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Subject: Governance

Important aspects of Society

  • Ex-SC Judge Justice A M Khanwilkar appointed Lokpal Chairperson

    In the news

    • Former Supreme Court judge Justice Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar has been appointed as the chairperson of Lokpal, the anti-corruption ombudsman of India.
    • Justice Khanwilkar retired from the Supreme Court in July 2022, bringing a wealth of judicial experience to his new role.

    About Lokpal

    • Establishment: Lokpal is a statutory body established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act of 2013.
    • Mandate: It is tasked with investigating allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and related matters.
    • Organisational Structure:
    1. The Lokpal comprises a chairperson and a maximum of 8 members.
    2. The chairperson must be a former Chief Justice of India, a former Supreme Court judge, or an eminent person meeting eligibility criteria.
    3. Half of the members must be judicial members, either former Supreme Court judges or former Chief Justices of High Courts.
    4. At least 50% members must be from SC / ST / OBC / Minorities and women.
    5. Members serve a term of 5 years or until they turn 70, whichever is earlier.
    • Perks and Benefits: The salary, allowances, and other conditions of service for the chairperson are equivalent to those of the CJI, while members receive benefits similar to Supreme Court judges.

    Appointment Process:

    • The President of India appoints the chairperson and members based on the recommendation of a selection committee.
    • The selection committee includes the PM as Chairperson, the Speaker of Lok Sabha, the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India or a nominated judge, and one eminent jurist.

    Jurisdiction:

    • Lokpal has jurisdiction to investigate allegations of corruption against Prime Ministers, Union Ministers, Members of Parliament, and officials of the Union Government.
    • It extends to individuals associated with government-funded entities and those receiving substantial foreign contributions.

    Exceptions for Prime Minister:

    • Lokpal cannot probe allegations against the PM related to certain sensitive areas like international relations, security, public order, atomic energy, and space without the approval of at least 2/3rds of its members.
    • A full Lokpal bench must consider initiating inquiries into complaints against the PM.

    Powers of Lokpal:

    • Lokpal exercises superintendence over and provides directions to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in corruption cases.
    • It can authorize the CBI for search and seizure operations linked to such cases.
    • The Lokpal’s Inquiry Wing possesses powers akin to a civil court.
    • It can recommend the transfer or suspension of public servants implicated in corruption allegations.
    • Lokpal is empowered to prevent the destruction of records during preliminary inquiries and confiscate assets obtained through corruption.

    Reporting and Accountability

    • Annually, Lokpal submits a report on its activities to the President, which is then presented to both Houses of Parliament for scrutiny.

    Try this PYQ from CS Mains 2013

    Q.‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss.

  • Stop the dithering and encourage green elections in India

    Mains Pyq: ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss.

    Prelims Pyq: 

    Consider the following statements :​
    1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.​

    2. In 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.​

    3. As per the existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.​

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?​

    a.1 only
    b.2 only​
    c.1 and 3
    d. 2 and 3

     

    Some states have embraced online voting. It's a huge risk. - POLITICO

    Why is it in news?

    • Amidst the climate crisis, shifting to sustainable practices across every sphere of human activity has become inevitable and urgent. In August 2023, ahead of the Assembly elections in five States, the Election Commission of India (ECI) voiced its concern over the environmental risks associated with the use of non-biodegradable materials in elections.

    What is the Concept of Green Elections?

    • Green elections involve adopting eco-friendly practices throughout the electoral process, including campaign materials, rallies, and polling booths.
    • Transitioning to sustainable alternatives can mitigate the environmental impact and promote citizens’ health.

    Why there is need of Green Elections?

    • Given that the conduct of every election results in an avoidable carbon footprint, there is a need for eco-friendly elections, which would be a boost to environmental stewardship alongside civic participation.
    • Sri Lanka and Estonia, for instance, have conducted environmentally-conscious elections. As India, the world’s most populous democracy, gears up for the next general election, environmental considerations must be prioritised, paving the way for ‘green elections’.

    Environmental Impact of Elections:

    • In the 2016 US presidential elections, emissions from campaign flights of just one candidate equaled the annual carbon footprint of 500 Americans.
    • Traditional election methods involve energy-intensive activities like rallies, use of loudspeakers, PVC flex banners, hoardings, and disposable items, contributing to environmental degradation.
    • India’s massive elections involving crores of voters and large political rallies exacerbate the environmental impact.
    • Paper-based materials and energy-intensive campaign practices further escalate the environmental footprint.

    Challenges in India for green elections:

    • Technological Challenges: Implementing electronic and digital voting systems requires robust infrastructure, especially in rural areas, to ensure reliable access to technology. Measures to prevent hacking and fraud must be put in place to maintain the integrity of the electoral process.
    • Access and Training: Ensuring fair access to new voting technologies for all voters, including marginalized communities, poses a significant challenge. Training election officials and voters alike on the use of new technologies is essential to facilitate smooth adoption.
    • Financial Constraints: Governments may face substantial upfront costs for acquiring eco-friendly materials and implementing new technology, which could deter financially constrained administrations from pursuing such initiatives.
    • Cultural and Behavioural Hurdles: Overcoming cultural inertia and the perception of physical presence at polling booths as sacrosanct poses a behavioural challenge. Public scepticism towards new approaches and concerns about compromises to vote security must be addressed to gain widespread acceptance.
    • Transparency and Auditing: Ensuring transparency in the adoption of new technologies and implementing effective auditing mechanisms are crucial to building trust in environmentally-friendly election practices.
    Research Findings for mains answer value addition:
    • Research by Willemson and Krips from Estonia (2023) identified transportation of voters and logistics to and from polling booths as the primary source of carbon emissions during elections.
    • The running of polling booths constitutes the secondary source of emissions.
    • Transitioning to digital voting systems could potentially reduce the carbon footprint by up to 40%.

     

    Successful examples of green elections

    Kerala:

    • Campaigning Restrictions: During the 2019 general election, the Kerala State Election Commission urged political parties to avoid single-use plastic materials.
    • Ban on Non-Biodegradable Materials: The Kerala High Court imposed a ban on flex and non-biodegradable materials in electioneering, promoting the use of alternatives like wall graffiti and paper posters.
    • Collaboration for Green Elections: Government bodies collaborated with the district administration in Thiruvananthapuram to ensure eco-friendly elections, including conducting training sessions for election workers in villages.

    Goa:

    • Eco-Friendly Election Booths: In 2022, the Goa State Biodiversity Board introduced eco-friendly election booths for the Assembly elections, utilizing biodegradable materials crafted by local traditional artisans.

    Sri Lanka:

    • Carbon-Sensitive Campaign: The Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) party launched the world’s first carbon-sensitive environmentally friendly election campaign in 2019.
    • Carbon Emission Measurement: SLPP measured carbon emissions from vehicles and electricity used during political campaigns and compensated for them by planting trees in each district through public participation.

    Estonia:

    • Digital Voting Initiative: Estonia pioneered digital voting as an online alternative, promoting voter participation while reducing the environmental footprint of traditional paper-based elections.
    • Robust Security Measures: The success of Estonia’s digital voting system demonstrates that accompanying robust security measures can ensure both eco- and electorate-friendly elections.

    Suggested blueprint and Way-forward for Green elections

    • Involving All Stakeholders: The green transition must involve all stakeholders, including political parties, Election Commissions, governments, voters, the media, and civil society.
    • Integration of Directives: Success lies in integrating top-level directives with grassroots initiatives to foster a green transition effectively.
    • Leadership Role: Political parties should take the lead in enacting legislation mandating eco-friendly electoral practices.
    • Legislative Initiatives: This involves campaigning through digital platforms or door-to-door campaigning, reducing energy-intensive public rallies, and encouraging the use of public transportation for election work.
    • Supporting Local Alternatives: Incentivizing the replacement of plastic and paper-based materials with sustainable local alternatives for polling booths, such as natural fabrics, recycled paper, and compostable plastics, aids waste management and supports local artisans.
    • Advocacy for Digital Voting: The ECI can push for digital voting, despite the need for training and capacity building of officials.
    • Ensuring Equal Participation: To ensure equal participation of all voters in the digital electoral process, the government must educate and support voters and ensure equitable access to digital technology.
    • Catalyst Role: Civil society should act as a catalyst in promoting eco-conscious electoral practices.
    • Media’s Crucial Role: The media can emphasize the environmental impact of conventional election methods and shed light on innovative eco-friendly alternatives.
    • Setting an Example: Embracing eco-conscious electoral practices can help India set an example for other democracies around the world.

  • Criminals of Politics: Analysis of Rajya Sabha Candidates by ADR

    In the news

    • The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) and the National Election Watch has found that 36% of the newly elected Rajya Sabha candidates have declared criminal cases against themselves.

    Context:

    • Increase in Serious Crimes: 17% of total candidates face serious criminal charges, including with cases related to attempted murder, underscoring the gravity of the situation.
    • Biased Representation: Approximately 21% of the candidates are billionaires, with assets exceeding Rs 100 crore, reflecting the significant wealth amassed by certain individuals in the political arena.
    • Prevailing disparities: The majority (76%) of candidates belong to the 51-70 age group, with only 19% being women, reflecting gender disparities in political representation.

    Why does Criminality persist in Indian politics?

    • Political Patronage: Criminals seek political backing to sustain their illicit activities, while politicians rely on criminals for funding, muscle power, and electoral support.
    • Protracted Legal Processes: Lengthy court proceedings, averaging around 15 years, coupled with declining conviction rates, allow criminals to evade justice and continue their political careers.
    • Legal Ambiguity: Pending cases become a shield for tainted candidates, who exploit the “law will take its own course” narrative to deflect scrutiny.
    • Electoral Advantage: Candidates with criminal records may have higher chances of winning elections, incentivizing parties to field them despite ethical concerns.
    • Limited Scrutiny: Despite legal mandates for candidates to disclose criminal cases, voters often lack the awareness or resources to scrutinize this information effectively.
    • Vote Bank Dynamics: Parties exploit caste, religious, or regional loyalties, prioritizing short-term gains over candidate integrity.

    Impacts of Criminality in Indian politics:

    • Corrosive Effects: The fusion of crime and politics has corrosive effects on the governance. The nexus between crime and politics can exacerbate corruption and weaken governance structures. When politicians with criminal backgrounds hold office, there is a higher likelihood of corruption, misuse of power, and a lack of transparency in decision-making processes, all of which can have detrimental effects on the economy.
    • Undermining Democracy: Allowing criminals in politics undermines the development of a healthy democracy that India’s freedom fighters fought for. The impact extends to the provision of public goods. Research findings suggest that the effects are concentrated in less developed and more corrupt Indian states, indicating that the presence of criminal politicians hinders the effective delivery of public goods and services to constituents.
    • Economic Growth: While criminal candidates may win elections in the short term, their presence can hinder the long-term development of a robust democracy. The election of criminally accused politicians leads to lower economic growth in their constituencies. Studies show a 22% point lower yearly growth in the intensity of night-time lights, which serves as a proxy for economic activity, following the election of such politicians.

    Measures Taken to Address Criminalization in Politics

    [A] Legislative Interventions

    • Representation of the People Act, 1951: Sections 8(1), 8(2), and 8(3) establish grounds for disqualification of individuals convicted of certain offenses, barring them from contesting elections.
    • Conduct of Election Rules, 1961: Mandates candidates to file affidavits disclosing pending criminal cases and convictions, enhancing transparency in electoral processes.
    • Chapter IX A of Indian Penal Code: Defines and penalizes electoral offenses such as bribery and undue influence, deterring criminal activities in elections.

    [B] Establishment of Special Courts

    • Judicial Mechanisms: Special courts dedicated to expediting criminal cases against legislators and parliamentarians help ensure timely justice and accountability.
    • Tackling Impunity: Targeted prosecution of political figures accused of criminal activities reduces impunity and strengthens the rule of law.

    [C] Vohra Committee Report (1993)

    • Comprehensive Analysis: The Vohra Committee investigated the political-criminal nexus, highlighting its extent and proposing strategies to combat this menace.
    • Policy Recommendations: Recommendations from the report informed policy decisions aimed at disrupting criminal networks operating within political structures.

    [D] Election Commission Initiatives

    • Affidavit Reforms: Election Commission directives mandate candidates to declare criminal records, financial assets, and educational qualifications, empowering voters with crucial information.
    • Moral Code of Conduct: Effective enforcement of ethical standards during elections minimizes the influence of criminal elements and promotes fair electoral practices.

    Major Judicial Interventions

    Background Key Outcome Significance
    Union of India vs. Association for Democratic Reforms (2002) Challenged lack of transparency in electoral processes regarding candidates’ records. Supreme Court mandated Election Commission to compel candidates to disclose criminal, financial, and educational details. Empowered voters with vital information for informed choices, fostering accountability in elections.
    Ramesh Dalal vs. Union of India (2005) Imposed disqualification criteria for convicted candidates. Supreme Court ruled sitting MPs/MLAs would be disqualified if convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for two years or more. Established stringent disqualification criteria to deter candidates with criminal backgrounds, enhancing integrity of elected representatives.
    Lily Thomas vs. Union of India (2013) Addressed interpretation of Section 8(4) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Supreme Court declared Section 8(4) unconstitutional, disqualifying legislators convicted and sentenced to two years or more. Closed loopholes allowing convicted legislators to retain seats, reinforcing accountability and integrity in the political system.
    People’s Union for Civil Liberties vs. Union of India (2013) Addressed voters’ rights to reject candidates with criminal backgrounds through NOTA. Supreme Court ruled voters could reject all candidates using NOTA in electronic voting machines (EVMs). Introduced NOTA as a voting option, empowering voters to express dissatisfaction with criminalized politics, and promoting cleaner elections.

    Way Forward

    • Decriminalization Legislation: Enact laws to prevent individuals facing serious criminal charges from contesting elections, ensuring that those with criminal backgrounds are barred from political office.
    • State Funding of Elections: Introduce state funding of elections to reduce the influence of money and muscle power, thereby minimizing the role of criminals in financing political campaigns.
    • Enhanced Voter Awareness: Educate voters about the detrimental effects of criminalization in politics and provide easily accessible information about candidates’ backgrounds to enable informed decision-making.
    • Empowering Election Commission: Grant Election Commission broader regulatory powers to enforce inner-party democracy, regulate party finances, and curb the influence of criminals in political parties.
    • Continued Judicial Oversight: Uphold the judiciary’s role in safeguarding electoral integrity by delivering landmark judgments that reinforce accountability, transparency, and ethical conduct among elected representatives.
    • Strict Enforcement of Disqualification Criteria: Ensure strict implementation of disqualification criteria for convicted politicians, irrespective of their appeals or legal maneuvers.

    Try this question from CS Mains 2017:

    Q. Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps to motivate them to come forward. (150 Words, 10)

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”roqfiebpzo” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your responses here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

  • Powers of the Enforcement Directorate (ED)

    In the News:

    • The Supreme Court witnessed a clash between the Tamil Nadu government and the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) concerning the jurisdiction of the ED to probe “illegal” sand mining activities in the state.
    • TN contested the ED’s authority to investigate sand mining under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), asserting that sand mining offenses were not scheduled under the PMLA.

    Why did the ED step in?

    • Whenever any offence is registered by a local police station, which has generated proceeds of crime over and above ₹1 crore, the investigating police officer forwards the details to the ED.
    • Alternately, if the offence comes under the knowledge of the Central agency, they can then call for the First Information Report (FIR) or the chargesheet if it has been filed directly by police officials.
    • This will be done to find out if any laundering has taken place.

    About Enforcement Directorate (ED)

    Details
    Establishment May 1, 1956

    Initially set up as an ‘Enforcement Unit’
    Nodal Agency Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance
    Jurisdiction Nationwide
    Functional Focus Economic and financial offenses including money laundering, foreign exchange irregularities
    Investigative Powers Attachment, confiscation, and arrest

    Conduct raids and searches

    Summon and question individuals
    Collaboration Coordinates with various agencies (CBI, local police) and banks
    Reporting Authority Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance
    Corruption Investigations Has a separate Economic Offenses Division
    Notable Cases Vijay Mallya extradition

    PNB fraud case

    Augusta Westland VVIP chopper scam
    International Cooperation Works with international law enforcement for cross-border investigations (Interpol, FATF)
    Public Interface Accepts complaints and information regarding economic offenses
    Transparency and Accountability Regular reports to the Ministry of Finance; subject to oversight by judiciary and government bodies

    Legal Authority of the ED

    Description
    Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA), 1974 To sponsor cases of preventive detention related to contraventions of FEMA.
    Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999 ED to investigate suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations, adjudicate and impose penalties, and

    Trace assets derived from proceeds of crime.
    Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 ED to investigate, trace assets derived from proceeds of crime, provisionally attach property, and

    Ensure prosecution and confiscation by Special Court (PMLA Court under Section 4 of PMLA).
    Fugitive Economic Offenders Act (FEOA), 2018 ED to enforce provisions related to attachment and confiscation of properties belonging to FEOs who have fled India to evade the legal process.

     

    Also read:

    [Burning Issue] Enforcement Directorate (ED): Dreaded nightmare of Indian Politicians & Businessmen

     

  • Donor Gametes are Allowed: New Rule on Surrogacy

    gamete

    Introduction

    • The Central government’s recent modifications to the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022 reflect a significant shift in the legal landscape surrounding surrogacy practices in India.
    • These amendments address critical issues concerning gamete usage and access to surrogacy procedures.

    Why discuss this?

    • Judicial Scrutiny: The Supreme Court’s involvement stems from petitions challenging the March 2023 ban on donor gametes for surrogacy, prompting the Centre to reconsider its stance.
    • Public Outcry: The judiciary’s intervention follows public outcry and legal challenges from women affected by the previous rules, emphasizing the urgency of addressing surrogacy regulations.

    Key Amendments on Gametes Usage

    • Gamete Flexibility: The amended rules allow couples certified with medical conditions to use donor gametes for surrogacy, provided at least one gamete originates from the intending couple.
    • Single Women’s Directive: Single women, including widows and divorcees, are mandated to use self-eggs and donor sperm for surrogacy, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards.
    • Certification Criteria: The District Medical Board may certify the need for donor gametes based on the medical condition of either spouse in the intending couple, facilitating access to surrogacy using donor gametes.

    About Altruistic Surrogacy and ART

    • Definition: Altruistic surrogacy prohibits monetary compensation to the surrogate beyond medical expenses and insurance coverage, fostering ethical practices.
    • ART Regulation 2021: The Act integrates Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) governance through the establishment of the National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Board, ensuring effective implementation and oversight.

    Evolution of Surrogacy Rules and Amendments

    • Ministry Initiative: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare introduced the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022, focusing on clinic standards and personnel qualifications.
    • Clinical Requirements: The rules specify staffing criteria and essential equipment, enhancing operational standards across registered surrogacy clinics.
    • Medical Necessity: Surrogacy is permitted in cases of uterine abnormalities, failed IVF attempts, unexplained pregnancy losses, and pregnancy impossibility due to illness, ensuring access for couples facing diverse challenges.

    Key Provisions of Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022

    • Clinic Composition: Registered clinics must employ qualified professionals, including gynecologists, anesthetists, embryologists, and counselors, ensuring comprehensive care.
    • Gynecologist Qualifications: Gynecologists must possess relevant post-graduate qualifications and experience in ART procedures, ensuring competency in assisted reproduction techniques.
    • Insurance Coverage: Mandatory health insurance for surrogate mothers safeguards their well-being during and after pregnancy, reflecting a commitment to maternal health.
    • Affidavit Requirement: Intending couples must provide a legal guarantee of compliance with surrogacy regulations, ensuring accountability and adherence to legal standards.
    • Embryo Implantation Limit: Strict guidelines limit embryo implantation to minimize health risks and ethical concerns, prioritizing the well-being of both surrogate mothers and unborn children.
    • Abortion Protocol: Surrogate mothers’ rights are protected through adherence to established abortion procedures, respecting their autonomy and ensuring medical safety.

    Tap to read more about:

    Exemptions under Surrogacy Law

  • With Open Book Exams, India goes back to its traditional roots — and closer to being a vishwaguru

     

    As CBSE Proposes Open Book Exams For Classes 9-12, Parents Express Concern

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the recent reforms in India’s education system, particularly the introduction of open-book exams by the CBSE and the shift towards a more holistic approach to learning as outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) of 2022. It reflects on the historical origins of education in India, the impact of the pandemic on traditional learning methods, and the need for a more dynamic and flexible educational framework.

     

    Key Highlights:

    • Historical perspective on education in India, tracing back to ancient gurukuls and traditional learning methodologies.
    • The influence of colonial education policies and the subsequent need for modernization.
    • Challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the limitations of traditional classroom-based learning and the disparities in access to education.
    • The National Education Policy of 2022 and its emphasis on holistic development and a more flexible curriculum.
    • Introduction of open-book exams and biannual examinations by the CBSE as part of efforts to reform the examination-oriented approach and promote continuous assessment.

     

    Key Challenges:

    • Mindset shift required among educators, students, and parents to adapt to new learning methodologies and assessment formats.
    • Ensuring equitable access to education and technology, especially for students from marginalized communities.
    • Overcoming resistance to change and traditional beliefs about the value of memorization-based exams.
    • Implementation challenges, including training of teachers, development of appropriate study materials, and assessment methods for open-book exams.
    • Balancing the need for continuous assessment with the demands of a standardized examination system.

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    Main Terms:

    • Open-book exams
    • Holistic development
    • National Education Policy (NEP)
    • Gurukuls
    • Continuous assessment
    • Colonial education
    • Biannual examinations

     

    Important Phrases:

    • “Paradigm shift in education”
    • “Dynamic and flexible educational framework”
    • “Holistic learning approach”
    • “Continuous assessment over memorization”
    • “Equitable access to education”
    • “Adapting to new learning methodologies”
    • “Overcoming resistance to change”

     

    Quotes:

    • “The journey of education is an ever-evolving one.”
    • “Change while staying true to the essence of holistic learning.”
    • “Reclaiming the honour of being a ‘vishwaguru.’”

     

    Anecdotes:

    • The contrast between traditional gurukuls and modern-day classrooms.
    • Personal experiences of students navigating the challenges of the pandemic and adapting to online learning.

     

    Useful Statements:

    • “The pandemic revealed the limitations of traditional classroom-based learning.”
    • “The NEP emphasizes a shift towards holistic development and flexible learning methodologies.”
    • “Open-book exams offer students a chance for continuous assessment and learning from mistakes.”

     

    Examples and References:

    • Examples of successful implementation of open-book exams in other educational systems.
    • Reference to the Unified District Information System for Education (UDISE) report on learning outcomes during the pandemic.

     

    Facts and Data:

    • Introduction of open-book exams and biannual examinations by the CBSE.
    • Statistics on learning outcomes and access to education during the pandemic from the UDISE report.

     

    Critical Analysis:

    • Evaluation of the benefits and challenges of open-book exams in promoting critical thinking and reducing exam-related stress.
    • Discussion on the need for ongoing teacher training and infrastructure development to support the implementation of new educational policies.

     

    Way Forward:

    • Emphasize the importance of adapting to changing educational paradigms while preserving the essence of traditional learning.
    • Invest in teacher training, technology infrastructure, and curriculum development to support holistic education.
    • Foster collaboration between educators, policymakers, and communities to ensure equitable access to quality education for all students.

  • Story of ASHAs: Navigating Challenges in Public Health

     

    Introduction

    • ASHAs, or Accredited Social Health Activists, have emerged as pivotal figures in India’s public health landscape, embodying the promise of compassionate care and community advocacy.

    Who are the ASHA workers?

    • Inception: Established in 2002 in Chhattisgarh, ASHAs were envisioned as community health workers, modeled after the ‘Mitanins’, to bridge the gap between the health system and local populations. Initiated in 2005-06 as part of the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM); Expanded to urban settings since 2013 via the National Urban Health Mission.
    • Number: Around 10.4 lakhs employed across India. The highest numbers are in populous states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
    • Geographical Distribution: One ASHA per 1,000 people in rural areas, adjusted to one per habitation in tribal, hilly, and desert regions.
    • Global Recognition: Awarded by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013.
    • Functions and Responsibilities: Register newborns, pregnant women, and deaths; accompany patients to health centers; distribute medicines; conduct immunization drives; and report health statistics.

    Criteria for selection of ASHA worker:

    • For Rural:
      • The prospective candidate must be a married, widowed or divorced female resident of the village she’s applying to work at.
      • Must be aged between 25 and 45 years.
      • Candidates must be literate. Preference is given to those with a 10th pass certificate. There are several interviews at the Anganwadi, block and district levels. The health committees maintain a thorough selection process.
    • For Urban:
      • The prospective candidates must be female residents of vulnerable clusters or slums within an urban setup.
      • This slum or cluster must be identified by the City or District Health Society as priority zones for ASHA healthcare workers. The candidate should preferably be married, widowed, separated or divorced.
      • Must be aged between 25 and 45 years.
      • Candidates must be literate and must have fluency in the native language of the community.

    Challenges Faced by ASHAs

    [1] Work Challenges

    • Overwork and Underpayment: ASHAs endure a “triple shift,” balancing household responsibilities, community outreach, and health center duties, often without adequate compensation or rest.
    • Systemic Inequities: ASHAs experience power imbalances along gender and caste lines, compounded by their status as “volunteers,” leading to economic, physical, and psychological vulnerabilities.
    • Social Stigma: Despite their crucial role in improving health outcomes, ASHAs often face social stigma and discrimination within their communities, hindering their effectiveness and well-being.

    [2] Occupational Hazards

    • Physical Strain: Irregular meals, inadequate sleep, and exposure to extreme weather conditions contribute to health issues like malnutrition, anaemia, and non-communicable diseases among ASHAs.
    • Mental Health Challenges: The demanding nature of their work and limited social support expose ASHAs to high levels of stress, anxiety, and burnout, affecting their overall well-being and job satisfaction.
    • Safety Concerns: ASHAs, particularly those working in remote or conflict-affected areas, face risks of harassment, violence, and assault while performing their duties, highlighting the need for enhanced security measures and support systems.

    [3] Social and Economic Implications

    • Economic Precarity: ASHAs’ honorariums serve as primary family income, yet delays in payment and out-of-pocket expenses exacerbate financial strain, perpetuating cycles of poverty and dependence.
    • Gendered Burden: ASHAs, predominantly women, often bear the brunt of caregiving responsibilities within their households, leading to gender disparities in workload distribution and access to resources.
    • Empowerment and Agency: Despite facing numerous challenges, ASHAs demonstrate resilience and agency in advocating for their rights, mobilizing communities, and demanding policy reforms to improve their working conditions and livelihoods.

    Advocacy and Policy Recommendations

    • Recognition and Fair Compensation: Advocate for institutional recognition, fair wages, and improved working conditions for ASHAs, aiming for them to become government employees with access to social security benefits and maternity support.
    • Capacity Building: Support initiatives aimed at enhancing ASHA skills, knowledge, and confidence through targeted training and skill development programs.
    • Community Engagement: Encourage local communities to recognize and appreciate the contributions of ASHAs, fostering stronger support, trust, and collaboration.
    • Safety Measures: Enhance safety protocols and support systems for ASHAs, especially those working in remote or conflict-affected areas, to minimize risks of harassment, violence, and assault.
    • Address Systemic Barriers: Tackle gender and caste-based inequalities experienced by ASHAs, promoting equal opportunities and access to resources.
    • Financial Security: Ensure timely payments and reduce out-of-pocket expenses for ASHAs, mitigating financial strain and perpetual cycles of poverty.

    Conclusion

    • The plight of ASHAs reflects broader structural injustices within India’s healthcare sector, underscoring the urgent need for policy reforms and systemic support.
    • As frontline warriors in public health, ASHAs deserve equitable treatment, recognition, and protection, essential for advancing both individual well-being and community health outcomes.
    • Through collective advocacy, empowerment, and solidarity, ASHAs can continue to drive positive change and make lasting contributions to public health in India.

    Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:

    With reference to the National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of ASHA, a trained community health worker?

    1. Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care checkups
    2. Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy
    3. Providing information on nutrition and immunization
    4. Conducting the delivery of the baby

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    1. 1, 2 and 3 only
    2. 2 and 4 only
    3. 1 and 3 only
    4. 1, 2, 3 and 4

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”or0hzu0tq3″ question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]

  • 4 Portals for Modernized Media Landscape

    Introduction

    • Minister of Information and Broadcasting unveiled four groundbreaking portals poised to reshape India’s media landscape, promising efficiency, transparency, and accessibility.

    [1] Press Sewa Portal:

    • Objective: The Press Sewa Portal is designed to streamline the process of newspaper registration and related activities under the Press and Registration of Periodicals Act, 2023 (PRP Act, 2023).
    • Key Features:
      • Online Application: Publishers can submit applications for title registration online, utilizing Aadhar-based e-signatures for authentication.
      • Probability Meter: Indicates the likelihood of title availability, offering publishers insight into the registration process.
      • Real-time Tracking: Allows users to track the status of their applications through an intuitive dashboard, facilitating transparency and efficiency.
      • District Magistrate Module: Enables District Magistrates to manage applications received from publishers in a centralized dashboard.
    • Benefits of Automation: The portal offers online services for title registration, paperless processes with e-sign facilities, integration of a direct payment gateway, issuance of QR code-based digital certificates, and a module for Press Keepers/owners to provide online intimation about printing press activities.
    • Impact: Simplifies the cumbersome registration procedures prevalent under the colonial PRB Act, 1867, and modernizes the registration landscape for publishers, enhancing efficiency and transparency.

    [2] Transparent Empanelment Media Planning and eBilling System:

    • Objective: This system aims to revolutionize media planning processes, enhance transparency, and provide an end-to-end ERP solution for the media industry, particularly for the Central Bureau of Communication (CBC).
    • Key Features:
      • Streamlined Empanelment Process: Offers an online system for empanelment of various media channels (newspapers, periodicals, TV, radio, and digital media), ensuring transparency and efficiency.
      • Automated Media Planning: Enhances tools and features for online generation of media plans, reducing manual intervention and preparation time.
      • Automated Billing: Integration of an eBilling processing system for seamless and transparent bill submission, verification, and payment.
      • Mobile App: Provides a comprehensive mobile app for partners with timestamp and geo-tagging functionality for organized monitoring.
    • Promoting Ease of Doing Business: Facilitates faster empanelment, a hassle-free business environment, automated compliance, and swifter payment processing, thereby enhancing the ease of doing business in the media industry.
    • Reliable Solution: The portal is integrated with the latest technology to generate real-time analytical reports, enabling data-driven decisions and efficient media planning.

    [3] NaViGate Bharat Portal:

    • Objective: The NaViGate Bharat portal serves as the National Video Gateway of Bharat, offering a unified bilingual platform for hosting videos on government’s development initiatives and welfare-oriented measures.
    • Key Features:
      • Dedicated Pages: Offers dedicated pages for ministries, sectors, schemes, and campaigns, providing detailed descriptions and advanced search functionalities.
      • Easy Navigation & Search: Provides easy access for users to find relevant videos through categorization, tagging, and advanced search functionalities.
      • Seamless Video Playback & Streaming: Enables seamless video playback and streaming for a user-friendly viewing experience.
      • Download & Sharing Options: Allows users to download and share videos through social media platforms, promoting widespread dissemination of information.
    • Empowering Citizens: Empowers citizens by providing a single platform for accessing authentic government videos, fostering transparency, and promoting awareness about government initiatives.
    • Comprehensive Coverage: Offers comprehensive coverage of government schemes, initiatives, and campaigns, ensuring that no one is left behind in understanding the initiatives shaping the nation’s future.

    [4] National Register for LCOs:

    • Objective: The National Register for Local Cable Operators (LCOs) aims to centralize the registration process for LCOs, bringing them under a centralized registration system.
    • Key Features:
      • Web Form: A web form is designed to collect information from local cable operators for the purpose of the National Register.
      • Online Publication: The National Register for LCOs is published online and regularly updated, offering a more organized approach to cable sector registration.
    • Impact: Promises a more organized cable sector with a National Registration Number for LCOs, facilitating the formulation of new policies for responsible service and convenience for cable operators.
    • Aligning with Vision: The initiative aligns with India’s vision of a developed and organized cable sector, contributing to the countries overall development and welfare.

  • Electoral season and restructuring the health system

     

    Healthcare Reforms in India: A Compelling Need Today - India CSR

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the importance of health reform in India, highlighting the necessity for political parties to prioritize it in their manifestos. It emphasizes the need to strengthen primary healthcare systems, citing successful examples from other countries like Thailand, and proposes comprehensive reforms to address India’s healthcare challenges.

    Key Highlights:

    • Manifestos serve as important documents reflecting political parties’ priorities and commitments.
    • Both BJP and Congress manifestos in 2014 and 2019 highlighted the importance of revamping the primary healthcare system, but with differing perspectives on healthcare delivery.
    • Past initiatives like the National Rural Health Mission under the UPA and policy continuity under the NDA have made incremental progress but haven’t addressed fundamental healthcare system flaws.
    • Comparison with countries like Thailand and Turkey underscores India’s need for more ambitious and effective healthcare reforms.
    • The focus should shift towards strengthening primary and secondary healthcare infrastructure to address the majority of health needs effectively.
    • Successful reform examples emphasize deliberate planning, strong local capacity building, and a focus on community outcomes.
    • Challenges include political will, overcoming preoccupation with high-end hospitals, and implementing synchronized reforms at the grassroots level.

    Key Challenges:

    • Political reluctance to prioritize primary healthcare over high-end hospital infrastructure.
    • Resistance to reforming entrenched healthcare delivery models and governance structures.
    • Capacity building and resource allocation at the district level to implement reforms effectively.
    • Varying levels of capability across states necessitate tailored approaches to reform implementation.
    • Addressing lifestyle factors contributing to disease incidence and out-of-pocket healthcare expenses.
    • Overcoming market failures and governance challenges in healthcare service provision.

    Main Terms or key terms for answer writing:

    • Primary healthcare
    • Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
    • Health reform
    • Public-private partnerships (PPP)
    • Human resources for health
    • Social health insurance
    • Medical curriculum reform
    • Decentralization
    • Operational flexibilities
    • Accountability framework

    Important Phrases for quality answers:

    • “Reforming the very architecture of the health system”
    • “Building a system ‘fit for purpose’”
    • “Operational flexibilities within a proactive, accountability framework”
    • “Imagination to design the process of reform”
    • “Infusion of new institutional and organizational capacities”
    • “Reducing demand for hospitalization”
    • “Out-of-pocket expenditures”

    Quotes that you can use for essay writing:

    • “Manifestos are useful documents… enabling people to hold the elected party accountable.”
    • “India’s strategy for UHC has hinged on purchasing services from a private sector operating on the inflationary a fee for service model…”
    • “Can our political parties commit themselves to such a process in their manifestos? Or, is that a big ask?”

    Useful Statements:

    • “Twenty years is a long time… Thailand… achieved significant outcomes within half the time span.”
    • “India has a long way to go… States such as Bihar still have one doctor serving per 20,000 population.”
    • “Successful examples of such reform processes show deliberate intent executed to a plan.”

    Examples and References for value addition in your mains answer:

    • Thailand’s Universal Health Coverage implementation in 2000.
    • Turkey’s Health Transformation Program in 2003.
    • India’s National Rural Health Mission and National Medical Commission establishment.

    Facts and Data:

    • India’s maternal mortality is three times more than the global average.
    • 95% of ailments and disease reduction can be handled at the primary and secondary level.
    • India’s public spending on healthcare has hovered around an average of 1.2% of GDP.

    Critical Analysis:

    The article provides a critical analysis of past healthcare initiatives in India, highlighting their incremental nature and failure to address fundamental system flaws. It underscores the importance of prioritizing primary healthcare and comprehensive reform to achieve equitable, effective healthcare delivery.

    Way Forward:

    • Prioritize strengthening primary healthcare infrastructure.
    • Implement comprehensive healthcare reforms addressing governance, human resources, and service delivery.
    • Tailor reform strategies to suit varying state capabilities.
    • Shift focus towards community outcomes and accountability.
    • Address lifestyle factors contributing to healthcare burden.
    • Overcome political reluctance and vested interests to achieve meaningful reform.

    Answer the following question and write your answer in comment box 

    How can India learn from successful healthcare reform initiatives in other countries like Thailand and Turkey to address its own healthcare challenges effectively?

     

  • Having panchayats as self-governing institutions

    Panchayat Raj System in India. - PoliticaQnA

    Central Idea:

    The article discusses the progress and challenges of decentralization in India, focusing on the effectiveness of Panchayati Raj institutions in local governance. It highlights the limited success in revenue generation by these institutions despite constitutional provisions and emphasizes the need for greater efforts towards self-sufficiency.

    Key Highlights:

    • Background of Decentralization: The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments Acts aimed to empower local bodies for self-governance, leading to the establishment of the Ministry of Panchayati Raj in 2004.
    • Fiscal Devolution: The constitutional amendment outlined fiscal devolution details, including own revenue generation by panchayats. However, most revenue still comes from grants, with only 1% generated through taxes.
    • Avenues for Revenue: The article lists various avenues for revenue generation by panchayats, including property tax, user charges, and innovative projects like rural business hubs and renewable energy initiatives.
    • Role of Gram Sabhas: Gram sabhas play a crucial role in local development and revenue generation by leveraging local resources, engaging in planning, and imposing taxes for community welfare.
    • Challenges: Despite potential avenues for revenue, panchayats face challenges such as a culture of dependency on grants, reluctance to impose taxes, and lack of authority in tax collection.
    • Dependency Syndrome: The article discusses the prevalent “freebie culture” and the reluctance of elected representatives to impose taxes due to concerns about popularity.

    Key Challenges:

    • Overreliance on grants from central and state governments.
    • Reluctance of elected representatives to impose taxes due to concerns about popularity.
    • Lack of authority and capacity in tax collection by panchayats.
    • Prevailing “freebie culture” hindering public willingness to pay taxes.

    National Panchayati Raj Day In India In 2024 There Is A Day, 58% OFF

    Main Terms:

    • Decentralization: Transfer of authority and responsibility from central to local government.
    • Panchayati Raj: System of local self-government in rural areas.
    • Fiscal Devolution: Transfer of financial powers from central to local governments.
    • Own Source of Revenue (OSR): Revenue generated by local bodies through taxes, fees, and other means.
    • Gram Sabha: Village assembly responsible for local governance and decision-making.

    Important Phrases for answer writing:

    • “Decentralization initiatives”
    • “Revenue generation efforts”
    • “Own source of revenue”
    • “Freebie culture”
    • “Dependency syndrome”

    Quotes for answer quality improvement:

    • “Panchayats earn only 1% of the revenue through taxes.”
    • “Gram sabhas have a significant role in fostering self-sufficiency and sustainable development.”
    • “The dependency syndrome for grants has to be minimized.”

    Useful Statements that can be used for essay:

    • “Despite efforts towards decentralization, many panchayats still rely heavily on grants for revenue.”
    • “Gram sabhas can play a pivotal role in promoting entrepreneurship and local development.”
    • “There is a need to educate elected representatives and the public on the significance of revenue generation for panchayat development.”

    Examples and References:

    • The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments Acts.
    • Ministry of Panchayati Raj’s expert committee report on own source of revenue.
    • Data highlighting the percentage of revenue generated by panchayats through taxes.
    • Examples of successful revenue generation initiatives by panchayats, such as property tax and user charges.

    Facts and Data for critical arguments in answer:

    • Panchayats earn only 1% of revenue through taxes, with 80% from the Centre and 15% from the States.
    • Allocation for rural local bodies increased significantly in recent Finance Commissions, reaching ₹2,80,733 crore in the 15th Finance Commission.
    • Tax revenue collected by panchayats decreased from ₹3,12,075 lakh in 2018-19 to ₹2,71,386 lakh in 2021-2022.

    Critical Analysis:

    While constitutional amendments and expert committee reports have outlined mechanisms for fiscal devolution and revenue generation, there remains a significant gap between policy intent and implementation. Factors such as political reluctance, administrative capacity constraints, and societal attitudes towards taxation pose significant challenges to effective decentralization.

    Way Forward:

    • Strengthening capacity building initiatives for panchayats in tax administration and financial management.
    • Encouraging public awareness campaigns to promote the importance of local revenue generation for sustainable development.
    • Ensuring greater devolution of powers and responsibilities to lower tiers of panchayats.
    • Exploring innovative revenue generation avenues such as public-private partnerships and leveraging local resources for economic development.

    Improve your answer writing with us and crack the mains 

    Try to attempt following question and write the answer in comment box below

    1. “What are the various sources available for Panchayats to generate revenue, and how can these sources contribute to enhancing the financial autonomy and sustainability of Panchayati Raj institutions?”
    2. “What are the main challenges hindering the financial autonomy of Panchayati Raj?”
    3. “Why is financial autonomy crucial for the effective functioning of local governance?”