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Subject: International Relations

  • [5th February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The U.S.’s WHO exit, a chance to reshape global health

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Critically examine the role of WHOin providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (UPSC CSE 2020)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Bridging Healthcare Gaps (2015), and WHO Initiatives (2020).

    The US is the largest contributor to WHO, providing about 18% of its funding. The withdrawal is expected to jeopardize critical health programs, particularly those addressing tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and other health emergencies.

    Today’s editorial emphasizes the need for member states to collaborate more effectively in light of reduced US involvement, ensuring that global health priorities remain addressed despite funding challenges. This content can be used to present the significance of multilateral collaboration and its impact on international policy and governance with respect to Health.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    After the USA’s withdrawal from WHO, it is time for the countries in the global south to support WHO and initiate collaborative actions to reshape the global health agenda.

    What are the Potential Impacts of the US Withdrawal from WHO?

    • Disruption of Funding and Programs: The US contributes nearly 18% of WHO’s budget (~$1 billion annually), supporting critical health programs like immunization, tuberculosis control, and pandemic preparedness.
      • The withdrawal will likely disrupt ongoing projects aimed at combating health challenges such as HIV/AIDS and polio eradication.
    • Weakened Global Health Response: WHO’s ability to coordinate responses to health crises will be significantly impaired without US support. This includes reduced resources for disease surveillance and emergency operations in regions facing outbreaks or health threats.
    • Impact on Global Health Leadership and Collaboration: The absence of the US may create a leadership vacuum within WHO, allowing other nations (e.g., China) to increase their influence.
      • This shift could alter international collaboration dynamics and lead to fragmented approaches to public health challenges.
    • Repercussions for Low-Income Countries: Marginalized communities in low-income countries may face disproportionate impacts due to reduced funding from WHO. These communities rely heavily on WHO for access to essential health services, and the withdrawal signals a deprioritization of global health initiatives, exacerbating existing inequalities.
      • The overall effectiveness of global health initiatives may decline as WHO struggles with funding constraints and could slow long-term progress toward key health goals, such as disease eradication and comprehensive vaccination programs, ultimately affecting global health security.

    How might the withdrawal reshape international health diplomacy?

    • Shift in Global Health Leadership: The absence of the US may create a leadership vacuum within WHO, potentially allowing countries like China to increase their influence in global health governance.
      • This shift could alter the dynamics of international collaboration, with other nations stepping up to fill the void left by the US.
    • Increased Geopolitical Tensions: The withdrawal could intensify competition between the US and China for influence in global health matters.
      • China’s initiatives, such as the Health Silk Road, may gain traction as it seeks to position itself as a leader in global health, thereby reshaping alliances and partnerships among countries.
    • Impact on Multilateral Cooperation: The US’s exit may weaken multilateral cooperation on critical health issues, leading to fragmented responses to global health challenges.
      • Countries may become less willing to collaborate on shared health threats without US leadership, which could hinder effective pandemic preparedness and response efforts.
    • Loss of Diplomatic Leverage: By withdrawing, the US relinquishes its role as a key influencer in shaping global health policies and initiatives.
      • This could diminish its ability to advocate for public health programs that align with its interests and values, allowing other nations to take a more prominent role in setting global health agendas.
    • Disproportionate Effects: The low-income countries that rely heavily on WHO for support may face greater challenges without US involvement.

    What reforms or changes might be necessary within WHO in light of this withdrawal?

    • Diversification of Funding Sources: WHO should encourage member states to increase their assessed contributions, which currently cover less than 20% of its budget. This could help reduce reliance on any single donor, particularly the US.
      • WHO can seek to expand its voluntary contributions from other countries and private organizations to fill the financial gap left by the US withdrawal.
    • Strengthening Governance and Accountability: Implementing more transparent financial management practices can help restore trust among member states and ensure that funds are allocated effectively.
      • Establishing an independent oversight body to review WHO’s operations and decision-making processes may help address concerns about political influence and enhance accountability.

    What opportunity do India have in this situation?

    • Increased Leadership Role: India can take a prominent leadership position within WHO, representing the Global South.
      • For Example, through the Vaccine Maitri initiative, India facilitated vaccine exports during the COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating its commitment to global health equity and influencing health policies.
    • Strengthening Domestic Capabilities: The withdrawal allows India to bolster its healthcare infrastructure and research capabilities.
      • For Example, significant investments in indigenous vaccine production, such as Covaxin and Covishield, have positioned India as a major player in global vaccine supply chains, enhancing self-reliance and healthcare outcomes.
    • Enhanced Collaboration with Emerging Economies: India can forge stronger partnerships with other emerging economies to collaboratively address global health challenges.
      • For Example, engagement with countries like Brazil and South Africa through the IBSA Dialogue Forum can focus on shared issues like antimicrobial resistance and maternal health, enhancing collective responses to public health threats.
    • Leveraging Pharmaceutical Strength: India’s robust pharmaceutical industry can fill gaps left by reduced WHO funding.
      • Known as the “pharmacy of the world,” India supplied affordable vaccines during the pandemic, reinforcing its reputation as a key player in global healthcare by continuing to produce low-cost medications.

    Way Forward: India can not only mitigate the impacts of the US withdrawal but also can significantly contribute to shaping a more equitable global health landscape.

  • How beggar-thy-neighbour policies can make global trade come to a standstill?

    Why in the News?

    In 2025, the United States’ imposition of a 25% tariff on imports from Canada and Mexico, along with a 10% tariff on Chinese goods, exemplifies modern beggar-thy-neighbour policies.

    What is Beggar-Thy-Neighbor Policy?

    • Beggar-thy-neighbor policies refer to protectionist economic policies in which economic strategies are adopted by a country to improve its own economic situation at the expense of other nations.
    • These policies often involve protectionist measures such as tariffs, quotas, or currency devaluation, which can lead to negative repercussions for trading partners. For example, recently the USA imposed tariffs on China.

    What are the positive implications of this policy?

    • Domestic Economic Boost: Proponents argue that these policies can stimulate the domestic economy by protecting local industries and jobs. For example, tariffs on imports can encourage consumers to buy domestic products, potentially reducing unemployment in key sectors.
    • National Security: Supporters often cite national security concerns, suggesting that certain industries need protection from foreign competition to maintain a robust domestic economy.
    • Encouragement of Exports: By depreciating the national currency, a country can make its exports cheaper and more competitive in international markets, which is believed to enhance demand for domestic goods abroad.

    What do the critics say?

    • Global Economic Decline – The U.S.-China Trade War (2018-Present) illustrates how protectionist policies can escalate into retaliatory actions.
      • The U.S. imposed tariffs on Chinese goods, prompting China to retaliate with its own tariffs, disrupting global supply chains and reducing international trade volumes.
    • Higher Consumer Prices – The U.S. Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum (2018) under Section 232 increased production costs for American industries relying on these metals, such as automobile and construction sectors.
      • A study by the Federal Reserve found that these tariffs cost U.S. consumers and businesses over $1.4 billion per month.
    • Historical Warnings – The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) in the U.S. significantly raised tariffs on imports, leading to retaliation from trading partners like Canada and European nations.
      • This contributed to a sharp decline in global trade and worsened the Great Depression. Global exports fell by nearly two-thirds between 1929 and 1934, demonstrating the adverse effects of widespread protectionism.
    • Reduced Innovation and Efficiency – India’s License Raj (1947–1991) is a prime example of how excessive protectionism stifled innovation. The heavily regulated economy limited foreign competition, leading to inefficiencies, outdated technology, and slow economic growth.
      • Post-1991 economic liberalization, which reduced trade barriers, spurred competition, efficiency, and innovation across various industries.

    Which countries use this policy? 

    • U.S. Tariffs and Trade War – Under the “America First” policy, the U.S. imposed tariffs on $250 billion worth of Chinese goods in 2018 to shield domestic industries. In response, China introduced retaliatory tariffs on U.S. products, escalating a trade war that disrupted global markets.
    • China’s Currency Policies – China has been accused of currency manipulation to maintain trade advantages. In 2019, the U.S. Treasury labeled China a currency manipulator after the People’s Bank of China allowed the yuan to depreciate, making Chinese exports cheaper and imports more expensive.
    • Japan’s Currency Interventions – To boost exports during economic stagnation, Japan’s central bank has weakened the yen through market interventions. While this makes Japanese exports more competitive, it raises import costs for domestic consumers and affects trading partners negatively.
    • Germany’s Eurozone Trade Advantage – Germany’s strong export-driven economy, supported by fiscal discipline and manufacturing strength, has been seen as creating imbalances within the Eurozone. During financial crises, weaker European economies struggle to compete, intensifying economic disparities.

    Does India use this policy? 

    In recent times, India has indeed engaged in practices that can be characterized as beggar-thy-neighbor policies, particularly in the context of trade and economic strategy.

    • Tariffs on Imports: India has imposed tariffs on various goods to protect its domestic industries.
      • For instance, in 2018, India raised import duties on a range of products, including electronics and agricultural goods, to encourage local manufacturing and reduce reliance on foreign imports. Such measures can be seen as attempts to bolster India’s economy at the expense of exporting countries.
    • Restrictions on Chinese Imports: Following geopolitical tensions, India has implemented stricter regulations and tariffs on imports from China.
      • This includes bans on several Chinese apps (like tiktok) and increased scrutiny of Chinese investments.

    Way forward: 

    • Balanced Trade Policies: Countries should adopt a mix of strategic protectionism and open trade to safeguard domestic industries while preventing trade wars.
      • Strengthening WTO mechanisms and engaging in fair trade negotiations can ensure economic stability.
    • Focus on Competitiveness: Instead of relying on protectionist measures, nations should invest in innovation, skill development, and infrastructure to enhance global competitiveness, ensuring sustainable economic growth without harming trading partners.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India? (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • [1st February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Four years on, Myanmar and its continuing nightmare

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard. (UPSC CSE 2020)

    Q) ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (UPSC CSE 2022)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on Crossborder insurgency (2019), and Role of India in Southeast Asia (2017).

    The ongoing violence in Myanmar, human rights abuses, and political repression have left millions in dire conditions, with over 6,000 civilians killed and 3.5 million displaced. According to the World Bank, by 2025, around 19.9 million people—one-third of the population—are expected to require humanitarian aid, including 6.3 million children in Myanmar.

     

    As Myanmar marks four years since the military coup, today’s editorial highlights the urgent need for global attention and action. The international community’s response has been inadequate, failing to effectively challenge the junta’s grip on power. This content can be used to present Neighbourhood Policy or South Asian Democratic Crises in your Mains Answers.

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    Why in the News?

    There are several significant developments surrounding the ongoing crisis in Myanmar as it marks the fourth anniversary of the military coup.

    [1st February 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Four years on, Myanmar and its continuing nightmare

    What has been the impact of the military coup on Myanmar’s political landscape?

    The military coup in Myanmar on February 1, 2021, has drastically altered the political landscape, leading to instability and conflict. 

    • Return to Military Rule: The coup reversed a decade-long democratic transition by overthrowing the elected government of Aung San Suu Kyi’s National League for Democracy (NLD), resulting in widespread protests and civil unrest against the junta.
    • Rise in Civil Unrest and Resistance: The coup sparked massive protests and a civil disobedience movement, leading to the formation of a shadow government, the National Unity Government (NUG), by ousted lawmakers.
      • This has resulted in armed conflict with various ethnic groups and newly formed resistance forces, creating a state of civil war.
    • Human Rights Violations and Humanitarian Crisis: The military’s brutal crackdowns have led to widespread human rights abuses, including killings and arbitrary detentions. Millions have been displaced, exacerbating existing ethnic conflicts, particularly affecting the Rohingya population. The international response has largely failed to hold the military accountable.

    What are the prospects for Myanmar’s economy in 2025 considering the current socio political turmoil?

    • The World Bank forecasts a 1% contraction in Myanmar’s GDP for the fiscal year ending in March 2025, marking a significant downgrade from earlier growth expectations.
      • By 2025, around 19.9 million people—one-third of the population—are expected to require humanitarian aid, including 6.3 million children.
    • Since the military coup in February 2021, armed conflicts and natural disasters have disrupted production across sectors like agriculture and manufacturing. Recent floods have further damaged infrastructure.
    • About 25% of the population faces acute food insecurity, driven by high inflation rates projected at 26% annually. Many households struggle to afford basic necessities due to rising food prices.
    • The long-term economic outlook remains grim, with subdued growth expected even if conflict levels stabilize. Further violence or natural disasters could worsen economic conditions.

    How has the role of ASEAN evolved in addressing the Myanmar crisis?

    • Five-Point Consensus: In April 2021, ASEAN introduced a Five-Point Consensus calling for an end to violence, dialogue, humanitarian aid, and a special envoy to mediate. However, its effectiveness has been limited due to lack of inclusivity and pressure on the military junta.
    • Trioka Mechanism: ASEAN created the Trioka Mechanism to monitor the implementation of the Five-Point Consensus. This group includes Indonesia, Laos, and Malaysia but faces concerns about its ability to address Myanmar’s complex issues.
    • Humanitarian Response: ASEAN has held meetings to improve humanitarian aid delivery but struggles with implementation challenges.
    • International Engagement: External influences, like those from the EU and UN, have shaped ASEAN’s approach. Critics argue that ASEAN’s preference for dialogue over sanctions has not produced significant results.

    Way Forward:

    • The UN and ASEAN have struggled to resolve the Myanmar crisis, prompting experts to call on neighboring countries—China, India, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Laos—to take action, as the situation threatens their interests.
      • However, challenges persist: borders with India and Bangladesh are controlled by ethnic armed organizations (EAOs), trust issues exist between India and China, and India-Bangladesh relations are strained.
      • This makes it difficult for these nations to reach a consensus on how to encourage peace.
    • Thailand, as a significant ASEAN member, could play a crucial role but faces its own limitations.
      • Meanwhile, China’s influence has grown since the coup, and experts suggest that Myanmar’s people should not rely on external help; instead, their leaders must prioritize dialogue over violence to avoid further suffering.

  • [31st January 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: An opportunity to settle Sri Lanka’s ethnic problem

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (UPSC CSE 2022)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka (2022), and ‘India — Sri Lanka relations ’ (2013).

    Over the past 40 years, India’s role in Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict evolved from mediator to active player, leading to the 1987 Indo-Lanka Accord and the 13th Amendment, which introduced Provincial Councils. The JVP opposed it, calling it an Indian imposition. The LTTE also rejected it and demanded a separate Tamil Eelam, which India never supported.

    Today’s editorial talks about the India Srilanka relation. This content would help in GS Paper 2 International relations.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    Recently, India’s decision to name the Jaffna Cultural Centre after Tamil poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar is a symbolic way to strengthen its deep ties with Sri Lanka.

     

    What are the historical roots of the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka?

    • Colonial Legacy: British colonial rule (1815-1948) favoured the Tamil minority in administration and education, causing resentment among the Sinhalese majority.
    • Sinhala-Only Act (1956): The official adoption of Sinhala as the sole national language marginalized Tamil speakers and led to widespread Tamil discontent.
    • Discrimination in Education & Employment: Policies like the standardization of university admissions (1970s) made it harder for Tamils to access higher education and government jobs.
    • Ethnic Violence & Riots: The 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom (Black July) led to mass violence against Tamils, intensifying the demand for Tamil autonomy.
    • Rise of the LTTE: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) emerged as the dominant militant group demanding an independent Tamil Eelam, leading to a brutal civil war (1983-2009).
    • Indo-Lanka Accord (1987) & 13th Amendment: This attempt at devolution through Provincial Councils failed to fully address Tamil aspirations, leading to continued tensions.

    How can the new government address Tamil aspirations and rights?

    • Full Implementation of the 13th Amendment: The government should prioritize the effective implementation of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which allows for provincial councils and limited autonomy for Tamil-majority regions. This step is crucial for addressing Tamil political representation and governance.
    • Engagement in Inclusive Dialogue: Establishing a direct and inclusive dialogue with Tamil political leaders and communities is essential. This dialogue should focus on addressing historical grievances, ensuring that Tamil voices are heard in national policy-making, and fostering reconciliation.
    • Address Land Rights and Resettlement Issues: The government must take action to return lands occupied by the military to their rightful Tamil owners and halt any ongoing land grabs that threaten Tamil communities. Ensuring land rights is vital for restoring trust and dignity among Tamils.
    • Commitment to Human Rights Accountability: The new administration should commit to addressing past human rights violations during the civil war, including accountability for wartime atrocities. This includes repealing repressive laws like the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA) that disproportionately affect Tamils.
    • Cultural Recognition and Language Rights: Promoting Tamil culture and ensuring that Tamil is recognized as an official language alongside Sinhala would help foster a sense of inclusion and respect for Tamil identity within the broader national framework, enhancing community cohesion.

    What role does international support play in resolving Sri Lanka’s ethnic issues?

    • Mediation and Pressure: Countries like India have historically acted as mediators in Sri Lankan affairs. Their support can encourage the government to adhere to commitments regarding Tamil rights and autonomy.
    • Development Assistance: International aid can facilitate economic development in Tamil areas, addressing disparities that fuel ethnic tensions. India’s financial assistance for infrastructure projects is an example of how external support can aid reconciliation efforts.
    • Monitoring Human Rights: International organizations can monitor human rights conditions in Sri Lanka, advocating for accountability and justice for past atrocities against Tamils, which is essential for building trust and moving towards lasting peace.

    Way forward:

    • Strengthen Political and Constitutional Reforms: Ensure full implementation of the 13th Amendment, conduct Provincial Council elections, and explore further constitutional reforms to enhance Tamil political representation and autonomy.
    • Promote Inclusive Economic Development and Reconciliation: Invest in infrastructure, employment, and education in Tamil-majority areas while advancing truth, justice, and reconciliation initiatives to address past grievances and build long-term social cohesion.

  • Places in news: Kurdistan Region

    Why in the News?

    India has dispatched a humanitarian aid consignment to the Kurdistan region of Iraq.

    Kurdistan Region

    What is the Kurdistan Region?

    • The Kurdistan Region refers to areas inhabited by ethnic Kurds, primarily in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey.
    • The Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) administers Iraqi Kurdistan, an autonomous region in northern Iraq.
    • The Kurds, a distinct ethnic and linguistic group, have long sought independence and greater autonomy.
    • Geographical Significance:
      • Spans across Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria, covering the Zagros Mountains and fertile plains.
      • Rich in oil and natural gas, particularly in Iraqi Kurdistan, making it geopolitically significant.
      • Controls key border regions and trade routes, influencing regional stability.
    • Political Implications:
      • The Kurdish struggle for autonomy has led to tensions with central governments, particularly in Iraq and Turkey.
      • Kurdish forces (Peshmerga) have played a key role in fighting ISIS and maintaining security in northern Iraq.
      • The KRG has diplomatic ties with Western countries but lacks full sovereignty.

    Ongoing Dispute:

    • The Kurdish independence movement faces opposition from Iraq, Turkey, Iran, and Syria, fearing territorial fragmentation.
    • Iraq rejected the 2017 Kurdistan independence referendum, leading to military and economic retaliation.
    • Turkey continues military operations against Kurdish groups, considering them a security threat.
    • The Turkey-ISIS-Kurd relationship remains controversial, with allegations that Turkey indirectly enabled ISIS against the Kurds.

     

    PYQ:

    [2018] The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of:

    (a) China

    (b) Israel

    (c) Iraq

    (d) Yemen

  • [29th January 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The Budget pipeline and India’s foreign policy ambitions

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) ‘At the international level, the bilateral relations between most nations are governed on the policy of promoting one’s own national interest without any regard for the interest of other nations. This leads to conflicts and tensions between the nations. How can ethical consideration help resolve such tensions? Discuss with specific examples (UPSC CSE 2015)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on ‘Scope of Fundamental Rights’ (2017) and Influence of Foreign Policy (2015).

     

    Today’s editorial discusses the recent budgetary developments concerning India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and their implications for the country’s foreign policy. This content can be used in your Mains Answer for presenting the challenges particularly regarding.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The budget for India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) deserves closer scrutiny because last year, the MEA budget saw a rare 23% spike, up from the modest 4% annual increase between 2017 and 2023.

    • The MEA’s allocation not only reflects the government’s foreign policy priorities but also its capacity to deliver on its global ambitions and commitments particularly in light of India’s vision for a ‘Viksit Bharat’ by 2047.

    How does the Indian budget reflect the country’s foreign policy priorities and ambitions?

    • Increased Allocation for the MEA: The significant 23% increase in the budget for the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) signals a commitment to enhancing India’s diplomatic capabilities and reflects the government’s recognition of the importance of foreign policy.
    • Focus on Neighbourhood Policy: With approximately 50% of India’s foreign aid directed towards neighboring countries, particularly Bhutan, the budget emphasizes the “Neighbourhood First” policy, highlighting regional cooperation and stability as key priorities.
    • Shift to Lines of Credit: The transition from outright grants to lines of credit (LoCs) indicates a strategic approach to financing sustainable infrastructure projects in recipient countries, enhancing India’s influence while ensuring accountability in project implementation.
    • Investment in Diplomatic Infrastructure: A substantial portion of the MEA’s budget is allocated to embassies and missions, reflecting India’s intent to strengthen its global presence and engage more effectively in international diplomacy.

    What role does it play in shaping India’s economic and geopolitical landscape?

    • Attracting Foreign Investment: The budget prioritizes foreign investment by reducing corporate tax rates for foreign firms and easing regulations on foreign direct investment.
      • This aims to position India as a favorable destination for international capital, enhancing its economic growth prospects and global competitiveness.
    • Strengthening Manufacturing and Infrastructure: By supporting initiatives like ‘Make in India’ and allocating substantial funds for infrastructure development, the budget aims to boost domestic manufacturing capabilities.
      • This not only fosters economic growth but also enhances India’s geopolitical standing by enabling it to become a manufacturing hub, particularly as companies seek to diversify away from China.
    • Enhancing Regional Influence: The budget reflects a commitment to regional partnerships by directing a significant portion of foreign aid toward neighboring countries.
      • This strategy strengthens India’s influence in South Asia and promotes stability, aligning with its broader foreign policy objectives.
    • Fiscal Discipline and Economic Stability: The budget emphasizes fiscal responsibility, targeting a reduction in the fiscal deficit to 4.9% of GDP.
      • Maintaining fiscal discipline is critical for sustaining investor confidence and ensuring long-term economic stability, which is essential for India’s ambitions on the global stage.

    What challenges does India face?

    • Geopolitical Tensions with China: India continues to navigate complex relations with China, particularly concerning border disputes and military tensions along the Line of Actual Control. The need for strategic dialogue and trust-building measures remains critical.
    • Strained Relations with Neighbors: Political changes in neighboring countries, such as Bangladesh and Myanmar, and ongoing tensions with Pakistan complicate India’s regional diplomacy. The challenge lies in managing these relationships while promoting stability and cooperation.
    • Impact of U.S.-China Rivalry: The evolving dynamics of U.S.-China relations, especially with the return of Donald Trump to the U.S. presidency, present both opportunities and challenges for India. Balancing ties with both powers while maintaining strategic autonomy is essential.
    • Domestic Political Factors: Internal political developments, including public sentiment and government policies, can influence India’s foreign policy decisions. Ensuring that foreign policy aligns with domestic priorities is crucial for maintaining credibility and effectiveness on the global stage.

    Foreign aid and shifts

    • India’s foreign aid to other countries decreased by 10% for the fiscal year 2024-25, while loans to foreign governments increased by 29%.
    • About 50% of India’s grants are directed towards neighboring countries, with Bhutan remaining the largest recipient due to historical ties and energy projects.
    • There is a notable shift from outright grants to lines of credit (LoCs), with Bangladesh receiving the largest share at $7.86 billion. While LoCs support sustainable infrastructure, they require effective oversight.
    • The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) requires more resources to enhance its institutional capacity, including strengthening the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) and research capabilities.
    • The MEA’s training budget increased by 30% for 2024-25, but overall capacity-building funds remain inadequate, and the IFS continues to be understaffed.
    • The MEA’s budget for foreign missions and cultural diplomacy grew only by 7%, while significant academic institutions faced budget cuts of 20% to 22%.
    • Despite investments in international dialogues to enhance India’s global image, there is a pressing need for more budgetary resources to support policy-relevant research at Indian universities and think tanks.

    Way Forward: India will host the Quad Leaders’ Summit in 2025, marking an important opportunity to showcase India’s leadership and commitment to regional cooperation among the Quad nations—Australia, Japan, and the United States.

    • India can reinforce its relationships with Quad partners, focusing on shared goals such as promoting a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific.
    • This aligns with India’s broader foreign policy objectives of enhancing regional stability and security.

  • Places in News: Sudan’s Darfur Region

    Why in the News?

    At least 70 people were killed in a drone strike on the last working hospital in Sudan’s North Darfur capital.

    About the Darfur Region

    Details
    • Conflict-prone region in western Sudan, affected by ethnic violence and resource conflicts since 2003.
    • Site of one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises, with mass killings and displacement.
    • Home to multiple ethnic groups, with tensions between Arab pastoralists and non-Arab farming communities.
    • Janjaweed militias, backed by the Sudanese government, accused of genocide and mass atrocities.
    • Rapid Support Forces (RSF), formerly Janjaweed, play a key role in ongoing instability.
    • Renewed violence in 2023, worsening the humanitarian situation.
    Geographical Location
    • Located in western Sudan, bordering Chad, Libya, and the Central African Republic.
    • Covers an area of about 493,180 sq. km, nearly the size of France.
    • Predominantly arid and semi-arid, with desert in the north and more fertile land in the south.
    • Climate-driven water and grazing conflicts, worsened by desertification and climate change.
    • Composed of five states: North, South, West, Central, and East Darfur.
    • El Fasher is the capital and largest city, serving as an administrative and humanitarian hub.
    Impact of Conflict
    • Politically marginalized for decades, leading to armed uprisings against Sudan’s government.
    • Conflict escalated in 2003 with rebel groups like the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) demanding greater autonomy.
    • Remains a stronghold of rebel activity, contributing to Sudan’s broader instability.
    • Ongoing violence impacts regional security, affecting neighboring countries like Chad and the Central African Republic.

     

    PYQ:

    [2024] Consider the following statements :

    Statement-I: There is instability and worsening security situation in the Sahel region.

    Statement-II: There have been military takeovers/coups d’état in several countries of the Sahel region in the recent past.

    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statement?

    a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I

    b) Bothe Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I

    c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect

    d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct

  • Mapping: Lao PDR

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Embassy in Lao PDR has successfully rescued 67 Indian nationals who were trafficked and forced to work in cyber scam centres in the Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone (GTSEZ).

    Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone (GTSEZ)

    • It is a semi-autonomous economic zone located in Bokeo Province, Lao PDR (Laos), near the borders of Thailand and Myanmar.
    • It is situated within the infamous Golden Triangle region, historically known for opium production and drug trafficking.
    • It was established to promote tourism, trade, and investment but has been widely criticized for illegal activities, including human trafficking, cyber fraud, and illicit gambling.

    About Lao PDR (Laos)

    Details
    • Officially known as the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR).
    • Gained independence from France in 1953.
    • Experienced a civil war (1959–1975), leading to the communist Pathet Lao taking control and abolishing the monarchy in 1975.
    • One-party communist state under the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP).
    • Economic growth driven by hydropower, mining, and agriculture, but remains one of ASEAN’s least developed nations.
    • 2023 economic distress due to high debt and inflation, linked to China-backed infrastructure projects like the China-Laos Railway.
    Geographical Location
    • Landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by China (north), Vietnam (east), Cambodia (south), Thailand (west), and Myanmar (northwest).
    • Capital city: Vientiane, located along the Mekong River near Thailand.
    • Total area: 236,800 sq. km, with a mountainous landscape and dense forests.
    • The Mekong River flows through Laos, supporting trade, agriculture, and hydropower projects.
    • Tropical monsoon climate with a wet season (May-Oct) and a dry season (Nov-Apr).
    Political Aspects
    • One-party communist state, ruled by the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP) since 1975.
    • The most heavily bombed country per capita in history due to the US Secret War (1964–1973).
    • Acts as a buffer state between China, Vietnam, and Thailand, playing a role in Mekong River trade and energy exports.
    • ASEAN Membership: Joined ASEAN in 1997, contributing to regional diplomacy and economic cooperation.

    Challenges:

    • Major recipient of Chinese investment under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), with concerns over debt sustainability.

  • [27th January 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Genocide and the world’s averted gaze

    PYQ Relevance:

    Q) To what extend can Germany be held responsible for causing the two World Wars? Discuss critically. (UPSC CSE 2015)

     

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains has always focused on World Wars (2015) and India’s relations with Israel (2018).

    On January 27, 1945, Soviet soldiers liberated Auschwitz-Birkenau (network of Nazi concentration and extermination camps), finding 8,000 starving prisoners and remnants of the 1.1 million, mostly Jewish, who perished there. With Nazi records destroyed, exact figures are uncertain. On this anniversary, survivors and world leaders gather to honor the victims and renew the commitment to prevent genocide.

    Today’s editorial  talks about Genocide in the world and laws related to Genocide. It will help in GS Paper 2 Internqtional relation and GS Paper 1 World History.

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    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    World leaders will gather in Poland to commemorate Holocaust Memorial Day and the 80th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, a Nazi concentration camp.

    What is Holocaust?

    • The Holocaust, known in Hebrew as the Shoah , refers to the systematic, state-sponsored genocide of approximately six million Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II, primarily between 1941 and 1945.
    • This atrocity was characterized by mass murders carried out through various means, including mass shootings and the use of extermination camps, such as Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka.

    What is Constitutes Genocide?

    • Genocide is defined under international law as a series of acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group. This definition is codified in Article II of the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention). 

    How is it Recognized Internationally?

    • Legal Frameworks: The 1948 Genocide Convention defines genocide and obligates signatory states to prevent and punish the crime. This convention has been incorporated into the statutes of various international tribunals, including the International Criminal Court (ICC), establishing a legal basis for prosecution and accountability for genocidal acts.
    • International Courts and Tribunals: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) and other tribunals have jurisdiction to adjudicate cases related to genocide.
      • They interpret and enforce the provisions of the Genocide Convention, allowing for legal proceedings against individuals or states accused of committing genocide.
    • Recognition by States and Organizations: Various countries and international organizations have formally recognized specific events as genocides, which can influence diplomatic relations and international responses.
      • For example, numerous nations have acknowledged the Armenian Genocide, while the European Parliament has recognized the actions of ISIS against Yazidis as genocide.

    Why do global powers often remain silent or inactive in the face of genocidal acts?

    • Geopolitical and Strategic Interests: Global powers often prioritize alliances and regional influence over humanitarian intervention. For example: Rwanda Genocide (1994): Despite clear warnings, the UN and major powers failed to act decisively as Rwanda was not strategically significant to their interests, leading to the massacre of over 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus.
    • Economic Dependencies and Trade Priorities: Economic ties, such as energy or trade partnerships, often deter powers from addressing genocidal acts. For example: China’s Treatment of Uyghur Muslims: Countries like the U.S. and EU hesitate to impose strong measures against China due to its role as a major trading partner, despite widespread reports of atrocities in Xinjiang.
    • International Bureaucratic Deadlock: Global institutions like the UN are often hindered by vetoes and a lack of consensus among major powers. For example: Syrian Civil War: Allegations of genocide and mass atrocities in Syria were met with inaction, as Russia and China vetoed resolutions in the UN Security Council, paralyzing international intervention.

    What responsibilities do nations have to prevent and respond to genocide?

    • Primary Responsibility to Protect: States have the primary obligation to protect their own populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.
      • This responsibility is affirmed by the 2005 United Nations World Summit Outcome, which emphasizes that national governments must take proactive measures to prevent such atrocities within their territories.
    • International Cooperation and Support: The international community is obligated to assist states in fulfilling their protective responsibilities. This includes providing diplomatic, humanitarian, and other peaceful means to help protect populations at risk of genocide. If a state is manifestly failing to protect its citizens, the international community must be prepared to take collective action, including potential military intervention, in accordance with the UN Charter.
    • Early Warning Systems and Preventive Measures: Nations and international organizations should establish early warning systems to identify signs of potential genocidal acts. This involves gathering information, promoting human rights, addressing root causes of conflict, and implementing strategies that foster social cohesion and prevent discrimination.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen International Accountability Mechanisms: Nations must collaborate to reinforce the effectiveness of international courts and tribunals to ensure swift and impartial prosecution of genocidal acts. This includes reforming veto power in the UN Security Council to prevent deadlocks in responding to atrocities.
    • Invest in Prevention and Early Intervention: Establish robust early warning systems and prioritize diplomacy, economic aid, and social cohesion initiatives to address the root causes of conflicts, reducing the risk of genocidal acts before they escalate.

  • India with Indonesia

    Why in the News?

    Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto’s visit to India as the chief guest at the Republic Day parade highlighted the strong and historic relationship between the two countries.

    Evolution of the bilateral relationship between India and Indonesia

    • Historical Foundations and Early Cooperation: India and Indonesia established diplomatic relations in 1949, following India’s recognition of Indonesia’s independence in 1946.
      • The early years were marked by a strong partnership against colonialism, highlighted by President Sukarno’s participation as the chief guest at India’s first Republic Day in 1950 and their collaboration during the Bandung Conference in 1955, which laid the groundwork for the Non-Aligned Movement.
    • Revitalization in the 1990s: The relationship saw a significant revival with India’s ‘Look East Policy’ initiated in the 1990s, aimed at strengthening ties with Southeast Asian nations.
      • This period marked increased political engagement and economic cooperation, culminating in the establishment of a strategic partnership during President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s visit to India in 2005.
    • Contemporary Engagement and Strategic Partnership: Recent years have seen a deepening of bilateral relations through comprehensive agreements on defence, maritime security, and economic collaboration.
      • The signing of the “Shared Vision of Maritime Cooperation” in 2018 and ongoing joint military exercises reflect a commitment to enhancing security cooperation amid regional challenges, particularly concerning China’s assertiveness in the South China Sea.

    What are the implications of India-Indonesia bilateral relations?

    • Strengthened Strategic Partnership: The agreement to position an Indonesian liaison officer at India’s Information Fusion Centre highlights a commitment to enhance maritime cooperation and information sharing, which is crucial for regional security amidst rising tensions in the South China Sea.
    • Collective Security Efforts: Both nations have emphasized the importance of combating terrorism and have agreed to enhance anti-terror cooperation. This reflects a mutual understanding of shared security challenges and the need for collaborative responses.
    • Maritime Dialogue: The establishment of early dialogues on maritime security and cyber security indicates a proactive approach to address emerging threats and maintain stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

    How will the agreements reached during this visit impact regional security dynamics?

    • Promotion of Peaceful Resolutions: By advocating for a “full and effective” Code of Conduct (COC) in the South China Sea, India and Indonesia are positioning themselves as key players in promoting a rules-based order in the region, countering China’s assertive claims.
    • Support for International Law: Their joint statement reinforces adherence to international laws, including the 1982 UNCLOS, which could serve as a counterbalance to unilateral actions by China in the South China Sea.
    • Enhanced Cooperation with ASEAN: Both countries are likely to strengthen ties with ASEAN nations that share similar concerns about China’s maritime ambitions, fostering a united front in regional diplomacy.

    What economic benefits are anticipated from enhanced collaboration?

    • Local Currency Transactions: The emphasis on using local currencies for bilateral trade is expected to reduce transaction costs and enhance trade volumes between India and Indonesia, thereby boosting economic ties.
    • Increased Trade Opportunities: Enhanced cooperation in sectors such as hydrography and defense could open new avenues for economic collaboration, potentially leading to increased investments and joint ventures.
    • Maritime Commerce: By advocating for unimpeded lawful maritime commerce, both nations aim to secure vital trade routes that are crucial for their economies, particularly in light of the South China Sea’s significance as a global trade corridor.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Multilateral Diplomacy: India and Indonesia should continue to collaborate with ASEAN and other regional stakeholders to promote a unified stance on maritime security, focusing on the full implementation of the South China Sea Code of Conduct and adherence to international law.
    • Enhance Economic Integration: Both nations should prioritize deepening economic ties through initiatives like local currency transactions and joint ventures in defence and maritime sectors, fostering sustainable growth and bolstering regional economic stability.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Mention the significance of straits and isthmus in international trade. (UPSC IAS/2022)