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Subject: International Relations

  • [15th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Dealing with China’s weaponisation of e-supply chains

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain.  (UPSC CSE 2021)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on China as a threat to the USA (2021), and China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools (2017).

    In mid-January, reports said China blocked its engineers and technicians from working at Foxconn in India and recalled those already there. It also restricted exports of key manufacturing equipment, which China dominates. While Foxconn brought in Taiwanese workers, the lack of equipment is a bigger challenge. This move threatens India’s goal of becoming a global manufacturing hub.

    Today’s editorial discusses challenges arising from China’s dominance in the global supply chain. This topic is relevant for GS Paper 2 and GS Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, China has stopped its engineers and technicians from travelling to work at Foxconn’s facilities in India.

    How is China using e-supply chains as a strategic tool?

    • Monopoly Over Critical Manufacturing Equipment: China dominates the production of high-tech manufacturing equipment required for semiconductor and electronics production. Example: In early 2024, China restricted the export of specialized manufacturing machinery to Foxconn in India, slowing down iPhone assembly and production.
    • Control Over Key Raw Materials: China holds a significant share of the global supply of rare earth elements (REEs) essential for electronics, EV batteries, and defense technology. Example: In 2023, China imposed export restrictions on gallium and germanium, two critical metals used in semiconductor and military applications, impacting global supply chains.
    • Workforce and Knowledge Transfer Restrictions: By preventing its engineers and skilled technicians from working in foreign manufacturing hubs, China restricts the transfer of tacit knowledge to competitors. Example: Chinese engineers working at Foxconn’s Indian facilities were recalled, creating a skills gap that affected Apple’s production capacity.
    • Disrupting Supply Chains to Gain Geopolitical Leverage: China can manipulate logistics, trade policies, and export restrictions to pressure countries and corporations dependent on its supply chains. Example: During the U.S.-China trade war, China imposed export controls on key components for companies like Huawei and Apple, demonstrating its leverage in global electronics production.
    • Deep Integration into Global Manufacturing Networks: Through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and heavy investments in industrial zones, China ensures that multinational corporations remain reliant on its supply chains. Example: Despite U.S. sanctions, companies like Tesla and Apple continue significant operations in China due to its well-integrated and cost-effective supply chain ecosystem.

    What are the risks and vulnerabilities posed by China’s control over e-supply chains?

    • Disruptions to Critical Industries: China’s dominance in semiconductor manufacturing, rare earth metals, and electronics components makes other nations vulnerable to supply chain shocks.
      • India depends on China for over 75% of electronic components, affecting smartphone and telecom industries. The 2020 global chip shortage, worsened by China’s export controls, severely impacted industries like automobiles, defence, and consumer electronics.
    • Geopolitical and Economic Coercion: China can weaponize supply chains to exert diplomatic pressure or punish countries for political disagreements.
      • Post-Galwan clash (2020), India faced delays in customs clearance for Chinese goods, disrupting industries reliant on imports.
      • Lithuania faced trade restrictions in 2021 after allowing a Taiwan representative office, showing how China uses supply chains as leverage.
    • Vulnerability in Strategic Sectors (Telecom, Defense, Energy): Dependence on Chinese technology in strategic sectors poses risks related to cybersecurity, espionage, and sabotage.
      • India banned Huawei and ZTE from 5G trials due to concerns over data security. The U.S. and EU have imposed restrictions on Chinese telecom firms citing national security threats.
    • Supply Chain Manipulation and Price Volatility: China’s control over rare earth metals, batteries, and semiconductors allows it to manipulate prices and supply.
      • Despite efforts to develop local lithium-ion battery production, India still relies on China for key materials, affecting the EV sector. In 2023, China restricted gallium and germanium exports, leading to price spikes for these critical semiconductor materials.
    • Stifling Competitor Growth and Technological Dependence: China restricts the transfer of critical machinery and skilled labor to competitors to maintain its manufacturing edge.
      • China’s ban on engineers working in Indian Foxconn plants and export curbs on key equipment have slowed India’s smartphone manufacturing expansion. U.S. firms like Apple, Tesla, and Intel remain dependent on China’s supply chains, despite attempts at diversification.

    How can countries and companies safeguard themselves from China’s influence over e-supply chains? (Way Forward)

    • Supply Chain Diversification (China Plus One Strategy): Countries and companies should expand production to alternative locations to reduce reliance on China.
      • Example: Apple is shifting iPhone production to India, Vietnam, and Mexico to mitigate risks from China. The U.S. has passed the CHIPS Act (2022) to boost domestic semiconductor manufacturing and reduce reliance on Chinese supply chains.
    •  Strengthening Domestic Manufacturing and R&D: Governments should invest in local industries, incentivize component manufacturing, and build advanced R&D ecosystems.
      • Example: India’s Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme supports domestic electronics and semiconductor manufacturing. Japan and South Korea are increasing investments in semiconductor fabs to reduce dependence on China.
    •  Forming Strategic Trade Alliances and Technology Partnerships: Nations should collaborate on trade agreements and secure alternative sources for critical materials and technology.
      • Example: India, the U.S., Japan, and Taiwan are working together under the Chip 4 Alliance to strengthen the semiconductor supply chain. The EU-U.S. Trade and Technology Council (TTC) is securing alternative semiconductor and rare earth suppliers.

  • In news: Arab League

    Why in the News?

    The Arab League has strongly rejected US President Donald Trump’s proposal for Gaza relocation, calling it unacceptable.

    arab league

    About the Arab League

    • The Arab League was founded on March 22, 1945, in Cairo, Egypt.
    • Its founding members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.
    • The primary goals of the Arab League include:
      • Promoting economic, cultural, political, and military cooperation among Arab states.
      • Safeguarding the independence and sovereignty of its members.
      • Addressing regional conflicts through diplomatic engagement and coordination.
    • The League operates on consensus-based decision-making, meaning all member states must agree on major resolutions.
    • It holds regular summits and meetings where Arab leaders discuss and formulate policies.
    • Specialized councils and committees focus on key areas like economic affairs, defense, social welfare, and education.
    • Organisation Structure:
      • Today, it has 22 member states and several observer nations.
      • Members: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Kuwait, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan, UAE, and Yemen.
      • Observer Nations: Several non-Arab nations, including Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Venezuela, hold observer status but do not have voting rights.

    Key Achievements of the Arab League:

    • Arab Peace Initiative (2002): Proposed a two-state solution to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
    • Military Coordination: Facilitated joint military efforts in various regional conflicts.
    • Economic Integration: Established the Arab Free Trade Area to promote intra-regional trade.
    • Cultural and Educational Exchange Programs: Strengthened cooperation in education, research, and cultural preservation.

     

    PYQ:

    [2023] Consider the following statements :

    Statement-I: Israel has established diplomatic relations with some Arab States.
    Statement-II: The ‘Arab Peace Initiative’ mediated by Saudi Arabia was signed by Israel and Arab League.

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

    (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

    (c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

    (d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

     

  • Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) Countries

    Why in the News?

    Prime Minister Modi met Estonian President Alar Karis at the AI Action Summit in Paris to discuss trade, technology, cybersecurity, and stronger ties between India, Estonia, and the Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8).

     

    Key Highlights of the Recent Visit to Estonia:

    • First Bilateral Meeting: Held at the AI Action Summit in Paris, focusing on trade, digital ties, and cybersecurity.
    • Economic Cooperation: PM Modi invited Estonian businesses to invest in IT and cybersecurity in India.
    • Cybersecurity & Security Issues: Discussed digital governance, cybersecurity collaboration, and the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
    • Multilateral Ties: Emphasized India-Nordic-Baltic (NB-8) cooperation and India’s role in EU & UN diplomacy.
    • Cultural Exchange: PM Modi appreciated Estonia’s interest in yoga and strengthened people-to-people ties.

    Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) Countries

    About Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) Countries

    • The Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is a regional cooperation platform that includes:
      • Nordic Countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
      • Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
    • NB cooperation dates to the 1990s, following the Baltic states’ independence from Soviet rule.
    • The Nordic Council began engaging with Baltic leaders in 1989, leading to official cooperation in 1991.
    • The NB-8 framework was formally established in 2000 as a regional diplomatic and economic initiative.
    • Structural Mandate:
      • Trade and Economic Growth: Strengthening business and investment partnerships.
      • Technology and Innovation: Collaborating on digital governance, AI, and cybersecurity.
      • Security and Defense:  Enhancing NATO and EU-led security cooperation.
      • Climate and Energy Policy: Advancing sustainability and energy security initiatives.
    • NB-8 Leadership and Coordination:
      • Each year, one NB-8 country assumes the role of coordinator, hosting diplomatic meetings and leading regional initiatives.
      • Denmark will chair NB-8 in 2025, following Sweden in 2024 and Latvia in 2023.

    PYQ:

    [2014] Consider the following countries:

    1. Denmark
    2. Japan
    3. Russian Federation
    4. United Kingdom
    5. United States of America

    Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council ‘?

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 2, 3 and 4

    (c) 1, 4 and 5

    (d) 1, 3 and 5

     

  • Phase 2 of ASPIRE Programme 

    Why in the News?

    The 4th India-UK Energy Dialogue, chaired by the Union Minister of Power and the UK’s Energy Security Secretary, was recently held in New Delhi. The dignitaries launched Phase-2 of the ASPIRE programme to improve power supply, energy efficiency, and renewable energy.

    About the ASPIRE Programme

    • The ASPIRE (Accelerating Smart Power and Renewable Energy in India) program was officially launched in November 2021 during the India-UK Energy for Growth Partnership.
    • It focuses on renewable energy expansion, power distribution reforms, and energy efficiency improvements.
    • The program is implemented in collaboration with India’s Ministry of Power (MoP), Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO).

    Key Features of ASPIRE Phase-2:

    • Round-the-Clock (RTC) Power Supply:  Ensuring uninterrupted electricity with smart grid integration.
    • Renewable Energy Expansion: Scaling up solar, wind, and offshore wind projects with investment support.
    • Industrial Energy Efficiency & Decarbonization:  Reducing carbon emissions in key industries like steel, aluminum, and cement.
    • Power Distribution & Market Reforms:  Enhancing smart metering, grid resilience, and regulatory cooperation between CERC (India) and OFGEM (UK).
    • Offshore Wind Development: Establishing a UK-India Offshore Wind Taskforce to boost supply chains & financing models.
    • Electric Mobility & Green Data Centers: Expanding EV charging infrastructure and sustainable energy solutions.

  • [11th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Gaza and Trump’s ‘expanding the canvas’ strategy

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) “India’s relations with Israel have, of late, acquired a depth and diversity, which cannot be rolled back.” Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2018)

    Q) Consider the following statements: (2023)

    Statement I: Israel has established diplomatic relations with some Arab States.

    Statement-II: The ‘Arab Peace Initiative’ mediated by Saudi Arabia was signed by Israel and Arab League.

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

    (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement II is the correct explanation for Statement I

    (b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

    (c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

    (d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on India’s relations with Israel (2018), and the Arab Peace Initiative for Israel and Palestine ( 2023).

    On February 4, 2025, Donald Trump proposed relocating Gaza’s 2.3 million residents to Egypt and Jordan, turning the area into a global resort under U.S. control. He hinted at a West Bank plan soon. Alongside Netanyahu, he praised Saudi Crown Prince Mb Salman, who reaffirmed that Saudi-Israel ties depend on a Palestinian state’s creation.

     

    Today’s editorial talks about issues in the Middle East which is always in the news because of the Israel and Palestine conflict. This topic is also the favourite of UPSC in GS Paper2 mains and prelims related to International relations above mentioned in the box (PYQ Relevance). This content would help in substantiation of answers in Mains GS Paper 2.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Donald Trump recently proposed an audacious plan to relocate 2.3 million residents of the Gaza Strip to Egypt and Jordan, turning Gaza into a global resort, which has stirred geopolitical tension.

    • This suggestion, along with his praise for Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MbS), hints at possible changes in the West Asia region, especially concerning the Israel-Palestine issue and Saudi Arabia’s potential involvement in the Abraham Accords.

    What is meant by Trump’s ‘expanding the canvas’ strategy?

    • Trump’s “expanding the canvas” strategy refers to his approach of broadening the scope of a negotiation or conflict resolution by introducing bold, often extreme proposals to provoke reaction and stimulate further discussions.
    • By presenting an audacious or exaggerated idea, he aims to shift the focus and push opposing parties to consider more realistic and agreeable counter-offers. The idea is that this “shock tactic” can help break a stalemate and create space for new solutions.
    • In the context of the Gaza proposal, Trump’s suggestion to depopulate Gaza and turn it into a global resort serves as an example of this strategy—pushing the boundaries of negotiation to force other stakeholders to come up with a more balanced, practical solution.

    What are the implications of the proposed strategy for the Gaza conflict, and how might it reshape the geopolitical landscape in West Asia?

    • Geopolitical Tensions and Pushback: This proposal would likely anger Palestinians and Arab nations, as it bypasses the core issue of Palestinian statehood and self-determination. It could worsen tensions between Israel, Palestinians, and neighboring Arab countries.
      • The suggestion might also be viewed as a land grab or colonial move, particularly because it disregards the established claim of Palestinians to their land, creating significant backlash in the region and beyond.
    • Impact on Palestinian Statehood: Trump’s plan shifts focus away from the two-state solution (Israel and Palestine coexisting as separate states), which many international actors, including the U.S. and the UN, support.
      • The proposal undermines the push for Palestinian independence and could derail efforts to achieve a lasting peace settlement.
    • Saudi Arabia and Other Arab Nations’ Involvement: Trump’s proposal could alter the balance in Arab-Israeli relations. Saudi Arabia, which is being courted for inclusion in the Abraham Accords, might find it difficult to reconcile such a plan with its own stance on Palestinian rights, especially since Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has linked normalization with Israel to the creation of a Palestinian state.
      • It could either push Saudi Arabia and other Arab states further toward Israel or create more division, depending on how the proposal is received by the region’s leaders.
    • Shifting Regional Alliances: If Saudi Arabia were to move toward accepting the proposal, it could signal a significant shift in Middle Eastern alliances, possibly leading to greater cooperation between Arab states and Israel, while sidelining Palestinian aspirations for statehood.
      • On the other hand, if the plan fails, it could deepen regional divisions, particularly between Israel and the Arab world, and intensify the existing geopolitical instability in the region.

    How are the ongoing conflicts and economic challenges in West Asia affecting the region’s future?

    Political Impact of Conflicts: The wars and conflicts in places like Gaza, Syria, Yemen, and Lebanon have created deep divisions and instability. The region has been repolarized, leading to less cooperation and more distrust between nations.

    • Issues such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Iran’s nuclear ambitions, and Kurdish national aspirations remain unresolved, keeping tensions high and preventing lasting peace.

    Economic Challenges: The conflicts have caused massive destruction, with the rebuilding costs in places like Gaza, Lebanon, and Syria. However, economic recovery is impossible without resolving the political issues first.

    • The region’s economy is also heavily dependent on oil, which is a vulnerable resource. The global push to move away from fossil fuels and the volatility of oil prices make the region’s future uncertain.
    • Countries like Saudi Arabia are aware of this and are trying to diversify their economies, but this process is slow.

    What are the Abraham Accords?

    The Abraham Accords refer to a series of normalization agreements between Israel and several Arab countries, aimed at establishing diplomatic, economic, and cultural relations. These agreements were brokered by the USA, and they marked a significant shift in Middle Eastern geopolitics.

    Here are the four major features of the Abraham Accords:

    • Normalization of Relations: Israel established diplomatic ties with Arab countries like UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco.
    • Economic Collaboration: The signatories are working together to enhance trade relations, investment opportunities, and economic partnerships. Israel’s advanced technology sector, including cybersecurity and innovation, is seen as a valuable area for collaboration with the Arab countries.
    • Security Cooperation: Enhances defense and intelligence sharing, especially to address regional threats like Iran. As part of the normalization, the Accords encourage cultural exchange programs, tourism, and people-to-people connections.
    • Exclusion of the Palestinian Issue: One of the most notable features—and points of controversy—of the Abraham Accords is that the agreements were made without resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
      • While Palestinian leaders and many in the Arab world have opposed the Accords, claiming they betray the Palestinian cause, the agreements were framed as separate tracks that do not require the resolution of Palestinian statehood for Arab-Israeli relations to normalize.

    Saudi Arabia’s Role in Shaping Stability:

    • Economic Influence: Saudi Arabia, as the largest economy in the region, plays a major role in the economic stability of West Asia. It has massive reserves of wealth, particularly from its oil exports, and is using this to invest in rebuilding and diversifying the region’s economy. The Saudi Public Investment Fund, for example, is helping to fuel new development projects.
    • Diplomatic Influence: Saudi Arabia’s political influence is also crucial. Under Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MbS), the country has made efforts to mediate regional conflicts, like the war in Yemen and tensions with Iran. It has also sought to balance relationships with global powers, including the U.S., China, and Russia, while maintaining its leadership role in the Arab and Islamic world.
    • Potential to Guide Regional Stability: Despite the conflicts around it, Saudi Arabia has largely avoided direct involvement in the region’s major wars. It can use its wealth and diplomatic leverage to fund reconstruction efforts and push for more peaceful, negotiated solutions to ongoing conflicts. It also holds significant sway over organizations like OPEC, which can affect the global oil market and, by extension, the region’s economy.

    What are the challenges the US faces in advancing the Abraham Accords, and how does it  complicate vision for broader Arab-Israeli normalization?

    • Palestinian Statehood and the Core Issue of the Conflict: The Palestinian issue is a major barrier to Arab-Israeli normalization, with many Arab nations, including Saudi Arabia, insisting on a Palestinian state as a prerequisite.
      • Trump’s focus on individual peace deals with Arab states bypasses this issue, making it difficult for countries like Saudi Arabia to fully normalize relations with Israel.
    • Opposition from Palestinian Leaders and Supporters: The Palestinian leadership has consistently rejected the Abraham Accords, seeing them as a betrayal of their cause. They argue that normalizing relations with Israel without addressing Palestinian rights and the establishment of a Palestinian state undermines their struggle for sovereignty and independence.
      • This complicates the situation. As long as Palestinians feel excluded from peace processes or see no meaningful progress toward a state of their own, it will be difficult to secure broad Arab-Israeli normalization.
    • Resistance from Ultra-Religious Israeli Groups: Within Israel, the growing influence of ultra-religious Jewish groups also complicates Trump’s plans. These groups often oppose any peace deal and their influence makes it harder for the Israeli government to adopt policies that could lead to broader peace agreements, even with Arab states.
    • Competing Interests Among Arab States: While some Arab states like the UAE and Bahrain have embraced the Abraham Accords, others, particularly in the Gulf, have been more cautious.
      • Saudi Arabia, for example, has signaled interest in normalizing relations with Israel, but only on the condition that Palestinian statehood is part of the deal.
      • This puts Trump in a difficult position, as he must balance the desire to expand the Accords with the realities of Arab and Palestinian demands.

    Way Forward: 

    • Need for Revised Diplomacy: A lasting solution must address Palestinian statehood, with a two-state solution being central to gaining support from Arab nations and Palestinian leaders. Direct negotiations, backed by international mediators, are crucial.
      • Arab states, Israel, and global powers must work together through multilateral platforms, with Saudi Arabia playing a key role in fostering peace and stability in the region.
    • Humanitarian Focus: Immediate efforts are needed to address the humanitarian crisis in Gaza and surrounding areas, with international aid supporting reconstruction and stability.
    • Economic Diversification: The region must move beyond oil dependency by investing in other industries, with collaboration between the U.S. and Gulf states to promote long-term economic stability.

  • India as a bridge between the Global North and South

    Why in the News?

    At the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (2025) and the 3rd Voice of Global South Summit (2024), PM of India emphasised India’s leadership in advocating inclusive global governance and amplifying the Global South’s voice.

    How can India effectively bridge the divide between the Global North and South?

    • Alternate Paradigm of Development Cooperation: India needs to reinforce its call for an alternative development cooperation model that is not solely top-down and dictated by the Global North. It should focus on equal partnerships, but avoid an “India-first” approach, being open to learning from other Global South countries to address domestic challenges.
    • Human-Centric Approach: India has partnered with countries like UAE, Japan, and Saudi Arabia under agreements like the India-UAE Skill Harmonization Initiative, ensuring Indian workers are trained to meet global skill standards. This model can be expanded to Global South nations, helping them create skilled labour forces for industrial growth.
    • Advocating for Inclusive Global Governance: India can push for reforms in international institutions like the UN, WTO, IMF, and World Bank to better represent Global South interests. Example: India championed the inclusion of the African Union in the G20 during its presidency in 2023, making the grouping more representative.
    • Learning and Listening: India needs to listen to the Global South to be a good leader, using trilateral partnerships and increased engagement with new partners as a learning process to scale up India-led global initiatives.

    What are the key priorities and concerns of the Global South that India can champion?

    • Debt Relief and Fair Financial Structures: Many developing nations are burdened by unsustainable debt, often due to high-interest loans from global financial institutions and major lenders like China. Example: India has advocated for debt restructuring in international forums like the G20 and supports initiatives like the Common Framework for Debt Treatment to assist Global South nations.
    • Climate Justice and Sustainable Development: The Global South demands climate finance, technology transfer, and a fair transition to clean energy without compromising growth. Example: India spearheaded the International Solar Alliance (ISA) to help developing nations access affordable solar energy and pushed for climate finance commitments at COP summits.
    • Equitable Global Trade and Market Access: Many Global South nations struggle with restricted market access, unfair subsidies in developed countries, and dependence on primary commodity exports. Example: India has advocated for WTO reforms, sought duty-free access for developing countries’ exports, and promoted initiatives like ‘Make in Africa’ to reduce dependency on Western economies.
    • Food and Energy Security: Rising food and fuel prices disproportionately impact Global South nations, making self-sufficiency in agriculture and energy a key concern. Example: India’s export of wheat and rice during global food crises and partnerships in biofuel development, such as the Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA), help address these concerns.
    • Technology and Digital Inclusion: The digital divide limits economic opportunities in many developing nations, making access to digital infrastructure and AI-driven solutions crucial. Example: India’s Aadhaar-based digital public infrastructure and UPI payment system have been shared with countries like Sri Lanka and Mauritius, promoting financial inclusion and governance reforms.

    How can India balance its relationships with both to foster unified solutions? (Way forward)

    • Strategic Multi-Alignment: India follows a multi-aligned foreign policy, maintaining strong ties with the U.S. and Europe while deepening its engagement with Global South nations. Example: India’s participation in the Quad (with the U.S., Japan, and Australia) while simultaneously leading the Voice of Global South Summits showcases its balancing act.
    • Leveraging Common Agendas: India identifies shared global challenges like climate change, digital transformation, and healthcare to foster collaboration between developed and developing nations. Example: India played a key role in securing climate finance commitments for developing countries during its G20 presidency in 2023, aligning Global South needs with Global North priorities.
    • Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy: India uses its democratic values, historical non-alignment stance, and rich cultural heritage to maintain trust across geopolitical divides. Example: India’s expansion of diplomatic missions in Africa, the International Solar Alliance (ISA), and Yoga Diplomacy have helped strengthen relationships across both blocs.
    • Promoting Fair Investment Practices: Unlike China’s debt-driven infrastructure projects, India focuses on sustainable and transparent investment models that ensure local benefits. Example: India’s development assistance to Africa through concessional credit lines and capacity-building programs, such as the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC), contrasts with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
    • Institutionalizing Global Development Initiatives: India is working towards creating its own robust mechanisms for international development cooperation while collaborating with established institutions. Example: India’s push for the African Union’s inclusion in G20 and engagement in trilateral cooperation with France and the UAE for African development reflects its long-term vision of bridging the Global North-South divide.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same.  (UPSC IAS/2018)

    Q The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order.’ Elaborate. (2019)

  • [10th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Keeping a watch on the growing arc of violence

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q. The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding? (2017)

    Q. Discuss the impediments India is facing in its pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council. (2015)

    Mentor’s Comment:   UPSC mains have always focused on grave challenge to national security (2017), and ‘pursuit of a permanent seat in the UN Security Council ’ (2015)

    Wars are raging, global institutions are failing, and terrorism is evolving in new, digital, and decentralized forms. While conflicts like the Ukraine war and Gaza crisis dominate headlines, subterranean threats such as radicalization and lone-wolf terrorism are quietly reshaping global security risks.

    Today’s editorial highlights why the world is in a volatile state, how extremist groups are adapting, and why counterterrorism efforts must evolve to meet these new challenges. This content will help in GS paper 2 (Security issues).

    Why in the News?

    The world is going through an unpredictable phase, with wars, conflicts, and terrorism on the rise. The post-1945 global order has collapsed, and international institutions like the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ) are failing to prevent violence. At the same time, terrorism is evolving, using digital tools and decentralized networks to survive and grow.

    Why is the Present Period Unpredictable?

    • Wars in Europe and West Asia:
      • The Ukraine war continues with no clear end in sight.
      • The Gaza conflict and tensions in Lebanon have led to large-scale civilian casualties.
    • Failure of Global Institutions:
      • The UNSC and ICJ have become powerless observers, unable to stop wars.
      • The principles of international law are now ignored by major powers.
    • Moral and Political Decline:
      • Nations are acting in self-interest, with no common moral framework.
      • Peace efforts are temporary and do not address the root causes of conflicts.

    What are the Recent Subterranean Activities?

    • False Sense of Stability in West Asia:
      • Some believe that Israeli military actions have weakened Iran’s regional influence.
      • However, underground resistance movements are growing, keeping tensions high.
    • Resurgence of Islamist Extremism:
      • Jihadist groups are reorganizing, using online radicalization.
      • “Lone wolf” attacks are increasing, making them harder to predict.
    • Digital Radicalization:
      • Terrorist groups are recruiting and training people online.
      • Social media and encrypted messaging apps are used to spread extremist ideologies.

    How Terrorism is Witnessing a Revival?

    • Terrorism is Adapting:
      • Since 1979, terrorist networks have evolved.
      • Al-Qaeda and ISIS have used both military and digital strategies to stay active.
      • Now, terrorism is shifting towards smaller, more frequent attacks.
    • Al-Qaeda and ISIS Regrouping:
      • Al-Qaeda is training militants in Afghanistan, under Taliban rule.
      • ISIS-Khorasan (ISKP) is expanding its operations beyond Afghanistan and Pakistan.
      • Attacks have been reported in Moscow, Türkiye, and Iran.
    • More Small-Scale Attacks:
      • Instead of large bombings, modern terrorism relies on:
        • Lone-wolf attacks (one person acting alone).
        • Vehicle attacks, knives, or simple explosives.
        • AI-driven propaganda to recruit supporters.
    • Recent Terror Attacks in the U.S.:
      • Las Vegas Cyber Truck Explosion: A Tesla exploded outside a hotel where President-elect Donald Trump was staying.
      • New Orleans Vehicle Attack: A former soldier drove a truck into a crowd, killing 14 people while displaying an ISIS flag.
      • Virginia Terror Plot: Authorities foiled a planned attack in early 2025.
    • Warnings for the Future:
      • Experts warn of a new wave of terror attacks using digital tools.
      • Security agencies worldwide are on high alert to prevent further incidents.

    Conclusion

    A technology-driven and cooperative global approach is essential to counter rising conflicts and terrorism. Nations must strengthen international institutions, use AI for surveillance, and enforce stricter digital regulations to prevent online radicalization. Community engagement and de-radicalization programs can help address extremism at its roots. Stronger border security, cyber-tracking, and intelligence-sharing will be key to preventing future attacks. As threats become more decentralized and digital, proactive measures and global collaboration are the only paths to lasting peace.

  • Indian Immigrants Deported from US

    Why in the News?

    A U.S. Air Force C-17 plane landed at Amritsar’s Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport on February 5, 2025, carrying around 100 Indian nationals. These individuals were suspected of trying to enter the U.S. illegally.

    What are the Hotspots states of Illegal Immigration in India?

    • Gujarat: North Gujarat, including the districts of Mehsana, Gandhinagar, Patan, and Banaskantha, is a major hotspot. Specific illegal immigration hotspots within these districts include Dingucha, Khalva, Nardipur, and Limdivas in Kalol taluka of Gandhinagar district; Vijapur, Andudar, Tundali, Bhadol, and Dhanali in Mehsana district; and Sola Science City Road and Bhadaj in Ahmedabad city.
    • Punjab: Punjab is also a significant hotspot for illegal immigration.
    • Haryana: Haryana is another state identified as a hotspot.

    Andhra Pradesh tops the list of agents engaged in illegal manpower migration overseas. As of Oct 30, 2023, a total of 2925 such agents have been identified.

    What are the most common methods used? 

    • Forged Documents: Agents create fake passports, visas, and other documents to facilitate illegal migration. This includes fake departure/arrival stamps, work permits, and educational or corporate papers.
    • “Donkey Routes”: Agents organize travel through multiple countries to exploit visa loopholes and enable illegal border crossings into the desired destination. This often involves routing individuals through countries with visa-on-arrival options for Indian nationals.
    • Exploiting Loopholes: Agents exploit student visas and family immigration categories, as well as sham marriages and adoptions, to facilitate illegal immigration.

    What are the Reasons for Illegal Migration?

    • Economic Factors: Poverty, lack of economic opportunities, and the desire for a better standard of living push individuals to seek opportunities in other countries. The promise of opportunities, like the “American Dream,” attracts migrants.
    • Political and Religious Persecution: Individuals flee their home countries due to political and religious persecution, seeking refuge in other nations.
    • Overpopulation and Natural Disasters: Overpopulation leading to a crisis of living space and natural disasters can force people to migrate for survival and better living conditions.
    • Existing Social Networks: Established social networks attract more migrants from similar communities, often resulting in migration through illegal routes when other options are unavailable.
    • Violence and Instability: Violence, exacerbated by gangs and the drug trade, and gender-based violence, such as honour crimes or forced marriage, drive individuals to seek safety elsewhere.

    What are the consequences of such Migration?

    • Clashes and Political Instability: Illegal migration can lead to clashes between locals and migrants due to competition over scarce resources, economic opportunities, and cultural dominance, resulting in political instability.
    • Economic Exploitation: Undocumented migrants are vulnerable to economic exploitation, often facing informal, temporary, or unprotected jobs and even forced labour due to a lack of legal safeguards. Illegal immigration can also increase the labour supply, impacting the wages and employment of some domestic workers.
    • Strain on Resources and Infrastructure: The influx of undocumented settlers can strain public services like healthcare, education, and transportation, while unregulated settlements may emerge with hazardous living conditions. A massive influx of immigrants can lead to increased consumption, creating crises as authorities struggle to maintain living conditions and provide housing and services.
    • Increased Crime and Security Concerns: Illegal migrants may engage in illegal and anti-national activities, such as fraudulently acquiring identity cards, participating in trans-border smuggling, and other crimes, undermining the rule of law. Organized criminal groups may also be involved in smuggling migrants across borders.
    • Violation of Human Rights: Illegal migrants are vulnerable to inhumane conditions and criminal offences like assault, rape, or extortion during their journeys or in destination regions2. They also face the risk of detention and deportation and may be mistreated during detention, such as having poor living conditions.
    • Social Tensions: Large-scale illegal migration can distort existing demographics and pose a threat to existing socio-cultural identity, potentially leading to xenophobic, ultranationalist, and racial manifestations.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthening Border and Immigration Controls – Enhance surveillance, biometric tracking, and cooperation with international agencies to curb illegal entry and human smuggling networks.
    • Regulating Migration Pathways – Streamline legal migration channels, enforce stricter penalties on fraudulent agents, and promote awareness campaigns to educate potential migrants on legal and safe alternatives.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q How does illegal transborder migration pose a threat to India’s security? Discuss the strategies to curb this, bringing out the factors which give impetus to such migration. (UPSC IAS/2014)

  • India studying US memo on ‘modifying’ sanctions waiver for Chabahar Port

    Why in the News?

    A day after U.S. President Donald Trump signed an order that might lead to sanctions on India for investing in Iran’s Chabahar port, the Indian government did not comment on the order or its impact.

    How will the potential modification by the US impact India’s Chabahar Port project?

    • Increased Uncertainty: The potential withdrawal or modification of the U.S. waiver could put India’s long-term investment and operations at Chabahar at risk.
    • Disruptions in Operations: If U.S. sanctions extend to businesses involved in shipping, insurance, and logistics, Indian firms operating at Chabahar may face compliance challenges.
    • Delays in Expansion Plans: India’s plans to integrate Chabahar into the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and use it for trade with Russia and Central Asia may be significantly slowed.
    • Strategic Setback: Chabahar serves as a counterbalance to Pakistan’s Gwadar port (developed by China). Any disruption could weaken India’s strategic positioning in the region.

    What are the significance of the Chabahar Port project?

    • Strategic and Geopolitical Importance: Provides India a trade route to Afghanistan and Central Asia, bypassing Pakistan, and counters China’s influence at Gwadar Port under CPEC.
    • Economic and Trade Connectivity: Acts as a key link in the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), enhancing India’s trade with Iran, Russia, and Central Asia.
    • Humanitarian and Security Role: Facilitates aid delivery to Afghanistan, strengthens India-Iran ties, and enhances India’s presence in the Indian Ocean region for maritime security.

    What will be the implications for India’s connectivity to Eurasia and Afghanistan?

    • Disruption in Trade Routes: Chabahar is India’s key route for accessing Afghanistan and Central Asia while bypassing Pakistan. U.S. sanctions could make trade difficult, impacting economic ties with these regions.
    • Humanitarian Concerns: The port has been critical in facilitating food and medical aid to Afghanistan. New restrictions could hamper India’s ability to provide humanitarian assistance.
    • Geopolitical Recalibration: If access to Chabahar becomes restricted, India may need to explore alternative routes, potentially shifting focus towards Russia and Central Asia via Iran’s Bandar Abbas port or strengthening ties with the Taliban for land-based transit through Afghanistan.

    How will India and the US address this issue in their bilateral conversations? (Way forward)

    • Diplomatic Negotiations: India is expected to lobby the U.S. for a continued waiver by emphasizing Chabahar’s role in humanitarian aid and regional stability.
    • Strategic Arguments: New Delhi could argue that Chabahar helps counterbalance China’s influence (via Gwadar and the Belt and Road Initiative) and aids the U.S. interest in regional connectivity.
    • Possible Compromise: India might propose limiting Chabahar’s use for trade with Afghanistan while finding alternative routes for trade with Russia and Central Asia to align with U.S. geopolitical concerns.
    • Bilateral Trade-Offs: India may leverage its growing defense and economic partnerships with the U.S. to seek exemptions, similar to the earlier waiver granted under the Trump administration.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation?(UPSC IAS/2018)

  • India must address illegal emigration with empathy and urgency

    Why in the News?

    The U.S. deporting dozens of Indians for being illegal immigrants is not unexpected or new.

    What are the reasons behind it? 

    • Illegal Immigration Enforcement: The deportations are part of intensified Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) operations aimed at identifying, detaining, and deporting individuals who are in the U.S. without proper documentation.
    • Large-Scale Illegal Migration – Many Indians, particularly from Gujarat, Punjab, and Haryana, attempt to enter the U.S. illegally through Mexico and Canada due to economic distress and job shortages.

    What is the potential impact of US immigration policies on Indian students and professionals?

    • Legal Migration Channels: The Indian government is keen on ensuring that legal migration channels to the U.S. for Indian nationals are not restricted by the U.S. administration. These legal routes include H-1B visas for skilled workers and visas for students.
    • Deterrence of Illegal Migration: Both the U.S. and India are engaged in deterring illegal migration while creating more avenues for legal migration from India to the U.S.
    • Increased Deportations: Deportation of Indian nationals from the United States surged by 400% in the past three years. In 2024, 1,529 Indians were deported, a significant jump from 292 in 2021.
    • Impact on Undocumented Indians: Approximately 725,000 undocumented Indians reside in the U.S., primarily from Punjab and Gujarat. As of November of the previous year, 20,407 undocumented Indians were either facing final removal orders or were held in detention centers of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.

    How will this impact the USA? 

    • Labour Market Disruptions:  Deportations can create labor shortages in sectors reliant on immigrant workers, such as construction and hospitality. (Example: Indian workers contribute significantly to the U.S. IT and service industries.)
    • Diplomatic Tensions:  Large-scale deportations may strain U.S.-India relations, especially if handled insensitively. (Example: The use of military flights for deportations sparked protests from other countries like Colombia.)

    How might the deportation of Indian nationals affect the political landscape in India? 

    • Domestic Political Fallout: The deportation of thousands of Indians could become a political issue, with opposition parties blaming the government for failing to create adequate job opportunities at home.
    • Diplomatic Challenges: The mass deportations could strain India-U.S. relations, particularly if deportees face harsh treatment, triggering diplomatic interventions.
    • Public Backlash: The use of military flights and reports of inhumane treatment, such as shackling, may create anti-U.S. sentiment among the Indian public.
    • State-Level Political Implications: States with high numbers of deportees (Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana) may experience political unrest, with local governments facing pressure to provide jobs and reintegration support.
    • Rise in Anti-Illegal Migration Policies: The Indian government may be compelled to introduce stricter measures against illegal immigration and human trafficking networks, affecting those attempting to migrate illegally.
    • Impact on Indian Diaspora Relations: The large-scale return of undocumented migrants could impact remittances, economic support for families, and the broader perception of Indian migrants globally.

    What should India do? (Way forward)

    • Strengthen Domestic Employment Opportunities: Implement targeted economic reforms, boost job creation in high-migration states (Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana), and address the root causes driving illegal migration, such as agricultural distress and unemployment.
    • Enhance Public Awareness & Legal Migration Channels: Conduct awareness campaigns on the risks of illegal immigration while expanding safe and legal pathways for skilled migration through bilateral agreements with the U.S. and other countries.
    • Engage in Diplomatic & Policy Advocacy: Strengthen diplomatic efforts to ensure fair treatment of deported individuals, negotiate favourable visa policies for Indian professionals and students, and collaborate with the U.S. on workforce mobility solutions.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)