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Subject: Internal Security

  • Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) 

    Why in the News?

    The DRDO has successfully conducted the maiden flight-tests of the Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) off the coast of Odisha.

    Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) 

    About the Indigenous Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS):

    • Overview: A multi-layered indigenous system developed to neutralise a wide spectrum of aerial threats.
    • Integration: Combines 3 components viz. Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missiles (QRSAM), Very Short Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS), and Directed Energy Weapon (DEW).
    • Control: All systems are networked through a Command-and-Control Centre developed by the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), Hyderabad.

    Key Components of IADWS:

    1. QRSAM:
      • Short-range missile system for protecting moving Army armoured formations.
      • Range: 3–30 km.
      • Equipped with 360° surveillance and tracking radars.
      • Fully automated, mobile, and capable of “search on move” and “track on move.”
    2. VSHORADS:
      • Fourth-generation man-portable air defence system (MANPAD).
      • Range: 300 m – 6 km.
      • Targets include drones, UAVs, and low-altitude aerial threats.
      • Deployable across Army, Navy, and Air Force.
    3. Directed Energy Weapon (DEW):
      • Vehicle-mounted laser system.
      • Range: <3 km.
      • Proven in field trials against UAVs and drone swarms.

    Strategic Significance:

    • Multi-Layer Defence: Provides aerial protection up to 30 km against threats from drones to fighter jets.
    • Self-Reliance: Enhances indigenous capability, reducing dependence on imported defence systems.
    • National Security: Strengthens preparedness for Mission Sudarshan Chakra — India’s planned national air defence shield.
    • Technological Integration: Demonstrates India’s leap in combining missile and laser-based defence on a single platform.
    • Geostrategic Importance: Seen as a milestone in India’s path to advanced, self-reliant defence systems.
    [UPSC 2018] What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news?

    Options:

    (a) An Israeli radar system

    (b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme

    (c) An American anti-missile system*

    (d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea

     

  • The Waning of Insurgency: Decline of Naxalism in India

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2013] Left Wing Extremism (LWE) is showing a downward trend, but still affects many parts of the country. Briefly explain the socio-economic issues that contribute to LWE, and the measures taken by the government to address them.

    Linkage: The question resonates with the article’s focus on the downward curve of Naxalism while stressing that socio-economic deprivations among tribals and the rural poor have historically sustained the movement. It also connects with the state’s twin approach of security operations and development interventions that are gradually weakening Left Wing Extremism.

    Mentor’s Comment: The narrative of militancy in India is shifting. While the world warns of AI-fuelled terrorism and increasingly sophisticated threats, India is witnessing a rare counter-trend, a decline in ideologically-driven insurgencies such as Naxalism. This moment is not just a statistic; it’s a significant turning point in the country’s internal security landscape, marking the potential closure of a decades-long chapter that once defined violent dissent in India.

    Introduction

    At a time when global terrorism persists ranging from lone-wolf attacks to fears of AI-enabled bio-terrorism India is witnessing an unprecedented success story. Naxalism, an ideologically-driven insurgency that once gripped large parts of the country, is in clear decline. For the first time, the Union Home Minister has set a timeline, predicting its “final demise” by mid-2026.

    The Changing Global and Indian Terrorism Landscape

    How does global terrorism contrast with India’s current experience?

    1. Persistent global threat: A quarter-century after 9/11, jihadist violence remains potent, with incidents such as IS-inspired vehicle rammings in Europe and the U.S.
    2. Emerging AI-driven dangers: Concerns over terrorists accessing bio-weapons or misaligned AI pose new challenges.
    3. India’s divergence: While global trends show intensification, India is experiencing a declining curve in ideologically-oriented militancy, particularly Naxalism.

    From ‘Spring Thunder’ to a Fading Echo — The Rise and Decline of Naxalism

    1. Revolutionary origins: Inspired by Mao, Ho Chi Minh, and Che Guevara, the late 1960s Naxalite movement attracted students, intellectuals, and marginalized groups.
    2. Loss of ideological cohesion: Splits into regional factions eroded the all-India character of the movement.
    3. Degeneration into violence: From targeted political action, it shifted to indiscriminate killings, losing public sympathy.

    Why is Naxalism Declining?

    1. Sustained Offensive (2024 onwards): Coordinated security operations across states have eliminated thousands of cadres.
    2. Major Losses: Even the banned CPI (Maoist) admitted 357 cadres killed in one year, over one-third of them women.
    3. Leadership & Territorial Shrinkage: The removal of top leaders like Ganapathi and confinement of the insurgency to the Dandakaranya region reflect its weakening base.
    4. Weakening: Infighting and loss of ideological cohesion have eroded its strength.

    India’s Approach vs. U.S. ‘War on Terror’

    1. U.S. model: Heavy reliance on brute force in places like Somalia and Yemen.
    2. India’s model: A calibrated strategy with checks on use of force, mindful of the Naxalites’ local roots. The SAMADHAN Doctrine—Smart leadership, Aggressive strategy, Motivation, Intelligence, Technology use, Local action plans, and choking finances—has guided the campaign.

    India’s Approach vs U.S. ‘War on Terror’

    1. Ideological vs non-ideological targets: U.S. campaigns focused on jihadists abroad; India’s on militants embedded in local communities.
    2. Checks and balances: India traditionally limited brute force, using it selectively.
    3. Community linkage: Naxalites often lived among villagers, complicating security responses.

    Original Naxalites vs. “Urban Naxals”

    1. Original movement: The 1960s “Spring Thunder Over India” drew inspiration from Mao and Che Guevara, but degenerated into fragmented violence.
    2. Contemporary misuse: Today’s “urban naxals” are loosely-knit intellectual critics of government policy, lacking the ideological foundation of the original movement. Misclassification of the two risks policy errors.

    The ‘Urban Naxal’ Misclassification Problem

    1. Original movement’s structure: Marxist-Leninist framework with defined goals and ideology.
    2. Today’s ‘urban naxals’: Loosely connected intellectuals critical of government policies, lacking direct insurgent links.
    3. Policy risk: Mislabeling can distort understanding, leading to inappropriate responses and latent security risks.

    Conclusion

    The decline of Naxalism marks an inflection point in India’s internal security narrative. Yet, premature declarations of victory must be avoided, as history shows insurgencies can mutate or re-emerge. Accurate threat classification, addressing root grievances, and avoiding cognitive blind spots will be key to ensuring that the “end of Naxalism” is indeed a lasting reality.

    Value Addition 

    1. Decline of the “Red Corridor”: Once widespread, Naxal influence is now confined to limited forest belts.
    2. Development & Governance: Infrastructure, education, healthcare, and tribal rights reforms have severed the Naxal-village link.
    3. Internal Security Gains: Security forces are freed for other challenges; development projects can now expand into previously inaccessible regions.

    Practice Mains Question

    Discuss the factors contributing to the decline of Naxalism in India and examine the implications for the country’s internal security architecture.

  • India needs a ‘defence cess’ to fund military modernisation

    With such a levy on high-end goods, spending on luxury will become a visible public act of support for the armed forces. In an era of evolving warfare, from stealth jets to AI-driven drones, India’s defence preparedness is no longer optional, it is existential. This article proposes a ‘Defence Cess’ on luxury goods and services, offering a creative, emotionally resonant, and fiscally sustainable mechanism to ring-fence funds for military modernisation. This issue links directly to GS Paper II (Governance), GS Paper III (Security and Economy), and GS IV (Ethics, especially public accountability and duty).

    The Strategic Urgency: Why Modernisation Can’t Wait

    India is increasingly surrounded by hostile neighbours with fast-upgrading military capacities:

    1. Pakistan may soon induct stealth fighters like J-20 or J-35 from China.
    2. China is testing sixth-generation aircraft and has strong cyber and drone warfare capabilities.
    3. The Indian Air Force (IAF), by contrast, operates only 32 squadrons vs the sanctioned strength of 42 — leaving India strategically exposed in contested airspace.

    Key Quote: “Capability alone is not enough. The country cannot afford to be vulnerable.”

    Modernisation is Existential, Not Aspirational

    India’s military modernisation roadmap is ambitious but underfunded. It includes:

    1. Fifth-generation fighter aircraft development (AMCA)
    2. Indigenous jet engine programmes
    3. Strategic unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
    4. Electronic warfare (EW) and cyber-capacity enhancement

    But while intent exists, execution suffers from fragmented schemes, budgetary limitations, and lack of dedicated long-term funding.

    The Defence Cess Proposal: Key Features

    1. A 5–10% surcharge on ultra-luxury goods and services like High-end cars, Private jets, Imported luxury watches, Premium liquor, etc.
    2. Clearly itemised on invoices as “Raksha Cess”
    3. Funds are non-lapsable, targeted, and traceable
    4. Exclusively for capital expenditure in Procurement, R&D, Infrastructure for defence

    Global Parallels and Precedents

    Defence/Strategic Taxation Model
    Italy Luxury tax on yachts and helicopters during Eurozone crisis
    Sweden Long-standing luxury taxation for social balance
    China Anti-extravagance drive redirected elite consumption toward strategic sectors

    These countries have used fiscal mechanisms not just to fund strategy but to shape public narratives, blending consumption with national responsibility.

    Why a Defence Cess Works for India

    1. Psychological and Symbolic Impact: The idea of contributing directly to the betterment of Indian defence through luxury spending has strong emotional appeal. It creates a moral linkage between indulgence and national duty converting private consumption into public solidarity. Naming it “Raksha Cess” makes it resonate with patriotism and responsibility.
    2. Fiscal Innovation Without Burdening the Masses: India’s direct tax base is relatively narrow, and increasing defence funding through general taxation could hurt the middle class or poor. This cess targets only high-end consumers, ensuring that additional fiscal pressure is placed on those most capable of bearing it. Luxury spending has grown significantly with India’s rising affluent class, this captures a booming sector for national good.
    3. Transparency and Traceability: Since the cess is itemised separately on invoices, it allows greater transparency. It increases trust in government utilisation and may lead to greater tax compliance if people know exactly where their money goes. With digitised billing and GST-era infrastructure, monitoring and reporting mechanisms already exist to track such surcharges.
    4. Dedicated, Ring-Fenced Defence Fund: Current defence allocations are diluted across revenue expenses and pensions. It helps bypass routine bureaucratic delays and ensures directed capital spending. A defence cess would be non-lapsable and strictly for capital expenditure — such as: Acquiring new aircraft, R&D in defence tech and Indigenous manufacturing. This enables long-term strategic planning free from annual budget cycles.
    5. Aligns India With Global Practices: Many countries (Italy, Sweden, China) have used luxury taxation or targeted levies to support strategic sectors or correct fiscal imbalances. India can draw from these models to introduce a fiscally sound and globally validated mechanism.
    6. Boosts the Narrative of Nation-Building: In an era where narratives matter, this proposal encourages voluntary nation-building and elite participation in national security. It sends a message that “those who benefit most from India’s rise should contribute most to its protection.”

    Challenges in Implementing a Defence Cess:

    1. Legal and Fiscal Complexity: Introducing a cess outside the GST framework may face legal and administrative hurdles, requiring amendments or coordination with the GST Council. There may be opposition from States citing federal fiscal concerns
    2. Risk of Misuse or Leakage: Any fund not managed with full transparency and oversight can fall prey to inefficiency or corruption. Strong audit systems and public reporting mechanisms must be built into the cess architecture from the outset.
    3. Need for a Clear Governance Structure: A dedicated body or fund management unit should be created under the Ministry of Defence or PMO, preferably with civil society representation for accountability. Without such a structure, funds may be diverted or underutilised.
    4. Revenue Predictability and Scale: Luxury consumption is inelastic but cyclical, it may dip during economic downturns. The fund should not be over-relied upon for core defence needs; rather, it must act as a complementary booster.
    5. Perception Management and Political Pushback: Some may view this as a populist or performative move, or even as a “sin tax on success”. There must be consistent and transparent communication that this is about contribution, not punishment.
    6. Moral Optics and Class Tensions: Care must be taken to avoid triggering class resentment or elite backlash, especially if the tax seems punitive. Framing it as “a privilege with purpose” is crucial — the messaging has to be inclusive, not divisive.

    Conclusion: From Passive Consumers to Active Nation-Builders

    India’s national security demands not just better weapons, but a sustainable model of public contribution and political imagination. A well-designed defence cess could convert elite indulgence into national insurance, creating a visible alignment between privilege and responsibility.

    Value Addition

    India’s Defence Modernisation: 

    What Has Been Done: What is being planned
    • Tejas Mk-1A production initiated (HAL)
    • Strategic partnerships under DPP-2020 for indigenous manufacturing
    • Agni Prime, INS Vikrant, and SAM systems development
    • Defence exports crossed ₹21,000 crore in 2023-24
    • Emergency procurement powers given to armed forces post-Galwan
    • AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft) — 5th Gen fighter
    • Twin-engine deck-based fighter (TEDBF) for Navy
    • India-US Jet Engine Deal (GE-HAL) under iCET
    • India-France agreement for submarine co-development
    • Cyber and AI warfare units under Theatre Command model

    Important Agreements and Collaborations:

    Country Collaboration
    USA iCET, Jet Engine tech transfer (GE -F414)
    France Rafale aircraft, scorpene submarine
    Israel Missile defence (Barak-8)
    Russia S-400 Missile systems, AK-203 Rifles

    Important Defence Policies:

    1. Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020: Goal: To streamline the procurement process for the Indian Armed Forces, promoting indigenization and efficiency. Prioritizes “Buy Indian” categories, Enhanced Indigenous Content (IC), Simplification of Trial and Testing Procedures and has Emphasis on Make and Innovation.
    2. Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX): Goal: To foster an ecosystem for innovation and technology development in the defence and aerospace sectors, leveraging the potential of startups, MSMEs, academia, and individual innovators. It is managed by Defence Innovation Organization (DIO), a not-for-profit company founded by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) & Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL).
    3. DRDO’s 5-Year Roadmap (Vision 2025): Goal: To lead India towards self-reliance in defence technologies and become a global leader in defence research and development.

     

  • CERT-In makes Annual Cybersecurity Audit Mandatory for Companies

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has mandated annual third-party cybersecurity audits for both private and public-sector organisations operating digital infrastructure.

    Cybersecurity Directive: Key Highlights:

    • Annual third-party cyber audits are mandatory for all digital infrastructure.
    • Sectoral regulators may require more frequent checks based on risk.
    • Audits must be risk-based, domain-specific, and aligned with business context.

    About the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In):

    • Parent Ministry: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
    • Established: January 2004
    • Constituency: All entities operating in Indian cyberspace
    • Core Responsibilities:
      • Collect, analyse, and disseminate cybersecurity incident data
      • Forecast and alert about emerging cyber threats
      • Provide emergency response support to affected entities
      • Issue security guidelines, advisories, and best practices
    • International Role: Signs MoUs with other countries to:
      • Share real-time cyber threat intelligence
      • Collaborate on incident response and recovery
      • Exchange knowledge on global cybersecurity practices

    India’s Cybersecurity Ecosystem:

    • Institutional Framework:
      • National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC): Protects key sectors like telecom, banking, and power
      • National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC): Monitors real-time cyber threats across public and private domains
      • National Cyber Security Coordinator (NCSC): Ensures coordination across ministries and departments
      • Sector-Specific Response Teams (CSIRTs): For domains like finance (CSIRT-Fin), power (CSIRT-Power)
    • Legal and Policy Measures:
      • Information Technology Act, 2000: Core law for cybercrime and electronic governance
      • National Cyber Security Policy, 2013: Strategic vision for securing cyberspace
      • Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: Ensures privacy, mandates breach reporting
      • Cyber Crisis Management Plan: Framework for cyber incident response in government agencies
    • Capacity Building Programs:
      • Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA): Promotes digital literacy in rural areas
      • Cyber Surakshit Bharat Initiative: Trains Chief Information Security Officers of public sector organisations
      • Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C): Multi-agency platform to handle cybercrimes
    [UPSC 2017] In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? 1. Service providers 2. Data Centres 3. Body corporate Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3*

     

  • Exercise ‘Bold Kurukshetra’, 2025

    Why in the News?

    The 14th edition of the India–Singapore Joint Military Exercise — Exercise Bold Kurukshetra — commenced in Jodhpur.

    About Exercise ‘Bold Kurukshetra’

    • Launch Year: 2005, after the 2003 India–Singapore Defence Cooperation Agreement.
    • Purpose: Strengthen bilateral defence ties, boost operational coordination, and enhance regional security.
    • Frequency: Held annually or biannually, alternating between Indian training zones like Babina and Jodhpur.
    • Participants: Focuses on armoured and mechanised infantry units from India and Singapore.
    • Framework: Conducted under United Nations Peacekeeping mandates, simulating mechanised warfare and joint operations.

    Key Features:

    • Format:
      • Tabletop wargaming and computer-based simulations.
      • Validates doctrines and standard operating procedures in mechanised warfare.
    • Operational Objectives:
      • Improve interoperability and tactical planning.
      • Execute joint manoeuvres and enhance command-level coordination.
      • Build mutual understanding of combat and operational doctrines.
    • Evolution Over Time:
      • Progressed from basic drills to complex command post exercises and live-fire missions.
      • Includes scenario-based planning and real-time decision-making via digital simulations.
    [UPSC 2008] ‘Hand-in-Hand 2007’, a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of the Army of which one of the following countries?

    Options: (a) China *(b) Japan (c) Russia (d) USA

     

  • [26th July 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Kargil, Pahalgam and a revamp of the security strategy

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2016] The terms ‘Hot Pursuit’ and ‘Surgical Strikes’ are often used in connection with armed action against terrorist attacks. Discuss the strategic impact of such actions.

    Linkage: The article explicitly talks about the India’s shift in counter-terrorism strategy, mentioning the surgical strikes after the Uri attack (2016) and the Balakot strikes (2019) following Pulwama as “a strong reply” and “statement of intent”. The article culminates in discussing Operation Sindoor after the Pahalgam attack (2025), which involved striking terror bases and military air-bases deep in Pakistan, setting a “new threshold” for India’s response to terror.

     

    Mentor’s Comment: This year, in light of the recent Operation Sindoor (May 7–10, 2025), launched by India in response to the Pahalgam terror attack. The operation demonstrated India’s enhanced conventional military strength and shift in counter-terrorism doctrine, drawing parallels with the Kargil War’s legacy of structural reforms, military modernisation, and strategic assertiveness.

    Today’s editorial analyses the Indian Military strength. This topic is important for GS Paper III (Internal Security) in the UPSC mains exam.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    July 26, 2025, marks the 26th anniversary of the Kargil War, a key moment in India’s military history.

    What key shortcomings did Kargil expose?

    • Intelligence Failure: There was a complete lack of actionable intelligence about Pakistani infiltration. Eg: Neither RAW nor military intelligence anticipated the large-scale intrusion in the Kargil sector, resulting in delayed response.
    • Lack of Real-time Surveillance and Reconnaissance: India lacked advanced aerial and satellite surveillance capabilities. Eg: Absence of drone surveillance led to Pakistani troops occupying key heights undetected.
    • Operational Unpreparedness in High-altitude Warfare: Indian troops were not fully equipped or trained for fighting in extreme mountain conditions. Eg: Soldiers lacked snow boots, high-altitude tents, and artillery support during initial engagements.
    • Inadequate Military Modernisation and Logistics: Outdated weaponry and logistical weaknesses slowed the military’s response. Eg: Lack of precision-guided munitions and night-vision equipment hampered operations in the early phase of the conflict.

    How did they influence India’s military reforms?

    • Revamp of the Intelligence Infrastructure: The intelligence failure in Kargil led to the creation of dedicated and tech-enabled intelligence agencies. Eg: Establishment of the Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) in 2002 and the National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO) in 2004 improved surveillance and early warning systems.
    • Modernisation and Capability Building: Recognising operational gaps, India focused on military modernisation and indigenous defence production. Eg: Induction of Rafale fighters, Apache helicopters, and BrahMos missiles, along with enhanced focus on ‘Make in India’ defence projects.
    • Structural and Doctrinal Reforms: The need for faster, joint response led to organisational restructuring and new doctrines. Eg: Appointment of the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) in 2019 and development of the Cold Start Doctrineenabled swift, coordinated operations across services.

    How has India’s counter-terror strategy evolved from Kargil to Operation Sindoor?

    • Shift from Strategic Restraint to Active Retaliation: Initially, India responded passively to terror attacks, but now adopts swift and punitive action. Eg: In Operation Sindoor (2025), India launched precision strikes on nine terror bases and eleven military airbases inside Pakistan within 96 hours of the Pahalgam attack.
    • Use of Air Power and Missile Strikes: India has moved beyond surgical ground raids to deep-strike capabilities using air and missile assets. Eg: The BrahMos missile strike on Nur Khan Base in Pakistan reportedly crippled a nuclear weapons storage facility, sending a strong strategic signal.
    • Preemptive and Coordinated Operations: Focus has shifted to pre-empting terror threats through real-time intelligence and coordinated special operations. Eg: In 2023, India conducted a pre-emptive operation in Kashmir’s Gurez sector, dismantling a terror launchpad before infiltration.
    • Internationalising the Terror Narrative: India increasingly leverages diplomacy and global platforms to isolate Pakistan as a state sponsor of terror. Eg: Following the Pulwama attack (2019), India worked with global powers to get Masood Azhar designated as a global terrorist by the UN Security Council.
    • Integration of Technology and Intelligence Networks: There is now enhanced use of surveillance drones, cyber intelligence, and inter-agency coordination. Eg: Operation Black Thunder II (2024) used real-time intelligence sharing between NTRO, RAW, and special forces to eliminate a high-value terrorist in less than two days.

    What are the challenges for India? 

    • Persistent Cross-border Terrorism: Despite reforms, Pakistan-based terror groups continue to pose a threat, using proxy warfare and non-state actors to destabilize regions like Jammu & Kashmir.
    • Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities: India is increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks on its military, energy, and communication infrastructure by hostile state and non-state actors. Eg: In 2023, a suspected Chinese-origin cyberattack targeted the power grid in Ladakh, exposing gaps in cyber defence preparedness.
    • Delays in Defence Modernisation: The slow pace of procurement, bureaucratic hurdles, and over-dependence on imports affect India’s combat readiness. Eg: Delays in acquiring high-altitude drones and next-generation tanks have impacted operational planning in sensitive border areas like Eastern Ladakh.

    Way forward: 

    • Promote Jointness and Modernisation: Implement integrated theatre commands and upgrade military technology to ensure faster, coordinated responses.
    • Strengthen Border and Cyber Security: Deploy smart surveillance systems and enhance cyber defence to counter both conventional and hybrid threats.

  • The reality of the changing dimensions of warfare

    Why in the News?

    India needs to urgently revamp its defence modernisation plans in the face of emerging challenges from China and Pakistan, especially after the India-Pakistan conflict of May 2025, which revealed gaps in India’s preparedness.

    How has warfare changed since the Cold War?

    • Shift from Large-Scale Wars to Regional Conflicts: After the Cold War, global tensions gave way to smaller, localized wars rather than global showdowns. Eg: The Gulf War (1991) marked the start of precision-based, limited military operations instead of prolonged world wars.
    • Rise of Technology-Driven Warfare: Modern conflicts rely heavily on AI, drones, cyber tools, and precision weapons instead of traditional manpower-heavy combat. Eg: The Russia-Ukraine war has prominently used drones, cyberattacks, and satellite-guided missile systems.
    • Multi-Domain and Asymmetric Warfare: Warfare now involves land, air, sea, cyber, and space, blending conventional and irregular tactics. Eg: The use of cyberattacks alongside physical strikes in Israel-Hamas and India-Pakistan skirmishes reflects this evolution.

    Why is traditional military power becoming outdated?

    • Emergence of Asymmetric Threats: Traditional armies are less effective against non-state actors, insurgents, and cyber warriors who don’t follow conventional battle rules. Eg: The Taliban’s return in Afghanistan despite 20 years of U.S. military presence shows the limits of conventional power.
    • Dominance of Cyber and Information Warfare: Modern conflicts are increasingly fought in the digital space through disinformation, cyberattacks, and AI tools. Eg: The Russia-Ukraine war witnessed widespread cyber sabotage, showing that keyboard warriors can now cripple systems without firing a bullet.
    • Cost-Effectiveness of Smart Technologies: Drones, automated systems, and AI-based surveillance offer greater impact at lower cost than tanks or large troop deployments. Eg: The use of Turkish Bayraktar drones in Ukraine showed how low-cost tech can neutralize expensive military hardware.

    What challenges does India face in countering China’s military rise?

    • Infrastructure Gap along the Border: China has superior military infrastructure in Tibet and Xinjiang, including roads, airstrips, and logistics networks, giving it faster mobilization capability. Eg: The LAC standoff in Eastern Ladakh (2020) exposed India’s slower troop movement due to underdeveloped border infrastructure.
    • Defence Budget and Modernisation Lag: India’s defence spending is lower in proportion to GDP compared to China, limiting rapid modernisation and procurement of high-end military tech. Eg: China’s 2024 defence budget is over 3 times larger than India’s, enabling faster upgrades in hypersonic weaponsand naval expansion.
    • Two-Front Security Challenge: India faces the risk of simultaneous conflicts with China and Pakistan, straining its military resources and strategic planning. Eg: Joint China-Pakistan military exercises and China’s presence in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) increase pressure on India’s western and northern fronts.

    How should India update its defence strategy? (Way forward)

    • Focus on Cyber and Space Capabilities: India must strengthen its cyber defence, space surveillance, and satellite-based warfare tools to deal with non-traditional threats. Eg: The formation of Defence Cyber Agency and Defence Space Agency is a step towards tackling emerging cyber and space-based challenges.
    • Promote Indigenous Defence Innovation: Shifting from imports to Make in India and Aatmanirbhar Bharat in defence production is vital for self-reliance and strategic autonomy. Eg: Development of Tejas fighter jets and DRDO’s missile systems shows India’s move toward building its own defence ecosystem.
    • Modernise Armed Forces with Smart Technology: Upgrading with AI-enabled systems, drones, and robotics will enhance operational efficiency in both border and hybrid warfare. Eg: Indian Army’s deployment of drones for surveillance in the LAC region demonstrates the use of tech-driven force multipliers.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2022] What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy.

    Linkage: The article highlights that “The advent of cyber and Artificial Intelligence (AI) has seen battle elds morph into complex multi-domain conflict zones, involving advanced technologies, AI and cyber warfare methodologies”. It further emphasizes that “digital strategies and autonomous systems are tending to make traditional concepts of how battles are won… outdated” and that “Future warfare is increasingly set to become digitally autonomous and interconnected.

  • MiG-21s to retire by September

    MiG-21s to retire by September

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Air Force’s longest-serving combat aircraft, the Russian-origin MiG (Mikoyan and Gurevich)-21, is set to be phased out by September 2025.

    About MiG-21:

    • Type: Single-engine, single-seater, multi-role fighter and ground attack aircraft.
    • Origin: Originally inducted as an interceptor; later upgraded for multi-role capabilities.
    • Key Indian Variants: Type-77, Type-96, MiG-21 BIS and MiG-21 Bison (most advanced variant with upgraded radar, avionics, and missile systems).
    • Safety Concerns:
      • High accident rate, especially in recent decades.
      • Earned the nickname “flying coffin” due to frequent crashes and pilot fatalities.
    • Combat Features:
      • Performance: Known for high speed, agility, and rapid climb capability.
      • Armament: Capable of deploying both air-to-air and air-to-ground missiles.
      • War Record: Played key roles in- 1965 War with Pakistan; 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War; 1999 Kargil Conflict.
    • Notable Operation: In 2019, a MiG-21 Bison piloted by Group Captain Abhinandan Varthaman shot down a Pakistani F-16 during aerial combat.

    Induction and Retirement:

    • Induction:
      • Timeline: Inducted into the Indian Air Force in 1963 during tensions with China and Pakistan.
      • Assembly: First units assembled in India at Chandigarh with Soviet assistance.
      • Scale: Over 700 MiG-21s were procured, forming the backbone of the Indian Air Force for decades.
    • Retirement:
      • Current Status: As of now, three MiG-21 Bison squadrons remain, each with 16–18 aircraft.
      • Replacement: To be replaced by the indigenously developed Tejas Mark-1A aircraft.

    Back2Basics: LCA Tejas

    • Type: Indian single-engine, fourth-generation, multirole light fighter aircraft.
    • R&D: Designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency in collaboration with the Aircraft Research and Design Centre of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.
    • Origins: Developed under the Light Combat Aircraft programme launched in the 1980s to replace India’s ageing MiG-21 fleet.
    • Indigenous Content:
      • By Value: 59.7% of the aircraft’s components are sourced indigenously.
      • By Units: 75.5% of the line replaceable units are domestically produced.

     

    [UPSC 2024] Consider the following aircraft:

    1. Rafael 2. MiG-29 3. Tejas MK-1

    How many of the above are considered fifth generation fighter aircraft?

    Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None*

     

  • [pib] INS Nistar Diving Support Vessel

    Why in the News?

    Indian Navy commissioned INS Nistar, the country’s first indigenously designed and constructed Diving Support Vessel (DSV).

    [pib] INS Nistar Diving Support Vessel

    About INS Nistar:

    • Project Origin: First of two Diving Support Vessels (DSVs) ordered by the Navy in 2018.
    • Developer: Built by Hindustan Shipyard Ltd with input from 120 Indian MSMEs.
    • Commissioning: Inducted at Naval Dockyard, Visakhapatnam.
    • Legacy Name: Named after the Soviet-origin INS Nistar (1971–1989).
    • Indigenization: Over 80% indigenous content, in line with Aatmanirbhar Bharat.
    • Sister Ship: INS Nipun, launched in 2022, will join soon.

    Key Features:

    • Rescue Depth: Supports diving and submarine rescue operations up to 300 metres.
    • Rescue Equipment: Equipped with ROVs, Hyperbaric Lifeboats, and Diving Chambers.
    • DSRV Role: Functions as mothership for Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicles.
    • Size: 120 metres long with a displacement of ~10,500 tonnes.
    • Endurance: Can stay at sea for over 60 days.
    • Utility Gear: Fitted with a 15-tonne subsea crane and helipad facilities.
    • Medical Support: Includes OT, ICU, hospital beds, and hyperbaric treatment units.

    Significance for India:

    • Submarine Rescue: Provides independent submarine rescue capability.
    • Operational Autonomy: Ends reliance on leased rescue platforms.
    • Strategic Status: Places India among 12 countries with full submarine rescue capability.
    • Regional Role: Strengthens India’s position as Net Security Provider in the Indian Ocean.
    [UPSC 2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?

    Options: (a) Amphibious warfare ship (b) Nuclear-powered submarine (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel* (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

     

  • A better terror fight with J&K police under state reins

    Why in the News?

    On June 16, 2025, J&K Lieutenant Governor Manoj Sinha declared that eradicating terrorism from Jammu & Kashmir is the government’s foremost priority, during the passing-out parade at Sher-e-Kashmir Police Academy, Udhampur.

    What limits central forces in handling terrorism in J&K? 

    • Lack of Local Intelligence: Central forces often lack deep familiarity with local terrain, dialects, and community networks, which limits their real-time response and prevention capability. Eg: In 2022, a CRPF convoy in Pulwama district was attacked despite heavy deployment, partly due to lack of localized inputs.
    • Limited Civil Engagement: Being outsiders, central forces struggle to build community trust and rapport, which is crucial in identifying radical elements or suspicious activity. Eg: In Shopian, several villages refused to cooperate during a combing operation, affecting the credibility of the forces.
    • Operational Dependence on Local Police: Central forces depend on J&K police for actionable intelligence, language support, and legal procedures. Without local coordination, operations falter. Eg: A planned raid in Anantnag in 2023 failed due to miscommunication between central teams and local law enforcement.

    Why is the local police important in counter-terrorism in J&K?

    • Deep Local Knowledge: The J&K Police understand the terrain, dialects, and social dynamics far better than external forces, enabling precise operations. Eg: In 2020, the local police identified and neutralised a Hizbul Mujahideen module in Kulgam using ground-level intel.
    • Strong Community Links: Their trust-based relationship with local residents helps in gathering timely human intelligence (HUMINT) against militant activities. Eg: Tip-offs from locals helped prevent a planned terror strike in Pulwama in 2022.
    • Proven Operational Experience: The J&K Police have decades of counter-terrorism experience, including intelligence gathering, search operations, and deradicalisation efforts. Eg: The Special Operations Group (SOG) of JAKP has led several successful anti-terror raids in Anantnag and Baramulla.

    How does excluding elected leaders affect security in J&K?

    • Weakens Grassroots Intelligence: Elected leaders act as a bridge between citizens and security forces, providing local insights into suspicious movements. Their exclusion disrupts this intelligence flow. Eg: After the dilution of Article 370, the absence of panchayat leaders in parts of South Kashmir reduced early warnings of militant regrouping.
    • Erodes Public Trust: Marginalising elected representatives creates a governance vacuum, leading to alienation and making youth more vulnerable to radicalisation. Eg: In 2021, areas with fewer active local leaders saw a spike in recruitment by terror groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba.
    • Hampers Local Problem-Solving: Without democratic leadership, local issues like unemployment or land disputes remain unaddressed, creating fertile ground for terrorist narratives. Eg: In Kupwara, lack of local mediation escalated minor disputes into violent protests, exploited by separatist elements.

    Why is democratic governance key to counter-terrorism in J&K?

    • Enhances Local Legitimacy: Democratic governance empowers elected representatives who enjoy public trust, making it easier to mobilize communities against terrorism.
    • Improves Intelligence Gathering: Leaders at the grassroots level, like panchayat members, act as the eyes and ears of the state, helping identify suspicious activities early.
    • Counters Alienation: Political inclusion addresses grievances, reducing the appeal of extremist ideologies and promoting peaceful participation in governance.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

    • Abrogation of Article 370: Revoked the special status of J&K in 2019 to fully integrate the region with the Indian Union and ensure uniform application of laws.
    • Increased Security Deployment: Strengthened the presence of central paramilitary forces, enhanced surveillance, and improved infrastructure to curb terrorism.
    • Development Initiatives: Launched major schemes like PMDP (Prime Minister’s Development Package) and back-to-village programmes to boost infrastructure, education, and employment.

    What reforms are needed for better governance and security in J&K? (Way forward)

    • Strengthening Local Bodies: Empowering Panchayati Raj institutions with real authority and resources ensures decentralized governance and community involvement. In 2020, delays in fund disbursal to panchayats led to poor development outcomes, hampering trust in state mechanisms.
    • Police Reforms: Investing in modern training, surveillance tech, and better coordination between local and central forces improves counter-terror operations. During a 2021 operation in Baramulla, timely tech-driven coordination between police and intel units led to the arrest of a top militant.
    • Restoring Electoral Processes: Holding timely Assembly elections boosts political engagement, giving people a voice and reducing radicalization risks. The absence of an elected government since 2018 has widened the disconnect between administration and public sentiment.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2023] Winning of ‘Hearts and Minds’ in terrorism-affected areas is an essential step in restoring the trust of the population. Discuss the measures adopted by the Government in this respect as part of the conflict resolution in Jammu and Kashmir.

    Linkage: The article talks about the emphasizes that the eradication of terrorism in J&K is a top priority, and that the J&K Police (JAKP) should utilize strategies like community engagement, intelligence, and inter-agency collaboration. This directly relates to the PYQ’s theme of “winning of ‘Hearts and Minds’” and “restoring the trust of the population” in terrorism-affected areas.