A neutral expert appointed by the World Bank has supported India’s stance on how to resolve disputes with Pakistan over the Kishanganga and Ratle hydroelectric projects.
What are the key features of the Indus Water Treaty?
The IWT was signed on September 19, 1960, by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan, with the aim of regulating the use of water from the Indus River and its tributaries between India and Pakistan after extensive negotiations facilitated by the World Bank.
Permanent Sharing of Water: The IWT ensures a clear division of water resources, allowing peaceful coexistence of water usage.
Run-of-the-River Projects: India is allowed to build hydroelectric power projects on the Western Rivers, provided they do not obstruct natural river flows.
Role of the World Bank: As a mediator, the World Bank facilitates the appointment of experts or arbitral bodies in case of disputes.
Modification Provisions: Article XII (3) allows amendments to the Treaty through mutual consent.
What are the Disputes around the Indus Water Treaty?
Run-of-the-River Projects: India’s construction of run-of-the-river hydroelectric projects, such as Kishanganga (a tributary of Jhelum) and Ratle (on the Chenab) has faced objections from Pakistan. Pakistan claims these projects could disrupt downstream water flow and utilisation, while India asserts they comply with the provisions of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT).
Dispute Resolution Mechanism: Pakistan sought arbitration at the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), but India contested its jurisdiction and emphasised using the Neutral Expert process as outlined in the treaty. India views this process as a treaty-compliant method for resolving technical differences:
Whether the pondage capacity of the two dams follows the limits set by the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT).
Whether the turbine intakes in the design comply with the rules of the IWT.
Whether the outlets below the dead storage level meet the IWT guidelines.
Whether the gated spillway designs of each plant align with the IWT provisions.
Trust Deficit: The lack of trust and strained relations between India and Pakistan undermines effective cooperation under the IWT. This atmosphere of distrust restricts constructive dialogue and hinders the timely resolution of disputes, affecting the treaty’s overall effectiveness.
Climate Change Impacts: Changing precipitation patterns and altered runoff due to climate change challenge the treaty’s assumption of fixed water availability. The IWT does not account for these uncertainties, increasing the risk to water-sharing agreements.
Evolving Needs: The treaty’s framework does not address the rising industrial and agricultural demands of both countries. Growing population and economic activities highlight the need for flexible mechanisms to ensure equitable and sustainable resource sharing in the future.
How does the present decision highlight favourable implications on the Indian part?
Vindication of India’s Position: The Neutral Expert, Michel Lino, upheld India’s stand that the disputes over the Kishenganga and Ratle HEPs fall under his jurisdiction, as per Annexure F, Part I of the IWT. This challenges Pakistan’s attempt to bypass the Neutral Expert process and proceed directly to the PCA.
Preservation of Treaty Provisions: India’s participation in the Neutral Expert proceedings demonstrates its adherence to “Treaty-consistent mechanisms” while boycotting PCA proceedings that it considers beyond the IWT framework.
Recognition of India’s Hydroelectric Rights: The ruling supports India’s right to construct run-of-the-river projects within the provisions of the Treaty, boosting its ability to harness renewable energy from the Western Rivers.
Strengthening India’s Diplomatic Stance: The decision highlights Pakistan’s lack of adherence to the Treaty’s dispute resolution process, strengthening India’s argument for Treaty modification.
Potential for Treaty Revision: India’s formal notices in 2023 and 2024 to review and modify the Treaty gain momentum, emphasising the need to address demographic changes, clean energy goals, environmental concerns, and the impact of cross-border terrorism.
Way forward:
Revise the Indus Waters Treaty Framework: Advocate for Treaty modifications to address evolving needs like climate change impacts, rising industrial and agricultural demands, and demographic shifts, ensuring equitable and sustainable water-sharing mechanisms.
Strengthen Dispute Resolution Mechanisms: Promote adherence to Treaty-sanctioned processes like the Neutral Expert mechanism, fostering trust, cooperation, and timely resolution of technical disagreements while upholding India’s hydroelectric and clean energy rights.
Mains PYQ:
Q Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations. (UPSC IAS/2016)
Q) The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss in the Indian perspective. (UPSC CSE 2016)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on various international fora in the context of geopolitics (2022), and Stability in the Indo-Pacific region(2020).
While Trump’s bombastic style may be aimed at negotiating better deals, his administration’s approach could undermine established global alliances and institutions, raising concerns about the future of international cooperation. This approach may also embolden countries like China and Russia to pursue more aggressive territorial ambitions.
Today’s editorial discusses the potential consequences of Donald Trump’s second term on international relations and global governance. This content can be used to present tussle between developed and developing countries in your mains answers based on the issues related to the global governance and multilateral stage.
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Why in the News?
US President Donald Trump has warned that BRICS countries will face 100% tariffs if they attempt to reduce their reliance on the US dollar for trade. He stated that any such efforts would not be tolerated and emphasized that this is a firm position, not just a threat.
What are the main points of Trump’s warning to BRICS nations?
100% Tariffs: Trump threatened to impose 100% tariffs on BRICS countries(including India), if they attempt to reduce the use of the US dollar in international trade. He emphasized that even contemplating such actions would trigger these tariffs.
Economic Leverage: Trump asserted that the United States holds significant leverage over BRICS nations and dismissed claims that they have the upper hand. He stated, “We have them over a barrel,” indicating that the US would not tolerate any moves towards de-dollarization”.
Commitment Against New Currency: Trump has previously demanded a commitment from BRICS countries not to create or support a new currency that could replace the US dollar. He has warned that failure to comply would result in severe economic consequences, including exclusion from the US market.
The warning is a direct response to ongoing discussions among BRICS nations about reducing dollar dependence, particularly led by countries like Russia and China.
What is de-dollarization and why is it significant?
De-dollarization is the process of reducing reliance on the US dollar for international trade and finance. Countries aim to use other currencies instead of the dollar for transactions and reserves.
Why is it Significant?
Economic Independence: Countries want to avoid risks from US economic policies and sanctions.
New Trade Opportunities: It allows nations to trade more freely with each other without using the dollar.
Response to Geopolitical Tensions: Many countries are looking for alternatives due to conflicts with the US.
Emerging Financial Systems: This shift could lead to new global financial systems that lessen the dollar’s dominance.
USA Scenario under the Trump 1.0 Period:
• Although the U.S. has influenced areas like climate change, human rights, and trade law, it faces criticism for violating the very norms it helped create. This duality has led to a decline in U.S. influence and credibility in international affairs. • During his first term, Donald Trump adopted a “sovereigntist” approach to international law, prioritizing American sovereignty over multilateral agreements. This led to significant withdrawals from key treaties and organizations, such as the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, as well as blocking appointments to the WTO’s dispute resolution body. • The U.S. has also withdrawn from several international institutions such as UNESCO, and attempted to withdraw from the WHO. • Critics argue that this undermines both U.S. global standing and the effectiveness of international law itself, calling for greater engagement with these legal frameworks to restore U.S. leadership on the world stage.
Present Onslaught:
• Potential Withdrawal from Multilateral Institutions: Trump’s return to the White House may lead to renewed disengagement from multilateral organizations, similar to his first term, with immediate plans to withdraw from the WHO and the Paris Agreement. • Unilateral Trade Policies: Trump has proposed a 25% tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, indicating a continuation of protectionist measures that could violate WTO rules and escalate trade wars. • Revival of Conquest Mentality: Donald Trump has expressed intentions to annex Greenland, reclaim the Panama Canal, and potentially include Canada as the 51st state, suggesting he may use coercive methods to achieve these goals. These ambitions reflect a historical approach to territorial acquisition reminiscent of earlier eras of conquest, which could encourage other nations like China and Russia to pursue similar territorial claims.
How will Trump’s 2.0 approach redefine U.S. foreign policy and its impact on BRICS?
Shift to Expansionism: Trump’s “America First” philosophy is evolving from isolationism to expansionism, which may lead to more aggressive U.S. actions on the global stage, including potential territorial ambitions and unilateral policies that challenge existing international norms.
Increased Trade Tensions: His administration plans to impose substantial tariffs on key trading partners which could escalate trade wars and disrupt global trade dynamics, affecting BRICS countries that engage with the U.S.
Diminished Multilateral Engagement: Trump is expected to withdraw from or disengage from various multilateral institutions and agreements, undermining the normative authority of these bodies and potentially leading to a less cooperative international environment.
Impact on Global Alliances: The shift in U.S. foreign policy may embolden countries like China and Russia within the BRICS framework, as they could exploit the perceived vacuum left by U.S. disengagement from traditional alliances.
What are the implications of Trump’s domestic policies on civil liberties and social issues?
Increased Executive Power: Trump may limit First Amendment Rights(these rights are fundamental to American democracy and are designed to ensure individual liberties), using executive power to surveil citizens and suppress protests.
Targeting Immigrants: His administration could aggressively target immigrant communities, leading to racial profiling and violations of constitutional protections.
Justice Department Focus: Appointments may shift the Justice Department’s focus away from civil rights, potentially reversing progress in voting rights and police accountability.
Crackdown on Advocacy: There could be increased government scrutiny of advocacy groups and individuals opposing his policies, threatening free speech.
What should India watch out for?
Strengthen Multilateral Cooperation: Countries like India should enhance collaboration through existing international institutions and treaties to collectively uphold the international legal order and counter unilateral actions.
Promote Norm Setting: India with other nations can work together to establish and promote norms that reinforce a rules-based international system, ensuring that their interests are represented and protected.
Engage in Strategic Partnerships: Forming alliances with like-minded states can amplify their influence in global governance and provide a united front against any erosion of international law.
On his first day in office, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an order to pull the country out of the World Health Organization (WHO).
What will be the Impact of USA’s withdrawal from WHO?
Funding Shortfall for WHO: The USA accounted for 22.5% of WHO’s assessed contributions and approximately 13% of voluntary contributions in 2023.
The funding gap may affect WHO’s ability to implement health programs globally.
Disruption of Global Health Programs: WHO’s work in areas such as pandemics, neglected tropical diseases, antimicrobial resistance, and vaccination programs could face setbacks.
Loss of technical collaboration between the US CDC and WHO may weaken disease surveillance and pandemic preparedness.
Increased Influence of China: The vacuum left by the US could amplify China’s role within WHO, leading to concerns over political influence and transparency.
Undermining Global Health Equity: Withdrawal may hinder equitable access to healthcare resources, including vaccines and medicines, in developing nations.
Undermining Pandemic Treaty: The US will cease negotiations on the WHO pandemic treaty, affecting the framework for global cooperation on future pandemics.
What are the Major Global Institutions and Challenges Faced by them?
United Nations (UN): Political divisions among member states, limited enforcement power, and funding constraints. The UN’s peacekeeping missions and humanitarian efforts often face resource shortages and geopolitical interference.
World Health Organization (WHO): Criticism for its pandemic response, reliance on voluntary funding, and political influence from member states. The WHO struggles to maintain independence and effectiveness in global health governance.
World Trade Organization (WTO): Increasing protectionism, trade disputes among major economies, and calls for reform to address inequities in global trade rules. The WTO faces difficulties in resolving conflicts like U.S.-China trade tensions.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank: Criticism of conditional lending practices, perceived bias favoring wealthier nations, and inefficiencies in addressing poverty and economic disparities. Both institutions face calls for governance reforms to better represent developing countries.
Regional Organizations (e.g., EU, African Union): Economic disparities among members, political instability, and resource limitations. For example, the EU faces challenges like migration issues and the aftermath of Brexit, while the African Union struggles with conflict resolution and development goals.
What would be the Impact on India?
Funding Shortfalls for WHO Programs: The U.S. contributes approximately 15-20% of WHO’s budget, amounting to around $600 million annually.
This withdrawal could lead to significant funding gaps for various health programs like India’s immunisation programs that India benefits from, such as those addressing neglected tropical diseases, HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis.
Loss of Technical Expertise: The departure of U.S. experts from WHO committees could limit the organization’s ability to provide comprehensive guidelines and support for health policies in India.
What are the reforms needed in Global Institutions?
Enhanced Representation and Inclusivity: Need to expand the UN Security Council and restructure voting power in organizations like the IMF and World Bank to ensure equitable decision-making.
Increased Transparency and Accountability: There is a pressing need for improved transparency in decision-making processes within global institutions. This includes establishing clear accountability mechanisms to address concerns about corruption, inefficiency, and lack of responsiveness to member states’ needs.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Recently, Commerce and Industry Minister Piyush Goyal highlighted six key principles to strengthen the partnership between India and the European Union during a meeting with Maros Sefcovic, the EU Commissioner for Trade and Economic Security.
What are the Six Broad Principles between the EU and India?
Common Values: Establish a partnership based on shared values of democracy, rule of law, and an independent judiciary.
Fair Trade Agenda: Develop a commercially meaningful trade agenda that addresses tariff and non-tariff barriers, ensuring benefits for small and medium enterprises, farmers, and fishermen.
High-Quality Production: Engage in the exchange of best practices and harmonization of standards to achieve “zero defect” and “zero effect” production capabilities.
Technological Collaboration: Work together to develop cutting-edge technologies and secure critical raw material supply chains, enhancing resilience against non-market economies.
Sustainable Development: Cooperate on trade and sustainable development while respecting differing levels of development among nations, adhering to the principle of common but differentiated responsibility.
Mutual Growth: Leverage India’s young talent pool to act as a bridge for mutual growth and development with the EU.
What is the Significance of the EU for India?
Largest Trading Partner: The EU is India’s largest regional trading partner, accounting for approximately 12.2% of India’s total trade in goods as of 2023. This relationship facilitates substantial trade flows, with trade in goods reaching around €124 billion and trade in services amounting to €50.8 billion in 2023.
Major Source of Investment: The EU is a leading source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in India, with an investment stock of approximately €108.3 billion in 2022. This investment supports job creation and economic development across various sectors in India.
Technology Transfer and Innovation: The EU serves as a primary source of technology transfer to India, aiding in the development of critical sectors such as infrastructure, green technology, and digital solutions. This collaboration is vital for India’s aspirations to modernize its economy and enhance its global competitiveness.
Strategic Partnership: The EU-India relationship is built on shared values such as democracy and human rights. It has evolved into a strategic partnership that addresses global challenges, including climate change, security threats, and sustainable development. This partnership is crucial for both entities to enhance their roles in global governance.
Geopolitical Considerations: With the rise of assertive powers like China and shifting U.S. policies, the EU recognizes the importance of a robust partnership with India as a counterbalance in the region. Strengthening ties with India aligns with the EU’s goals of promoting multilateralism and addressing common security interests.
Evolution of India-EU Relations:
Foundational Agreements and Strategic Partnership: India-EU relations date back to the early 1960s, with India being one of the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with the European Economic Community.
The relationship was formalized through the Joint Political Statement in 1993 and the Cooperation Agreement in 1994, which expanded cooperation beyond trade.
In 2004, at the 5th India-EU Summit, the relationship was upgraded to a Strategic Partnership, marking a significant milestone in bilateral ties.
Joint Action Plan and Enhanced Cooperation: Following the strategic partnership, a Joint Action Plan was adopted in 2005 and reviewed in 2008, focusing on strengthening dialogue and cooperation across various sectors including trade, investment, and cultural exchanges.
Recent Developments and Future Prospects: In 2022, India and the EU celebrated 60 years of bilateral relations by relaunching negotiations for a Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA), which had stalled since 2013.
What are the challenges between India and the EU?
Trade Barriers and Market Access: Indian companies face increasing non-tariff barriers when trying to access EU markets, including stringent technical regulations, phytosanitary measures, and compliance standards. These barriers hinder the export of Indian goods and services, complicating efforts to establish a comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and the EU.
Also, India is cautious about reducing high tariffs on sensitive sectors like automobiles and agricultural products, which the EU seeks to liberalize.
Mobility of Professionals and Services Liberalization: The lack of a common working visa system in the EU restricts the free movement of Indian professionals across member states. India seeks greater access for its skilled workers in the EU, while the EU demands liberalization of India’s professional services sector, particularly in accountancy and legal services.
Way forward:
Balanced Trade Agreement: Prioritize resolving key differences in tariff reductions and non-tariff barriers, especially in sensitive sectors like automobiles, agriculture, and professional services, while ensuring fair market access for both sides to boost mutual economic growth.
Enhanced Mobility and Collaboration: Establish frameworks for the free movement of professionals and expand cooperation in technology transfer, sustainable development, and resilient supply chains, leveraging India’s skilled workforce and the EU’s technological advancements.
Mains PYQ:
Q ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Q) Religious indoctrination via social media has resulted in Indian youth joining ISIS. What is ISIS and its mission? How can ISIS be dangerous to the internal security of our country? (UPSC CSE 2015)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Religious indoctrination (2015), and ‘tolerance, assimilation and pluralism ’ (2022).
When the Taliban seized power on August 15, 2021, despite an Islamic State attack killing 13 U.S. troops and $7.1 billion in U.S. weaponry left behind, global powers like the U.S., China, and Russia engaged with the Taliban. The West rationalized this as a move to curb terrorism and support women’s and minorities’ rights, prioritizing pragmatism over democracy.
Today’s editorial talks about radicalism around the world and its impact on democratic values. This content will be helpful in substantiation the answer in GS Mains paper 2 the impact of radicalism around the world.
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Why in the News?
The recent surge in radical governments worldwide is a notable trend, reflecting a broader discontent with traditional political systems and a shift towards populism and far-right ideologies.
What factors are contributing to the rise of radical and populist governments globally?
Political Vacuum and Instability: The collapse of established governments, as seen in Afghanistan and Syria, creates a power vacuum that radical groups exploit. The Taliban’s takeover in Afghanistan and the recent rise of Hayat Tahrir Al-Sham (HTS) in Syria illustrate how instability can lead to the emergence of radical leadership.
International Legitimization: Once radical groups seize power, there is often a tendency among global powers to engage with them, legitimizing their authority despite their past actions. The U.S., China, and Russia’s willingness to work with the Taliban post-2021 exemplifies this trend, as they justified engagement as a means to promote stability and human rights.
Economic Factors: Economic hardship and lack of opportunities can fuel support for radical ideologies. In regions where traditional governance structures fail to provide for citizens, extremist groups may present themselves as viable alternatives.
Religious and Ethnic Polarization: The rise of religious hate and ethnic divisions contributes to the appeal of radical movements. In Bangladesh, for instance, the resurgence of Islamic radicalism is linked to a backdrop of rising religiophobia against non-Abrahamic religions.
How did the radical governments impact democratic institutions in Syria and Bangladesh?
Erosion of Democratic Norms: In both Syria and Bangladesh, the rise of radical groups has led to the dismantling of democratic institutions. The HTS’s control over Syria has resulted in authoritarian governance reminiscent of previous regimes, while the military-led government in Bangladesh threatens to undermine democratic processes established since 2008.
Suppression of Civil Liberties: Radical governments often impose restrictions on freedoms, particularly targeting women and minority rights. The Taliban’s denial of girls’ education and restrictions on women’s rights post-takeover reflect this pattern, while similar threats loom in Bangladesh under military rule.
Manipulation of Political Discourse: Radical groups often use anti-establishment rhetoric to galvanize support, leading to increased polarization within society. In Bangladesh, extremist factions are attempting to regain influence by attacking minority communities and framing their actions in opposition to India, which complicates national unity.
Way forward:
Strengthening Democratic Institutions: For countries like Bangladesh, reinforcing democratic norms and institutions is crucial. International support should focus on promoting inclusive governance that respects minority rights and prevents the resurgence of extremist ideologies1.
Engagement with Civil Society: Encouraging dialogue with civil society organizations can help build resilience against radicalization. Empowering grassroots movements that advocate for democracy and human rights can counteract extremist narratives.
International Cooperation: A coordinated international approach is necessary to address the root causes of radicalization. This includes economic support for development, promoting education, and fostering political stability without legitimizing extremist groups through engagement that overlooks their past actions.
According to the International Labour Organisation’s (ILO) Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers, released in Geneva, the global population of international migrants reached 284.5 million in 2022, with 255.7 million of them being of working age (15 and older).
Why are there more male International Migrants in the global labour force than women?
Gender Roles and Norms: Traditional gender roles and societal norms often restrict women’s ability to migrate autonomously. Women are frequently expected to prioritize family responsibilities, which limits their opportunities for international migration and labor market participation.
Labour Market Segmentation: Women are often concentrated in specific sectors such as domestic work, caregiving, and low-skilled service jobs, which are undervalued and less visible.
Men, on the other hand, dominate higher-paying sectors like construction and agriculture, which are more open to international migrants.
Barriers to Employment: As per ILO, Migrant women face higher unemployment rates (8.7%) compared to migrant men (6.2%), due to factors such as language barriers, unrecognised qualifications, limited childcare options, and gender-based discrimination in host countries.
Economic and Social Independence: Women’s migration decisions are influenced by their access to resources and social networks. A lack of autonomy or financial independence can hinder their ability to migrate for work.
In some cases, women migrate as dependents or spouses of male workers, which limits their access to legal employment opportunities in the host country.
Which economic sectors attract IMs?
Construction: The construction industry employs a significant number of male migrants, particularly in regions with rapid urbanisation and infrastructure projects. This sector, part of the 35.6% of male migrant employment in industry, plays a vital role in economic expansion.
Agriculture: Globally, 7.1% of international migrants work in agriculture, with higher figures in regions like Africa, where 27.5% are employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Migrants are crucial for meeting seasonal labour demands.
Manufacturing: Manufacturing heavily relies on migrant workers in industrialized nations, with migrants filling manual labour and skill-specific roles. This sector highlights the alignment of migrant labour with economic development needs.
Services Sector: Approximately 68.4% of international migrants are employed in the services sector, compared to 51.5% of non-migrants. This sector includes a wide range of occupations, but it is particularly noted for:
Care Work: A significant number of migrant women are employed in caregiving roles, which include healthcare and domestic services. About 28.8% of migrant women work in the care economy.
Hospitality and Retail: Many migrants find employment in hotels, restaurants, and retail stores, especially in high-demand tourist areas.
Which are the main host countries?
Approximately 68.4% of international migrants are concentrated in high-income countries followed by 17.4% (29.2 million) in upper-middle-income countries.
Regional Distribution of Migrant Workers (2022): International migrants in the labour force were primarily concentrated in Europe and Central Asia (34.5%, 57.8 million), followed by the Americas (27.3%, 45.8 million), Asia and the Pacific (16.2%, 27.2 million), the Arab States (13.5%, 22.6 million), and Africa (8.5%, 14.3 million). The majority resided in Northern, Southern, and Western Europe (23.3%), Northern America (22.6%), and the Arab States (13.5%), collectively hosting 59.4% of all migrant workers.
Significant Proportions in Labor Forces: Migrants formed more than one-third (37.2%) of the Arab States’ labour force. Significant proportions were also observed in Europe and Central Asia (12.9%) and the Americas (9%), highlighting their vital role in these economies.
Conclusion: Governments and international organizations should implement gender-responsive migration policies that address barriers faced by women. This includes creating support systems for childcare, recognizing foreign qualifications, and ensuring equal access to legal employment opportunities in host countries.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Success of make in India program depends on the success of Skill India programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments. (UPSC IAS/2015)
Q) In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to its situation? (UPSC CSE 2018)
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the Nuclear Pact Controversy (2018), and ‘India a position in its global strategy ’ (2019).
In 2025, we mark 80 years since the first nuclear test and the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which killed up to 2,46,000 people. Citing the Bhagavad Gita, Oppenheimer described the destruction as “Death by a thousand suns.” On Nagasaki’s bombing day, Bertrand Russell warned humanity to choose between destruction or adopting wiser political thinking.
Today’s editorial talks about the nuclear power challenges in the world due to nuclear proliferation by Countries. In this situation how India can play an important role in promoting peace. This content can be used in IR topics GS Paper 2.
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Why in the News?
It’s time for India to take action for peace since there are no great figures like Russell, Einstein, or Rotblat left to warn the world.
What historical peace initiatives can serve as models for current and future efforts?
•Russell-Einstein Manifesto (1955): This document, drafted by prominent scientists including Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein, called for global disarmament and emphasized the need for humanity to remember its shared values over national interests. •Avadi Resolution (1955): Passed by the Indian National Congress, this resolution called for the prohibition of atomic and hydrogen bombs and urged the United Nations to address the grave threat posed by nuclear weapons. It anticipated the need for global awareness regarding the dangers of war and weapons of mass destruction. •Rajiv Gandhi’s Action Plan (1988): This initiative aimed for a nuclear-free world and emphasized non-violence. Gandhi’s approach sought to engage international leaders in discussions about disarmament and peace, reflecting a commitment to global security.
How can India leverage its unique position to contribute to global peace initiatives?
Nuclear Weapons State: As one of the nine countries with nuclear capabilities, India has a critical role in discussions about disarmament and non-proliferation. Its experience and perspective can foster dialogue among nuclear states and promote responsible stewardship of these weapons.
Historical Leadership: India’s past leadership in peace initiatives, such as the Avadi Resolution, positions it as a potential mediator in current geopolitical tensions. By advocating for disarmament based on historical precedents, India can influence global norms around nuclear weapons.
Cultural Emphasis on Non-Violence: India’s philosophical foundation in non-violence can be leveraged to promote peaceful resolutions to conflicts, encouraging other nations to adopt similar approaches in international relations.
What challenges does India face in enhancing its role in international peace efforts?
Geopolitical Tensions: Ongoing conflicts with neighbouring countries, particularly Pakistan and China, complicate India’s ability to advocate for disarmament without appearing vulnerable. These tensions may hinder collaborative peace efforts.
Domestic Political Landscape: Political dynamics within India can affect its foreign policy priorities. A focus on national security may overshadow initiatives aimed at global peace, making it challenging to balance domestic concerns with international responsibilities.
Global Complacency: The prevailing complacency regarding nuclear threats poses a significant challenge. Despite historical lessons from events like the 2004 tsunami or nuclear bombings, many nations remain indifferent to the risks posed by nuclear arsenals, complicating efforts for collective action
Way forward:
Reviving Multilateral Engagements: India should initiate and lead international conferences focused on disarmament and the prevention of mass annihilation, drawing from its historical peace initiatives.
Strengthening Regional Cooperation: India must work towards reducing regional tensions with neighbours through confidence-building measures, bilateral dialogues, and showcasing its commitment to non-aggression. This will enable it to credibly advocate for global disarmament and peace.
Europe and India need a stronger, more practical partnership and together with the United States, they can become an unbeatable force.
Why do all democratic countries need to come together?
Unified Front Against Authoritarianism: Democracies can counter coercive tactics and aggression from authoritarian regimes like China and Russia by standing together to deter threats to vulnerable nations, and reinforcing global stability.
Advocating Democratic Principles: A collective alliance provides a platform to promote democratic values such as human rights, the rule of law, and free markets fostering an international environment supportive of democracy.
Addressing Global Challenges Collaboratively: Democracies can pool resources and expertise to tackle global issues like climate change, terrorism, and public health crises through joint strategies and initiatives.
Strengthening Economic Ties: Enhanced economic cooperation within an alliance can promote free trade, reduce barriers, and create a resilient network to counter economic coercion from non-democratic states.
Bolstering Democratic Resilience: By sharing best practices, democracies can strengthen their institutions, address internal polarisation, and enhance resilience against threats to their democratic systems.
What is the strategic importance of India in a global alliance of democracies?
Geopolitical Counterbalance: India serves as a crucial counterbalance to China in the Indo-Pacific region.
As a democracy with significant economic growth potential, India’s alignment with European democracies can help counter authoritarian influences, particularly from Russia and China, which pose threats to global democratic norms.
Economic Partnership: The EU-India relationship is economically significant, with India projected to become the world’s third-largest economy in the next decade.
Strengthening trade ties can enhance economic security for both parties and reduce dependency on China. The EU has recognised India as a ‘Trusted Partner’ in critical sectors such as technology and pharmaceuticals.
Shared Values: Both Europe and India share foundational values of democracy, rule of law, and human rights. This commonality provides a strong basis for collaboration on global issues such as climate change, security, and sustainable development.
How can India contribute to the promotion and protection of democratic norms internationally?
Promoting Democratic Values: India can advocate for democratic governance and human rights on international platforms, leveraging its status as the world’s largest democracy to influence other nations positively.
Collaborative Initiatives: Through partnerships like the Trade and Technology Council (TTC), India can collaborate with Europe on emerging technologies and critical industries.
Such cooperation can promote transparency and ethical standards in technology development.
Defense Cooperation: India’s existing defense collaborations with the U.S. and its role in multilateral security frameworks like the Quad can be expanded to include European partners, enhancing collective security against authoritarian regimes.
What challenges does India face in leading or participating in this alliance?
Balancing Relations with Russia and China: India’s historical ties with Russia complicate its position within a democratic alliance. While it seeks to maintain these relationships for strategic reasons, it must also navigate criticism from Western allies regarding its stance on Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
Internal Democratic Challenges: India faces significant internal challenges related to its democratic processes, including concerns about political dissent and civil liberties.
Addressing these issues is essential for India to lead effectively within a global democratic alliance.
Trade Negotiation Stagnation: Ongoing negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the EU and India have faced hurdles due to disagreements over sustainability measures and human rights issues.
Progress in these negotiations is crucial for realizing the full potential of their partnership.
Way forward:
Strengthening Internal Democracy and Rule of Law: India should address domestic concerns related to political dissent, civil liberties, and democratic processes to enhance its credibility and leadership role within a global democratic alliance.
Expanding Strategic Partnerships: India should accelerate negotiations on trade agreements, deepen collaboration in critical sectors like technology and defense, and align with democratic allies to counter authoritarian influences effectively.
Mains PYQ:
Q Indian and USA are two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based. (UPSC IAS/2018)
The Extraordinary African Union Summit on the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) concluded in Kampala, Uganda, with the adoption of the transformative Kampala Declaration.
What is the Kampala Declaration?
Details
About
Successor to the Malabo Declaration (2014–2025).
Focuses on transforming agriculture into a modern, climate-smart sector.
Aligns with CAADP’s vision and African Union’s Agenda 2063.
Key Highlights
Adoption of a ten-year post-Malabo agenda (2026–2035) with implementation and monitoring strategies.
Promotes climate-smart innovations for sustainable food production.
Integrates agricultural policies with broader development objectives like nutrition and environmental sustainability.
Acknowledges global challenges like COVID-19 and geopolitical disruptions.
Significant Features
Adopts an agri-food systems approach, addressing issues across the food value chain.
Emphasizes environmental sustainability and diverse, nutritious diets.
Builds resilience to withstand climate, economic, and geopolitical shocks.
Ensures involvement of diverse stakeholders, including policymakers, farmers, and private sector actors.
Establishes monitoring frameworks for accountability and progress tracking.
PYQ:
[2015] The ‘Fortaleza Declaration’ recently in the news, is related to the affairs of:
Recently, New Delhi called Bangladesh’s Acting High Commissioner to India to discuss border security and issues related to fencing.
What are the India-Bangladesh border guidelines?
1975 Joint Guidelines: According to the 1975 Joint India-Bangladesh Guidelines for Border Authorities, no defense structures can be constructed within 150 yards of the international boundary by either side. This includes any form of fencing deemed a defensive structure.
Defence Structures: India does not classify wire fencing as a defence structure, whereas Bangladesh and Pakistan do, leading to differing perspectives on the legality and implications of such constructions along the border.
What are the issues between India and Bangladesh?
Fencing Disputes: The primary contention revolves around India’s construction of barbed wire fencing along the border, which Bangladesh claims violates the 1975 agreement. Recently, incidents in Malda and Cooch Behar have highlighted tensions, with Bangladesh’s Border Guards attempting to obstruct these efforts.
Cross-Border Crime: India justifies fencing as a necessary measure to combat cross-border crimes, including smuggling and trafficking. However, Bangladesh argues that such measures inconvenience local residents and violate their sovereignty.
Diplomatic Tensions: The situation has led to reciprocal diplomatic actions, with both countries summoning each other’s diplomats to express concerns over border management practices.
Why need to fence the India-Bangladesh border?
To Prevent Cross-Border Crimes: Fencing helps reduce the smuggling of goods, drugs, and arms, as well as human trafficking, which are major concerns in border areas. For example, regions like Malda in West Bengal have seen high rates of cattle smuggling, which fencing aims to curb.
To Manage Unauthorized Crossings: Fencing is crucial to control illegal immigration and unauthorized movements across the border, which can strain local resources and create security challenges. For instance, in Assam, illegal migration has led to demographic shifts, contributing to political and social tensions.
To Address Geographical Complexities: The border’s unique geography, with rivers and villages close to the boundary, makes monitoring difficult, necessitating physical barriers. For example, in areas like Cooch Behar and the Dahagram–Angarpota enclave, fencing helps clearly demarcate the border and prevent disputes.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
Current Status: As of early 2025, approximately 3,180.65 kilometres of the border have been fenced, with around 915.35 kilometres remaining to be completed.
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has set a new deadline for completion by March 2024, although this is likely to be missed due to various challenges.
Mixed Barriers Approach: The government plans to utilize both physical and non-physical barriers for the remaining unfenced stretches. This includes advanced technologies such as sensors and surveillance systems in areas where traditional fencing is not feasible due to geographical constraints.
Increased Security Measures: Alongside fencing, there are plans to enhance floodlighting, establish more border outposts, and improve integrated checkposts to bolster security along the border.
Way forward:
Enhanced Bilateral Cooperation: Strengthen dialogue mechanisms, such as flag meetings and joint consultations, to resolve disputes amicably and ensure mutual agreement on border management practices, including fencing.
Integrated Border Management: Implement smart border solutions, combining advanced surveillance technologies and community involvement, to address security concerns while minimizing disruptions to local populations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC IAS/2020)
