Parliament should play a bigger role in shaping the Budget, not just approving it. A structured pre-Budget discussion, held in the monsoon session, would let MPs review the country’s financial health and set priorities. This process would also encourage better coordination among various parliamentary committees, leading to well-rounded economic planning.

    How Do Pre-Budget Discussions Contribute to a More Transparent and Democratic Budget-Making Process?

    Greater Legislative Involvement and Accountability
    Pre-Budget discussions provide parliamentarians with the opportunity to voice public concerns, debate fiscal priorities, and influence resource allocation before the Budget is finalized.Example: In Germany, the Bundestag conducts pre-budget debates, ensuring that legislative recommendations are considered before finalizing financial plans.

    Improved Public Participation and Transparency
    Open discussions enhance public awareness and trust by making the Budget-making process more inclusive and participatory.Example: In South Africa, public consultations are held before the Budget, allowing citizens to provide input and ensuring that financial policies align with public needs.

    Better Coordination Among Subject Committees
    Structured discussions enable parliamentary committees to collaborate effectively, leading to more informed scrutiny of sector-wise allocations.Example: In Sweden, parliamentary finance committees review preliminary budget proposals, allowing for sector-specific recommendations before the final Budget is tabled.
    1. Setting Up a Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO)

    Unlike countries like the U.S., Canada, and the U.K., India has no independent body that provides non-partisan budgetary analysis to MPs. A PBO would fill this gap by offering expert research, economic forecasts, and data-driven insights. It would help parliamentarians understand spending patterns, revenue estimates, and fiscal policies without relying solely on government briefings.

    1. Restoring Parliament’s Authority Over the Budget

    Right now, Parliament’s role in budget-making is largely ceremonial, which weakens democracy. By introducing pre-Budget discussions and an independent PBO, India’s elected representatives could actively shape financial policies rather than just approving them. These changes are not just technical fixes—they are essential for making budget decisions more transparent, fair, and representative of public needs.

    Conclusion

    A truly democratic budget isn’t just about how efficiently the government plans and spends money—it’s about ensuring that Parliament plays an active role in shaping and scrutinizing those decisions.

    Right now, India’s system sidelines Parliament, reducing its influence over the Budget. This needs to change so that there’s more balance and accountability in how public money is managed.

    One way to fix this is by holding proper pre-Budget discussions and setting up a Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO)—a dedicated team that provides MPs with independent research on economic matters. This would help Parliament contribute meaningfully to budget-making, making the process more transparent, democratic, and effective.

    If Parliament reclaims its rightful role in public finance, it won’t just strengthen economic oversight—it will also reinforce its position as the guardian of India’s democracy and financial integrity.

    BACK2BASICS: Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO) – An Overview

    What is the Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO)?

    A Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO) is an independent, non-partisan institution that provides objective analysis of government budgets, fiscal policies, and economic forecasts. It assists lawmakers in making informed decisions, enhances legislative oversight, ensures transparency, and improves accountability in public finance management.

    Global Examples

    • United States: The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) provides independent budgetary evaluations.
    • Canada: The Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO) supports fiscal scrutiny and analysis.

    Constitutional Status of PBO in India

    The Indian Constitution does not explicitly mention a Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO). However, its establishment aligns with constitutional provisions related to financial oversight and legislative accountability:

    • Article 112 (Annual Financial Statement):
      • The Union Budget is presented before Parliament, which has the authority to scrutinize and approve it.
      • A PBO can strengthen this oversight by providing independent budgetary analysis.
    • Article 266 & 267 (Consolidated and Contingency Funds of India):
      • Parliament controls government expenditure, and a PBO can evaluate the fiscal implications of such spending.
    • Article 148-151 (Comptroller and Auditor General – CAG):
      • While CAG audits past expenditures, a PBO would provide forward-looking budgetary insights for better fiscal planning.
    • Article 105 (Powers and Privileges of Parliament):
      • Parliament has the right to seek financial information. A PBO could serve as an expert resource, offering unbiased fiscal analysis.

    Conclusion

    Establishing a Parliamentary Budget Office (PBO) in India would enhance transparency, accountability, and fiscal discipline in governance. It would equip legislators with independent budget analysis, improve financial oversight, and ensure evidence-based policymaking—making it a crucial step toward strengthening India’s parliamentary democracy.

  • [pib] 10 years of the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY)

    Why in the News?

    April 8, 2025, marks the 10th anniversary of Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY), launched to fund micro and small enterprises.

    About the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY)

    • The PMMY, launched in 2015 is a Central Sector Scheme designed to provide financial support to non-corporate, non-farm small and micro-entrepreneurs previously excluded from the formal financial system.
    • MUDRA stands for Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency Ltd., a financial institution established to support the development and refinancing of micro-enterprises
    • It aims to foster grassroots entrepreneurship and remove barriers to accessing loans, especially for businesses that lack collateral.

    Loan Categories:

      1. Shishu: Loans up to ₹50,000 for new or small businesses.
      2. Kishore: Loans ranging from ₹50,000 to ₹5 lakh for growing enterprises.
      3. Tarun: Loans from ₹5 lakh to ₹10 lakh for more established businesses with greater capital needs.
      4. TarunPlus: Loan limit up to ₹20 lakh for more established and larger businesses (since July 2024).

    Key Features:

    • Collateral-Free Loans: PMMY loans do not require any collateral, making them accessible to those without assets.
    • Member Lending Institutions (MLIs): These include Public Sector Banks, Private Sector Banks, Regional Rural Banks, Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs), Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), and Small Finance Banks (SFBs).
    • Credit Guarantee: Loans are backed by the Credit Guarantee Fund for Micro Units (CGFMU), which was established in 2015 to provide security to financial institutions offering loans under PMMY.
    • MUDRA Card: A MUDRA card is issued to manage the working capital portion of the loan, providing convenience to the borrower.

    MUDRA 2.0:

    • MUDRA 2.0 (launched in Union Budget 2024) is an upgraded version of the original PMMY, designed to extend its outreach, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas.
    • This version introduces additional services such as financial literacy programs, business mentorship, and comprehensive business support, aiming to improve the overall impact of the scheme.
    • Enhanced Credit Guarantee Scheme (ECGS) is a new feature introduced to encourage more lending to small and microenterprises by reducing the risk for financial institutions.

    Successes of PMMY:

    • Massive Loan Disbursement: Over ₹32.61 lakh crore disbursed through 52 crore loans, benefitting millions.
    • Inclusivity: 69% of loans are held by women, 51% by SC/ST and OBC entrepreneurs.
    • Job Creation: Promoted self-employment and business growth in rural and semi-urban areas.
    • MSME Credit Growth: Lending increased from ₹8.51 lakh crore in FY14 to ₹27.25 lakh crore in FY24.
    • International Recognition: Praised by IMF for expanding financial access, especially for women-led businesses.

    Challenges:

    • Increase in NPAs: Rising defaults due to lack of collateral.
    • Disbursement Delays: Some banks face challenges in meeting loan targets.
    • Fraud Risk: Collateral-free loans are susceptible to misuse and fraud.
    • Larger Loan Limits: Higher limits under TarunPlus raise default risks for banks.
    • Default Risk: Some borrowers exploit the system through “evergreening” tactics.
    [UPSC 2016] Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at

    (a) bringing small entrepreneurs into the formal financial system.

    (b) providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating particular crops.

    (c) providing pensions to old and destitute persons.

    (d) funding the voluntary organizations involved in the promotion of skill development and employment generation.

     

  • Palna Scheme under Mission Shakti

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Women and Child Development has informed that 1,761 Anganwadi-cum-Creches are operational across the country under the Palna Scheme.

    About the Palna Scheme

    • Launched to address childcare needs for working mothers, the Palna Scheme provides day-care facilities for children aged 6 months to 6 years.
    • In 2022, the National Creche Scheme was reorganized and renamed Palna Scheme under the Samarthya sub-scheme of Mission Shakti.
    • It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, with a 60:40 funding ratio between the Centre and State/UT Governments (90:10 for North-Eastern and Special Category States). UTs without legislature receive 100% funding.
    • Target Audience: Provides services for all mothers (irrespective of their employment status), offering a safe, hygienic, and supportive environment for children.
    • Creche Services: Includes day-care, early stimulation, preschool education, nutrition, health check-ups, and immunization support.

    Other Creche Schemes:

    • Standalone Creches: Independent creches are providing care for children aged 6 months to 6 years. They include provisions for one Creche Worker and one Creche Helper. Services include sleeping arrangements, health monitoring, and education.
    • Anganwadi-cum-Creches (AWCC): A key component of Palna Scheme, these creches combine Anganwadi services with daycare for working mothers.
      • Staffing: Includes an Anganwadi Worker, Helper, and Creche Worker and Helper.
      • Target: Establish 17,000 new AWCCs by 2024-25, with 11,395 already approved as of March 2025.
      • Objective: To provide childcare in rural and semi-urban areas, ensuring last-mile delivery.
      • Honorarium: ₹6,500 for Creche Workers in standalone crèches and ₹5,500 for AWCC Workers.

    About Mission Shakti

    • Mission Shakti is the Ministry of Women and Child Development’s flagship scheme, designed to strengthen women’s safety, security, and empowerment in India. 
    • The scheme supports women-led development by addressing issues affecting women across their life-cycle.
    • Components:
      1. Sambal: Focuses on women’s safety, with initiatives like the One Stop Centre (OSC), Women Helpline (WHL), and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP).
      2. Samarthya: Empowering women through sub-schemes like Ujjwala, Swadhar Greh, and the Palna Scheme. It integrates support for childcare and maternal health.
      3. Gap Funding for Economic Empowerment: A new initiative to support financial gaps in women’s enterprises.
    [UPSC 2019] With reference to the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017, consider the following statements:

    1. Pregnant women are entitled for three months pre-delivery and three months post-delivery paid leave

    2. This act applies to all organisations with 20 or more employees

    3. It has made it mandatory for every organisation with 50 or more employees to have a crèche.

    Which of the given statements is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • Technology and Innovation Report, 2025

    Why in the News?

    The Technology and Innovation Report, 2025 was recently issued by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

    About the Technology and Innovation Report

    • The report is released by the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
    • It addresses critical issues related to science, technology, and innovation, with a particular focus on developing countries. The report emphasizes policy-relevant analysis and conclusions.
    • The theme for the 2025 edition is “Inclusive Artificial Intelligence for Development.”

    Key Highlights of the Report:

    • Global Highlights:
      • Developed countries lead in technology preparedness, but nations like China, India, and Brazil outperform their income levels.
      • AI market projected to reach USD 4.8 trillion by 2033, fuelling global digital transformation.
      • 100 companies, mostly in the U.S. and China, account for 40% of global corporate R&D spending.
      • AI will affect 40% of jobs globally, raising concerns over automation and job displacement.
      • U.S. leads in AI investment with USD 67 billion, followed by China (USD 7.8 billion) and India (USD 1.4 billion).
      • AI Governance Gap: 118 countries, mainly from the Global South, are absent from global AI governance discussions.
    • Indian Prospects:
      • India ranks 36th in the Readiness for Frontier Technologies Index in 2024, up from 48th in 2022. It ranks 10th globally with USD 1.4 billion in AI investments.
      • India has a talent pool of 13 million AI developers, contributing significantly to open-source platforms like GitHub.
      • The India AI Mission (2024) focuses on AI innovation through collaborations with the private sector and academia.
      • India leads in nanotechnology and has AI excellence centres like IIT Hyderabad and IIT Kharagpur.
    [UPSC 2019] The Global Competitiveness Report is published by the:

    (a) International Monetary Fund (b) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (c) World Economic Forum (d) World bank

     

  • Hadean Protocrust

    Why in the News?

    A study from Macquarie University, Australia, suggests that plate tectonics may have started earlier than previously thought, with signs of it possibly existing in the Hadean protocrust even before the plates began to move.

    What is Hadean Protocrust?

    • The Hadean protocrust is the Earth’s first crust, formed within the first 200 million years of the planet’s creation.
    • During this time, the surface was mostly molten and constantly hit by space rocks, making it very hot and unstable.
    • Over time, parts of the molten surface began to cool and solidify, creating the first crust.

    Hadean Protocrust

    Back2Basics: Hadean Aeon

    • The Hadean Aeon is the earliest geological eon in Earth’s history, lasting from about 4.6 billion to 4 billion years ago.
    • The surface was incredibly hot and volcanic activity was widespread, often described as “hellish.”
    • It was followed by the Archean Eon (about 4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago), characterized by the formation of Earth’s first stable crust, the beginning of plate tectonics, and the earliest known forms of life.
    • As the surface cooled, the thick parts of the crust formed the first continents, which moved on the hot, semi-fluid layer beneath them called the asthenosphere.

    Key Findings of the Recent Study:

    • The researchers found that the chemical signatures linked to plate tectonics might have appeared earlier, even when the Earth’s crust was still forming in the Hadean protocrust.
    • This discovery suggests that early movements of the Earth’s crust, similar to plate tectonics, could have happened before plates began to move as we know them today.
    • The study used models and experiments to support these ideas, but further research is needed to confirm these findings.
    [UPSC 2013] Which of the following are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?

    1. Electromagnetic radiation 2. Geothermal energy 3. Gravitational force 4. Plate movements 5. Rotation of the earth 6. Revolution of the earth

    Which of the above are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?

    (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2, 4 and 6 only (d) 2 and 4 only

     

  • First photographic record of Woolly Flying Squirrel captured in Himachal

    Why in the News?

    The Himachal Pradesh Forest Department’s wildlife wing has captured the first photographic evidence of the elusive Woolly Flying Squirrel in the Miyar Valley, Lahaul and Spiti district.

    First photographic record of Woolly Flying Squirrel captured in Himachal

    About the Woolly Flying Squirrel:

    • The Woolly Flying Squirrel, scientifically known as Eupetaurus cinereus, is one of the rarest and least known mammals in Asia.
    • It is endemic to the northwestern Himalayas, primarily found in northern Pakistan and northwestern India.
    • It prefers to live in dry conifer woodlands within a fragmented habitat in a thin elevational band.
    • This species was long believed to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1994, nearly seventy years after its last recorded sighting.
    • It is unique due to its ability to glide, much like other flying squirrels, as it has elastic membranes that connect its fore and hind legs.

    Physical features:

    • Its body is covered with dense, straight, silky hairs, with the dorsal pelage appearing blue-gray, while the underside is pale gray.
    • The squirrel also has creamy white hairs on its throat and ears, and dense black fur on the soles of its feet, with pinkish brown toe pads that are naked.

    Conservation Status:

    • Listed as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List.
    • NOT explicitly mentioned under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

    Significance of the Rediscovery:

    • Its confirmed existence adds to the state’s mammal checklist, offering hope for its continued survival in this remote part of the Himalayas.
    • This discovery is important from a scientific perspective, as it marks the first time the elusive species has been documented in India since its rediscovery in 1994.
    [UPSC 2012] Consider the following:

    1. Black-necked crane 2. Cheetah 3. Flying squirrel 4. Snow leopard

    Which of the above are naturally found in India?

    (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

  • [7th April 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Prescribe preventive medicine for a healthy India

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2021] Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.

    Linkage: This highlights the importance of a primary health structure, which is crucial for delivering preventive healthcare services, including screening and early detection of diseases.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  India is aiming to become a $5 trillion economy and a major global power. But there’s a growing problem that often goes unnoticed — non-communicable diseases (NCDs), like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. These diseases now cause about two out of every three deaths in the country and pose a serious threat to our progress. To build a healthy and successful future, India must focus more on preventing illness, rather than only treating it after people fall sick.

    Today’s editorial discusses the issue of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India. This analysis will be useful for GS Paper 2 and Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains examination.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    India is seeing a rapid rise in non-communicable diseases, so people need to be aware that staying healthy is possible by taking care of themselves early before any illness starts.

    What are the major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) affecting India’s population?

    • Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): The Leading cause of NCD-related deaths in India. Eg: Heart attacks and hypertension are increasingly seen in people as young as 30–40 years.
    • Diabetes and Its Complications: Rapidly rising due to sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy diets. Eg: Many young adults require dialysis due to diabetic kidney complications.
    • Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Cancers: Included chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, lung cancer, and oral cancer. Eg: Air pollution has led to increased COPD and lung cancer cases, especially in urban areas.

    How do they impact the country’s economy?

    • Loss of Productivity: NCDs reduce the ability of working-age individuals to remain productive. Eg: A 35-year-old with heart disease may take frequent leaves or drop out of the workforce, affecting economic output.
    • Increased Healthcare Expenditure: Families spend more on long-term treatment and medications, leading to out-of-pocket expenditure and pushing many into poverty. Eg: The cost of dialysis for kidney failure due to diabetes can be ₹20,000–₹30,000 per month, unaffordable for many.
    • Strain on Public Health Infrastructure: Public hospitals and health schemes get overburdened by rising cases of NCDs. Eg: Increased cases of cancer and diabetes require long-term care and monitoring, diverting resources from other healthcare needs.
    • Reduction in Demographic Dividend: India’s youthful population, considered an asset for economic growth, becomes a liability if affected by chronic illnesses early. Eg: Young professionals in IT or manufacturing sectors becoming diabetic or hypertensive by their mid-30s reduces long-term economic contribution.
    • Macroeconomic Losses: NCDs collectively reduce national income due to loss of labor force and healthcare costs. Eg: A World Economic Forum study estimated India may lose $3.5–$4 trillion between 2012–2030 due to NCD-related economic impacts.

    Why is preventive healthcare considered a crucial strategy for India’s sustainable development?

    • Reduces Disease Burden and Healthcare Costs: Preventive care helps in early detection and control of diseases, reducing the need for expensive treatments and hospitalizations. Eg: Widespread vaccination against polio eliminated the disease from India, saving billions in treatment costs.
    • Improves Productivity and Economic Growth: A healthier population means fewer sick days and a more productive workforce, which boosts economic development. Eg: Regular health screenings in workplaces reduce absenteeism and increase employee efficiency.
    • Strengthens Public Health Infrastructure: Focusing on prevention encourages investment in primary healthcare and rural health systems, making care more accessible. Eg: Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres promote lifestyle changes and early diagnosis at the grassroots level.
    • Mitigates Impact of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Preventive measures like health education and lifestyle changes are key to tackling rising NCDs such as diabetes and hypertension. Eg: National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS).
    • Supports Environmental and Social Sustainability: Preventive healthcare includes sanitation, nutrition, and pollution control—contributing to better environmental and community health. Eg: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan improved sanitation, reducing waterborne diseases and promoting healthy living conditions.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?

    • National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS): A flagship initiative aimed at early diagnosis, treatment, and management of NCDs at various levels of healthcare. Eg: Screening camps are organized at district and sub-district levels to detect hypertension and diabetes.
    • Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): Over 1.6 lakh HWCs are being set up to provide comprehensive primary healthcare, with a focus on preventive care and NCD screening. Eg: Regular health check-ups for people over 30 years to catch NCDs early at the grassroots level.
    • Fit India Movement and Eat Right India Campaign: Aimed at promoting physical activity and healthy eating habits to reduce lifestyle-related NCDs. Eg: Schools and workplaces are encouraged to adopt fitness routines and healthier cafeteria menus.
    • Tobacco and Alcohol Control Measures: Implementation of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003, and awareness campaigns to curb use of tobacco and alcohol — key NCD risk factors. Eg: Graphic health warnings on cigarette packs and bans on public smoking areas.
    • Integration of Digital Health and Telemedicine: Leveraging platforms like eSanjeevani and CoWIN to deliver health advice, track NCD risk, and facilitate remote consultations. Eg: Teleconsultation for diabetic patients in rural areas via mobile apps and village-level health workers.

    Way forward:

    • Strengthen Preventive and Community-Based Healthcare: Expand health education in schools, workplaces, and rural communities to promote healthy lifestyle habits (diet, exercise, no tobacco/alcohol).Eg: Launch campaigns like “Healthy India, Fit India 2.0” with a focus on local dietary habits, mental health, and physical fitness, integrated into school curricula and rural outreach.
    • Enhance Multi-sectoral Collaboration and Policy Integration: Coordinate between health, education, urban development, food processing, and environment ministries to tackle NCD risk factors comprehensively. Eg: Enforce stricter urban pollution controls, promote cycling/walking infrastructure, regulate trans fats/sugars in processed foods, and incentivize healthy food production through farm policies.

  • Only 12% of HC judges disclosed assets, data show

    Why in the News?

    Out of 769 judges serving in 25 High Courts, only 95 (12.35%) have disclosed their assets publicly. Courts like Kerala (93.18%) and Himachal Pradesh (91.66%) lead in transparency, while Madras (5 of 65) and Chhattisgarh (1 of 16) lag significantly.

    Only 12% of HC judges disclosed assets, data show

    Why is judicial asset disclosure vital for accountability and transparency in India?

    • Promotes Public Trust in the Judiciary: Transparency about judges’ financial status builds confidence in the impartiality and integrity of the judiciary. Eg: The Kerala High Court, where 93.18% of judges disclosed their assets, is often cited for maintaining high standards of judicial transparency.
    • Acts as a Deterrent Against Corruption: Mandatory and public asset declarations reduce the scope for corrupt practices by subjecting judges to public scrutiny. Eg: The recent discovery of partially burnt currency notes at a High Court judge’s residence intensified concerns over hidden wealth and lack of oversight.
    • Ensures Accountability of Public Office Holders: Judges are public servants paid from taxpayer money, and like elected representatives, must be held financially accountable. Eg: The Supreme Court’s past judgment requiring MPs/MLAs to declare assets reflects this principle — the same logic applies to the judiciary.
    • Reduces Risk of Conflict of Interest: Regular disclosures help identify any undue financial interest that could influence judicial decisions. Eg: A judge ruling on a corporate dispute may be biased if they own shares in one of the companies involved — disclosures would reveal this.
    • Strengthens Institutional Transparency and Ethics: It sets an ethical benchmark for the judiciary and other branches of government, promoting clean and transparent governance. Eg: The Supreme Court’s recent Full Court resolution (April 2025) to make all judges’ assets public reflects a significant move toward institutional integrity.

    How can the Supreme Court’s asset disclosure push drive wider judicial reforms?

    • Sets a Precedent for High Courts: The Supreme Court’s collective decision encourages other High Courts to adopt similar transparency measures, creating a ripple effect across the judiciary. Eg: After the Supreme Court’s Full Court resolution (April 2025), pressure has increased on High Courts like Madras and Chhattisgarh, where disclosure rates remain low.
    • Catalyzes Legislative and Policy Reforms: The move strengthens the case for mandatory annual disclosures through legislation, as recommended by parliamentary committees. Eg: The 2023 Parliamentary Standing Committee Report called for laws requiring asset declarations by all judges — the Supreme Court’s step gives it momentum.
    • Promotes a Culture of Judicial Accountability and Ethics: Voluntary public disclosures help build a culture of openness, paving the way for broader reforms like transparent appointments, performance reviews, and grievance redressal. Eg: Similar transparency efforts contributed to the creation of the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) debate and ongoing calls for reforming the collegium system.

    Who are the key institutions responsible for enforcing judges’ asset disclosure?

    • The Supreme Court of India: As the apex judicial authority, the Supreme Court plays a norm-setting role, influencing High Courts through its own practices and resolutions. Eg: The Full Court resolution of April 2025, where all 33 Supreme Court judges agreed to make their asset declarations public, sets a national benchmark for judicial transparency.
    • High Courts and Their Chief Justices: Each High Court is responsible for framing internal guidelines and encouraging or mandating its judges to disclose assets. Eg: The Kerala High Court, where 41 out of 44 judges have declared their assets, demonstrates effective internal leadership and commitment to transparency.
    • Parliament and Parliamentary Standing Committees: Through legislative oversight and recommendations, Parliament can initiate legal mandates for asset disclosures and hold the judiciary accountable in the public interest. Eg: The 2023 Standing Committee Report on Judicial Reforms recommended that the government make annual property disclosures by all judges a statutory requirement.

    Way forward: 

    • Enact a Statutory Framework for Mandatory Annual Disclosures: The government should introduce legislation making annual asset and liability declarations mandatory for all judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. This would ensure uniformity, legal backing, and prevent selective or voluntary compliance.
    • Establish an Independent Oversight Mechanism for Verification and Monitoring: Set up an independent judicial accountability commission or ethics body to verify disclosures, monitor compliance, and address grievances related to judicial integrity.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2021] “An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including the judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate

    Linkage:  Disclosure of assets is important to ensure that judges act responsibly and ethically. It helps build trust among the people and also supports the authority of the Constitution.

  • Three billion people cannot afford a healthy diet

    Why in the News?

    A healthy and nutritious diet costs much more than just eating enough to fill the stomach. Because of this, around three billion people worldwide cannot afford to eat healthy diet.

    What is the primary difference between a calorie-sufficient diet and a healthy diet? 

    Aspect Calorie-Sufficient Diet Healthy Diet Example (Eg)
    Purpose Provides minimum energy to survive Provides energy + essential nutrients for overall health Eating only rice vs. eating rice with dal, vegetables, and curd
    Nutrient Content Lacks micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, proteins) Rich in macro and micronutrients (carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins) Rice alone vs. balanced meal with fruits, vegetables, proteins
    Food Variety Limited to cheap staples like rice, maize, or flour Includes diverse food groups (grains, fruits, dairy, protein, etc.) Maize flour daily vs. varied diet with pulses, greens, dairy
    Health Impact May cause “hidden hunger” and nutritional deficiencies Promotes growth, immunity, and good physical and mental health Feeling full but weak vs. feeling full and energized
    Affordability Very cheap (less than $1/day) Expensive (around $3.67/day globally) Affordable for poor families vs. out of reach for billions

    Why are the three billion people unable to afford a healthy diet globally?

    • High Cost of Nutritious Foods: Healthy diets with fruits, vegetables, proteins, and dairy are much more expensive than basic staples. Eg: A meal with rice, lentils, vegetables, and milk costs much more than a plain rice or maize meal.
    • Low Incomes in Poor Countries: In many low-income countries, the median income is lower than the daily cost of a healthy diet. Eg: In parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, people would need to spend over 100% of their income just to afford healthy food.
    • Most Income Spent on Non-Food Essentials: People also need to spend on housing, transport, education, etc., leaving less money for nutritious food. Eg: A poor family may prioritize rent and school fees, and manage meals with only the cheapest staples.
    • Dependence on Starchy Staples: Many rely heavily on calorie-dense but nutrient-poor foods like rice, maize, or wheat due to affordability. Eg: A person eats only maize porridge daily, missing out on proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
    • Limited Production by Small Farmers: Even subsistence farmers may not produce enough variety to meet dietary needs, and cannot afford to buy it either. Eg: A farmer growing only rice and vegetables may lack access to milk, eggs, or fruits, leading to an unbalanced diet.

    Where is the affordability of a healthy diet the lowest, affecting over 80% of the population?

    • Sub-Saharan Africa: This region has the highest percentage of people who cannot afford a healthy diet. Eg: In countries like Chad, Burundi, or Niger, more than 80% of the population cannot afford fruits, dairy, or protein-rich foods regularly.
    • South Asia: Countries like India, Nepal, and Bangladesh have large populations with low incomes, making even basic healthy foods costly. Eg: In rural India, a balanced diet might cost nearly an entire day’s wage.

    How do subsistence farmers fit into the statistics on food affordability according to the FAO report?

    • Included in Affordability Calculations: The FAO includes the value of food produced for self-consumption when calculating affordability. Eg: A farmer growing their own rice and vegetables is considered as having partial income from that food production.
    • Still Unable to Afford or Produce a Healthy Diet: Even with homegrown food, many subsistence farmers cannot meet the dietary diversity needed for good health. Eg: A small farmer in rural Nepal may grow millet but can’t access milk, eggs, or leafy greens.
    • Dependence on Staple Crops: Most subsistence farmers rely on calorie-rich but nutrient-poor staples like maize or cassava. Eg: A family in Malawi surviving mostly on maize lacks essential proteins and vitamins.
    • Limited Market Access and Income: They often have little surplus to sell and low access to markets, limiting their purchasing power for other foods. Eg: A farmer in northern Nigeria may produce yams but can’t reach a market to sell or buy fruits.
    • Vulnerable to Shocks and Seasonal Gaps: Crop failures, poor rainfall, or pests can wipe out their food supply and worsen affordability. Eg: In drought-prone Kenya, crop failure forces families to skip meals or rely on relief aid.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • Poshan Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission): Launched to reduce malnutrition among children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers through better monitoring, awareness, and convergence of nutrition schemes. Eg: Promotion of locally sourced nutritious food and growth monitoring of children.
    • Mid-Day Meal Scheme (PM POSHAN): Provides free nutritious meals to school children to improve school attendance and address childhood hunger and malnutrition. Eg: Meals include rice, dal, vegetables, and sometimes eggs or milk.
    • Fortification of Staples: The government promotes adding essential micronutrients (like iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12) to staples such as rice, wheat, and edible oils. Eg: Distribution of fortified rice through the Public Distribution System (PDS).

    Way forward: 

    • Invest in Local Production and Diversification of Nutritious Foods: Governments and NGOs should support smallholder farmers to grow a wider range of nutritious crops (e.g., pulses, fruits, vegetables, dairy, poultry). Eg: Promoting kitchen gardens, poultry, and millet farming in rural India to diversify diets.
    • Make Healthy Foods Affordable Through Policy and Subsidies: Implement targeted subsidies or cash transfers for poor households to afford healthy food groups. Eg: Expanding India’s mid-day meal and ICDS schemes with eggs, fruits, and vegetables for children.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle?

    Linkage: Poverty and malnutrition which are key reasons why three billion people cannot afford a healthy diet. The inability to afford nutritious food leads to malnutrition, which in turn perpetuates poverty by hindering human capital development.

  • Ottawa Convention

    Why in the News?

    NATO members including Poland, Finland, and the three Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) have recently expressed intentions to withdraw from the Ottawa Convention.

    About the Ottawa Convention

    • The Ottawa Convention is an international treaty adopted in 1997 aimed at banning the use, production, stockpiling, and transfer of anti-personnel mines.
    • It is also known as the ‘Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty.’
    • It specifically targets anti-personnel mines and EXCLUDES anti-vehicle mines, remote-controlled mines, and other types of munitions.
    • Signatories: 165 countries had joined by March 2025.
      • But major powers like the United States, China, Russia, India, and Israel have not signed.
    • Key Features: Signatories must destroy all stockpiled anti-personnel mines within 4 years of ratification, with some allowances for mines retained for training.

    Objectives of the Treaty

    • End Human Suffering: The primary goal is to end the human suffering caused by landmines.
    • Prevent Civilian Casualties: It seeks to prevent civilian casualties, especially long after conflicts have ended.
    • Rehabilitation and Restoration: The treaty also aims to assist in the rehabilitation of victims and the restoration of land previously mined for civilian use.

    Significance of the Convention

    • Victims’ Profile: According to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), more than 80% of mine victims are civilians.
    • Convention Provisions: The convention includes provisions to assist victims, many of whom suffer permanent disabilities such as loss of limbs.
    [UPSC 2015] Which among the following are Nuclear Weapons States as recognized by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons, commonly known as Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?

    1. China 2. France 3. India 4. Israel 5. Pakistan

    (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only (c) 2, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

     

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