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Subject: International Relations

  • In news: International Olympic Committee (IOC)

    Why in the News?

    Kirsty Coventry, aged 41, has become the first African and the first woman to head the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

    Also in news:

    The IOC has paused the selection process for future Olympic Games hosts, impacting India’s bid for the 2036 Olympics.

    About the International Olympic Committee (IOC)

    • Overview: It is a non-governmental international organisation established in 1894, and is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland.
    • Functions: It sets the rules and framework for the Olympic Games, including deciding on host cities and event structures.
    • Membership: IOC members must be proficient in French or English and be citizens or residents of countries with a National Olympic Committee (NOC).
    • Jurisdiction: The IOC acts as the final authority on matters related to the Olympic Games and the Olympic movement.
    • Indian and the IOC:
      • The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) has been recognized by the IOC since 1927.
      • It is responsible for selecting and sending Indian athletes to the Olympics and other major international competitions.

  • [26th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The ‘Axis of Upheaval’ in the West Asia conflict 

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2022] How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics?

    Linkage: This question highlights a new grouping involving Israel and the USA, both central to the West Asia conflict described as the origin point for the “Axis of Upheaval”. The formation and impact of such new strategic groupings, particularly in the context of the Middle East, are directly relevant to the evolving power dynamics and strategic realignments that define the concept of the “Axis of Upheaval.”

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  The recent U.S.-Israel attack on Iran’s nuclear sites and the weak ceasefire that followed have shown that today’s global alliances, often compared to Cold War groups, are not very strong or united. Even though Iran has close economic and political ties with Russia and China, neither country gave any military support. This clearly shows the limits of strategic partnerships when there is a real military threat. The so-called ‘Axis of Upheaval’ made up of Iran, Russia, and China is really just a loose group, without any formal military treaties like those in Western alliances such as NATO. This crisis breaks the idea of a bipolar world and highlights the unequal power dynamics in today’s global politics.

    Today’s editorial discusses global power alliances in the context of the Israel-Iran war. This topic is helpful for GS Paper II (International Relations) in the UPSC mains exam.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The recent U.S.-Israel attack on Iran’s nuclear sites, followed by a weak ceasefire, has shown that today’s global alliances, often compared to Cold War blocs, are not as strong or united as they appear.

    What are the new global power blocs?

    New global power blocs refer to emerging alliances among countries like China, Russia, and Iran that seek to challenge the dominance of the Western-led global order. These blocs focus on economic cooperation, strategic alignment, and institutional alternatives such as BRICS and SCO, but lack formal military treaties like NATO.

    Why has the Israel-Iran conflict weakened the idea of new global power blocs?

    • Lack of Military Support: Despite Iran’s close ties with Russia and China, neither provided military assistance during the conflict. Eg: Russia, engaged in the Ukraine war, offered only diplomatic mediation, while China limited itself to verbal condemnation.
    • Absence of Binding Alliances: The so-called ‘Axis of Upheaval’ lacks formal military treaties that require collective defense. Eg: Iran’s strategic partnerships with Russia (2025) and China (2021) are primarily economic, not military.
    • Diverging Strategic Interests: Russia and China used the conflict to advance their own interests, letting the U.S. get entangled in West Asia. Eg: The U.S. bombing of Iran may distract American focus from the Indo-Pacific and Europe, which suits Beijing and Moscow.

    What are the strategic limits of Iran’s ties with Russia and China?

    • No Binding Military Pact: Iran’s ties with Russia and China are largely economic and diplomatic, with no formal military alliance or commitment to joint defense.
    • Conflicting Strategic Priorities: Russia is deeply engaged in the Ukraine war, and China is focused on maintaining its economic growth and regional stability, limiting their readiness to back Iran militarily. Eg: Russia has turned to North Korea for troops, showing its own resource constraints.
    • Unequal Benefits: Iran is heavily dependent on these relationships, while Russia and China gain economic and geopolitical advantages without taking on direct strategic risks. For instance, China secures discounted Iranian oil under sanctions, while offering limited concrete support in return.

    How have Russia and China responded to Iran’s crisis post-ceasefire?

    • Diplomatic Support without Military Action: Russia offered to mediate the conflict through a call by President Putin, but this was ignored by the U.S., and no military support was extended.
      Putin’s involvement reflected symbolic backing, not a commitment to defend Iran.
    • Condemnation of Israeli Actions: China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi criticised Israeli airstrikes as violations of international law, showing support through official statements while avoiding direct intervention. This response aimed to maintain China’s global diplomatic posture without escalating tensions.
    • Strategic Caution for Self-Interest: Both countries used the conflict to their advantage by letting the U.S. get entangled in West Asia, potentially weakening its focus on the Indo-Pacific and Ukraine. The crisis served to advance Beijing and Moscow’s strategic space without direct involvement.

    Where does Iran stand diplomatically and militarily after the recent conflict?

    • Diplomatic Isolation and Limited Support: Despite having strategic partnerships with Russia and China, Iran received only verbal and symbolic backing, with no concrete military or institutional support.
      Its regional alliances failed to activate, reflecting a gap between rhetoric and action.
    • Military Weakening and Proxy Setback: Iran suffered a decapitation of leadership and capacity, while its key proxies like Hezbollah, Hamas, and the Houthiswere unable to respond effectively.
      This has weakened Iran’s role as a regional power and exposed its dependence on non-state actors.

    Way forward: 

    • Formalize Strategic Partnerships: Iran, Russia, and China should work toward institutionalising their ties through defense cooperation frameworks, joint military exercises, and security dialogues to build trust and operational coordination.
    • Align Long-term Strategic Interests: The three nations need to develop a shared geopolitical vision that goes beyond transactional ties, ensuring mutual support mechanisms during crises while balancing individual regional priorities.

  • [25th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: U.S.’s heavy duty attack on Iran’s nuke sites

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?

    Linkage: “Operation Midnight Hammer: B-2 Bombers Strike Iran’s Nuclear Facilities,” details a significant event where the “U.S. military carried out precision strikes on three key Iranian nuclear facilities, mainly Fordow, Natanz and Isfahan”. This PYQ is highly relevant as it requires an analysis of the broader implications for India arising from such direct military actions and controversies involving the US and Iran’s nuclear capabilities, which are central to the “Operation Midnight Hammer” narrative.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  On June 21, 2025, the U.S. officially entered the ongoing Israel-Iran conflict by launching “Operation Midnight Hammer”, a precision strike on Iran’s key nuclear enrichment facilities at Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan. What makes this operation historic is the first-ever operational use of the GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrators (MOP), dropped by B-2 Spirit stealth bombers. Fordow, an ultra-hardened site buried deep within a mountain, had long been considered impregnable — even to Israeli firepower. This high-stakes attack involving stealth bombers, Tomahawk cruise missiles, and elaborate deception tactics showcases the evolving nature of strategic warfare, stealth technology, and nuclear deterrence dynamics, with significant implications for global security and geopolitics.

    Today’s editorial discusses the effects of the recent U.S.A. Operation Midnight Hammer: B-2 Bombers Strike Iran’s Nuclear Facilities. This topic is important for GS Paper II (International Relations) in the UPSC mains exam.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the U.S. joined the ongoing conflict between Israel and Iran by launching “Operation Midnight Hammer”, a targeted military strike on Iran’s main nuclear sites located at Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan.

    What is the B-2 Stealth Bomber?

    The B-2 Stealth Bomber, also known as the B-2 Spirit, is an advanced long-range, heavy bomber used by the United States Air Force.

    What are the geopolitical impacts of the U.S. strikes on Iran’s nuclear sites?

    • Undermining diplomatic efforts: The attack weakens ongoing negotiations over Iran’s nuclear programme, especially efforts to revive the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), which the U.S. exited in 2018.
    • Message of deterrence and alliance assurance: The operation signals U.S. commitment to Israel’s security and aims to deter Iran’s nuclear ambitions, reaffirming strategic dominance in West Asia and setting a precedent like the 1981 Israeli strike on Iraq’s Osirak reactor.

    How do technologies like B-2 bombers and bunker-busters shape modern warfare?

    • Enhanced penetration of fortified targets: Bunker-buster bombs like the GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrator can destroy deeply buried nuclear facilities, such as Iran’s Fordow site, which is located inside a mountain.
    • Stealth and survivability in hostile environments: The B-2 Spirit bomber, with its low radar signature and long-range capabilities, allows undetected strikes deep into enemy territory, demonstrated during Operation Midnight Hammerover Iran.
    • Precision and reduced collateral damage: The use of GPS-guided munitions enables targeted destruction of critical infrastructure while minimizing civilian harm. The Tomahawk cruise missiles used alongside the B-2s in the Iran strike are an example.

    What does U.S. involvement in the Israel-Iran conflict indicate about its West Asia strategy?

    • Reinforcement of strategic alliances: The U.S. action shows its continued military and political support for Israel, especially after Israel’s initial strikes on Iran’s nuclear sites. This underscores a long-standing alliance.
    • Deterrence against nuclear proliferation: By targeting Iran’s Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan facilities, the U.S. aims to send a strong message against the development of nuclear weapons by adversarial states in the region.
    • Projection of power and dominance: The deployment of B-2 bombers and Tomahawk missiles illustrates America’s intent to maintain military superiority and influence over regional conflicts, ensuring its leadership role in West Asia’s security architecture.

    What challenges arise in attacking underground nuclear sites like Fordow?

    • Depth and Fortification: The Fordow nuclear site is buried 80–90 meters underground and shielded by reinforced concrete, making it resilient to conventional strikes. Even the GBU-57 bunker-busters caused only partial damage, revealing the limits of aerial assaults.
    • Operational Complexity: Missions to strike such sites need advanced platforms like the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber, supported by decoy tactics, mid-air refuelling, and long-duration flights. The limited number of B-2s and their high maintenance make repeated missions challenging.

    Does India have B-2 bomber capability?

    • Lack of Stealth Bomber Technology: India does not possess any stealth bombers like the U.S. B-2 Spirit, which is capable of penetrating heavily fortified targets with low radar visibility. The B-2 is a unique platform operated exclusively by the United States.
    • Current Indian Bomber Fleet: India relies on multirole fighter jets such as the Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Rafale, and Mirage-2000 for strike missions. These aircraft are effective but lack deep-strike stealth capabilities and the payload capacity of strategic bombers.E.g. The Sukhoi Su-30MKI can carry cruise missiles like BrahMos, but not bunker-busters like the GBU-57.
    • Strategic Focus and Alternatives: Instead of stealth bombers, India invests in missile-based deterrents such as the Agni series (ballistic missiles) and long-range cruise missiles. These provide strategic strike capability without the need for a dedicated stealth bomber. E.g. The Nirbhay cruise missile offers precision strike capability with a range of 1000+ km.

    What can India do? (Way forward)

    • Invest in Indigenous Stealth and Deep-Strike Platforms: India can accelerate development of indigenous stealth bombers or long-range unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) under future programs like AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft) to enable penetration of heavily defended targets.
    • Enhance Precision Missile and Bunker-Buster Arsenal: India can develop or acquire heavy bunker-busting munitions and integrate them with existing platforms like the Su-30MKI or future drones, while also upgrading satellite-guided targeting systems for deeper and more accurate strikes.

  • [24th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Pakistan’s role in the U.S.-West Asia calculus

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?

    Linkage: This question directly addresses a central component of the “U.S.-West Asia calculus”—the US-Iran dynamic. The article explicitly states that the U.S. conducted military strikes against Iranian nuclear installations and that the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) was focused on the situation in West Asia and how to deter Iran with Pakistan’s support.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  On June 22, U.S. President Donald Trump launched The USA recently carried out military attacks on three of Iran’s nuclear sites—an action that could influence the future of West Asia for a long time. on three of Iran’s nuclear sites—an action that could shape the future of West Asia for years. This decision may trigger a long-term conflict between the U.S. and Iran, but it also has major links to South Asia. Just days before the strikes, Pakistan’s Army Chief Asim Munir had an unusual private lunch with President Trump at the White House—something rare for anyone who isn’t a head of state. This points to deeper strategic changes. At the same time, Pakistan is facing rising sectarian tensions, serious economic troubles, and higher defense spending. Its sudden border closure with Iran and growing support from the U.S. raise important questions about Pakistan’s new role in the Iran-Israel conflict and what it could mean inside the country.

    Today’s editorial looks at how the USA’s military strikes on three Iranian nuclear sites and Pakistan’s Army Chief Asim Munir’s rare private lunch with President Trump could affect international relations. This is useful for GS Paper II (International Relations) in the UPSC mains exam.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The USA recently carried out military attacks on three of Iran’s nuclear sites—an action that could influence the future of West Asia for a long time.

    What could be the impact of a U.S. strike on Iran have on West Asia and the subcontinent?

    • Escalation of Conflict: The strike may trigger a prolonged confrontation between Iran and Western allies, increasing instability in West Asia. Eg: Past U.S. interventions in Iraq (2003) and Libya (2011) resulted in regime change but long-term chaosand extremist expansion.
    • Realignment of Regional Powers: Countries like Pakistan may shift alliances to support U.S. actions, potentially isolating Iran and affecting critical land-based trade routes. Eg: Pakistan closed its land border with Iran in June 2025, limiting Iran’s trade access to South Asia.
    • Security Tensions: U.S. engagement with Pakistan’s military leadership amid regional conflict could embolden Pakistan strategically, raising concerns for India.  

    Why is General Munir’s meeting with Trump strategically significant?

    • Geopolitical Signalling to India and Iran: The timing and optics of the meeting send a message to both India and Iran about Pakistan’s rising strategic relevance in U.S. calculations. Eg: Coinciding with Pakistan closing borders with Iran and India-Pak tensions easing, the visit reshapes regional power equations.

    How do Pakistan-Iran ties affect regional dynamics?

    • Border Tensions and Proxy Conflicts: Pakistan and Iran share a volatile border in Balochistan, where militant groups operate across both sides, causing frequent skirmishes. Eg: In early 2024, both countries exchanged missile strikes after attacks on Iranian security forces allegedly by groups based in Pakistan.
    • Geopolitical Rivalry in Afghanistan: Both countries compete for influence in Afghanistan, affecting regional alliances and the balance of power in Central Asia. Eg: Iran backs Shia groups, while Pakistan supports Sunni factions, intensifying sectarian divides and shaping Afghanistan’s internal politics.
    • Strategic Role in U.S.-Iran Tensions: Pakistan could play a critical role in isolating Iran, especially during a U.S.-Iran conflict, by shutting trade routes and cooperating with U.S. military interests. Eg: On June 15, 2025, Pakistan closed its border with Iran, coinciding with the Pakistani Army Chief’s visit to Washington, signaling alignment with U.S. strategy.

    Where does Pakistan stand economically amid rising defence spending?

    • High Debt Burden : Interest payments consume 74% of revenue, leaving little for other public services. Eg: In FY2025‑26, PKR (Pakistan’s revenue)  8.207 trillion was allocated to interest, out of PKR 11.07 trillion in total revenue.
    • Defense Budget Surge at Development’s Expense: Despite an overall cut in spending, defense gets a 17% increase, while developmental funds are halved. Eg: Defense allocation in FY2025‑26 is PKR 3.29 trillion, whereas development spending dropped to PKR 1 trillion.
    • Heavy Reliance on Bailouts: Pakistan depends on IMF packages and debt rollovers to meet fiscal commitments amid shrinking revenues. Eg: After its 25th IMF bailout, Pakistan secured PKR 1.4 billion in climate resilience funds, along with PKR 16 billion in loan rollovers.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • Strategic Engagement with Iran and Gulf Nations: India continues to balance its ties with Iran and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to safeguard energy security and trade interests. Eg: India is actively involved in developing the Chabahar Port in Iran, enhancing access to Afghanistan and Central Asia while bypassing Pakistan. At the same time, India is deepening partnerships with Saudi Arabia and the UAE, including in defence and energy sectors.
    • Heightened Border Surveillance: The Indian government has directed increased surveillance and intelligence gathering along the western borders, especially in Jammu & Kashmir, to counter any proxy threats or destabilisation efforts. Eg: Deployment of UAVs and satellite imaging systems has been intensified across vulnerable stretches, and border infrastructure under the Vibrant Villages Programme is being upgraded.

    What should India do? (Way forward)

    • Strengthen Strategic Autonomy in West Asia: India must maintain balanced relations with both Iran and the U.S., ensuring that its energy security and regional interests are safeguarded. Eg: Continue investing in Chabahar Port, a strategic counter to China-backed Gwadar, while also deepening ties with the Gulf monarchies for energy and investment.
    • Enhance Intelligence and Military Vigilance along Western Borders: With increasing Pakistan-U.S. military cooperation and Iran-Pakistan tensions, India must stay alert to any spillover effects. Eg: Boost surveillance in Jammu & Kashmir, especially given General Munir’s renewed rhetoric on Kashmir and increased Pakistani defense spending.

  • India needs a strategy to deal with China’s restrictions on exports of rare earths

    Why in the News?

    The growing trade war between the U.S. and China, marked by rising tariffs, has drawn attention to rare earth elements and critical minerals.

    What is the role of critical minerals in key industries?

    • Clean Energy and Digital Technologies: Critical minerals such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt are essential for lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and portable electronics.  
    • Renewable Energy Infrastructure: Minerals like dysprosium and neodymium are used in wind turbines, while tellurium, indium, and gallium are critical for solar photovoltaic cells, vital for clean energy generation.
    • Defence and Strategic Industries: Rare earth elements are critical for manufacturing missile guidance systems, jet engines, and advanced communication equipment. Eg: Gallium and indium are used in high-frequency radar systems and military-grade semiconductors.

    Why is China’s control over rare earths a global concern?

    • Supply Chain Vulnerability: China controls over 90% of global rare earth refining and has the largest reserves, making other countries highly dependent on its exports. In May 2025, China’s export restrictions on rare earth magnets led to global panic and supply concerns in the automobile and electronics sectors.
    • Geopolitical Leverage: China’s dominance allows it to use rare earths as a strategic tool in trade wars or diplomatic tensions, affecting global industrial stability. In response to U.S. tariffs, China imposed restrictions on rare earths, disrupting supply to key U.S. industries.
    • Disruption of Global Industries: Restrictions can hinder production in sectors like renewables, EVs, and defence, slowing global progress in critical technologies. Eg: India’s automobile sector expressed concern about rare earth shortages impacting EV manufacturing and sought government intervention.

    How are countries responding to China’s restrictions?

    • Diplomatic and Trade Negotiations: Major economies like the U.S. and EU are engaging with China to secure continued access to rare earth supplies. Eg: The U.S.-China framework includes commitments that “Full magnets, and any necessary rare earths, will be supplied… by China.”
    • Diversification of Supply Sources: Nations are turning to alternative producers to reduce dependence on China. Eg: Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam are actively exploring their critical mineral resources to establish new supply options.
    • National Self-Reliance Missions: Countries are launching domestic initiatives to boost exploration, mining, and processing of critical minerals. Eg: India’s National Critical Mineral Mission (2025) aims to conduct 1,200 exploration projects by 2030–31 to bolster local supply chains.

    What measures has India taken for mineral self-reliance?

    • Launch of the National Critical Mineral Mission (2025): A central initiative aimed at securing India’s future needs in critical and rare minerals. This mission includes plans for 1,200 exploration projects by 2030–31 under the Geological Survey of India.
    • Expanding Domestic Exploration & Mining: India is ramping up on-ground efforts to locate and extract critical minerals within its own borders. Eg: The Geological Survey of India is actively spearheading new lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elementexploration programs across several states.
    • Building Processing and Supply Chain Ecosystems: The government is promoting infrastructure for domestic processing, refining, and manufacturing related to critical minerals. Eg: Policy support and incentives are being extended to companies to set up mineral processing plants, reducing dependence on foreign sources.

    Why is a multi-level strategy needed in this sector?

    A multi-level strategy refers to a comprehensive approach that operates on different layers or fronts simultaneously to address a complex issue effectively. 

    • To Ensure Short-Term Supply Security: Relying on a single country like China for essential minerals creates risks of disruption during geopolitical tensions or trade restrictions. Eg: After China’s 34% tariff and export restrictions in 2025, global industries, including India’s auto sector, faced supply uncertainty.
    • To Develop Domestic Capabilities: Long-term resilience requires countries to invest in local exploration, mining, and processing infrastructure. Eg: India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission with plans for 1,200 exploration projects by 2030–31 to reduce import dependence.

    Way forward:

    • Strengthen International Collaborations for Strategic Reserves: India should forge long-term mineral supply agreements and joint ventures with resource-rich countries. Eg: Bilateral ties with Australia, Argentina, and Africa can help secure lithium and cobalt through assured offtake deals.
    • Boost Domestic R&D and Green Mining Technologies: Investing in sustainable exploration, extraction, and recycling technologies will reduce environmental impactand enhance efficiency. Eg: Support for CSIR and private firms in developing indigenous technologies for rare earth processing and battery recycling.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.

    Linkage: The article highlights that China dominates the production and reserves of rare earth elements and has placed export restrictions on them, causing panic over supply shortages. This question encapsulates the broader geopolitical and economic context that necessitates India’s strategy to counter China’s dominance and secure critical supplies, such as rare earths.

  • Why so many Indian students — especially from Kashmir — go to Iran for higher education

    Why in the News?

    The recent Iran–Israel conflict has again revealed the weaknesses in India’s system of sending students abroad for medical education. Due to the conflict, India had to carry out emergency evacuations of its students from war zones, similar to what was done during the Ukraine crisis under Operation Ganga.

    Why do Indian students, especially Kashmiris, prefer studying medicine in Iran?

    • Affordability and Lower Fees: Studying medicine in Iran is far cheaper than Indian private colleges. Eg: Medical degrees in Iran cost nearly one-tenth of what private institutions in India charge.
    • Cultural and Historical Ties: Kashmir shares strong historical and cultural links with Iran, often referred to as “Iran-e-Sagheer” (Iran Minor). Eg: 13th-century Iranian saint Meer Sayyed Ali Hamadani brought crafts, industries, and Persian influence to Kashmir.
    • Religious and Admission Advantages: Religious affinity due to a shared Shia population eases access for Kashmiri students. Eg: Iran provides admission concessions (Pargees quota) to Kashmiri students based on cultural-religious ties.
    • Historical Connection: Kashmir has long-standing civilisational links with Iran, often called “Iran-e-Sagheer” (Little Iran). Eg: In the 13th century, Meer Sayyed Ali Hamadani, an Iranian saint, brought crafts, culture, and Persian influence to Kashmir.
    • Language and Educational Comfort: The Persian language, once widely used in Kashmir, and similar educational traditions make adaptation easier. Eg: Kashmiri students find Iran’s academic and cultural environment more familiar and accessible compared to Western countries.

    What are the major risks and challenges associated with pursuing medical degrees abroad?

    • Quality of Education Varies: Some foreign universities run dual-tier systems, offering lower-quality courses for international students. Eg: Certain programs are not designed to meet clinical standards required in India or even in the host country.
    • Ineligibility to Practice Locally: Many students graduate from courses that do not allow them to practice in the host country. Eg: A student completing a degree in a university designed only for foreigners may not qualify for local medical licenses.
    • FMGE and Licensing Issues in India: All foreign medical graduates must clear the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE), which has a low pass rate. Eg: In 2024, only 25.8% of foreign-trained students passed the FMGE.
    • Lack of Transparency and Regulation: There is no official list of approved foreign colleges, leading to confusion and misinformation. Eg: Students often rely on agents or unverifiable online sources, resulting in enrolment in unrecognised institutions.

    What challenges do foreign-trained doctors face in India?

    • Low Pass Rate in FMGE: Foreign-trained doctors must clear the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE) to practice in India, which has a historically low success rate. Eg: In 2024, only 25.8% of candidates passed the FMGE, reflecting gaps in practical training and knowledge.
    • Mismatch in Course Duration & Curriculum: Some foreign degrees do not meet the National Medical Commission (NMC) norms like minimum 54-month duration and one-year internship. Eg: Degrees from the Philippines (48 months) were not recognised, leading to rejection of registration applications.
    • Employment and Clinical Training Gaps: Even after passing FMGE, doctors struggle with employment due to perceived inferior clinical exposure and lack of hands-on patient care experience. Eg: Many hospitals hesitate to hire FMG doctors citing practical skill deficiencies.

    Way forward: 

    • Establish Clear Guidelines and Approved Lists – The National Medical Commission (NMC) should release an official list of recognised foreign medical institutions and standardise eligibility norms.
    • Enhance FMGE Support and Skill Bridging – Provide preparatory support, internships, and clinical exposure to help returning students meet Indian medical practice standards.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India.

    Linkage: The Indian diaspora, which includes individuals who have moved abroad for higher education and subsequently stayed. Their presence abroad contributes to economic and political benefits for India.

  • Places in news: Strait of Hormuz

    Why in the News?

    Iran’s Parliament has approved a motion to block the Strait of Hormuz, raising concerns worldwide.

    Strait of Hormuz

    About the Strait of Hormuz:

    • Geographic Location: The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway that connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and eventually to the Arabian Sea.
    • Dimensions: It is about 167 km long and 33 km wide at its narrowest, making it one of the world’s most strategic maritime chokepoints.
    • Bordering Countries: The strait lies between Iran (north) and Oman (south), with nearby cities such as Bandar Abbas, Khasab, and Dubai.
    • Shipping Lanes: It contains designated lanes just 3 km wide in each direction to manage heavy oil tanker traffic.
    • Key Islands: Important islands include Qeshm, Hormuz, and Hengam (controlled by Iran) and disputed ones like Abu Musa and the Tunbs, claimed by both Iran and the UAE.
    • Naval Depth Advantage: Waters near the Musandam Peninsula reach depths over 650 feet, ideal for deep-draft oil tankers.
    • Security Risks: Due to its narrowness, the strait is vulnerable to disruption from mining, military action, or cyber interference.
    • Historical Tensions: It has witnessed frequent maritime tensions, especially during Iran–West conflicts but has never been fully blocked.

    Its significance:

    • Global Oil Flow: Over 20 million barrels of crude oil per day pass through the strait, accounting for 25% of seaborne oil trade and 20% of global consumption.
    • Gas Exports: It is vital for LNG exports, especially from Qatar, reaching markets across the globe.
    • Asian Dependence: Countries like India, China, Japan, and South Korea import 69% of the oil that flows through the strait.
    • Market Sensitivity: Any disruption can spike global oil prices, increasing fuel and commodity costs worldwide.
    • Limited Alternatives: Overland pipelines like Saudi Arabia’s East-West (5 million bpd) and UAE’s Habshan-Fujairah (1.8 million bpd) offer only partial alternatives.

    Implications of Blockade:

    • Shipping Costs: During geopolitical tensions, insurance and freight charges for using the strait surge significantly.
    • India’s Vulnerability: India relies heavily on the region for oil imports, so instability could raise inflation, disrupt energy supplies, and impact the trade balance.
    • Strategic Response: A full blockade could trigger direct military action, particularly from the US 5th Fleet based in Bahrain.
    • Mutual Economic Impact: Disruption would affect both exporters and importers, including Iran and its major customer, China.
    [UPSC 2010] Which one of the following can one come across if one travels through the Strait of Malacca?

    Options: (a) Bali (b) Brunei (c) Java (d) Singapore*

     

  • [21st June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Lighting the spark in U.K.-India cultural relations

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2019] What makes Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss.

    Linkage: The article emphasizes India’s “deep cultural heritage” and states that India is “uniquely positioned to lead” in the creative economy, reaffirming a “shared creative spirit” with the UK. This question probes the underlying strengths and uniqueness of Indian culture that enable such leadership and sustained collaboration.

    Mentor’s Comment:  The landmark moment for India-UK ties, not only with the ratification of the long-awaited Free Trade Agreement but more so with the signing of the Programme of Cultural Cooperation (POCC) between both nations. This represents a significant cultural pivot and recognizes creative industries as drivers of economic growth, inclusion, and diplomacy. It also places India, with its deep heritage and burgeoning digital skills, in a leadership role within the global creative economy — a sector projected to constitute 10% of global GDP by 2030. The POCC opens up a digital-cultural corridor between India and the UK, at a time when cross-border cultural diplomacy is becoming central to international relations.

    Today’s editorial analyses the Free Trade Agreement between the UK and India. This content would help in GS Paper I (Indian Society), GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III ( Indian Economy)  in the mains Paper.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    In May 2024, India and the United Kingdom approved their long-awaited Free Trade Agreement, marking a major step forward in their economic relationship.

    What is the Programme of Cultural Cooperation (POCC)?

    • POCC is a cultural agreement signed on May 2 between U.K. Secretary of State for Culture Lisa Nandy and India’s Minister for Culture Gajendra Singh Shekhawat.
    • It aims to strengthen India-U.K. cultural ties and enhance cooperation across the creative economy. It represents a shared commitment to cross-cultural collaboration and economic growth.

    What are its main focus areas?

    • Digital Technologies for Culture: Focuses on using emerging tools like AI, AR/VR, and digital platforms to preserve and share cultural experiences. Eg: Creating virtual museum tours or AI-powered cultural archives.
    • Exhibitions and Collections: Promotes collaboration between museums and institutions to share art, history, and heritage collections. Eg: Joint exhibitions by the British Museum and Indian cultural institutions.
    • Performances and Events: Encourages cultural exchanges through music, dance, theatre, and film festivals. Eg: Participation of Indian artists in the Serendipity Arts Festival – Birmingham chapter.
    • Cultural Property: Aims to protect and restore heritage artifacts and traditions, including tackling illicit trafficking. Eg: UNESCO–Royal Enfield’s Himalayan Knot project conserving textile traditions.
    • Sustainability: Supports environmentally responsible practices in cultural projects and promotes green initiatives in the arts. Eg: Sustainable exhibition design and eco-friendly performances during India-UK cultural collaborations.

    What is the creative economy? 

    The creative economy includes sectors such as art, music, design, film, architecture, publishing, fashion, advertising, digital media, software, and crafts—all of which rely on individual creativity, skill, and talent. Eg: Bollywood contributes to both India’s cultural identity and economy through movies, music, and dance.

    Why is the creative economy important for both India and the U.K.?

    • Drives Economic Growth: The creative economy is projected to contribute 10% of global GDP by 2030. Eg: India’s creative sector is already worth $35 billion, and is rapidly expanding with global collaborations.
    • Generates Employment: It is a major employment multiplier, especially in sectors like film, design, digital content, and heritage arts. Eg: In India, it employs 8% of the workforce, second only to agriculture.
    • Boosts Cross-Cultural Collaboration: Fosters partnerships and mutual understanding between nations through shared cultural experiences. Eg: The POCC agreement strengthens UK-India ties via co-created exhibitions and performances.
    • Supports Innovation through Technology: Integrates AI, AR/VR, and digital platforms into creative practices, making the sector dynamic and future-ready. Eg: The British Council’s Arts and Technologies report calls for embedding digital tools in India’s creative education.
    • Promotes Inclusive Development: Engages non-metro regions and artisan communities, helping balance regional inequalities. Eg: Creative hubs in Badgam (J&K) and Tiruppur (TN) show the power of decentralised cultural growth.

    How are new technologies shaping the creative sector?

    • Enhancing Cultural Experiences through AR/VR: Augmented and virtual reality bring immersive experiences to museums, exhibitions, and performances. Eg: Museums in the U.K. use VR to recreate historical events, allowing virtual tours and deeper engagement.
    • Expanding Global Reach via Digital Platforms: Digital platforms enable creators to reach global audiences instantly. Eg: Indian artists now showcase their work on OTT platforms and global streaming services.
    • Boosting Innovation in Storytelling with AI: Artificial Intelligence helps generate content, animation, music, and design, improving efficiency and creativity. Eg: AI tools are used in film editing and scriptwriting to speed up production.
    • Creating New Art Forms and Jobs: Tech-based sectors like gaming, digital art, and interactive media are emerging as new creative industries. Eg: India’s gaming sector, driven by youth and mobile access, is becoming a major employer in digital creativity.
    • Transforming Creative Education: New technologies are integrated into curricula to train the next generation of artists and designers. Eg: The British Council’s report urges India to include tech-based tools in creative education programs.

    Way forward: 

    • Promote Education & Skill Development: Invest in creative education, vocational training, and digital literacy to build a future-ready workforce equipped for sectors like design, animation, gaming, and digital content.
      Eg: Setting up creative arts institutes and expanding courses in AR/VR, AI, and multimedia design.
    • Strengthen International Collaboration & Policy Support: Foster cross-border partnerships and provide policy incentives for creative industries to innovate, grow, and access global markets. Eg: Agreements like the India–U.K. Programme of Cultural Cooperation (POCC) help promote cultural exchangeand creative trade.

  • Explained: Significance of PM Modi’s Croatia visit, and India’s historic ties with the country

    Why in the News?

    Prime Minister is visiting Croatia as part of his three-nation tour, which includes Cyprus and Canada. It is his first foreign trip since Operation Sindoor and the first-ever by an Indian PM to Croatia.

    Why is India’s PM’s visit to Croatia strategically important for India-Europe ties?

    • First-Ever Visit Signals Diplomatic Priority: PM of India visit marks the first by an Indian Prime Minister to Croatia, signalling India’s intent to strengthen ties with smaller but strategically located EU nations. Eg: This visit follows recent high-level engagements with the EU, including EAM S. Jaishankar’s tour of key European nations and the EU chief’s visit to India.
    • Gateway to Broader European Engagement: Croatia’s location on the Adriatic Sea and participation in EU and NATO makes it a vital link for India to access Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe. Eg: Ports like Rijeka and Split could serve as future nodes for the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
    • Strategic Counter to China’s Growing Presence: The visit is a part of India’s effort to counterbalance Chinese influence in the region through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by building stronger ties with countries like Croatia. Eg: Croatia is part of the Three Seas Initiative (3SI), where India can build alternative trade and energy partnerships.

    What is the significance of Croatia’s location in India’s trade and connectivity plans?

    • Strategic Adriatic Sea Access to Europe: Croatia is located on the Adriatic Sea, offering India a western maritime gateway to Europe and easy access to landlocked Central and Eastern European nations. Eg: Ports like Rijeka, Split, and Ploče can facilitate India-Europe cargo movement, reducing dependence on northern European routes.
    • Link to Trans-European Transport Corridors: Croatia sits at the intersection of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), enabling smoother logistics and intermodal trade connectivity across the EU. Eg: Goods arriving at Croatian ports can be distributed via rail or road to Germany, Austria, Hungary, and beyond.
    • Potential Hub in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): Croatia could be a key extension point in IMEC, connecting India to Europe through Middle Eastern and Mediterranean routes. Eg: A route through Adriatic ports would offer faster, diversified supply chain options to bypass chokepoints like the Suez Canal.

    How have India-Croatia relations evolved since Yugoslavia’s breakup?

    • Early Recognition and Diplomatic Ties: India was among the first non-European countries to recognise Croatia’s independence in 1992 and quickly established formal diplomatic relations. Eg: The Indian mission in Zagreb opened in 1996, and ties were upgraded to the ambassadorial level by 1998.
    • Continuity of Warm Relations from Yugoslav Era: Friendly ties from the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) days continued, especially since Marshal Tito (of mixed Croatian and Slovene heritage) had a strong personal rapport with Indian leadership. Eg: Croatia once accounted for two-thirds of India-Yugoslavia trade, laying a historical economic foundation.
    • Stable Relations Amid Croatia’s Western Integration: Despite Croatia’s focus on EU and NATO membership, India maintained cordial ties and engaged through trade, cultural diplomacy, and multilateral platforms. Eg: Croatia joined NATO in 2009 and the EU in 2013, yet bilateral trade and cultural exchanges with India have steadily grown.

    What are the key economic and cultural links between India and Croatia?

    • Growing Bilateral Trade: Economic ties have steadily improved, with bilateral trade increasing from $199.45 million in 2017 to $337.68 million in 2023. Eg: India exports medicines, machinery, chemicals, and apparel, while Croatia exports chemicals, precision instruments, and timber products to India.
    • Deep Cultural and Civilisational Connect: Cultural exchanges trace back centuries, with scholars and missionaries engaging with Indian traditions and languages. Eg: Croatian scholar Ivan Filip Vezdin printed the first Sanskrit grammar in Latin in 1790 after learning from Kerala Brahmins—a reprint was gifted to PM Modi.
    • Academic and Heritage Bonds: Indian culture continues to attract interest in Croatia, particularly in universities and historical architecture. Eg: Croatian involvement in the construction of the Church of Sao Braz in Goa in the 1560s and Indian studies programmes in Croatian academic institutions reflect enduring links.

    Why should India deepen engagement with Central and Eastern Europe amid China’s BRI?

    • Strategic Counter to China’s Expanding Influence: Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are key participants in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), increasing Beijing’s geopolitical footprint in the region. Eg: Strengthening ties with countries like Croatia, Poland, and Hungary allows India to offer an alternative partnership model based on mutual respect and balanced trade.
    • Support for India’s Global Aspirations: Many CEE countries support India’s bid for permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)and other multilateral forums. Eg: Engaging with pro-India nations in the EU helps India shape global norms and strengthen its diplomatic leverage.
    • Geostrategic and Economic Gateway to Europe: CEE countries lie at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, making them vital for India’s trade connectivity, energy cooperation, and access to European markets. Eg: Croatia’s role in the Three Seas Initiative (3SI) and its ports linked to Trans-European corridors can serve as hubs for the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).

    Way forward: 

    • Institutionalise Strategic and Economic Dialogue: India should establish regular high-level forums and joint working groups with Croatia and other CEE countries to deepen cooperation in trade, infrastructure, and digital technology.
    • Enhance Cultural and Academic Exchange: Boosting people-to-people ties through scholarships, cultural festivals, and collaborative research will strengthen India’s soft power and foster long-term partnerships across the region.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.

    Linkage: Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Croatia, an EU member, is highlighted as part of a broader strategy to strengthen India-EU ties. The article explicitly states that this growing importance of India-EU relations comes in the context of the EU “trying to de-risk from China”.

  • Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

    Why in the News?

    Amid intensifying war with Israel, Iran’s Parliament began drafting a Bill to exit the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

    About Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT):

    • Overview: It is a global agreement aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons, promoting peaceful nuclear energy, and advancing nuclear disarmament.
    • Enforcement: It was opened for signature on June 12, 1968, and came into force on March 5, 1970.
    • Nature of the Treaty: It is the only binding international treaty that requires NWS to pursue disarmament.
    • Categorization of States: The treaty distinguishes between Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) and Non-Nuclear Weapon States (Non-NWS).
    • Key Features:
      • Definition of NWS: Countries that had tested nuclear weapons before January 1, 1967 (US, UK, France, Russia, China).
      • Obligations: NNWS agree not to manufacture or acquire nuclear weapons; NWS pledge not to transfer nuclear weapons or assist non-NWS in acquiring them.
      • Peaceful Use Clause: All parties are allowed to develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, under IAEA safeguards.
      • Monitoring Agency: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) verifies compliance through inspections and reporting.
      • Withdrawal Clause: Article 10 allows a country to withdraw with 3 months’ notice if national interests are jeopardized.

    India and NPT:

    • India is NOT a signatory to the NPT and has consistently refused to join, calling it discriminatory.
    • India argues that the treaty legitimizes nuclear weapons in the hands of five countries while denying them to others.
    • India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974 (Smiling Buddha) and maintains a “No First Use” policy.
    • Despite being outside the NPT, India is regarded as a responsible nuclear power and adheres to non-proliferation norms.

    Non-members of NPT, Countries Planning to Leave:

    • Non-signatories:
      • India and Pakistan have never signed the treaty, but both possess nuclear weapons.
      • Israel is also a non-signatory and maintains strategic ambiguity about its nuclear weapons.
      • South Sudan remains a non-signatory without known nuclear ambitions.
    • Countries that withdrew or are planning to:
      • North Korea signed in 1985, withdrew in 2003, and went on to develop nuclear weapons.
      • Iran, though a signatory since 1970, has recently threatened to withdraw, citing IAEA censure and security concerns linked to its tensions with Israel.
      • If Iran leaves, it would end IAEA inspections and raise fears of a nuclear arms race in the Middle East.
    [UPSC 2018] What is/are the consequence/consequences of a country becoming the member of the ‘Nuclear Suppliers Group’?

    1. It will have access to the latest and most efficient nuclear technologies.

    2. It automatically becomes a member of “The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)”. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2