Bangladesh is seeing major political change as interim leader Dr. Muhammad Yunus delays elections to April 2026 and proposes the “July Proclamation” to reform or replace the 1972 Constitution.
Why is the ‘July Proclamation’ seen as a threat to Bangladesh’s democratic foundations?
Lacks Democratic Legitimacy: It is being pushed by an unelected interim regime without a popular mandate or proper parliamentary debate. Eg: Prof. Yunus’ government is not elected, yet is trying to undertake constitutional reforms meant for a legislature.
Distorts Historical Legacy: The move seeks to marginalize the legacy of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and diminish the significance of December (Victory Day) and August (Mujib’s assassination), promoting July as a new political start. Eg: The July Proclamation downplays Bangladesh’s founding narrative to suit a new political agenda.
What are the risks of an unelected interim government pursuing constitutional reforms?
Lack of Legitimacy and Public Mandate: An interim government is not elected by the people and lacks the constitutional authority to undertake major reforms meant for a parliament or constituent assembly. Eg: In Bangladesh, Prof. Yunus’ government is implementing reforms without elections, violating democratic norms.
Potential for Power Consolidation: Such reforms can be used to prolong the tenure of the interim regime, sideline opposition, and weaken checks and balances, paving the way for authoritarian rule. Eg: The banning of the Awami League and the extension of election dates to 2026 raise concerns of power entrenchment.
Political Instability and Polarisation: Constitutional changes without bipartisan consensus can lead to unrest, legitimacy crises, and deep political divisions. Eg: The BNP, though opposed to the Awami League, is uncomfortable with the July Proclamation, showing a lack of political unity.
How could the proposed humanitarian corridor affect regional security?
Violation of Sovereignty and Military Tensions: A demilitarised humanitarian corridor, especially if monitored by international forces, may be seen as a breach of national sovereignty by host countries. Eg: The Bangladesh Army chief objected to international enforcement in the Rakhine region, fearing it would undermine Bangladesh’s sovereignty.
Risk of Weapon Smuggling and Armed Group Access: Without effective monitoring mechanisms, such corridors could be exploited by international armed groups to smuggle weapons and infiltrate conflict zones. Eg: Concerns exist that the proposed corridor into Myanmar’s Rakhine province may be misused by armed groups, threatening both Myanmar and Indian border security.
Uncertain Aid Distribution and Escalation of Conflicts: There’s no guarantee that humanitarian aid will reach only the intended civilian population (like Rohingya) and not be diverted to militant factions, escalating regional conflicts. Eg: India fears that lack of clarity over corridor enforcement could worsen militancy in the Northeast and Indo-Myanmar border areas.
Note: The humanitarian corridor to Myanmar’s Rakhine province is a proposed initiative — not yet implemented — and it was publicly supported by Professor Muhammad Yunus, the Chief Adviser to the interim government of Bangladesh, in a speech on June 7, 2025.
Why does the sidelining of major parties like BNP and Awami League raise democratic concerns?
Undermining of Political Representation: Exclusion of major political parties weakens democratic legitimacy and narrows the space for public representation and opposition. Eg: The ban on the Awami League and the marginalisation of the BNP prevents millions of citizens from having their voices heard in the political process.
Emergence of Proxy or Unrepresentative Forces: The vacuum created by sidelining mainstream parties can be filled by unaccountable or extremist groups, increasing political instability. Eg: The rise of the National Citizens Party (NCP), referred to as the ‘King’s Party’ by the BNP, raises fears of state-sponsored political manipulation.
Way forward:
Inclusive Political Dialogue and Election Roadmap: The interim government must initiate an inclusive dialogue involving all major political parties, including the BNP and Awami League, to build consensus on constitutional reforms and ensure free and fair elections.
Limit Powers of the Interim Government: Clearly define and restrict the mandate of the interim government to conduct elections only, avoiding any major constitutional or policy decisions that should be left to an elected Parliament.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2013] Critically examine the compulsions which prompted India to play a decisive roles in the emergence of Bangladesh.
Linkage: Understanding India’s historical role is crucial for comprehending the current political landscape in Bangladesh, especially as the interim government seems to want to ensure “that the legacy of 1971.
This article explains the causes and control of food inflation in India clearly and simply. UPSC often asks questions that require linking causes of inflation with monetary policy measures, as seen in the 2024 question on food inflation and RBI’s policy effectiveness. Aspirants usually falter by not connecting theory with current data or by missing the nuances between supply-side and demand-side factors. They also struggle to analyze the RBI’s role realistically rather than just listing policies. This article helps by breaking down complex themes like “Role played by Food Prices in Reducing Retail Inflation” with up-to-date examples (e.g., vegetable prices fell by 7.04% in March 2025), making it easier to grasp the direct impact on inflation. It also clarifies the RBI’s responses under different scenarios (like rate cuts and liquidity management) and their limitations, helping aspirants think critically rather than memorize. The special feature of this article is its clear linking of macroeconomic terms to real-world numbers and RBI decisions, making abstract concepts practical and exam-relevant. By focusing on specific subheads like “RBI’s policy responses in various scenarios” and “The Link Between Food Prices and Inflation,” it guides aspirants to answer mains questions with structured, evidence-backed arguments, avoiding common pitfalls. Overall, it is a concise yet comprehensive resource that bridges textbook knowledge with current affairs smoothly.
This article explores the causes and control of food inflation in India by linking economic concepts with current trends. UPSC often frames such topics by combining theory with real-world application, as seen in the 2024 question on food inflation and the RBI’s policy effectiveness. Many aspirants struggle to connect supply-side and demand-side factors or evaluate the RBI’s role beyond surface-level policy tools.
The article addresses these challenges using recent data, such as the 7.04 percent drop in vegetable prices in March 2025, to illustrate inflation patterns. It also examines how the RBI responds in different scenarios—through interest rate adjustments or liquidity measures—and where those responses fall short. With focused subheads and grounded analysis, it helps aspirants write structured, evidence-based answers.
PYQ ANCHORING
GS 3: What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation. [2024]
MICROTHEME: MONETARY POLICY
India’s retail inflation has been on a steady decline, primarily driven by the sharp drop in food prices, especially vegetables, eggs, and pulses. Following two rate cuts by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), inflation is expected to stay below 4% in the coming months, with a possible further rate cut of 50 basis points.
India’s Retail Inflation in March 2025
Retail Inflation Rate: In March 2025, India’s retail inflation eased to 3.34%, the lowest since August 2019.
Comparison to Previous Month: This marked a drop from February’s 3.61%, continuing the downward trend in inflation.
Contributors to Decline: The main drivers of this decline were a significant reduction in food prices, particularly vegetables, eggs, and pulses. Vegetable prices, for example, fell by 7.04% year-on-year in March.
Role played by Food Prices in Reducing Retail Inflation
Vegetable Prices: Vegetable prices dropped significantly by 7.04% in March, compared to a small increase of 1.07% in February. This drastic fall helped reduce overall food inflation.
Pulses Prices: Pulses prices also saw a decline of 2.73% in March, after a smaller decrease of 0.35% in February, further contributing to lower food inflation.
Overall Food Inflation: Food inflation dropped to 2.69% in March 2025 from 3.75% in February, marking the lowest since November 2021.
Improved Farm Output: Better farm output, particularly in vegetables and pulses, stabilized food supplies, further easing inflationary pressures.
RBI’s Response to Easing Inflation
Second Rate Cut: On April 9, 2025, the RBI reduced the policy repo rate by 25 basis points to 6.00%, its second consecutive rate cut.
Shift to Accommodative Stance: The RBI moved its monetary policy stance from “neutral” to “accommodative,” signaling a supportive approach to economic growth while keeping inflation in check.
Revised Inflation Forecast: The RBI revised its inflation forecast to 4% for FY 2025-26, down from the earlier 4.2%, reflecting improved inflation dynamics.
Revised GDP Growth Estimate: The RBI lowered its GDP growth estimate to 6.5% for the fiscal year, down from 6.7%, citing global uncertainties and trade tensions.
Risks Highlighted by RBI Affecting Inflation Outlook
Global Market Uncertainties: Ongoing global uncertainties, including trade tensions, could disrupt supply chains and lead to higher import costs. For example, a worsening of U.S.-China trade relations could escalate costs.
Adverse Weather Conditions: Unpredictable weather, such as unseasonal rains or droughts, could affect agricultural supply and push up food prices.
Rising Global Commodity Prices: Fluctuations in global commodity prices, including oil, could drive up domestic prices. For instance, rising crude oil prices could increase fuel and transportation costs.
Supply Chain Disruptions: Geopolitical tensions or supply chain disruptions (e.g., from the COVID-19 pandemic) could lead to higher prices for imported goods, impacting inflation.
Core Inflation Pressures: Core inflation (excluding volatile food and fuel) remained high at 4.1%, signaling persistent inflationary pressures in the economy.
The Link Between Food Prices and Inflation
Food prices play a pivotal role in shaping the inflationary trends in an economy. As essential items for daily consumption, changes in food prices directly influence the cost of living. When food prices rise, inflation tends to increase, and when food prices decline, inflation can ease. Here’s how food prices are intricately linked to inflation:
Factor
Explanation
Example
Direct Contribution to CPI
Food prices are a significant component of the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which is used to measure inflation. A rise in food prices directly increases CPI.
A 10% rise in vegetable prices increases the CPI.
Impact on Household Budgets
Higher food prices lead to higher household spending on basic items, reducing disposable income and contributing to overall inflation.
Increased spending on food reduces the ability to spend on other goods and services.
Food as a Staple
Staple foods (e.g., wheat, rice, vegetables) are essential for survival. A rise in their prices can push up inflation, especially in developing countries.
A price hike in wheat can cause inflationary pressure on food items like bread.
Inflation Expectations
Persistent food price increases can create inflation expectations. When consumers expect higher prices, they may demand higher wages, contributing to further inflation.
If vegetable prices consistently rise, workers may demand higher wages, fueling inflation.
Government Response
Rising food prices often prompt central banks to adjust monetary policies, such as increasing interest rates to control inflation.
RBI may hike interest rates to curb inflation caused by rising food prices.
Supply Chain Disruptions
Disruptions in the supply of food (e.g., due to weather, transportation issues) can cause short-term spikes in food prices, which can drive inflation temporarily.
A poor monsoon leading to a spike in vegetable prices may temporarily raise inflation.
RBI’s policy responses in various scenarios
Broad Theme
RBI’s Monetary Policy Response
Effectiveness
1. Supply-Side Constraints
• Interest Rate Adjustments: To reduce inflationary pressures, the RBI can increase interest rates, which can dampen overall demand, helping to alleviate food price inflation. (Example: Repo Rate Hike)
Moderate: While rate hikes can reduce demand, they do not directly address supply-side constraints like poor weather, crop failures, or logistical issues.
• Liquidity Management: Through tools like Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), the RBI can control the money supply, limiting excess liquidity that could lead to inflationary pressures. (Example: CRR adjustment)
Moderate: While liquidity management helps control demand, it does not directly resolve supply issues like crop shortages or inefficient agricultural practices.
2. Inefficiencies in the Supply Chain
• Credit Control: The RBI’s policy of providing easy access to credit for agriculture can help farmers and businesses improve infrastructure and reduce supply chain inefficiencies. (Example: Targeted Credit)
Low: Credit control can aid in agricultural growth but does not directly address logistical inefficiencies, poor storage, or high food wastage in the supply chain.
• Priority Sector Lending: By mandating a certain percentage of loans be given to agriculture and rural sectors, the RBI can encourage improvements in rural infrastructure and logistics. (Example: PSL targets)
Moderate: This encourages investment in agriculture but does not solve the systemic issues in the supply chain, such as poor transportation and lack of cold storage.
3. Demand-Supply Imbalances
• Inflation Targeting: The RBI focuses on a specific inflation target (4% +/- 2%) to control both food and general inflation, which can help stabilize prices in times of demand-supply imbalances. (Example: Repo Rate)
Moderate: This helps manage demand-side inflation, but its effectiveness in resolving supply-side imbalances is limited.
• Forward Guidance: By providing signals about future monetary policy, the RBI can manage public expectations and help stabilize food price inflation during periods of imbalance. (Example: Policy Announcements)
Moderate: Forward guidance can help curb inflation expectations, but it doesn’t directly address structural imbalances or fluctuating demand due to changing consumption patterns.
4. Global & External Factors
• Exchange Rate Management: The RBI stabilizes the exchange rate through market interventions, helping to control import-related food price inflation, especially for edible oils and other imports. (Example: Forex reserves)
Moderate: Stabilizing the currency helps mitigate imported food inflation but does not resolve issues like global supply disruptions or rising international food prices.
• Currency Stabilization: The RBI’s efforts to intervene in the forex market to stabilize the rupee also help manage the cost of importing food, reducing the impact of price fluctuations on imported food items. (Example: Currency intervention)
Moderate: While currency stabilization is crucial, it does not prevent external shocks such as natural disasters or geopolitical tensions that influence global food prices.
5. Rising Input Costs
• Monetary Tightening: The RBI increases interest rates to reduce demand for inputs, such as fuel or fertilizers, which can help curb cost-push inflation. (Example: Repo rate hike)
Effective: Monetary tightening can help control inflationary pressures on input costs. However, it doesn’t directly affect global prices for inputs like oil or fertilizers.
• Liquidity Management: RBI uses tools like the CRR to absorb excess liquidity, reducing inflationary pressures on input costs. (Example: CRR changes)
Moderate: Helps control demand but doesn’t directly affect global price increases for raw materials or essential agricultural inputs.
6. Policy-Level Issues
• Inflation Targeting Framework: RBI follows an inflation-targeting framework, aiming to keep inflation in check through policy rate adjustments. (Example: Repo rate hikes)
Moderate: While inflation targeting helps stabilize inflation, it does not directly address policy-level issues like government intervention in food exports or import bans.
• Coordination with Fiscal Authorities: The RBI works with the government to tackle food inflation, though its primary role is monetary policy. (Example: Coordination in 2021 food inflation measures)
Moderate: Coordination between RBI and fiscal authorities is beneficial, but RBI alone cannot solve structural issues in food policy, such as pricing or export restrictions.
Way Forward:
Enhance Agricultural Productivity: Invest in sustainable farming practices, modern irrigation systems, and efficient crop management to ensure consistent food supply and mitigate price volatility.
Improve Supply Chain Infrastructure: Strengthen logistics networks to reduce food wastage, improve distribution efficiency, and minimize the impact of disruptions on food prices.
Promote Price Stability Mechanisms: Implement strategic reserves and price stabilization programs for essential food items, helping to smooth out short-term fluctuations in food prices.
Increase Digital Integration in Agriculture: Use technology to improve market access for farmers, provide real-time price data, and enable better forecasting of food production, allowing better price predictions and planning.
Strengthen Weather Forecasting & Disaster Management: Improve weather forecasting systems and develop contingency plans for adverse weather conditions to safeguard food production and prevent price spikes.
#BACK2BASICS: INFLATION
Inflation refers to the overall increase in the prices of goods and services, which results in a decrease in people’s purchasing power. In simple terms, when inflation rises, without a corresponding increase in income, you are able to buy fewer goods and services for the same amount of money, or you have to pay more for the same items.
A “rising” inflation rate means that the pace at which prices are rising is itself increasing. For example, if inflation was 1% in March, 2% in April, 4% in May, and 7% in June, this shows that the rate of price increases is accelerating over time.
Causes of Inflation
Demand-Pull Inflation: This type of inflation occurs when demand for goods and services exceeds supply. When demand is high, consumers are willing to pay more, leading to an overall increase in prices.
Cost-Push Inflation: Cost-push inflation arises from rising production costs, such as higher wages, increased raw material costs, or disruptions in the supply chain. These higher costs are passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices.
Wage-Price Inflation: This inflation occurs when there is a cycle between wages and prices. Workers demand higher wages, and businesses, in turn, raise prices to cover the increased labor costs. This can create a feedback loop where rising wages lead to rising prices, which in turn lead to further wage demands.
What are the Different Indices Through Which Food Inflation is Measured in India?
Consumer Price Index (CPI): The CPI measures the rate at which the prices of goods and services that consumers buy for personal use increase over time. It includes food, clothing, housing, transportation, medical care, and more. The CPI is categorized into four types:
CPI for Industrial Workers (IW)
CPI for Agricultural Labourers (AL)
CPI for Rural Labourers (RL)
CPI for Urban Non-Manual Employees (UNME)
Consumer Food Price Inflation (CFPI): CFPI is a part of the broader CPI and tracks the price changes of food items commonly consumed by households, including cereals, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, and meat. The Reserve Bank of India uses the CPI-Combined (CPI-C) for monitoring food inflation.
Wholesale Price Index (WPI): WPI tracks the price changes of goods sold in bulk by wholesalers to businesses. It focuses only on goods (not services) and provides insight into the supply and demand dynamics of industries, manufacturing, and construction. The WPI includes:
Primary Articles (22.62% of WPI) such as food items like cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, and dairy products.
Non-Food Articles, including items like oil seeds, minerals, and crude petroleum.
What are Various Government Initiatives to Control Food Inflation?
Subsidized Commodities: The government is distributing subsidized vegetables such as onions and tomatoes through its network and releasing stocks of wheat and sugar to stabilize prices.
Reduction in Import Duty: To boost domestic production, the government is encouraging pulse cultivation and reducing import duties on certain pulses to enhance local availability.
Export Bans: To ensure ample domestic supply, the government has imposed bans on wheat exports since May 2022 and on broken rice exports since September 2022, aimed at lowering domestic prices.
Ban on Stockpiling: Regulations have been introduced to limit stockpiling. For example, traders, millers, wholesalers, and retail chains can hold no more than 3,000 tonnes of wheat, while smaller retailers and shops can hold only 10 tonnes to prevent excessive stockpiling and price hikes.
Operation Greens: This initiative focuses on stabilizing the supply of Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) crops year-round across the country to minimize price fluctuations and stabilize food inflation.
Floor Prices: To manage onion prices during supply shortages, the government has set a minimum export price (MEP) of $800 per tonne (₹67 per kg) for onions from October 29 to December 31, 2023, in response to rising prices due to delayed kharif onion arrivals.
MOCK DROP: India’s retail inflation is declining due to falling food prices and RBI’s rate cuts. Critically examine whether rate cuts and reduced food prices can sustainably keep inflation under control. What challenges could affect this trend in the near future?
The Union Ministry of Power is considering a policy to restrict the temperature range of new air conditioners (ACs) in India to between 20°C and 28°C.
Important Facts and Keywords related to ACs:
Efficiency Ratings: ACs have ratings like SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) or EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio). A higher rating means the AC uses less power to cool the same space.
Inverter Technology: Some ACs use inverter compressors, which adjust speed instead of turning on and off repeatedly. This saves energy and keeps the room temperature more stable.
Humidity Control: ACs also help by removing moisture from the air. This keeps humidity around 40–60%, which feels more comfortable and prevents mold.
Cooling Capacity: ACs are measured in tons. A “ton” of cooling comes from the amount of heat needed to melt 1 ton (~2,000 pounds) of ice in 24 hours.
How do Air Conditioners Work?
Basic Idea: Air conditioners (ACs) work like a heat-moving machine. They take heat from inside your room and push it outside, making the room cooler. They do this using a special fluid called a refrigerant, and a system called the vapour-compression cycle.
Main Parts and What They Do:
Evaporator: This part is inside your room. The refrigerant, which is very cold here, absorbs heat from the indoor air and turns into a gas. It also removes moisture, so your room feels less humid.
Compressor: This is outside the house. It squeezes the refrigerant gas, making it very hot (about 90°C) and high-pressure. This part uses the most electricity in the AC.
Condenser: The hot gas then flows through the condenser coil outside. It releases heat into the outdoor air and turns back into a liquid.
Expansion Valve: This part lowers the pressure of the liquid refrigerant, making it cold again before it goes back to the evaporator to repeat the cycle.
Refrigerant: The refrigerant is a specially designed gas that changes state easily at low temperatures and pressures, making it ideal for absorbing and releasing heat rapidly. Modern refrigerants like R-32 or R-410A are more energy-efficient and environmentally safer than older ones like CFCs and HCFCs.
Why limit AC Temperature settings?
Energy Efficiency Data: According to the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), setting an AC to 24°C instead of a lower setting can save 6% electricity per 1°C increase.
National Impact: If adopted widely, this temperature setting could help India save 20 billion units of electricity annually.
Health Risks at Low Temperatures: Temperatures below 18°C are linked to hypertension, asthma, and respiratory infections, especially among children, the elderly, and people with weakened thermoregulation.
Evidence from Global Studies: Research in Japan, the UK, and New Zealand shows that slightly warmer indoor settings lead to better respiratory and cardiovascular health.
WHO Recommendation: The World Health Organization advises 18°C as the minimum safe indoor temperature in temperate climates.
Thermal Comfort Standards: Guidelines like ASHRAE-55 and ISO 7730 suggest optimal indoor temperatures between 20°C and 24°C for lightly clothed people, with adjustments based on local climate and culture.
Global Cooling Trends and the Need for Regulation:
Global AC Usage Growth: As of 2022, there were an estimated 2 billion air conditioners in use worldwide, with residential units tripling since 2000, especially in India and China.
Access Gap in Asia-Pacific: Despite this growth, 43% of the Asia-Pacific population still lacks access to adequate cooling solutions.
Environmental Impact: Air conditioning significantly increases electricity use and carbon emissions, especially in countries with fossil fuel-dependent grids.
India’s AC Load Projection: By 2030, India’s total connected AC load is expected to reach 200 gigawatts, requiring urgent demand management strategies.
Consumer Awareness Tools: Initiatives like default settings at 24°C and energy labelling empower consumers to make informed energy-efficient choices.
Benefits of Regulation: A regulated temperature range can help lower energy consumption, reduce peak power demand, and support public health.
[UPSC 2003] Consider the following statements:
1. Steam at 100°C and boiling water at 100°C contain the same amount of heat.
2. Latent heat of fusion of ice is equal to the latent heat of vaporization of water.
3. In an air-conditioner, heat is extracted from the room-air at the evaporator coils and is rejected out at the condenser coils.
Which of these statements is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) Only 2 (d) Only 3*
The Working Group on Avian Checklists has released AviList, the world’s first unified global bird checklist to standardize bird classification and support global research and conservation.
What is AviList?
Overview: AviList is the first unified global checklist of bird species, officially launched on June 12, 2025.
Who developed it: It was developed by the Working Group on Avian Checklists, with representatives from BirdLife International, the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the International Ornithologists’ Union, the American Ornithologists’ Society, and Avibase.
Purpose: The checklist aims toeliminate confusion caused by conflicting taxonomies and to improve global coordination in bird research and conservation.
Standalone feature: AviList replaces separate resources like the IOC World Bird List and the Clements Checklist with a single, consensus-based taxonomy.
Accessibility: It is freely available at www.avilist.org and will be updated annually to reflect the latest scientific consensus.
The Indian Army has deployed it’s contingent to participate in Exercise KHAAN QUEST 2025, a major multinational peacekeeping exercise being held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Concurrently, India is also set to conduct Exercise SHAKTI 2025 with France.
About Exercise KHAAN QUEST, 2025:
Overview: It is a multinational peacekeeping military exercise being held in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia from June 14 to 28, 2025.
Origins: The exercise was initiated in 2003 as a bilateral drill between the United States and Mongolian Armed Forces and became a multinational event in 2006.
Indian Participation: India has sent a 40-member contingent, primarily from the Kumaon Regiment, along with personnel from other arms and services, including one woman officer and two women soldiers.
Key Training Drills: Participating forces will engage in checkpoint establishment, cordon and search operations, civilian evacuation from conflict zones, counter-IED tactics, and combat casualty care.
Objectives: The main goal is to build interoperability, promote joint planning, and strengthen tactical coordination among different participating nations.
About Exercise SHAKTI, 2025:
Overview: It is a bilateral military drill between India and France, scheduled to take place at La Cavalerie, France, from June 18 to July 1, 2025.
Exercise Series: This marks the 8th edition of the biennial joint exercise, reflecting a strong and ongoing defence partnership between the two nations.
Objectives: The drill focuses on enhancing the joint capability to conduct multi-domain operations, especially in sub-conventional warfare scenarios.
Core Training Areas: It includes sessions on tactical coordination, joint operational planning, and counter-terrorism techniques.
Goals: To deepen military cooperation, foster mutual trust, and build interoperability and camaraderie between the Indian and French armed forces.
[UPSC 2024] Which of the following statements about ‘Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023’ are correct?
1. This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
2. It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
3. Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
4. Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.
Select the answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4
India has been ranked 131 out of 148 countries in the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Gender Gap Report 2025, falling two places from last year’s rank of 129.
About the Global Gender Gap Index:
Overview: It is released annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF) and has been published since 2006.
Scope of Measurement: It evaluates gender parity across 4 key dimensions:
Economic Participation and Opportunity,
Educational Attainment,
Health and Survival, and
Political Empowerment.
Scoring Method: The index uses a 0–1 scale, where 1 represents full gender parity.
2025 Edition Coverage: The 19th edition of the index covers 148 countries, making it a global benchmark for tracking gender gaps.
Key Highlights of the 2025 Report:
India’s Performance: It is ranked 131 out of 148 countries, falling two spots from its 2024 rank of 129.
Overall Score: India’s overall gender parity score is 64.1%, placing it among the lowest-ranked in South Asia.
Economic Participation: India improved in this category, with the score rising to 40.7%, and estimated earned income parity increasing from 28.6% to 29.9%.
Labour Force Participation: India’s rate remains at 45.9%, its highest recorded level.
Educational Attainment: The country scored 97.1%, with gains in female literacy and tertiary education enrolment.
Health and Survival: This category showed marginal improvement due to a better sex ratio at birth and higher healthy life expectancy.
Political Empowerment: India declined in this area, with women in Parliament dropping from 14.7% to 13.8%, and women ministers decreasing from 6.5% to 5.6%.
Global Trends and Significance:
Regional Rankings: The highest rank is held by Bangladesh in South Asia at 24, followed by Bhutan (119), Nepal (125), Sri Lanka (130), Maldives (138), and Pakistan (148).
Global Parity Score: The overall global gender gap has narrowed to 68.8%, marking the best progress since the COVID-19 pandemic.
Timeline for Equality: At the current pace, it will take 123 years to achieve full gender parity worldwide.
Top Performers: Top-rank is retained by Iceland for the 16th consecutive year, followed by Finland, Norway, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand.
Leadership Gap: Although women make up 41.2% of the global workforce, they occupy only 28.8% of leadership roles.
Back2Basics: World Economic Forum (WEF)
The WEF is an international non-profit organization founded in 1971 by Klaus Schwab in Geneva, Switzerland.
It fosters public-private cooperation to tackle global issues through dialogue, partnerships, and research.
WEF is widely known for its annual Davos summit, which brings together world leaders from politics, business, and academia.
Major reports published include the Global Competitiveness Report, Global Risks Report, Global Social Mobility Report, Energy Transition Index, and Travel & Tourism Development Index.
These reports provide critical data and policy insights on issues like inequality, climate change, innovation, and economic recovery.
WEF is largely funded by its partner corporations, offering a platform to shape global agendas across sectors.
[UPSC 2017] Which of the following gives ‘Global Gender Gap Index’ ranking to the countries of the world?
Options: (a) World Economic Forum* (b) UN Human Rights Council (c) UN Women (d) World Health Organization
[UPSC 2016] Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation.
Linkage: Child labour is a significant issue affecting children, robbing them of their basic rights and hindering their full development potential. It is addressed through various welfare schemes, laws, and policies aimed at protecting and improving the lives of children.
Mentor’s Comment: June 12 is observed as the World Day Against Child Labour, led by the International Labour Organisation to raise awareness about the ongoing problem of child labour. This year, attention is not only on the alarming number—160 million children still working, but also on an inspiring success story from India: Velpur Mandal in Telangana. Once known for widespread child labour, Velpur has remained child labour-free for over 20 years. Its achievement, driven by strong community participation, shows how local efforts can bring lasting change and serve as a model for tackling child labour through policy and grassroots action.
Today’s editorial focuses on the problem of child labour in India, a key issue relevant to GS Paper II (Social Justice) in the UPSC syllabus.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Every year on June 12, the World Day Against Child Labour (WDACL) is observed, led by the International Labour Organization (ILO), to raise awareness about the problem of child labour.
What are the major global challenges in eliminating child labour?
Poverty and Economic Vulnerability: Families in low-income regions rely on children’s income to meet basic needs, making child labour a survival strategy Eg: In sub-Saharan Africa, children are often sent to work in farms or in markets to support their households facing extreme poverty
Lack of Access to Quality Education: Poor schooling infrastructure, long travel distances, and hidden costs deter school attendance, pushing children into work Eg: In rural Afghanistan, many children work as street vendors or in workshops instead of attending school due to poor accessibility
Weak Law Enforcement and Informal Economy: Despite legal frameworks, enforcement is weak in informal sectors where most child labour occurs. Eg: In Latin American countries, children continue working in agriculture and street vending despite legal prohibitions.
Cultural and Social Acceptance: In some societies, child labour is normalized as part of tradition or family livelihood, especially in unregulated home-based industries Eg: In India, children are commonly employed in beedi-rolling or carpet weaving under the guise of family trade training
Conflict, Displacement, and Emergencies: Armed conflict, refugee crises, and natural disasters disrupt schooling and increase reliance on child labour for survival. Eg: In Syria, displaced children are often seen working in agriculture or shops due to the breakdown of education and protection systems.
What are the major national-level challenges in eliminating child labour?
Poverty and Household Debt: Economic hardship compels families to send children to work instead of school, especially in informal and unorganised sectors. Eg: In Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, children are employed in brick kilns and agriculture to supplement family income or repay local debts.
Gaps in Implementation of Laws and Schemes: Despite strong legal provisions, poor monitoring, corruption, and lack of coordination among departments weaken enforcement. Eg: In Jharkhand, children continue to work in mica mines, despite bans and presence of the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act.
Lack of Awareness and Social Acceptance: In many rural and tribal areas, parents are unaware of the long-term value of education and accept child labour as normal. Eg: In Andhra Pradesh’s beedi-making units, child labour is seen as a family tradition and not a violation of child rights.
Case study of Velpur mandal:
Who led the anti-child labour campaign in Velpur?
The campaign was led by the then District Collector of Nizamabad along with committed local officials.
How did it achieve child labour-free status?
Community-Led Campaign and Awareness Drive: A 100-day campaign was launched in 2001 involving local officials, sarpanchs, teachers, caste elders, and civil societyto identify and enroll every child into school. Eg: In Velpur Mandal (Telangana), all 8,057 children aged 5–15 were enrolled in schools, and the mandal was declared child labour-free by October 2, 2001.
Debt Waiver and Social Accountability by Employers: Former child employers publicly waived ₹35 lakh worth of family debts and provided school supplies, freeing children from bonded labour. Eg: Employers in Velpur villages forgave loans where children were used as repayment guarantees, helping families send their children to school.
Institutional Support and Bridge Schooling through NCLP: Children withdrawn from labour were sent to bridge schools under the National Child Labour Project (NCLP) to ease their transition into formal education. Eg: Children from beedi units and farms were given remedial education and then enrolled into regular schools with full retention ensured by community monitoring.
What is the status of the National Child Policy?
Outdated Framework (Policy of 2013): The National Policy for Children, 2013 is the current guiding document, but it lacks clear mechanisms for implementation, monitoring, and budgetary commitments. Eg: Though it recognizes rights to survival, development, protection, and participation, it does not specifically address child labour rehabilitation pathways
Lack of Integration with Recent Laws and SDG Goals: The policy has not been aligned with new laws like the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 or with SDG Target 8.7. Eg: India aims to eliminate child labour by 2025 under SDG 8.7, but the national child policy does not provide an updated roadmap or action plan for this
Delayed Formulation of a Revised Policy: The government had initiated a process to draft a new National Child Policy in 2020, but no final version has been released or implemented so far. Eg: The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) conducted consultations for an updated policy, but no final policy document has been notified as of mid-2025
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
Strengthening Legal Framework: The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 prohibits employment of children below 14 years and restricts adolescents (14–18 years) from hazardous occupations. Eg: This amendment led to the identification and rescue of thousands of children from beedi-making and fireworks units in states like Tamil Nadu and Telangana.
National Child Labour Project (NCLP): Launched in 1988, this centrally sponsored scheme focuses on identifying, rescuing, and rehabilitating child labourersthrough special training centres. Eg: Under NCLP, bridge schools in Velpur (Telangana) helped transition former child workers into regular schools, contributing to its child labour-free status.
Integration with Education and Welfare Schemes: Programs like Right to Education Act (2009), Mid-Day Meal Scheme, and Samagra Shiksha aim to improve school access and retention among vulnerable children.Eg: In Bihar and Odisha, these schemes have improved school attendance, reducing dropout-driven child labour in agriculture and domestic work.
Way forward:
Community-Driven Monitoring and Social Mobilisation: Empower panchayats, school management committees, and civil society to track school dropouts and ensure local accountability through awareness campaigns and social pressure mechanisms.
Policy Update and Stronger Rehabilitation Framework: Finalize and implement a revised National Child Policy aligned with SDG 8.7, and strengthen rehabilitation measureslike skill development, financial support, and psychosocial care for rescued children.
N4S: This article unpacks the complex and often controversial role of the Governor in India’s democracy. UPSC usually frames questions on this topic by testing aspirants’ understanding of the Governor’s constitutional powers, their discretionary limits, and the tension between the executive and legislature (for example, the 2022 mains question on legislative powers and ordinance re-promulgation). Aspirants often falter because they get confused about the extent of the Governor’s discretion and fail to connect theory with recent judicial clarifications (like the Supreme Court’s 2025 ruling in the Tamil Nadu case). Many miss how the judiciary has actively shaped the Governor’s role, balancing Centre-State relations and preventing misuse of power. This article addresses those gaps by clearly explaining key phases in the Governor’s evolution, supported by landmark court cases (such as S.R. Bommai and Nabam Rebia) and recent examples of controversies involving Governors in Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal. One special feature of this article is its use of a “Judgement Matrix” that breaks down the Supreme Court’s 2025 verdict on Governors’ powers, making a complex judgement easy to grasp. It also explains how Article 142 powers of the Supreme Court have been used to resolve political deadlocks, a point often overlooked by aspirants. By following subheads like “Supreme Court’s Clarity,” “Key Concerns,” and “When the Supreme Court Steps In,” readers get a structured and up-to-date understanding that helps them write precise, balanced answers—something UPSC values highly.
This article explains the evolving role of the Governor in India’s democracy, a topic UPSC often tests through questions on constitutional powers, discretionary limits, and Centre-State tensions. The 2022 mains question on ordinance re-promulgation is a good example. Many aspirants struggle to connect legal theory with recent developments like the Supreme Court’s 2025 ruling in the Tamil Nadu case.
This article bridges that gap by tracing the Governor’s role through key court cases like S.R. Bommai and Nabam Rebia, and by analysing recent controversies in states like West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. A key highlight is the “Judgement Matrix” that simplifies the 2025 verdict, along with insights on Article 142. It offers a clear, structured approach for writing strong, well-argued answers.
PYQ ANCHORING
1.GS 2: Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. [2022]
MICROTHEME: Executive Vs Legislature
“The Governor is not an emperor… he is a constitutional head.” — Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court
In a significant ruling that strengthens the spirit of federalism, the Supreme Court of India, in the case of State of Tamil Nadu vs. Governor of Tamil Nadu, addressed a long-standing constitutional grey area — the role of Governors in granting assent to state bills. For decades, delays, inaction, and selective interventions by Governors have sparked Centre–State tensions and raised fundamental questions about democratic accountability.
This verdict not only clarifies constitutional roles but also reignites the debate around the misuse of gubernatorial powers in India’s federal setup.
But why have Governors often been at the centre of political controversies? What role has Judiciary played over the years in handling grey areas ? And what reforms can ensure their role remains neutral, accountable, and democratic?This article unpacks it all.
Background: A Constitutional Stalemate
The issue arose when the Governor of Tamil Nadu withheld assent to 10 bills passed by the State Legislative Assembly, without providing any reasons or returning them for reconsideration. This led to a legislative deadlock and was perceived as an overreach by an unelected constitutional authority.
In response, the Tamil Nadu Assembly re-passed the same bills and sent them back to the Governor. Instead of acting on them—either by granting assent or returning them with comments—the Governor referred the bills to the President, bypassing the Council of Ministers entirely.
Supreme Court’s Clarity: No Room for Delay or Discretion
The Supreme Court, taking strong note of this constitutional impasse, ruled that:
Governors must act within a reasonable timeframe under Article 200 of the Constitution.
The office of the Governor is not meant to be a parallel power center. It is bound by the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.
Discretion is not a default power. The Governor cannot indefinitely withhold assent or send bills to the President without valid grounds.
In essence, the verdict reaffirmed a foundational principle of Indian democracy — the elected government governs, not the nominated Governor.
Judgement Matrix: Governor’s Powers over State Bills
The State of Tamil Nadu vs. The Governor of Tamil Nadu and Another,2025
Issue
Constitutional Provision / Context
Key Arguments
Supreme Court’s Judgement
Implications
1. Can the Governor withhold assent without informing the legislature?
Article 200 (First Proviso): Governor can return the bill with recommendations.
Petitioner: Governor must send reasons back; cannot sit silent or act unilaterally. Respondent: Governor has power to withhold without communication.
No. Governor must act within Article 200’s framework. If withholding, they must send the bill back with reasons “as soon as possible.”
Stops misuse of “pocket veto” and ensures transparency. Upholds legislative supremacy.
2. Does the Governor have an absolute veto (can block a bill forever)?
Constitution does not allow “pocket veto” or indefinite delay.
Petitioner: Pocket veto not allowed; TN example cited. Respondent: Withholding assent = absolute veto.
No. Governor does not have absolute veto. They cannot block a bill permanently.
Prevents Governor from stalling state legislature. Reinforces time-bound accountability.
3. Can the Governor send back a reconsidered bill to the President again?
Article 200 allows reservation only once unless the bill changes.
Petitioner: Once legislature reconsiders, Governor must assent. Respondent: No express bar on reserving it again.
No. Once reconsidered by the state, the Governor must assent unless the bill is materially changed.
Reinforces federal balance. Stops executive overreach.
4. Should there be a time limit for the Governor to act on a bill?
Article 200 uses “as soon as possible” – not a fixed deadline.
Petitioner: Time limit must be read into the phrase to avoid delays. Respondent: Only Parliament can insert such a time limit.
Yes. Even without explicit timelines, Courts can enforce reasonable limits to avoid misuse.
Reduces legislative uncertainty. Judicial intervention used to prevent abuse.
5. Can Governor’s actions under Article 200 be reviewed by Courts?
Governor’s decisions are traditionally considered beyond judicial scrutiny.
Petitioner: Courts must intervene in cases of delay, mala fide, or constitutional violations. Respondent: Article 200 actions are non-justiciable.
Yes. Governor’s and President’s actions are subject to judicial review if exercised arbitrarily or in bad faith.
Important check on executive discretion. Preserves constitutional morality.
Key Takeaways from the judgement:
Governor’s discretion is not absolute—it is constitutionally limited.
Judicial review applies even to actions of constitutional authorities like the Governor or President, especially if rights or federalism is at stake.
Time-bound governance is a constitutional expectation even if not explicitly stated.
Certainly! Here’s an expanded and updated section on the key concerns regarding the role of Governors in India, incorporating recent examples and developments:
Key Concerns Regarding the Role of Governors in India
While Governors are meant to act as neutral links between the Centre and states, their role has increasingly become controversial. From delaying bills to interfering in elected governments’ work, many actions have raised serious concerns. The table below breaks down the key issues.
Concern
What’s the Issue?
Examples
1. Impartiality of Governors
Governors are supposed to be neutral. But sometimes, they seem to act in favour of the ruling party at the Centre, raising doubts about their fairness.
Arunachal Pradesh (2016): The Governor advanced the Assembly session without the CM’s advice. It led to the government’s dismissal, which the Supreme Court later reversed, calling the move unconstitutional.
2. Misuse of Article 356
Governors have recommended President’s Rule in states even when the elected government had the majority—without a proper floor test.
Uttarakhand (2016): The Governor recommended President’s Rule just before a floor test. The High Court struck it down, saying a floor test is the right way to prove majority.
3. Overreach in State Affairs
Governors sometimes interfere too much in administration, bypassing elected governments and creating confusion or paralysis.
Delhi (2023): The LG and Delhi Govt clashed over who controls services. The Supreme Court ruled that the elected government has the final say in such matters. West Bengal (2023): The Governor appointed VCs on his own, leading to legal fights with the state.
4. Lack of Accountability
Governors aren’t elected, and there’s no clear system to hold them answerable to the public. They can be removed, but only by the Centre.
No Governor has ever been impeached. Even if they delay bills or act controversially, there’s no direct consequence. This makes them powerful but unaccountable.
5. Delaying Assent to Bills
Sometimes, Governors sit on bills for months without approving or rejecting them. This delays governance and can block laws passed by elected MLAs.
Tamil Nadu (2020–2023): The Governor didn’t act on 10 bills for a long time. The Supreme Court (2025) said this was wrong and ruled that Governors must act in a time-bound way and can’t use a ‘pocket veto’.
These concerns underscore the need for clearer guidelines and accountability mechanisms to ensure that the role of Governors aligns with the principles of federalism and democratic governance enshrined in the Constitution.
Key Phases with Specific Examples:
Colonial Era (Pre-1947): The Governor acted as a direct representative of the British Crown, with all decisions made in the context of British imperial interests.
Post-Independence (1947–1950s): The office was constitutionalized, with Governors appointed by the President to serve as ceremonial heads of states.
1950s-1970s: The Governor played an influential role in political crises, including the dismissal of state governments (e.g., Kerala 1959 and Maharashtra/Gujarat in the 1970s).
1970s-1990s: Increasing involvement in political decision-making, with Governors recommending President’s Rule (e.g., Punjab 1987 and Bihar 1977).
2000s-Present: Governors still play a critical role in certain political and constitutional crises, with controversies over their neutrality (e.g., Kerala 2011, West Bengal 2019).
Judiciary on the role of governor
Year
Case
Key Points
Significance
1974
Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab
– Governor acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
This judgment clarified that the Governor’s role is mostly ceremonial and must act according to the advice of the Council of Ministers.
1994
S.R. Bommai v. Union of India
– Governor’s discretion in recommending President’s Rule is subject to judicial review.
It emphasized that the Governor’s decision to impose President’s Rule must be based on sound constitutional grounds, and judicial review is available.
2005
Rameshwar Prasad v. Union of India
– Governor must act impartially and cannot interfere in state politics.
Reaffirmed that the Governor must ensure democratic processes and cannot act in a partisan manner when recommending President’s Rule or forming a government.
2010
Union of India v. Raj Bhavan
– Governor’s powers are circumscribed by the Constitution, and must respect the limits of the law.
This case clarified the limits of Governor’s discretionary powers and the necessity for neutrality in the office.
1990
K. R. Vishwanathan v. Union of India
– Governor’s decision to dissolve a state legislative assembly must be constitutionally justified.
Reinforced that the Governor’s discretion in dissolving assemblies should not be exercised arbitrarily or in political haste.
1994
K. Anbazhagan v. Governor of Tamil Nadu
– Governor must appoint the Chief Minister who has the majority in the Legislative Assembly.
Emphasized that the Governor’s role in government formation is ceremonial, limited to ensuring the majority support in the Legislative Assembly.
2007
State of Goa v. Union of India
– Governor must ensure fair governance and cannot be involved in partisan political maneuvering.
This case stressed that the Governor should be neutral and prevent any form of political manipulation, particularly when dealing with government formation.
2016
Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker, Arunachal Pradesh
– The Governor should not interfere in the functioning of the legislative assembly except under specific circumstances, especially when the Speaker is removed from office.
The judgment clarified the Governor’s role in maintaining constitutional order without becoming involved in legislative affairs unnecessarily, especially when the assembly is in session.
When the Supreme Court Steps In to Fix a Mess: The Use of Article 142
Sometimes, constitutional deadlocks or political standoffs—like Governors sitting on Bills—need more than just words. That’s when the Supreme Court pulls out Article 142. This special power lets the Court deliver complete justice, even if it means going beyond usual rules. In the Tamil Nadu case too, the SC used Article 142 to break the deadlock and ensure smooth governance.
Issue
Case
Supreme Court’s Role
Resolution
Delays in Governor’s Assent to Bills
K. Arumugam v. Union of India (2007)
The Court used Article 142 to deem the Governor’s assent as given after an undue delay, resolving a constitutional deadlock over non-action.
The Supreme Court invoked its power under Article 142 to deem assent to the Bills as given, bypassing further delay.
Conflict Between Centre and States over Presidential Rule
S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)
The Court used Article 142 to balance the federal structure by limiting arbitrary imposition of President’s Rule under Article 356.
The Court limited the arbitrary use of President’s Rule and emphasized a proportionality approach, restoring constitutional balance.
Dispute over the Validity of Election Laws
Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975)
The Court invoked Article 142 to strike a balance between electoral fairness and the right to contest an election, upholding democratic principles.
Invalidated the 1971 election of Indira Gandhi, using its powers to safeguard electoral integrity.
Tackling Inaction in the Appointment of Judges
Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India (2016)
The Court invoked Article 142 to establish the collegium system for judicial appointments, resolving issues related to executive interference in judicial matters.
Established the Collegium System for judicial appointments, ensuring judicial independence from executive influence.
Delay in the Finalization of River Water Sharing Agreements
M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (2002)
Article 142 was used to issue a directive to finalize the water-sharing agreement between states, overriding the lack of consensus.
The Court issued directives under Article 142 to resolve the inter-state water dispute, ensuring water distribution in a fair and timely manner.
Removal of Legislative Deadlock
Tamil Nadu Bills Case (2017)
In the case of Tamil Nadu Bills, the Court invoked Article 142 to resolve the deadlock created by the Governor’s delay in assenting to Bills.
Used Article 142 to declare that Bills passed by the Tamil Nadu Legislature were deemed to have received the Governor’s assent, bypassing prolonged inaction.
WAY FORWARD
Let States Hold Governors Accountable: Right now, only the President can remove a Governor, which means they aren’t answerable to the states they serve. The Punchhi Commission suggested an impeachment process at the state level to make them more accountable. Even the Supreme Court in B.P. Singhal v. Union of India (2010) said that a Governor can’t just be removed without valid reason.
Tweak Article 163 to Limit Discretion: Article 163 lets Governors use their own judgement in some cases — but that’s led to biased decisions. This Article could be amended to say that discretion should be used only in rare, serious cases — like protecting the Constitution or national interest.
Set Up Regular Performance Reviews: A Judicial Commission could be created to keep an eye on how Governors use their powers. This would make sure they follow constitutional norms, don’t overstep, and stay transparent.
Tighten the Rules Around President’s Rule: Governors shouldn’t be able to randomly recommend President’s Rule (Article 356). The S.R. Bommai judgment (1994) made it clear: there must be solid evidence, and courts can step in. The Sarkaria Commission also said this should be a last resort, used only when no other option is left.
#BACK2BASICS: EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF GOVERNOR
Period
Development
Key Features/Changes
Colonial Times (Pre-1947)
Governor under British Colonial Rule
– The Governor was the representative of the British Crown in each province.
– The Governor had significant executive powers and controlled the provincial administration.
– Governors acted in alignment with the British imperial interest, reporting to the British Government in London.
Post-Independence (1947)
Governor under the Constitution of India
– The office of the Governor was retained in the Constitution of India (Article 153).
Role under the Indian Constitution
– The Governor became the ceremonial head of a state, representing the President of India in the state.
– Governors were appointed by the President of India.
– Governor’s powers and functions were largely defined by the advice of the Council of Ministers (Article 167).
1950-1970s
Consolidation of the Governor’s Role
– Governors were primarily involved in the administration and execution of laws in states.
Governor’s Relationship with State Governments
– Tension between Governors and State Chief Ministers in certain states (e.g., dismissal of the Kerala government in 1959 under Governor Sripathi S. Rao).
– Role in dismissing state governments under certain conditions (e.g., dismissal of the Maharashtra and Gujarat governments in the 1970s).
1970s-1990s
Shift towards Increased Political Role
– Governors became more involved in political decisions, sometimes acting as agents of the central government (e.g., during President’s Rule in Punjab in 1987).
Presidential Rule (Article 356)
– Governors played a central role in recommending the imposition of President’s Rule in states with breakdowns in law and order (e.g., imposition of President’s Rule in Bihar in 1977, West Bengal in 1970).
– Increased politicization of the office, leading to controversies regarding the neutrality of Governors (e.g., Tamil Nadu Governor in the 1990s during the AIADMK-DMK conflict).
2000s to Present
Reforms and Changing Role
– Growing calls for reforming the role of Governors to ensure their neutrality and reduce political interference (e.g., the demand for the resignation of Governors during political transitions like in West Bengal in 2019).
Governors’ Role Today
– Governors continue to play a largely ceremonial role, but they still hold significant power in some circumstances (e.g., the role of Governors in recommending President’s Rule in Jammu & Kashmir in 2018).
– Issues like the discretion to dissolve state assemblies or withhold assent to bills continue to raise questions (e.g., Kerala Governor withholding assent to the Kerala Lokayukta Bill in 2011).
Modern Controversies
– Recent instances of Governors being accused of acting in a partisan manner (e.g., Uttarakhand Governor in 2016, who controversially imposed President’s Rule in a politically charged situation).
Calls for Reform
– Discussions about balancing the autonomy of states and the role of Governors in ensuring democratic governance (e.g., ongoing debates regarding the Governor’s powers in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and West Bengal).
MOCK DROP: Critically examine the role of the Governor in India’s democracy. To what extent does the office act as a neutral constitutional head versus a tool of political influence? Discuss with relevant examples.
Prime Minister’s upcoming visit to Kananaskis (Canada), Alberta, for the G-7 outreach summit is an important chance for India and Canada to improve their diplomatic relations.
What led to the deterioration of India-Canada relations since 2023?
Assassination Allegations: Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau publicly alleged that Indian government agents were involved in the assassination of Khalistani activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar on Canadian soil, without providing conclusive evidence.
Diplomatic Fallout: In response to the allegations, both countries reduced their diplomatic staff to one-third, significantly weakening diplomatic engagement and services.
Suspension of Key Agreements: Canada suspended negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with India, while India temporarily stopped issuing visas to Canadian citizens, citing security threats to Indian diplomats.
Naming of Senior Indian Official: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) reportedly named Home Minister Amit Shah in the conspiracy, further escalating tensions and hardening positions on both sides.
Historical and Diaspora-linked Frictions: The long-standing Khalistan issue and alleged Khalistani extremism in Canada aggravated India’s concerns, especially given the large Indian diaspora and the perceived lack of action by Canadian authorities.
Why is PM Modi’s visit to the G-7 summit in Canada significant for bilateral ties?
Signals a Diplomatic Reset: Inviting Modi marks a deliberate attempt by Canada to reopen diplomatic channels after relations plummeted following the 2023 Nijjar incident. Eg: Prime Minister Carney’s invitation—despite ongoing tensions—was described as coming at the last-minute, yet with careful back-channel diplomacy to avoid embarrassment.
Re-emphasizes India’s Global Economic Role: Carney stressed that India is the world’s 5th-largest economy and central to global supply chains. Including India in G-7 discussions underscores its economic and geopolitical relevance. Eg: Carney asserted that India’s presence was essential to dialogues on energy security, critical minerals, AI, and infrastructure.
Creates a Platform for Sensitive Law Enforcement Dialogue: The G-7 summit provides a high-level platform to initiate the planned law enforcement dialogue, a key mechanism to address the Nijjar case and broader security-related concerns.
Who are the key stakeholders involved in the India-Canada diplomatic reset?
Prime Minister of India: Represents India at the G-7 and the potential diplomatic outreach.
Prime Minister Mark Carney: Initiator of the summit invite; key to Canada’s effort to normalize ties.
Law enforcement agencies: Both sides agreed to a “law enforcement dialogue” to address allegations and threats.
Diaspora communities: The 1.86 million-strong Indian community in Canada serves as a bridge between the two nations.
Trade and diplomatic negotiators: Officials working behind the scenes to restore dialogue on trade and diplomacy.
How can justice be pursued while maintaining diplomatic respect?
Facilitate Law Enforcement Dialogue Through Official Channels: Both countries should engage in structured and confidential legal cooperation to address allegations without public confrontation. Eg: Canada and India have agreed to a “law enforcement dialogue” where sensitive issues like the Nijjar caseand threats to Indian diplomats can be discussed respectfully.
Avoid Public Accusations Before Due Process: Governments must refrain from making unverified public allegations that escalate tensions and damage bilateral trust. Eg: Canada’s public statement in 2023 about Indian involvement in Nijjar’s death, without conclusive evidence, led to a sharp diplomatic fallout.
Restore Diplomatic Presence to Normal Levels: Reinstating high commissioners and full diplomatic staff enables better communication and prevents misunderstandings during sensitive investigations. Eg: Both countries had reduced their mission strength by two-thirds; restoring these positions is key to pursuing justice without compromising diplomacy.
How can both countries rebuild trust and restart cooperation? (Way forward)
Resume Diplomatic Engagement and Dialogue Mechanisms: Reinstating high commissioners and activating official dialogues like law enforcement and trade talks will help normalize relations. Eg: The proposed law enforcement dialogue and discussions on restoring trade negotiations signal mutual willingness to rebuild ties.
Prioritize People-to-People and Economic Links: Focusing on shared interests such as the Indian diaspora, education, and investment cooperation can help overcome political setbacks. Eg: With 1.86 million people of Indian origin in Canada and strong business partnerships, both nations can leverage these ties for renewed cooperation.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India.
Linkage: A Diplomatic Reset at the G-7″ explicitly states that India and Canada are “inextricably bound by their people” and that “over 1.86 million [people of Indian origin] are settled in Canada, but remain connected to India”. Canada is a significant Western country where the Indian diaspora has a strong presence. Therefore, discussing the economic and political benefits for India from its diaspora in the West would directly involve the Canada-India context, including how this diaspora can play a role in improving strained bilateral ties.
India will update the base year for calculating GDP to 2022–23, and the new data is expected by February 2026. This change, confirmed by Saurabh Garg from the Ministry of Statistics, is an important step to improve the accuracy and trust in India’s economic data both in the country and around the world.
Why is the base year for GDP being revised to 2022-23?
To Reflect Structural Changes in the Economy: India’s economy has shifted significantly from agriculture to services and digital sectors. Revising the base year captures these structural shifts more accurately. Eg: The rise of digital platforms, fintech, and gig economy post-2015 needs to be incorporated into GDP estimates.
To Incorporate Improved and Updated Data Sources: New datasets such as the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) and administrative records like MCA-21 provide more comprehensive and timely data for accurate GDP computation. Eg: PLFS helps capture employment trends better than the older Employment-Unemployment surveys.
To Ensure Compatibility with International Standards and Better Inflation Adjustment Regular base year revisions align with UN and IMF guidelines and help in more precise estimation of real GDPby adjusting for price changes. Eg: Without a revision, outdated price structures (like 2011-12) may overstate or understate real growthdue to inflation distortions.
What challenges delayed the previous GDP base year revision in 2017-18?
Data Quality Concerns in Key Surveys: The government raised concerns about the credibility of the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) conducted in 2017-18. Eg: CES showed a decline in consumer spending, suggesting rising poverty — a politically sensitive finding that was never officially released.
Economic Disruptions during the Reference Year: Major policy shocks such as demonetisation (2016) and the introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017 led to economic volatility, making 2017-18 an unsuitable “normal” year for baseline calculations. Eg: GDP growth fell from 8.3% in 2016-17 to below 4% by 2019-20, reflecting prolonged economic slowdown post these disruptions.
Delayed Acceptance and Use of Survey Results: While the PLFS findings were eventually accepted after the 2019 elections, the CES was rejected, causing a gap in key inputs required for GDP revision. Eg: Without reliable consumption and employment data, the GDP estimation would lack accuracy, forcing the government to drop 2017-18 as the base year.
Which other economic indicators are also undergoing base year revisions?
Index of Industrial Production (IIP): Base year to be revised to 2022-23.
Consumer Price Index (CPI): Base year to be revised to 2023-24.
National Accounts (GDP): Base year to be revised to 2022-23, effective February 27, 2026.
How does base year revision affect the credibility of India’s economic data globally?
Improves Accuracy and International Comparability: A timely base year revision ensures that GDP estimates reflect current economic structures, making India’s data more credible and aligned with international standards (like those of IMF and UN). Eg: Including digital economy or renewable energy sectors helps match the metrics used by other G20 nations.
Builds Investor Confidence: Transparent and methodologically sound revisions enhance global investor trust, which is crucial for foreign direct investment (FDI) and sovereign credit ratings. Eg: A credible GDP estimate influences decisions by agencies like Moody’s or Fitch, and reassures multinational corporations evaluating India’s market.
Reduces Skepticism from Global Analysts: Past controversies—like the 2015 revision which some experts claimed overstated growth—have raised doubts on India’s data integrity. A robust 2022-23 revision can restore credibility. Eg: Even former Chief Economic Advisor Arvind Subramanian questioned past data quality; accurate revisions now can counteract such reputational damage.
Way forward:
Institutionalise Regular Data Revisions: Establish a fixed 5-year cycle for revising base years of GDP and other macroeconomic indicators, in line with National Statistical Commission recommendations, to ensure timeliness, consistency, and credibility.
Enhance Data Transparency and Accessibility: Improve the quality, frequency, and public availability of key datasets like Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES), PLFS, and Census, to build trust among researchers, investors, and global institutions.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] What are the main features of the estimation of India’s Gross Domestic Product(GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015.
Linkage: The changes in GDP estimation around the 2015 revision, which is a prime example of the process of revising the base year and methodology. The “India’s GDP: Revising the Economic Base” source provides extensive details on this very topic, explaining the rationale and significance of such revisions, including the upcoming 2026 revision and its importance for India’s global standing.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare is set to launch CROPIC (Collection of Real Time Observations & Photo of Crops)- a digital initiative that uses field photography and AI-based models to monitor crop health and automate loss assessment.
What is CROPIC?
Overview: CROPIC is a digital initiative launched by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
Objective: The aim of CROPIC is to monitor crop health, assess crop losses, and assist with insurance payouts under the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).
Technology Integration: It leverages field photography, artificial intelligence, and a cloud-based analysis system to streamline crop monitoring.
Process: CROPIC is designed to automate the crop loss assessment process and improve the transparency and speed of compensation to farmers.
Pilot Timeline: The initiative will be piloted during Kharif 2025 and Rabi 2025–26, and expanded nationwide in 2026.
Implementation: The project is funded through the Fund for Innovation and Technology (FIAT) under PMFBY, which has an allocation of ₹825 crore.
Key Features of CROPIC:
Mobile App-Based Data Collection: Crops are photographed 4–5 times per season using the CROPIC mobile app, with images collected by farmers and field officials.
Crowdsourced Inputs: Real-time photographs are crowdsourced directly from the field, ensuring up-to-date and location-specific crop data.
AI-Based Photo Analysis: Images are uploaded to a cloud platform, where AI algorithms analyze them to detect:
Crop type and stage
Health status
Visible damage or stress
Web-Based Dashboard: Processed data is presented on a visual dashboard for use by government officials and policymakers.
Insurance Integration: During claim processing under PMFBY, officials use the app to gather photographic evidence, automating crop loss verification.
Crop Signature Database: CROPIC will help build a digital image library of crop types, aiding future research and development in agricultural analytics.
[UPSC 2019] For the measurement/estimation of which of the following are satellite images/remote sensing data used?
1. Chlorophyll content in the vegetation of a specific location
2. Greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies of a specific location
3. Land surface temperatures of a specific location Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3*
A new study from researchers at IISER Bhopal has revealed how a single protein called BBX32 helps plants time the critical moment they emerge from darkness into light.
What is BBX32?
Function: BBX32 is a plant protein that helps a seedling keep its protective hook closed as it pushes through the soil.
Protection Mechanism: The hook shape shields the soft shoot tip in darkness; BBX32 extends this protection until it’s safe to open.
Ethylene Activation: Underground, the plant hormone ethylene activates the BBX32 gene, signaling the seedling to stay protected.
How does it work?
Light Stabilization: Once exposed to light, BBX32 is no longer broken down, allowing it to accumulate on one side of the hook.
Protein Chain Reaction: BBX32 activates PIF3, which then activates HLS1, the protein that directly keeps the hook bent.
Lab Testing: Plants were tested in different light types and sand to simulate real soil. Extra ethylene increased BBX32 activity.
Mutant Comparison: Plants without BBX32 opened too early. Only 25% broke through sand, compared to 40% of normal and 80% with extra BBX32.
Degradation Control: In darkness, COP1 breaks down BBX32. Ethylene slows this process. Light fully stabilizes BBX32.
Coordinated Timing: The protein’s behavior is guided by light, hormone signals, and pressure, ensuring the hook opens at the right time.
Why is studying BBX32 important?
Better Crop Survival: BBX32 can help develop crops that grow well in dense, wet, or compacted soils.
Climate Adaptation: As climate change leads to tougher soil conditions, BBX32 can improve seedling emergence and survival.
Boosting Yields: Supporting hook protection even slightly longer can lead to stronger early growth and higher productivity.
Genetic Research: BBX32 is a potential target for gene editing in plants to improve resilience during germination.
Broader Insight: Studying BBX32 helps us understand how plants balance internal signals with external cues for safe growth.
[UPSC 2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhabit water loss?
1. Hard and waxy leaves 2. Tiny leaves 3. Thorns instead of leaves
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3*
India is serving as a Vice President to the 2nd Session of the International Organization for Marine Aids to Navigation (and Lighthouse Activities) (IALA) Council held in Nice, France.
About IALA:
Overview: It is the global authority headquartered near Paris, France, responsible for standardizing and harmonizing marine aids to navigation (AtoN), including lighthouses, buoys, and electronic navigation systems.
Establishment: IALA was founded in 1957 as a non-governmental organization and officially became an intergovernmental organization (IGO) on August 22, 2024, following ratification by 34 countries.
Mission: Its mission is to ensure safe, efficient, and environmentally sustainable maritime navigation by promoting uniform standards, modern technology, and global cooperation.
Relevance: IALA plays a crucial role in reducing maritime accidents, protecting marine environments, and supporting developing nations through training and technical assistance.
Structure and Features:
Membership: The organization consists of 80+ member countries, along with commercial maritime companies, training institutions, and scientific bodies.
General Assembly: The supreme decision-making body, which meets every four years to define broad policies and strategic direction.
Council: The executive body composed of 24 elected members, meeting twice annually to oversee day-to-day governance and technical progress.
Technical Committees: Specialized groups focused on areas such as digital navigation technologies, marine engineering, Vessel Traffic Services (VTS), and sustainable navigation systems.
Key Innovations:
Maritime Buoyage System: Unified over 30 local buoyage systems into two global regions (Region A and Region B).
Pioneered technologies like Differential GPS (DGPS), Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), VHF Data Exchange System (VDES), and e-navigation frameworks.
Global Partnerships: IALA works closely with international bodies like the IMO (International Maritime Organization), IHO (International Hydrographic Organization), and ITU (International Telecommunication Union).
India and IALA:
Founding Member: India is a founding member of IALA and has been a Council member since 1980, represented by the Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships (DGLL).
Infrastructure Contributions: India has implemented Integrated Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) across 12 major ports, enhancing navigational safety and efficiency.
Upcoming Hosting: India will host the 3rd IALA General Assembly in December 2025 and the IALA Conference in 2027, both scheduled to take place in Mumbai.
[UPSC 2017] Consider the following in respect of the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS):
1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Sri Lanka is celebrating Poson Poya festival which commemorates the arrival of Buddhism over 2,000 years ago.
About Poson Poya Festival:
Overview: Poson Poya is the second most important Buddhist festival in Sri Lanka, following Vesak in religious significance.
Date of Observance: It is celebrated on the full moon day of June, which corresponds to the seventh month of the Sinhalese calendar.
Historical Commemoration: The festival marks the arrival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka in 236 BCE, when Arahat Mahinda, son of Emperor Ashoka, met King Devanampiyatissa at Mihintale.
Key Locations: Celebrations are held across the island, with the most sacred observances taking place at Mihintale and Anuradhapura.
Ritual Activities: Devotees engage in temple visits, meditation, offerings, and acts of charity (Dana) as part of spiritual practice.
Cultural Expressions: Communities organize free food stalls (Dansalas), decorate homes and streets with lanterns, and display illuminated panels of Buddhist stories.
How did Buddhism spread to Sri Lanka?
Following the Third Buddhist Council (held in 250 BC in Pataliputra) during Ashoka’s reign, it was decided to send missionaries to various regions, including Sri Lanka, to spread Buddhism.
The mission to Sri Lanka was led by Mahinda (Mahendra), Ashoka’s son, who converted King Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura to Buddhism.
After several royal ladies expressed interest in joining the Buddhist monastic order, Mahinda sent for his sister, Sanghamitra, to initiate them.
Both siblings lived in Anuradhapura for the rest of their lives.
She played a pivotal role in establishing the Order of Nuns (Bhikkhuni Sangha or Meheini Sasna) in Sri Lanka, which later spread to other Theravada Buddhist countries like Burma, China, and Thailand.
[UPSC 2024] Sanghabhuti, an Indian Buddhist monk, who travelled to China at the end of the fourth century AD, was the author of a commentary on:
Prime Minister paid tributes to Sant Kabir Das on his birth anniversary.
About Sant Kabir:
Birth: Sant Kabir was likely born between 1398 and 1440 in Kashi (Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) and passed away in 1518. According to legend, he was born to a Brahmin widow and later adopted by a Muslim couple, Niru and Nima.
Early Life: He was raised in the julaha (weaver) community, Kabir’s upbringing among the socially marginalized deeply shaped his teachings on equality and anti-casteism.
Spiritual Awakening: Though raised in a Muslim household, Kabir became a disciple of Swami Ramananda, a Vaishnava Bhakti saint, and was also influenced by Sufi mysticism, particularly through Shaikh Taqqi.
Death: Kabir died in Maghar (Uttar Pradesh) in 1518.
Legacy Site: Legend says his body miraculously vanished, leaving only flowers, which were divided between Hindus and Muslims. Today, a temple and a dargah stand at his burial site.
His Teachings, Literary Style, and Cultural Impact:
Poetic Style: Kabir wrote in a mix of Hindi, Khari Boli, Bhojpuri, Punjabi, Urdu, Persian, and Marwari. His most famous compositions are Dohe (couplets) and Pads (devotional songs), noted for their simplicity, spiritual insight, and bold social critique.
Advocacy: He was a strong proponent of Nirguna Bhakti, the worship of a formless, attributeless God. He referred to this divine presence as Ram, Allah, or Shabda, emphasizing that God transcends name and form.
Spiritual Themes: Kabir’s work reflects non-dualism (Advaita) from the Upanishads and monotheism (Tawhid) from Islam. He believed that salvation lies in inner realization, not through scriptures, priests, or rituals.
Opposition to Ritualism: He condemned idolatry, pilgrimage, fasting, and caste-based discrimination, urging people to seek God within themselves.
Social Reform Focus: Kabir stood firmly for social equality, rejecting casteism and religious divisions. His verses challenged orthodoxy and critiqued hollow practices in every community.
Influence on Sikhism and Bhakti Movement: His poems are included in the Guru Granth Sahib, highlighting his impact on Sikhism. He also inspired spiritual figures like Guru Nanak, Dadu Dayal, and Jiwan Das.
Cultural Legacy: The Kabir Panth, a spiritual tradition based on his teachings, has over 9.6 million adherents today. Kabir is respected in Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism alike.
[2019] Consider the following statements:
1. Saint Nimbarka was a contemporary of Akbar.
2. Saint Kabir was greatly influenced by Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2*
[UPSC 2019] The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised Nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order”. Elaborate.
Linkage: Under President Erdogan, Türkiye has moved away from its earlier identity as a secular, peaceful Cold War ally. Instead, it is now trying to become a strong regional power by following a foreign policy influenced by Islamic values. This question looks at how a country’s image and role are changing in today’s world.
Mentor’s Comment: Türkiye’s bold and ideology-driven foreign policy under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is changing the political balance in West Asia, North Africa, and the Caucasus. By mixing Islamic revival ideas with smart diplomacy, Türkiye has become a unique player — a NATO member that backs Islamic groups and also works closely with Russia and Iran. Its support for HTS in Syria, military presence in Qatar, and use of drones in Azerbaijan and Ukraine show a carefully planned but risky push to expand its regional influence.
Today’s editorial discusses Türkiye’s bold and belief-based foreign policy, which is an important topic for GS Paper II (International Relations).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, under President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Türkiye has followed a foreign policy that leans towards Islamic values and focuses on making closer friendships with Muslim countries. But knowing Türkiye’s limits, he has also used a practicaland flexible approach along with his Islamic ideas.
What are the key features of Türkiye’s foreign policy under President Erdogan?
Islamist-leaning tilt: Türkiye has shifted from secular foreign policy to an Islamist-oriented approach, drawing from Ottoman-era ideology like Ittihad-i Islam (Unity of Islam).
Strategic activism: Ankara has actively intervened in conflict zones (Syria, Libya, Caucasus) to expand influence and protect Islamist groups.
Balanced diplomacy: Despite its Islamist foreign policy, Türkiye continues to be a key NATO member and maintains military cooperation with the West.
Pragmatism with ideology: Erdogan blends ideological objectives with pragmatic diplomacy to gain leverage in regional and global affairs.
Why has Türkiye blended Islamist ideology with pro-Western alliances in recent years?
Strategic Leverage: Türkiye blends Islamist ideology with pro-Western alliances to expand its influence in the Muslim world while continuing to benefit from Western military and economic support. Eg: It supported the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt while remaining a NATO member and hosting U.S. nuclear weaponsat Incirlik Airbase.
Geopolitical Balancing: By engaging with both the West and rivals like Russia, Türkiye positions itself as a key regional power using diplomatic flexibility. Eg: It supplied drones to Ukraine but refused to impose sanctions on Russia, and also bought Russia’s S-400 missile defence system.
Domestic Political Gains: The blend allows Erdogan to satisfy his conservative and Islamist voter base while keeping ties with the West to boost Türkiye’s global standing. Eg: While supporting Islamist groups in Syria and Libya, he also pursued EU accession negotiations and maintained U.S. relations.
Reclaiming Regional Influence: Erdogan aims to revive Türkiye’s past Ottoman glory by asserting leadership in the Islamic world through both ideology and realpolitik. Eg: Türkiye supported HTS in Syria, deployed troops in Qatar, and backed Azerbaijan against Armenia—moves tied to its historical influence in those regions.
How has Türkiye’s involvement in Syria, Libya, and the Caucasus expanded its regional influence?
Support for Islamist Groups in Syria: Türkiye backed anti-Assad factions, including the Free Syrian Army and later Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), to expand its presence near the Israeli border and counter Kurdish militias. Eg: Türkiye created a buffer zone on the Turkish-Syrian border and opposed military operations against HTS, enhancing its influence in northern Syria.
Military Presence in Libya: Türkiye supported the Tripoli-based government, which was dominated by Islamist groups, against the eastern faction supported by Egypt and Russia. Eg: Its intervention shifted the power balance in Libya’s civil war, strengthening its role as a decisive actor in North Africa.
Backing Azerbaijan in the Caucasus: During the 2023 Armenia-Azerbaijan war, Türkiye supported Azerbaijanmilitarily and diplomatically against Russia-backed Armenia. Eg: Türkiye’s supply of drones and training helped Azerbaijan gain territory in Nagorno-Karabakh, solidifying Ankara’s role in Caucasian geopolitics.
Neo-Ottoman Strategic Depth: These interventions reflect Türkiye’s goal of restoring its Ottoman-era influence in regions it historically controlled. Eg: By actively engaging in conflicts across West Asia and the Caucasus, Türkiye revives its historical footprint under a neo-Ottoman vision.
Diplomatic Bargaining Power: Türkiye’s involvement in regional conflicts enhances its bargaining power with both the West and Russia, giving it room to extract concessions. Eg: Despite tensions over S-400, Türkiye supported Sweden and Finland’s NATO entry, using its strategic role to influence Western policy decisions.
What are the ethical issues?
Support for Militant Groups: Backing groups like Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), which has links to terrorist networks, raises serious ethical concerns regarding state sponsorship of violence. Eg: Türkiye’s protection of HTS in Syria, despite its al-Qaeda roots, may undermine international counter-terrorism norms.
Civilian Impact and Regional Instability: Türkiye’s military involvement in conflict zones (Syria, Libya, Caucasus) can lead to civilian casualties and human rights violations, raising questions about just war ethics. Eg: Drone strikes in Libya and Azerbaijan, though tactically effective, risk collateral damage and contribute to prolonged violence.
What would be the impact on India?
Strengthened Türkiye-Pakistan Alliance: Türkiye’s open support for Pakistan in regional disputes, especially during India-Pakistan tensions, could undermine India’s diplomatic interests. Eg: During the India-Pakistan flare-up, Türkiye backed Islamabad, which may influence international forums like the UN or OIC against India.
Rival Narrative in the Muslim World: Türkiye’s Islamist foreign policy positions it as a champion of Muslim causes, potentially creating a counter-narrative to India’s efforts to engage Gulf and West Asian countries. Eg: Türkiye’s support for Kashmir-related discussions at the OIC can affect India’s relations with Muslim-majority countries.
Strategic Presence Near India’s Periphery: Türkiye’s increasing engagement in South Asia and Central Asia through military and diplomatic ties (e.g., with Azerbaijan and Pakistan) may reduce India’s strategic space in the extended neighbourhood. Eg: Türkiye’s participation in military drills with Pakistan and support for joint defence production could enhance Islamabad’s military capabilities.
Way forward:
Strengthen Strategic Partnerships in West Asia and Eurasia: India should deepen ties with countries like Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iran, and Central Asian republics to counterbalance Türkiye’s growing regional influence. Eg: Expanding the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and increasing energy and security cooperation with Gulf nations can help secure India’s interests.
Enhance Global Diplomacy and Narrative Building: India must actively engage in multilateral platforms (like OIC, UN, SCO) to neutralize anti-India rhetoric and promote a moderate, inclusive image. Eg: Leveraging its civilizational diplomacy and diaspora to reinforce its role as a responsible power in the Islamic world.
Recently, Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla’s trip to the International Space Station (ISS) on the Axiom-4 mission is not just a proud moment but an important step forward in India’s growing space journey.
What distinguishes Shukla’s Axiom-4 mission from Rakesh Sharma’s 1984 spaceflight?
Rakesh Sharma’s 1984 Spaceflight
Shubhanshu Shukla’s Axiom-4 Mission (2025)
Nature of Participation
Symbolic participation as part of a Soviet mission
Strategically integrated with India’s own space goals (e.g., Gaganyaan)
Technological & Program Context
India lacked space infrastructure and human spaceflight roadmap
ISRO is a global space leader with advanced plans, including space station
Practical Value & Experience
Limited scope for operational follow-up and knowledge transfer
Provides real-life experience and critical inputs for Gaganyaan and beyond
Why is Shukla’s mission crucial for India’s Gaganyaan programme?
Real-life Operational Experience: Shukla’s direct experience in space provides practical insights that simulations and training cannot replicate. Eg: As designated pilot, he will operate systems, respond to contingencies, and interact with international crew — skills critical for Gaganyaan’s success.
Validation of Safety Protocols: Human spaceflight demands rigorous safety and risk management strategies. Eg: Shukla’s feedback will help ISRO refine life-support systems, re-entry safety measures, and astronaut training for Gaganyaan.
Technology Testing and Experimentation: Axiom-4 allows ISRO to test custom-designed biological and technological experiments in zero gravity before Gaganyaan. Eg:Muscle degradation studies and moong dal growth experiments can inform long-duration crew health planning.
Knowledge Transfer and Crew Preparation: Shukla becomes a knowledge resource for other Gaganyaan astronauts and mission planners. Eg: His debriefings and experience logs can train upcoming Indian astronauts in real mission dynamics.
Interface with the ISS and International Best Practices: Gaganyaan and future Indian missions will benefit from understanding ISS operational standards. Eg: Shukla’s ISS stay gives ISRO insights into modular space living, docking operations, international coordination, etc., crucial for building India’s own space station.
How do Axiom-4 experiments align with India’s space research goals?
Focus on Human Physiology in Space: Experiments like muscle behaviour studies in zero gravity help understand health impacts of space travel. Eg: Findings will aid in preparing astronauts for long-duration missions under Gaganyaan and future space station plans.
Biological Experiments for Space Farming: Studies on sprouting moong dal and micro-algae explore sustainable food solutions in space. Eg: Results can support self-sustaining life-support systems for interplanetary travel or moon habitats.
Indigenised Research Capabilities: Experiments are customised to Indian needs, marking ISRO’s entry into tailor-made space research. Eg: Conducting India-centric biology and material science experiments builds a national space science ecosystem.
Data for Technology Development: Outcomes can validate and improve space health-monitoring tools and biological sensors. Eg: Data from Axiom-4 can be used to refine wearables for vital monitoring in Gaganyaan.
Laying Groundwork for Future Missions: Insights from Axiom-4 serve as trial runs for similar experiments on Gaganyaan and beyond. Eg: Positive results could lead to advanced biotech payloads on future ISRO-led space missions.
What is the role of the private sector in India’s space economy?
Enhancing Innovation and R&D: Private companies foster cutting-edge research and technological advancements in space applications. Eg: Startups like Skyroot Aerospace and Agnikul Cosmos are developing indigenous launch vehicles.
Reducing Burden on ISRO: Private participation allows ISRO to focus on core research and strategic missions, while routine tasks are outsourced. Eg:Satellite manufacturing and component fabrication are now being handled by private firms.
Boosting Economic Contribution: Expanding private sector involvement helps increase India’s share in the global space market, currently at just 2%. Eg: With policy support, India aims to capture 10% of the $1 trillion space economy by 2030.
Job Creation and Skill Development: The growth of private space ventures leads to new employment opportunities and capacity building. Eg: Space-tech startups are hiring young engineers, promoting STEM education and aerospace skills.
Encouraging Global Collaborations: Private firms enable international partnerships and technology transfers, enhancing global credibility. Eg:Pixxel has partnered with international clients for hyperspectral imaging satellites.
Way forward:
Establish a Robust Regulatory Framework: Create a clear, transparent, and enabling policy environment through institutions like IN-SPACe to facilitate private investments, streamline licensing, and ensure intellectual property protection.
Strengthen Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Promote joint missions, co-development of technologies, and knowledge sharing between ISRO and private companies to accelerate innovation and reduce development costs.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2017] India has successfully achieved several milestones in space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbitter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Explain critically.
Linkage: The article “India’s New Era of Human Spaceflight” explicitly states that Shubhanshu Shukla’s Axiom-4 mission is designed to provide critical inputs for India’s upcoming Gaganyaan mission, which is the nation’s first human spaceflight, thereby filling this very gap in technology and logistics.
In May 2025, the Bar Council of India (BCI) officially put into effect new rules called the “Bar Council of India Rules for Registration and Regulation of Foreign Lawyers and Foreign Law Firms in India.” This is a major step in India’s legal system, as it allows foreign lawyers to work in India in a regulated way while protecting Indian legal standards.
What is the Bar Council of India (BCI)?
The BCI is a statutory body established under the Advocates Act, 1961 to regulate the legal profession and legal education in India.
Why did the Bar Council of India (BCI) enforce the new rules?
To Regulate and Monitor Foreign Legal Practice in India: With growing cross-border trade and legal demands, there was a need to formally regulate how foreign lawyersoperate in India. The rules provide a clear framework for registration, scope of work, and ethical standards. Eg:Foreign law firms advising Indian clients on international mergers or arbitration cases must now register and follow BCI rules, ensuring accountability.
To Ensure Reciprocity and Protect Indian Legal Interests: The rules were introduced to allow foreign legal entry based on mutual terms, ensuring Indian lawyers are treated fairly abroad. It also prevents unregulated entry that could undermine local legal professionals. Eg:U.S. law firms can now operate under defined conditions, but only if similar access is given to Indian lawyers in the U.S., ensuring balanced opportunities.
What are the key criticisms of the BCI rules by U.S. law firms?
Procedural Restrictions as Non-Tariff Barriers: U.S. law firms argue that the BCI rules impose excessive procedural requirements that act as a non-trade barrier, limiting their entry into India. Eg: Mandatory disclosures and registration conditions are seen as restrictive and protectionist.
Conflicts with U.S. Confidentiality Norms: The requirement to reveal the “nature of legal work” and “client identity” allegedly conflicts with the American Bar Association (ABA) rules on client confidentiality. Eg: U.S. lawyers are bound by rules that prevent even general disclosure of client details.
Lack of Reciprocity and Sudden Implementation: The fly-in, fly-out rule imposes limits (e.g., 60 days stay) without ensuring similar access for Indian lawyers in the U.S., and critics say the rules were implemented without a transition phase. Eg: No equivalent restrictions exist for U.S. law firms visiting India earlier, but now sudden compliance is required.
Why are legal services excluded from trade agreements in India?
Constitutional Separation from Trade: Legal services fall under Entries 77 and 78 of the Union List (administration of justice and legal profession), not under trade and commerce entries. Hence, they are constitutionally excluded from trade negotiations. Eg: In the UK-India Free Trade Agreement negotiations, India intentionally excluded legal services, reinforcing this constitutional boundary.
Nature of Legal Practice as Personal Service: Indian courts have ruled that legal practice is a contract of personal service, not a commercial activity, making it unsuitable for inclusion in trade deals. Eg: In Bar of Indian Lawyers vs D.K. Gandhi (2024), the court held that legal services are distinct from trade or business, confirming their exclusion from trade frameworks.
How do the BCI rules ensure a balance between openness and standards?
Structured entry for foreign lawyers and firms: The BCI rules permit foreign law firms and practitioners to operate in India through a registration-based model, ensuring regulated access rather than blanket entry. Eg: Rules 3 and 4 allow entry subject to ethical and professional conditions, preventing unregulated practice.
Fly-in, fly-out provisions with safeguards: The rules enable temporary legal visits under the fly-in, fly-out model, while imposing limits on duration (60 days/year) and type of legal work, ensuring such visits stay within approved bounds. Eg: Under Rule 3(1) proviso, a foreign lawyer may advise on foreign law but cannot represent clients in Indian courts.
Flexibility with accountability: The rules allow the BCI to assess foreign qualifications and credentials case-by-case (Rule 6), ensuring professional standards are upheld without being rigid. Eg: Rule 4(h) requires a ‘good standing’ certificate, but the BCI can make exceptions after holistic verification.
Which laws and judgments guide India’s regulation of foreign legal practice?
Constitutional Framework under Union List: Legal practice in India is governed under Entries 77 and 78 of the Union List (Seventh Schedule, Constitution of India), making it a sovereign regulatory domain, distinct from trade and commerce. Eg: Legal services are not treated as tradable commodities, hence excluded from Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).
Bar Council of India Act and Professional Standards: The Advocates Act, 1961 and the Bar Council of India (BCI) rules provide the statutory mandate for regulating legal education, enrolment, and conduct of lawyers in India. Eg: The BCI Rules for Registration and Regulation of Foreign Lawyers and Foreign Law Firms (2023) ensure ethical compliance and reciprocity.
Bar Council of India vs A.K. Balaji (2018): Held that foreign firms can’t set up offices but can advise clients on fly-in, fly-out basis.
Lawyers Collective vs BCI (2009): Reiterated that foreign firms must follow Indian law to practice in any capacity.
What are the implications of applied ethics?
Guides Real-World Decision Making: Applied ethics helps individuals and institutions make morally sound decisions in specific practical fields such as medicine, law, business, or environmental policy. Eg: In medical ethics, principles like informed consent ensure that patients are not treated without their knowledge or will.
Resolves Ethical Dilemmas in Professional Practice: It provides frameworks to address conflicting moral values in complex situations, balancing individual rights, social good, and professional duty. Eg: In business ethics, whistleblowing policies balance the duty to the employer with the public’s right to know about harmful practices.
Note:Applied Ethics is a branch of ethics that deals with the practical application of moral principles to real-world issues and professional fields.
Way forward:
Strengthen Bilateral Legal Dialogue Mechanisms: India can establish a structured legal diplomacy framework with countries like the U.S. to address concerns through dialogue rather than trade disputes.
Introduce a Phased Liberalisation Model with Safeguards: India can consider a calibrated liberalisation of legal services with clearly defined transition periods, limited practice areas (e.g., foreign law, arbitration), and stringent professional standards to ensure reciprocity and ethical compliance while maintaining regulatory control.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] India and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based.
Linkage: These basic tenets influence legal and regulatory philosophies. The article underscores that India’s rules are not “roadblocks” but a “balanced approach” to liberalizing its legal ecosystem in a “structured and regulated manner. The understanding of the foundational differences in how these two democracies approach regulation, particularly in a professional service sector, is crucial for comprehending India’s justification for its “legal bridge of reciprocity.
As part of his upcoming two-week stay on the International Space Station (ISS) under Axiom-4 Mission, Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla will conduct the Voyager Tardigrades experiment.
What are Tardigrades?
Tardigrades, also called “water bears” or “moss piglets”, are microscopic aquatic animals that have existed for around 600 million years.
They are about 0.5 mm long, with four pairs of clawed legs and a specialized mouth for sucking nutrients from plant cells and tiny invertebrates.
Tardigrades live in diverse habitats, including mosses, lichens, mountaintops, ocean depths, and even Antarctica.
They are famous for their extreme resilience, having survived all five major mass extinction events and capable of enduring conditions that would kill most other life forms.
About Voyager Tardigrades Experiment:
Overview: The experiment will be conducted by Indian astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla during his mission aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
Experimental Process: Tardigrades will be transported in their dormant “tun” state, then revived and observed in microgravity conditions.
Research Focus: The experiment will examine how space radiation and microgravity affect tardigrade survival, reproduction, and DNA repair mechanisms.
Scientific Objective: Researchers aim to identify genes responsible for space resilience in tardigrades and apply these insights to enhance astronaut protection and preserve biological materials during long-term space travel.
Significance of Tardigrades in Space Research:
Extreme Survivors: They are among the most resilient organisms on Earth, capable of surviving temperatures from near absolute zero to over 150°C, intense radiation, deep-sea pressure, and even the vacuum of space.
Dormancy Mechanisms: Their survival strategy relies on cryptobiosis and anhydrobiosis, where their metabolism drops nearly to zero and water content is drastically reduced.
Protective Proteins: They produce unique proteins like CAHS, which form a gel-like matrix around cells to protect them from damage in extreme environments.
Biomedical Applications: Studying these proteins may help scientists develop radiation shields for astronauts, preserve human tissues and organs, and advance cryopreservation techniques.
Agricultural and Material Use: Insights from tardigrades could also lead to engineering drought-resistant crops and designing new biomaterials for use on Earth and in space.
[UPSC 2012] Other than resistance to pests, what are the prospects for which genetically engineered plants have been created?
1. To enable them to withstand drought
2. To increase the nutritive value of the produce
3. To enable them to grow and do photosynthesis in spaceships and space stations
4. To increase their shelf life.
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 2 and 4 only* (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Researchers from Rockefeller University introduced MagIC, a new method that allows cryo-EM to work with samples up to 100 times more dilute, making it easier to study rare or hard-to-purify molecules.
About Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM):
Cryo-EM is a powerful microscope method used by scientists to see the 3D shapes of very small things like proteins, viruses, and cell parts.
In cryo-EM:
The sample is frozen very fast to keep it in its natural shape.
An electron beam is used instead of light to capture detailed images at extremely cold temperatures.
It helps in:
Understanding how diseases work
Designing new medicines
Studying cell processes
Problem: Cryo-EM usually needs a lot of the molecule to work well.
If the sample is too dilute (too weak), it’s hard to get good images.
Why MagIC helps: It solves this big problem by concentrating and organizing particles using magnetism and smart software, making cryo-EM work even for rare or tiny amounts of molecules.
What is MagIC (Magnetic Isolation and Concentration cryo-EM)?
Overview: It is a new method developed by scientists in the U.S. to make it easier to study rare biological molecules under a special microscope called cryo-EM.
Sampling involved: Normally, cryo-EM needs the molecules in a sample to be very concentrated, which is hard when the molecules are rare or hard to collect.
MagIC solves this problem by using:
Tiny magnetic beads (50 nanometers wide) that stick to the molecules researchers want to study.
A magnet that pulls these beads together into one area.
This way, even when the solution has less than 0.0005 milligrams per milliliter of the molecules, scientists can still get useful images.
Key Features of MagIC:
Magnetic Pulling: After molecules stick to the tiny magnetic beads, a magnet pulls them into clusters, making them easier to see.
Low Sample Requirement: Only 5 nanograms of sample per grid are needed. That’s a very tiny amount—much less than earlier methods.
Faster Imaging: The magnetic beads are easy to see, so scientists can quickly find areas with useful particles in the microscope.
Smart Software – DuSTER (Duplicated Selection to Exclude Rubbish):
It helps remove bad or blurry images and keep only the clear ones.
It picks each particle twice and only keeps it if the location matches both times.
MagIC works with samples that are 100 times more dilute than what cryo-EM could handle before.
[UPSC 2023] ‘Aerial metagenomics’ best refers to which one of the following situations?
Options: (a) Collecting DNA samples from air in a habitat at one go* (b) Understanding the genetic makeup of avian species of a habitat (c) Using air-borne devices to colect blood samples from moving animals (d) Sending drones to inaccessible areas to collect plant and animal samples from land surfaces and water bodies
