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Subject: Modern History

  • Consider the following pairs

    Consider the following pairs:
    1. Radhakanta Deb –
    First President of the British Indian Association
    2.Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty –
    Founder of the Madras Mahajana Sabha
    3. Surendranath Banerjee –
    Founder of the Indian Association
    Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

  • Consider the following statements

    Consider the following statements:
    1. The Factories Act, 1881 was passed with a view to fix the wages of industrial workers and
    to allow the workers to form trade unions.
    2. N.M. Lokhande was a pioneer in organizing the labour movement in British India.
    Which of the above statements is/are correct?

  • Consider the following statements

    Consider the following statements:

    1.In the first Lok Sabha, the single largest party in the opposition was the Swatantra Party.
    2.In the Lok Sabha, a “Leader of the Opposition” was recognised for the first time in 1969.
    3.In the Lok Sabha, if a party does not have a minimum of 75 members, its leader cannot be recognised as the Leader of Opposition.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  • Consider the following pairs

    Consider the following pairs:
    Movement/Organization Leader

    1. All India Anti-Untouchability League Mahatma Gandhi
    2. All India Kisan Sabha Swami Sahajanand Saraswati
    3. Self-Respect Movement E. V. Ramaswami Naicker

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

  • Consider the following statements

    Consider the following statements
    1. St. Francis Xavier was one of the founding members of the Jesuit Order.
    2. St. Francis Xavier died in Goa and a church is dedicated to him there.
    3. The Feast of St. Francis Xavier is celebrated in Goa each year.
    Which of the statements given above are correct?

  • Consider the following statements

    Consider the following statements:

    1.The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 recommended granting voting rights to all women above the age of 21.
    2.The Government of India Act of 1935 gave women reserved seats in the legislature.
    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  • With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements

    With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements :
    1. The Dutch established their factories/warehouses on the east coast on lands granted to them by Gajapati rulers.
    2. Alfonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate.
    3. The English East India Company established a factory at Madras on a plot of land leased from a representative of the Vijayanagara empire.
    Which of the statements given above are correct ?

  • Consider the following statements

    Consider the following statements:
    Statement-I: 7th August is declared as the National Handloom day.
    Statement-II: It was in 1905 that the Swadeshi movement was launched on the same day.
    Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

  • Consider the following pairs

    Consider the following pairs:
    Party : Its Leader
    1. Bharatiya Jana Sangh : Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
    2. Socialist Party : C. Rajagopalachari
    3. Congress for Democracy : Jagjivan Ram
    4. Swatantra Party : Acharya Narendra Dev
    How many of the above are correctly matched?

  • Birsa Munda and the Evolution of Adivasi Identity and Rights

    Why in the news?

    On 9 June 2026, the death anniversary of Birsa Munda was observed across Jharkhand. Several tribal organisations pledged to protect his legacy amid renewed debates over the delisting of tribal converts from the Scheduled Tribes list, bringing Birsa’s ideas on Adivasi identity, land rights, and self-rule back into focus.

    Who was Birsa Munda?

    • Born: 15 November 1875, Ulihatu (present-day Jharkhand).
    • Died: 9 June 1900, Ranchi Jail.
    • Belonged to the Munda tribe.
    • Revered as: Dharti Aba (“Father of the Earth”) and “Bhagwan” by followers.
    • Tribal leader, social reformer, religious preacher, and anti-colonial freedom fighter.

    Ulgulan (The Great Tumult)

    • Tribal uprising led by Birsa Munda during 1899-1900.
    • “Ulgulan” means Great Tumult.
    • Centred in the Chotanagpur Plateau.

    Causes

    • Encroachment on tribal lands.
    • Exploitative practices of:
      • British administration,
      • Zamindars,
      • Moneylenders,
      • “Dikus” (non-tribal outsiders).
    • Erosion of traditional tribal institutions.
    • Missionary influence and socio-cultural disruptions.

    Objectives

    • Restoration of traditional land rights.
    • End of British rule.
    • Expulsion of exploitative outsiders.
    • Establishment of tribal self-rule.

    Concept of “Disum”

    • Refers to self-rule or autonomous tribal governance.
    • Reflected Birsa’s vision of Adivasi sovereignty, Community control over resources, and Cultural autonomy.

    Dombari Buru

    • Major centre of the Ulgulan.
    • In January 1899, thousands gathered to assert tribal rights.
    • British troops opened fire on the gathering.
    • Remembered in Adivasi memory as a massacre.
    • Became a symbol of tribal resistance.

    Khuntkatti System

    • Traditional Munda system of collective land ownership.
    • Village lands belonged to descendants of original settlers called Khuntkattidars.
    • Combined land rights with customary governance.

    Chotanagpur Tenancy (CNT) Act, 1908

    Background

    • Enacted following decades of tribal resistance, including Birsa’s movement.

    Objectives

    • Prevent transfer of tribal land to non-tribals.
    • Legally recognise customary tribal land rights.
    • Protect Khuntkatti tenure systems.

    [2020] With reference to the history of India, “Ulgulan” or the Great Trumult is the description of which of the following events?

    (a) The Revolt of 1857
    (b) The Mappila Rebellion of 1921
    (c) The Indigo Revolt of 1859-60
    (d) Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899-1900