In pretext of the upcoming Lok Sabha elections, the Union Cabinet approved the extension of the subsidy under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) for LPG cylinders, offering a subsidy of ₹300 (earlier ₹200) per cylinder for up to 12 refills per year.
About Ujjwala Scheme
Details
Launch
1 May 2016
Introduced By
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Aim
Provide clean cooking fuel (LPG) to rural and disadvantaged households, reducing reliance on traditional fuels like firewood, coal, and cow dung cakes.
Phases
Phase I: Launched on May 1, 2016, aimed to release 8 Crore LPG connections by March 2020.
Ujjwala 2.0: Aimed to release an additional 1 crore LPG connections, achieved in January 2022, subsequently expanded to release an additional 60 lakh LPG connections.
Financial Support
₹1600 financial assistance provided for each LPG connection to Below Poverty Line (BPL) households.
Deposit-Free Connections
Beneficiaries receive deposit-free LPG connections, including the first refill and a free hotplate.
Benefits
Eligible beneficiaries receive a free LPG connection.
Subsidy on the first six refills of 14.2 kg cylinders or eight refills of 5 kg cylinders.
Option to use EMI facility for stove and first refill costs.
Opportunity to join the PAHAL (Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh) scheme for direct subsidy transfers to bank accounts.
Try a similar PYQ from CSE Prelims 2018:
With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements:
It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy.
It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The Kerala government’s decision to introduce ‘Sabari K-Rice’ is seen as a response to the Union government’s distribution of ‘Bharat Rice.’
Bharat Rice and Other Commodities
‘Bharat’ Rice refers to the retail sale of rice by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) to the general public at a subsidized price.
Its primary objective is to stabilize markets and ensure affordability for consumers.
This rice is available in 5kg and 10kg packs priced at ₹29/kg.
It is distributed through cooperatives such as Kendriya Bhandar, National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED), and National Cooperative Consumers’ Federation of India (NCCF).
Additionally, it can be purchased from mobile vans and physical outlets of these cooperative agencies.
Moreover, these agencies also offer ‘Bharat Atta’ (wheat flour) at Rs. 27.50 per kg in 5kg and 10kg packs.
Similarly, ‘Bharat Dal’ (chana dal / Chickpea) is available at Rs. 60 per kg for a 1kg pack and Rs. 55 per kg for a 30kg pack, along with onions priced at Rs. 25 per kg.
Sabari K-Rice
Objective: It aims to provide good quality rice at affordable rates, presenting an alternative to the existing subsidized rice scheme.
Distribution: K-Rice will be made available through Supplyco outlets, alongside the existing subsidized rice supply of 10 kg per card.
Quality and Pricing: K-Rice offers high-quality varieties at subsidized rates, contrasting with Bharat Rice sold by NAFED and NCCF at different prices.
Price Discrepancy: While Bharat Rice sells at ₹29 per kg, K-Rice aims to provide affordable rates, with the state government incurring additional costs to distribute it.
Prelims: Which of the following gives ‘Global Gender Gap Index’ ranking to the countries of the world? (UPSC CSE 2017) a) World Economic Forum b) UN Human Rights Council c) UN Women d) World Health Organization only
Mains: 1. Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context? (UPSC CSE 2016)
2. Explain intragenerational and intergenerational issues of equity from the perspective of inclusive growth and sustainable development.(UPSC CSE 2020)
Note4Students:
Mains: Social Justice; Women empowerment; Sustainable/Inclusive development
Prelims: Global Gender Gap Index;
Mentor comments: Increasing women’s representation in green jobs can lead to benefits such as boosting a low-carbon and environmentally sustainable economy. Only a third of leadership positions in climate-change negotiations are held by women, despite women being the most vulnerable to climate impacts. To overcome these challenges faced by women, several strategies can be studied and analyzed based on dimensions considering the Social Justice or Sustainable development aspect.
Let’s learn.
Why in the News?
The transition to low-carbon development has the potential to add about 35 million green jobs in India by 2047.
What is the Present Scenario of Indian women’s participation in Green jobs?
As India increased its renewable energy capacity by 250% (2015-21), women comprised merely 11% of workers in the solar rooftop sector. Women workers are mostly concentrated in industries such as apparel, textile, leather, food, and tobacco.
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) 2019 report shows that men comprise 85% of the workforce in sectors such as infrastructure, transport, construction, and manufacturing.
What are the challenges faced by Indian women?
Rigid Social Norms: According to the Skill Council (2023) for Green Jobs, 85% of the training for green skills was imparted to men while over 90% of women believed that social norms limited their participation in training for green jobs.
Underrepresentation: Women are often underrepresented in climate-related decision-making processes, leading to a lack of consideration for their specific needs and contributions.
Lack of Opportunities: Women are unsuitable for certain technical roles, safety concerns, lower representation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects, and familial constraints.
Significance of Green Jobs for Indian Women:
As India transitions towards a low-carbon economy, increasing women’s representation in green jobs can lead to several benefits:
Addressing Gender Biases: Green jobs can help address gender biases in the Indian labor market and improve women’s labor force participation rates.
Long-term Empowerment: Over time, this can contribute to improving women’s agency and empowerment by creating economic, technical, and social opportunities
What are some strategies to overcome the challenges faced by women? (Way Forward)
Addressing the gaps in data:
Create a Supportive Ecosystem: To address this disparity and empower women in green jobs, it is essential to challenge social norms that limit women’s participation in technical roles, and provide training opportunities tailored to women’s needs for their advancement.
Mapping Emerging Areas: Initiatives such as collecting sex-disaggregated data on green jobs, conducting gender analysis, and mobilizing resources to encourage women’s role in the green transition are crucial steps towards achieving gender equity in the workforce.
Supporting women entrepreneurs:
Incorporating Gender-focused Policies: Supporting women entrepreneurs through gender-focused financial policies, mentorship programs, financial literacy training, and access to credit can enhance their participation in the green economy.
Promoting women’s leadership: Encouraging women to take on leadership roles in decision-making processes concerning low-carbon development strategies is crucial for integrating gender-specific requirements and guaranteeing fair job opportunities.
Conclusion
An inclusive approach focusing on employment, social protection, skill development, and reducing care work burden is vital for a gender-equitable transition. Secondly, collaborating government, private sector, and stakeholders is crucial to utilize innovation, technology, and finance for the advancement of women entrepreneurs and workers.
Practice Question: Green jobs can enhance women’s labor force prospects thereby reducing gender disparity. Identify the obstacles to their representation and the significance of green jobs for Indian women. Suggest measures to boost their presence in green jobs and support women entrepreneurs.
Approach for the Answer:
1. Introduction: Theme: Define green jobs and provide data related to women’s participation in it.
2. Body: Demand 1: Factors that form the obstacles to women’s representation in green jobs Demand 2: Significance of green jobs for Indian women Demand 3: Measures to support women in increasing their representation
3. Conclusion: Summarize your answer along with highlighting the benefit of equitable job opportunities for everyone.
Public health centres in India have long been shrouded in infamy, perceived as symbols of systemic failure.
The effectiveness of primary healthcare in India has always been a topic of discussion, with calls for strengthening these services through government commitment to accessibility, affordability, and quality care.
PYQ from CSE Mains 2021:
Q. “Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.
Health Centres in India
Primary Health Centres (PHCs) also known as Public HCs play a crucial role in providing comprehensive healthcare services to the population.
The first PHC in India was established following the proposal of the PHC concept in a paper submitted to the Executive Board of the World Health Organization (WHO) in January 1975.
The establishment of PHCs gained further momentum with the International Conference on PHC held in Alma Ata, Kazakhstan in 1978.
They are a fundamental component of the healthcare system, with Medical Officers at these centers required to hold an MBBS degree.
India boasts a vast public health infrastructure with 23,391 PHCs and 145,894 sub-centers, serving a substantial percentage of the population.
PHCs cover a significant portion of outpatient care, including services for non-communicable diseases, maternal health, and child health.
Importance of Health Centres
Foundational Role: Health centres form the backbone of India’s public health system, providing primary care to millions.
Access and Affordability: With nearly two lakh centres across the country, they aim to offer accessible and affordable healthcare, particularly in rural areas.
Impact on Equity: Effective health centres can mitigate social and health inequities, reducing reliance on costly private healthcare and preventing households from falling into poverty due to healthcare expenses.
Unveiling the Reality
Evidence of Progress: Surveys conducted across five states reveal a pattern of improving quality and utilization of health services over time, albeit at a slow pace.
In Himachal Pradesh, functional health centres serve 83% of the population.
Chhattisgarh has shown a radical expansion in the public provision of healthcare, with increased facilities, medicines, and staff presence.
Bihar lags behind, with dismal quality of health centres and some sub-centres being dormant or non-existent.
Policy Interventions: Increased health expenditure, initiatives like the National Rural Health Mission, and state-specific schemes have contributed to incremental improvements.
The share of health expenditure in the Union Budget increased drastically.
The National Health Mission’s share shrank from 69% to 44%, while allocations for the Ayushmann Bharat program and new AIIMS hospitals surged.
COVID-19 led to a sustained increase in patient utilization of public health facilities, indicating growing trust in the system.
Challenges and Gaps
Underutilization: Despite improvements, health centres still face challenges such as high staff absenteeism, limited services, and poor infrastructure.
Lacunas: Health workers report irregular flow of funds, lack of facilities like toilets and transport, and inadequate supply of drugs and testing equipment.
Social Discrimination: Caste and gender dynamics influence access to and quality of healthcare, perpetuating inequalities. Upper-caste doctors display disparaging attitudes towards marginalized communities, while upper-caste families disrespect Dalit ANMs.
Gender Disparities: Women, particularly frontline health workers, play a crucial role in rural health settings but often face neglect and discrimination.
Way forward
Holistic Investment: While progress has been made, it remains patchy, with allocations often prioritizing tertiary healthcare over primary care.
Designated allocations: The composition of the healthcare budget has remained stagnant, with minimal increases in the share allocated to primary healthcare.
Policy Reform: The paper advocates for substantial support from the central government to enable poorer states to replicate successful initiatives and enhance the role of health centres in public healthcare delivery.
Conclusion
India’s health centres, though fraught with challenges, embody resilience and potential.
By addressing systemic gaps and prioritizing primary healthcare, the nation can harness the transformative power of these centres to achieve equitable and accessible healthcare for all.
The traditional report cards of students are undergoing a transformation with the introduction of the Holistic Progress Card (HPC) by the National Council for Educational and Research Training (NCERT).
This innovative approach aims to evaluate not just academic performance but also various aspects of a child’s holistic development.
What is the Holistic Progress Card (HPC)?
360-Degree Evaluation: Departing from the conventional marks or grades-based assessment, the HPC adopts a comprehensive evaluation approach.
Student-Centric Assessment: Students are actively engaged in the assessment process through class activities, allowing them to demonstrate diverse skills and competencies.
Peer and Self-Assessment: Students participate in evaluating their own and their classmates’ performance, fostering self-awareness and peer collaboration.
Key Features of the HPC
Classes Involved: The HPC was created for the foundational stage (Classes 1 and 2), preparatory stage (Classes 3 to 5), and middle stage (Classes 6 to 8). Efforts are currently underway to develop a similar framework for the secondary stage.
Parameters of Evaluation: Besides academics, students are evaluated on self-awareness, relationships, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and creativity. Students reflect on their progress after each activity by circling statements like “I learned something new,” “I expressed creativity,” or “I helped others.”
Method of Evaluation:
Self-Assessment: Included in the HPC for all students from Class 1 to Class 8. In middle school (Classes 6 to 8), students set academic and personal goals with specific timelines at the start of the year. The middle stage HPC also involves an “ambition card” where students list their goals for the year and areas for improvement, along with the skills and habits needed to achieve them.
Parental Involvement: Parents provide feedback on homework completion, classroom engagement, and the child’s ability to balance screen time with extracurricular activities at home, thus connecting home and school.
Peer Evaluation: Students evaluate their classmates’ participation in learning and engagement after each classroom activity.
Implementation and Adoption
Rollout across States: The HPC has been sent to all states and Union Territories, with several already adopting it for Classes 1 to 8.
Regional Customization: States have the flexibility to modify the HPC to suit their regional requirements while adhering to the overarching principles.
Rationale behind the Change
Focus on Higher-Order Skills: The shift from rote memorization to higher-order skills evaluation aligns with the objectives of NEP 2020 and NCF SE.
Promotion of Holistic Development: The HPC aims to communicate students’ strengths and areas of improvement, fostering self-esteem and self-awareness.
Benefits and Implications
Comprehensive Evaluation: The HPC promotes a holistic assessment approach, encompassing academic achievements and critical skill development.
Shift to Formative Assessment: By emphasizing formative assessment, the HPC encourages competency-based evaluation and continuous improvement.
Insights for Teachers and Parents: Teachers and parents gain valuable insights into each student’s learning journey, enabling personalized support and guidance.
Conclusion
The introduction of the Holistic Progress Card marks a significant step towards redefining student assessment in India.
By prioritizing holistic development and competency-based evaluation, the HPC aims to nurture well-rounded individuals capable of thriving in a rapidly evolving world.
Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments? (10)
Pyq pre
Why is it in the News?
Cervical cancer prevention, particularly through HPV vaccination, has gained attention recently due to several factors. January was observed as Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, drawing focus to the importance of combating this disease. Additionally, March 4 marked International HPV Awareness Day, further highlighting the significance of addressing HPV-related health issues.
What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. It is primarily caused by certain types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which is transmitted through intimate contact.
If left untreated, cervical cancer can be life-threatening. It is a significant health concern worldwide, with a particularly high burden in lower- and middle-income countries. In India, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women, posing a substantial threat to public health.
What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes. It’s the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. HPV can cause various health issues, including genital warts and certain types of cancers.
What Facts are explained in the article?
Prevalence and Impact: Cervical cancer claims the lives of over 300,000 women annually worldwide, with a disproportionate burden in lower-income countries.
Risk in India: With over 500 million women at risk, cervical cancer is a significant public health concern in India, second only to breast cancer.
Role of HPV Vaccination: HPV vaccination is identified as a crucial strategy for preventing cervical cancer. It targets the underlying cause of the disease by protecting against HPV infection.
Strategies for Prevention of Cervical cancer
HPV Vaccination: Implementing widespread HPV vaccination programs, particularly targeting adolescent girls, can significantly reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Vaccination should ideally occur before the onset of sexual activity to maximize effectiveness.
Screening for Precancerous Lesions: Regular screening for precancerous lesions, such as Pap smears or HPV DNA tests, can detect abnormalities early and allow for timely intervention. This is crucial for reducing the incidence of advanced-stage cervical cancer.
Education and Awareness: Increasing education and awareness about cervical cancer, HPV infection, and the importance of vaccination and screening are essential. This includes targeting healthcare professionals, policymakers, parents, and adolescents to dispel myths and misconceptions and encourage uptake of preventive measures.
What are the Challenges?
Limited Access: HPV vaccination may not be widely accessible, particularly in lower-resourced communities, and is often available at a significant out-of-pocket cost.
Misconceptions Among Physicians: Some physicians underestimate the incidence and risk of cervical cancer, as well as the safety and effectiveness of HPV vaccines. This can lead to hesitancy in recommending vaccination to eligible individuals.
Parental Hesitancy: Misinformation and concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy among parents can contribute to hesitancy in vaccinating adolescents against HPV.
Pap Smears
Description: A screening procedure for cervical cancer involving collecting cells from the cervix to examine for abnormalities.
Purpose: To detect precancerous or cancerous changes in cervical cells early for timely intervention and prevention.
Procedure: Use of a speculum to visualize the cervix and collection of cells with a brush or spatula.
Timing: Typically performed during routine gynecological exams, starting at age 21 or within 3 years of becoming sexually active.
Facts about HPV Vaccination:
The HPV vaccine is safe and effective in preventing six HPV-related cancers, including cervical, vulvar, anal, vaginal, throat, and cervical cancers.
Vaccination is recommended for adolescents starting at age 9 years to maximize its effectiveness.
HPV vaccination is an essential component of the immunization schedule recommended by the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP).
Best Practices for HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Prevention:
Effective Communication:
Provide clear and accurate information to parents about HPV vaccination.
Address concerns and misconceptions to ensure informed decision-making.
Timely Vaccination:
Recommend HPV vaccination for adolescents starting at age 9.
Encourage vaccination before sexual activity begins for maximum effectiveness.
Integration into Immunization Programs:
Advocate for inclusion in national immunization programs for widespread access.
Collaborate with policymakers to ensure equitable vaccine coverage.
Promotion of Regular Screening:
Emphasize the importance of cervical cancer screening for women over 30.
Encourage routine Pap smears or HPV DNA tests for early detection.
Physician Education:
Provide comprehensive training on HPV vaccination and cervical cancer prevention.
Equip healthcare professionals with updated guidelines and communication skills.
In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of proactive measures to prevent cervical cancer, particularly through HPV vaccination and screening. It underscores the role of healthcare professionals, policymakers, and community stakeholders in addressing the challenges and ensuring equitable access to preventive interventions.
Reducing gender gaps and increasing women’s empowerment are part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Notwithstanding ethical and constitutional imperatives, there is also evidence suggesting that increasing women’s employment rates can be an engine for economic growth.
What is the issue?
Despite functioning at a fraction of its intended capacity, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has been pivotal in providing financial autonomy to women in rural areas.
More than half the MGNREGA workforce are women. However, urban realities are different. Social norms, lack of safety, and hostile transportation options are some of the factors inhibiting urban women to enter the workforce.
What data is explaining?
The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) pegs women’s employment rate in urban areas at 22.9% in the last quarter of 2023. There are clear signs of high unmet demand for employment among urban women.
First, the unemployment rate in urban areas, which is a measure of how many would like employment (irrespective of whether they are actively seeking it or not), is 9% compared to 4% in rural areas.
Second, there are two types of unemployment individuals who would like to work and are actively seeking a job versus those who would like to work but may not be actively seeking a job.
A much larger share of unemployed women in urban areas are seeking employment compared to rural areas. Further, nearly 25% of urban women have completed higher secondary education compared to 5% in rural areas. The low urban employment rates among women also points to wastage of much potential.
The article presents statistics from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) indicating that approximately 10.18 crore women in urban areas aged 15-59 are out of the workforce. When including those who are self-employed or engaged in casual labor, this number rises to around 11.65 crore.
Introducing the Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA)
The proposal outlines a comprehensive plan to address urban unemployment through the implementation of a Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA). This act aims to provide employment opportunities specifically targeted towards women in urban areas.
Programme Management and Decentralization: The proposal suggests that women should form at least 50% (ideally 100%) of the programme management staff under WUEGA. This approach not only ensures women’s active participation but also strengthens the constitutional mandate of decentralization by involving local communities in decision-making processes.
Ensuring Accessibility and Supportive Infrastructure: The proposal emphasizes the importance of providing essential worksite facilities, including childcare facilities, to enable women’s participation in the program. It also advocates for the availability of work within a 5-km radius and proposes free public transportation for women to facilitate their commute to worksites.
Diversifying Employment Opportunities: The proposal highlights the need to diversify urban works to cater to local needs and wider consultation. It mentions existing examples such as plantation and harvesting reeds on floating wetlands and suggests supplementing the list based on local requirements.
Incentives and Welfare Measures: This section discusses the creation of incentives, such as automatic inclusion in welfare boards, to encourage women’s participation in the program. It proposes utilizing welfare boards to provide maternity entitlements, pensions, and emergency funds for program participants.
Skill Development and Apprenticeships: The proposal emphasizes the importance of addressing skill gaps among women to facilitate their transition from school to work. It suggests implementing apprenticeship programs for college students from various disciplines, providing them with opportunities to join as program functionaries and improve their job readiness.
Information Facilitation Centers and Capacity Building: Here, the proposal suggests establishing Information Facilitation Centers at each urban local body, run by women who have completed Class 10, to provide computer training facilities and bridge the gap in skills. It also advocates for regular capacity-building initiatives to empower these centers and enhance women’s job readiness.
Social Audit and Monitoring Mechanisms: The proposal recommends the establishment of a social audit unit within WUEGA, comprising at least 50% women staff, for independent monitoring of the program. It suggests that social audits could serve as opportunities for women who have completed Class 12 to join part-time or full-time roles and enhance their job readiness through acquiring various skill sets.
Successful Women-Led Initiatives in Waste Management
The article highlights successful women-led initiatives, such as the end-to-end waste management program in Karnataka’s gram panchayats. It emphasizes that women not only manage waste collection but also drive ‘Swacch’ vehicles, leading to the acquisition of driving licenses and contributing to the success of the initiative.
Wayforward
The article discusses the financial implications of the proposed program, estimating that the wage component funded by the Union government would cost around 1.5% of the GDP. When adding material and administrative costs, the total cost is expected to be around 2% of the GDP. It advocates for a phased rollout of the scheme with periodic assessments to smoothen costs.
Here, the article suggests that the proposed women’s employment program could serve as a foundation for a broader urban employment program encompassing both genders. It argues that the benefits of such a program outweigh fiscal concerns and calls for a shift towards ensuring income assurance, especially for women.
1. Impact of digital technology as a reliable source of input for rational decision-making is a debatable issue. Critically evaluate with suitable examples. (2021)
2. Examine the scope of Fundamental Rights in light of the latest judgment of the Supreme Court on the Right to Privacy. (2017)
Mentor comments: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) and State governments are preparing for a smooth transition of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) which was passed in December 2023 and will be in effect from 1st July 2024. While some changes have been made in the BNSS in connection with investigation and police functioning, the scope of secondary evidence has been slightly broadened and some changes have been made in the provisions relating to electronic evidence in the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam
Let’s Learn.
Why in the News?
Some changes have been made in the provisions relating to electronic evidence in the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023, which is to replace the Indian Evidence Act.
Context of the News:
The three newly enacted criminal laws, the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita (to replace the IPC), the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (to replace the CrPC), and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (to replace the Indian Evidence Act) are to come into force on July 1, 2024.
Significantly, Section 106(2) of the BNS, which prescribes 10 years imprisonment for fatal accidents if they are not immediately reported to the police, has been put on hold, as notified by the Central government.
Some changes have been made in the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) in connection with the investigation and police functioning.
The scope of secondary evidence has been slightly broadened and some changes have been made in the provisions relating to electronic evidence in the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam.
Key Highlights of the Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS) Act, 2023:
1. The Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita retains most offenses from the IPC (1860). It adds community service as a form of punishment.
2. Sedition is no longer an offense. Instead, there is a new offense for acts endangering the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
3. The BNS adds terrorism as an offense. It is defined as an act that intends to threaten the unity, integrity, security or economic security of the country, or strike terror in the people.
4. Organized crime has been added as an offense. It includes crimes such as kidnapping, extortion, and cyber-crime committed on behalf of a crime syndicate. Petty organized crime is also an offense now.
5. The BNS retains the provisions of the IPC on rape and sexual harassment. It does not consider recommendations of the Justice Verma Committee (2013) such as making the offense of rape gender-neutral and including marital rape as an offense.
The BNS omits Section 377 of IPC which was read down by the Supreme Court. This removes rape of men and bestiality as offenses.
6. Murder by a group of five or more persons on grounds of certain identity markers such as caste, language, or personal belief will be an offense with a penalty of life imprisonment or death, and with a fine.
7. Most importantly, it criminalizes ‘deceitful’ promises to marry.
The Clarity specified on New Provisions related to Electronic Records is as follows:
On Electronic Records: Definition of “document” includes electronic records on emails, server logs, documents on computers, laptops or smartphones, messages, websites, locational evidence, and voice mail messages stored on digital devices, etc.
On Primary Electronic Evidence: Video recordings stored in electronic form are primary evidence. This may help the investigating agencies in fixing the culpability of a cyber-criminal.
Section 63: ‘Semiconductor memory‘ and ‘communication device’ don’t change the impact of the provision. However, the IT Act, 2000 has a definition of “electronic form” in a broad view.
Present Dilemma on Data Integrity:
Admissibility of Electronic Records: The law regarding the use of electronic records is clear, with specific requirements for their admissibility. A recent Supreme Court judgment emphasized the necessity of a certificate under Section 65-B (4) for electronic records to be admissible.
This certificate, now under Section 63(4) of the BSA, must be signed by two individuals: the person in charge of the device and an expert. While timely submission of this certificate is preferred, its absence can be rectified without harming the accuser’s rights.
Ensuring Data Integrity: The certificate includes a hash value obtained through a specific algorithm to ensure data integrity. The use of secure hash algorithms like SHA256 is recommended to safeguard data integrity, as opposed to potentially vulnerable algorithms like MD5 and SHA1.
Challenges associated with preparedness to adopt New Format:
Preparedness with Cyber Environment: Expert certification for electronic records admission will increase cyber laboratories’ workload as most crimes involve smartphones, with call records and location data aiding investigations.
Lack of Human Resource: Requiring expert-signed certificates for every record may strain cyberlabs lacking manpower. For example, some cyberlabs (such as in Chhattisgarh) are not even notified under the IT Act to give expert opinion on electronic records.
Need Optimal Opinion: Expert opinion should be sought only when record integrity is disputed during trial.
Way Forward:
Need for an Awareness Drive: A general awareness campaign on encryption methods is needed, especially for private agencies using electronic devices for security.
Infrastructure Readiness: Enforcement agencies must prepare infrastructure before July to handle increased responsibilities effectively.
World Rare Diseases Day (February 29) was recently celebrated.
What are Rare Diseases?
Global Perspective: Rare diseases are defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as often debilitating lifelong diseases or disorders with a prevalence of 1 or less, per 1,000 population.
National Context: While India lacks a standardized definition, the Organisation of Rare Diseases – India suggests defining a disease as rare if it affects 1 in 5,000 people or less.
Rare Diseases: Key Facts and Figures
India issued its first National Policy on Rare Diseases in March 2021, offering comprehensive strategies for prevention and management.
Less than 5% of rare diseases have therapies available in India, yet they affect nearly 1/5th of the population.
The Union Government allocated ₹50 lakh per patient for rare diseases treatment, but only approximately 49% of the allocated funds have been utilized.
There are approximately 7,000-8,000 rare diseases in India, with new diseases continually being identified and reported.
National Policy on Rare Diseases, 2021: Highlights
Comprehensive Approach: This Policy offers a holistic framework encompassing prevention, management, and treatment strategies tailored to the unique needs of patients.
Financial Support: Recognizing the financial burden on patients, the policy aims to lower the exorbitant costs of treatment through targeted interventions and support mechanisms.
Research Focus: Emphasizing indigenous research, the policy lays the foundation for bolstering research initiatives in the field of rare diseases, fostering innovation and discovery.
Other Initiatives in India
National Hospital-Based Registry: A pivotal component of the policy, the establishment of a national registry of rare diseases promises to provide invaluable epidemiological data, informing targeted interventions and resource allocation.
Early Screening and Prevention: The creation of Nidan Kendras aims to enhance early detection and prevention efforts, crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing disease burden.
Capacity Building: Strengthening secondary and tertiary health facilities at Centres of Excellence underscores the commitment to enhancing healthcare infrastructure and service delivery.
Challenges and Imperatives
Defining Rare Diseases: Despite significant progress, India lacks a standardized definition of rare diseases, necessitating clarity to guide policy and resource allocation effectively.
Funding Utilization: Concerns arise over the underutilization of allocated funds, highlighting the urgency to streamline resource allocation and enhance accountability mechanisms.
Patient Advocacy: Rare diseases patient advocacy groups play a pivotal role in advocating for timely access to treatment and sustainable funding support, urging policymakers and healthcare providers to prioritize patient-centric initiatives.
Way Forward
Sustainable Funding: Ensuring sustainable funding support for rare diseases treatment is paramount to safeguarding patient well-being and fostering equitable access to care.
National Registry Implementation: Accelerating the establishment of a hospital-based national registry is imperative to harness the power of data-driven decision-making and advance rare diseases research.
Multidisciplinary Care: The creation of comprehensive care centers, coupled with initiatives to support caregivers, represents a crucial step towards enhancing patient outcomes and fostering a supportive healthcare ecosystem.
Conclusion
As India commemorates World Rare Diseases Day, it stands at a pivotal juncture in its journey towards rare diseases care and advocacy.
By embracing a collaborative and patient-centric approach, India can surmount existing challenges, paving the way for a future where every individual affected by a rare disease receives the care and support they deserve.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2014:
Consider the following diseases
Diphtheria
Chickenpox
Smallpox
Which of the above diseases has/have been eradicated in India?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None
[wpdiscuz-feedback id=”p3avfkfd93″ question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your responses here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback]
On March 1, International Waste Pickers Day, waste pickers across the world will pay homage to fellow pickers who were murdered in Colombia in 1992.
Who are informal waste pickers?
The International Labour Organization defines the informal sector in waste management as ‘individuals or small and micro-enterprises that intervene in waste management without being registered and without being formally charged with providing waste management services’
Background:
Informal waste pickers, often overlooked and marginalized, play a crucial but unseen role in India’s waste management systems. They are vital yet often forgotten members of the waste value chain ecosystem, deserving recognition and understanding.
These workers are the primary collectors of recyclable waste, playing a critical role in waste management and resource efficiency by collecting, sorting, trading and sometimes even reinserting discarded waste back into the economy.
Yet, they face systemic marginalisation due to non-recognition, non-representation, and exclusion from social security schemes and legal protection frameworks.
What data shows?
While reliable estimates of informal waste pickers are difficult to come by, the Centre for Science and Environment reported that the informal waste economy employs about 5%–2% of the urban population globally.
Many are women, children and the elderly, who are often disabled, are the poorest of the urban poor, and face violence and sexual harassment often. The Periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18 indicates that there are nearly 1.5 million waste pickers within India’s urban workforce, with half a million being women.
Challenges Faced by Waste Pickers
Work Conditions: Waste pickers labor for 8 to 10 hours daily, collecting 60 kg to 90 kg of waste, often without safety equipment, exposing themselves to hazards.
Health Issues: They suffer from dermatological and respiratory problems, alongside regular injuries, due to their hazardous work conditions.
Socioeconomic Factors: Low income, irregular work, and harassment exacerbate their precarious livelihoods, compounded by their subordinate position in the caste hierarchy.
Impact of Private Sector Participation in waste collection
Exclusion: Private sector involvement in waste management alienates waste pickers, depriving them of their rights and exacerbating their vulnerability.
Marginalization: As noted by the Alliance of Indian Waste Pickers (AIW) 2023 report, Private actors employ expensive machinery, marginalizing informal waste pickers by offering competitive rates to waste generators, forcing them into hazardous scavenging activities.
Loss of Rights: Private players and municipal authorities often cordon off dump sites, further limiting waste pickers’ access and exacerbating their vulnerability.
Importance of Waste Pickers in Plastic Management
Global Contribution: Waste pickers globally collect and recover up to 60% of all plastic waste, contributing significantly to its recycling efforts, as highlighted in the 2022 World Economic Forum report.
Underappreciated Role: Despite their crucial contribution to sustainable recycling, waste pickers’ work is undervalued, and they struggle to earn a decent livelihood.
Quantitative Impact: Reports by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Pew state that informal waste pickers collected 27 million metric tonnes of plastic waste in 2016 alone, representing 59% of all plastic material collected for recycling, thereby preventing it from ending up in landfills or oceans.
Relevance in India’s Context: In India, where per capita plastic waste generation is rising, waste pickers’ role becomes even more critical, especially considering that the country is among the top 12 responsible for 52% of the world’s mismanaged waste, as per a recent CPCB report.
Harnessing Traditional Knowledge: Waste pickers possess traditional knowledge about waste handling, which could significantly enhance the effectiveness of the EPR system if integrated properly.
Rethinking EPR Norms: In light of this, there is a need to reconsider the formulation of EPR norms to ensure the inclusion and empowerment of millions of informal waste pickers within the new legal framework.
Objective: EPR aims to enhance plastic waste management by transferring the responsibility of waste management from municipal authorities to commercial waste producers.
Promises of EPR: EPR holds the potential for social inclusion for waste pickers and other informal grassroots actors by promoting accountability among commercial waste producers.
Analysis of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Guidelines
Stakeholder Identification: The EPR guidelines in India recognize various stakeholders, including the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), producers, brand owners, industry, industry associations, civil society organizations, and citizens.
Uncertainty Regarding Inclusion: It remains unclear whether these stakeholders include informal waste pickers or their representing organizations, raising questions about the extent of their involvement in the EPR framework.
Discrepancies with Solid Waste Management Rules 2016: While the Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 mandate the inclusion of waste pickers in municipal solid waste management systems, informal waste pickers are evidently missing in the prioritization within the EPR guidelines.
Omission in EPR Guidelines 2022: The EPR Guidelines 2022, published by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, have blatantly ignored the role of informal waste pickers in waste management and recycling, further exacerbating their exclusion from the formal waste management framework.
Challenges in Implementation
Redirection of Waste: Despite its promises, EPR often redirects waste away from the informal sector, posing a threat of large-scale displacement for informal waste pickers.
Concerns Raised by WIEGO: Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO) have noted the potential negative impacts of EPR on informal waste pickers, highlighting the need for careful consideration and mitigation of such effects.
In conclusion, acknowledging waste pickers’ crucial role in plastic recycling is imperative for sustainable waste management. Efforts should focus on integrating them into formal systems like the Extended Producer Responsibility mechanism while addressing their socio-economic vulnerabilities for a more equitable and environmentally sound future.
