💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (July Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF
Talk to Mentor

Civilsdaily

Login

Type: Prelims Only

  • What are Cabinet Committees, and why is the CCS the most important of them all?

    Why in the News?

    After the swearing-in ceremony of PM Modi, he is set to share the four big portfolios of Home, Defence, Finance, and External Affairs with its alliance partners.

    What are the Cabinet Committees?

    • Cabinet committees in India are groups of ministers formed by the Prime Minister to handle specific tasks or issues more efficiently.
    • The PM sets up these committees with selected members of the Cabinet and assigns specific functions to these committees.
    • The PM may change the number of committees, and modify the functions assigned to them.
    • Usually, only Cabinet ministers are members of these committees. However, non-Cabinet ministers are not unheard of to be members or special invitees to committees.
    • If the PM himself is a member of any such committee, he acts as the head of that committee.

    Evolution of Cabinet Committees in India’s Governance

    • Cabinet committees operate under the Government of India Transaction of Business Rules, 1961.
    • These committees are categorized as Standing (Permanent) or Ad-Hoc (Temporary).
    • They are established based on Article 77(3) of the Constitution, allowing the President to make rules for efficient transaction of government business and allocation among ministers.
    • Membership varies from three to eight, predominantly comprising Cabinet ministers, with the Prime Minister often presiding.
    • The number, terminology, and composition may change over time.

    Note: All Cabinet Committees except the Cabinet Committee on Accommodation and the Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs are headed by the Prime Minister.

    There are 8 Cabinet committees at present — 

    1. Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (composed of the PM (ex-officio Chairman) and the Minister of Home Affairs),
    2. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (headed by the PM himself),
    3. Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs (headed by the PM),
    4. Cabinet Committee on Investment and Growth,
    5. Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs,
    6. Cabinet Committee on Employment & Skill Development,
    7. Cabinet Committee on Accommodation, and
    8. Cabinet Committee on Security.
    • The Committees on Investment and Employment were innovations introduced in 2019  by the Modi government.

    About Cabinet Committee on Security

    • Head of the Committee: The Prime Minister assumes the role of the committee’s head.
    • Membership: Cabinet ministers of Finance, Defense, Home Affairs, and External Affairs serve as members.
    • Key Responsibilities: The committee addresses issues related to law and order, internal security, and foreign affairs policy with security implications, including matters concerning atomic energy.
    • Economic and Political Considerations: It also examines economic and political issues relevant to national security.
    • Financial Oversight: The CCS reviews cases involving capital defence expenditure exceeding Rs 1,000 crore.
    • Departmental Considerations: Additionally, it evaluates matters concerning the Department of Defence Production, Department of Defence Research and Development, Services Capital Acquisition plans, and procurement of security-related equipment.

    Why is CCS so important?

    • The CCS, led by the Prime Minister, includes key ministers overseeing finance, defence, home affairs, and external affairs, playing a pivotal role in national security discussions and appointments.
    • It makes major decisions regarding significant appointments, national security issues, and defence expenditure, indicating its crucial role in India’s security framework.
    • Apart from defence matters, the CCS addresses law and order, internal security, foreign policy on security issues, and matters related to atomic energy, showcasing its broad spectrum of responsibilities.

    Alliance Partners in the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS)

    • 1996 Government Transition: A notable instance was during the 1996 H.D. Deve Gowda government, following Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s resignation as Prime Minister. Deve Gowda, then CM  of Karnataka, took office as Prime Minister on June 1. Mulayam Singh Yadav from the Samajwadi Party served as Defence Minister, P. Chidambaram, founder of the Tamil Manila Congress earlier that year, became Finance Minister, and Indrajit Gupta of CPI assumed the role of Home Minister.
    • 2001 Appointment: During Vajpayee’s tenure leading the NDA government in 2001, George Fernandes, founder of the Samata Party, was appointed Defence Minister, holding the position for three years. Notably, during his tenure as Defence Minister in Vajpayee’s second and third ministries (1998–2004), Fernandes oversaw critical events such as the Kargil War and nuclear tests at Pokhran.
    • Party Distribution: However, during the UPA government, the Congress retained all CCS positions, whereas in the Modi government, the BJP held all four positions.

    PYQ:

    [2014] The size of the cabinet should be as big as governmental work justifies and as big as the Prime Minister can manage as a team. How far the efficacy of a government then is inversely related to the size of the cabinet? Discuss.

    [2017] Out of the following statements, choose the one that brings out the principle underlying the Cabinet form of Government:

    (a) An arrangement for minimizing the criticism against the Government whose responsibilities are complex and hard to carry out to the satisfaction of all.

    (b) A mechanism for speeding up the activities of the Government whose responsibilities are increasing day by day.

    (c) A mechanism of parliamentary democracy for ensuring collective responsibility of the Government to the people.

    (d) A device for strengthening the hands of the head of the Government whose hold over the people is in a state of decline.

  • 124th Death Anniversary of Birsa Munda

    Why in the News?

    Jharkhand CM marked the 124th death anniversary of revolutionary tribal leader “Birsa Munda” by paying his tributes.

    Who was Birsa Munda (1875-1900)?

    • Birsa Munda was born on November 15, 1875, during a period of significant change for his community, the Mundas, residing in the Chotanagpur region of present-day Jharkhand.
    • Birsa Munda spent his early years travelling with his parents and received primary education under Jaipal Nag.
    • Inspired by the peaceful Sardari agitation against British rule, Birsa became a prominent leader advocating for tribal rights.

    Causes of the Rebellion

    • Impact of Colonial Policies: Colonial policies, including the Permanent Settlement Act (1793), disrupted traditional land ownership systems, leading to displacement and exploitation of indigenous communities.
    • Erosion of Khuntkattidar System: The Mundas’ traditional land rights system, known as khuntkatti, was eroded by jagirdars and thikadars, leading to land alienation.
    • Land Alienation and Exploitation: Non-tribal migration into tribal regions accelerated under British rule, resulting in exploitation through high-interest money lending and forced labour.
    • Missionary Activity: The spread of education through missionary activities led to increased awareness among tribals, deepening social cleavages but also inspiring movements for tribal reconstruction.

    Major Activities:

    1. New faith ‘Birsait’ against religious conversion

    • Having gained awareness of the British colonial ruler and the efforts of the missionaries to convert tribals to Christianity, Birsa started the faith of ‘Birsait’.
    • Soon members of the Munda and Oraon community started joining the Birsait sect and it turned into a challenge to British conversion activities.
    • The Mundas called him Dharati Aaba, the father of earth.

    2. The Birsa Movement: Ulgulan

    • The Munda Rebellion was a tribal rebellion led by Birsa Munda in the region south of Ranchi in 1899-1900.
    • It mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada, and Bandgaon.
    • The revolt sought to establish Munda Raj and independence, known as Ulgulan or ‘Great Tumult’ by Munda tribals.
    • The rebellion ended with the suppression by British forces and the death of Birsa Munda.

    Significant Outcomes

    • Impact: Birsa Munda’s mobilization of tribal communities left a lasting legacy, prompting government reforms such as the repeal of the Begar system and the enactment of the Tenancy Act (1903).
    • His Death: The movement was violently suppressed and Birsa Munda died in jail on 9 June 1900.

    What is Permanent Settlement System?

    • The Permanent Settlement system introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 was a land revenue system implemented in British India, particularly in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha.
    • Under this system, the land revenue to be paid by the peasants (ryots) was fixed permanently without revision for an extended period (typically 10 years or more).
    • This fixed amount was based on the estimated productive capacity of the land.
    • It established the Zamindari system, where Zamindars (landlords) were recognized as the owners of land.
    • They were responsible for collecting revenue from the peasants and paying it to the British government.
    • In return, they were entitled to keep a portion of the collected revenue as their income, often ranging from 10% to 15%.

    PYQ:

    [2020] With reference to the history of India, “Ulgulan” or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following events?

    (a) The Revolt of 1857

    (b) The Mappila Rebellion of 1921

    (c) The Indigo Revolt of 1859-60

    (d) Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899-1900

  • Hydrogen Line: A Unique Signal

    Why in the News?

    The hydrogen line stands as a pivotal tool in contemporary astronomy, serving various purposes from studying distant stars to questing for extraterrestrial intelligence, should it exist.

    What is a Hydrogen Line?

    • The hydrogen line is a special type of light that hydrogen atoms emit.
    • It happens when an electron, a tiny particle that orbits the nucleus of the hydrogen atom, jumps from a higher energy level to a lower one.
    • This jump releases energy in the form of light, specifically with a wavelength of about 21 centimetres. This wavelength is what scientists call the hydrogen line.

    Why is it Important?

    • Hydrogen is everywhere in the universe. It’s the simplest and most abundant element, making up about 75% of the universe’s elemental mass.
      • So, studying the hydrogen line allows us to understand a lot about the composition and distribution of matter in the universe.
    • By observing the hydrogen line’s emission from different regions of space, astronomers can create maps showing where hydrogen gas is located.
    • Secrets about the early Universe: The hydrogen line also holds secrets about the early universe. Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe was filled with hydrogen gas.
      • By studying the hydrogen line from distant parts of the universe, astronomers can learn about its conditions and evolution billions of years ago.

    How Do We Interpret Hydrogen Line?

    • Radio telescope data enables mapping of hydrogen distribution, revealing locations of hydrogen clouds crucial for understanding galaxy and galaxy cluster formation and evolution.
    • Observing hydrogen line emission from different galaxy parts enables studying internal structures and dynamics, like rotation curves, offering insights into mass distribution within galaxies.
    • Observing hydrogen lines from distant galaxies unveils early universe conditions, aiding in understanding cosmic evolution’s initial stages.

    What’s Next?

    • New Discoveries: Scientists are continually developing new technologies and techniques to improve the sensitivity and resolution of radio telescopes.
      • This enables them to detect fainter signals and uncover new insights into the universe’s hydrogen content.
    • Exploring Dark Matter: The hydrogen line observations could also contribute to understanding dark matter, an invisible substance that makes up about 27% of the universe’s total mass-energy content.
      • By studying the hydrogen distribution in relation to the gravitational effects observed in galaxies, scientists hope to shed light on the nature of dark matter.

    PYQ:

    [2012] A team of scientists at Brookhaven National Laboratory including those from India created the heaviest anti-matter (anti-helium nucleus). What is/are the implication/implications of the creation of anti-matter?

    1. It will make mineral prospecting and oil exploration easier and cheaper.
    2. It will help prove the possibility of the existence of stars and galaxies made of anti-matter.
    3. It will help us understand the evolution of the universe.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • [pib] Green Ammonia Production under SIGHT Program

    Why in the News?

    • Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) has initiated the bidding process for a total capacity of 5.39 lakh Metric Tonnes (MT) per annum of Green Ammonia production.
      • The initiative falls under Mode 2A of the Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) Programme, part of the National Green Hydrogen Mission led by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE).

    What is Green Ammonia?

    • Green ammonia, also known as renewable ammonia, is a form of ammonia produced using renewable energy sources, which is proposed as a sustainable, emission-free alternative with a multitude of applications in industry and other sectors.
    • It is produced by combining nitrogen with hydrogen, which is generated through water electrolysis using renewable energy, and then reacting the hydrogen and nitrogen at high temperatures and pressures to form ammonia.

    About the National Green Hydrogen Mission

    • The National Green Hydrogen Mission was launched in January 2023.
      • Objective: To make India a ‘global hub’ for using, producing and exporting green hydrogen.
    • Earlier, the National Hydrogen Mission was launched on August 15, 2021, with a view to cutting down carbon emissions and increasing the use of renewable sources of energy.
    • The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) formulates the scheme guidelines for the implementation of these missions.

    Key features of the NGHM

    • Power capacity: The mission seeks to promote the development of a green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 MMT per annum with an associated renewable energy capacity addition of about 125 GW in the country by 2030.
    • Job creation: It envisages an investment of over ₹8 lakh crore and creation of over 6 lakh jobs by 2030.
    • Reducing energy import bill: It will also result in a cumulative reduction in fossil fuel imports of over ₹1 lakh crore and abatement of nearly 50 MMT of annual greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
    • Export promotion: The mission will facilitate demand creation, production, utilisation and export of green hydrogen.
    • Incentivization: Under the Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition Programme (SIGHT), distinct financial incentive mechanisms are provided.
    • Green Hydrogen Hubs: Regions capable of supporting large-scale production and/or utilisation of hydrogen will be identified and developed as Green Hydrogen Hubs.

    What is the SIGHT Program?

    • In the initial stage, two distinct financial incentive mechanisms proposed with an outlay of ₹ 17,490 crore up to 2029-30:
    1. Incentive for manufacturing of electrolysers
    2. Incentive for production of green hydrogen.
    • Depending upon the markets and technology development, specific incentive schemes and programmes will continue to evolve as the Mission progresses.

    PYQ:

    [2019] Consider the following statements:

    1. Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides into the environment.
    2. Cattle release ammonia into the environment.
    3. Poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into environment.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 3 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 2 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • 131 years of Gandhiji’s Natal Satyagraha

    Why in the News?

    • On June 7, 1893, Mahatma Gandhi faced racial discrimination when he was forced off a first-class train compartment at “Pietermaritzburg railway station” in South Africa.
      • This event ignited the spirit of civil disobedience in him through his first non-violent protest in the “Natal Satyagraha”.

    History of ‘Satyagraha’

    • The terms originated in a competition in the news-sheet Indian Opinion in South Africa in 1906.
    • Mr. Maganlal Gandhi, grandson of an uncle of Mahatma Gandhi, came up with the word “Sadagraha” and won the prize.
    • Subsequently, to make it clearer, Gandhi changed it to Satyagraha.

    About the Pietermaritzburg Incident 

    • Gandhi’s forced removal from a first-class train compartment in 1893 served as a catalyst for his commitment to resisting racial discrimination.
    • This event inspired him to pursue nonviolent resistance, planting the seeds for his philosophy of Satyagraha.

    Its’ Aftermath

    • Formation of Natal Indian Congress and Advocacy
      • Establishment: Gandhi organized the Indian community and founded the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) in 1894 at Durban to advocate for their rights.
      • Campaigns: He initiated various campaigns, including petitions and boycotts, challenging discriminatory laws and policies in South Africa.
    • Natal Satyagraha
      • The passage of the Asiatic Registration Act in 1906 sparked the Natal Satyagraha, protesting against this discriminatory law.
      • Gandhi emerged as the leader of the movement, advocating for nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience.
      • Satyagraha emphasized confronting oppression with moral courage and integrity, without resorting to violence.

    Gandhiji’s South Africa Settlements:

    • Phoenix Settlement in Natal: Founded in 1904, the Phoenix Settlement was established by Gandhi as a communal living space and centre for social and political activism. It served as a hub for his Satyagraha campaigns against racial discrimination and injustice in South Africa.
    • Tolstoy Farm outside Johannesburg: Gandhi established Tolstoy Farm in 1910 as a self-sustaining community inspired by the teachings of Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. It served as a refuge for Indian immigrants and a base for organizing resistance against discriminatory laws.

    Characteristics and Impact of Natal Satyagraha

    • Mass Participation: The movement garnered widespread support from the Indian community, involving thousands in nonviolent protests.
      • He mobilized support for the welfare of Indians and established the Transvaal British Indian Association in Johannesburg in 1903.
    • Arrests and Imprisonment: Gandhi and many others faced arrests and imprisonment for their acts of civil disobedience. He faced imprisonment multiple times for his nonviolent protests, including the Volkrust Satyagraha in 1913.
    • Attracted International attention: The Satyagraha attracted international attention and led to negotiations, culminating in the Indian Relief Act in 1914.

    PYQ:

    [2019] With reference to the British colonial rule in India, consider the following statements: 

    1. Mahatma Gandhi was instrumental in the abolition of the system of ‘indentured labour’.
    2. In Lord Chelmsford’s ‘War Conference’, Mahatma Gandhi did not support the resolution on recruiting Indians for World War.
    3. Consequent upon the breaking of Salt Law by Indian people, the Indian National Congress was declared illegal by the colonial rulers.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 1 and 3 only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Andaman’s Onge Tribe

    Why in the news?

    The king and queen of the “Onge tribe” welcomed a baby boy in the Andaman Islands, marking a significant moment for the tribe. With the arrival of the newborn, the tribe’s total population now stands at 136, as confirmed by an official source.

    About Onge Tribe 

    • The Onge are PVTGs (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups) native to the Andaman Islands.
    • They have traditionally been hunter-gatherers and fishers, while also practising cultivation.
    • Their population significantly decreased after colonization, from 672 in 1901 to around 100.
    • They practice a form of animism, with ancestor worship being significant.
    • They traditionally make decisions through group consensus.
    • Today, the surviving members are confined to two reserve camps on Little Andaman: Dugong Creek in the northeast, and South Bay.
    • Genetically, the Onge are distantly related to East Asian populations and show affinities with Southeast Asian Negrito ethnic groups.

    Other Indigenous People of Andaman and Nicobar

    1. Great Andamanese Tribe

    • One of the largest tribes, the Great Andamanese tribe is currently settled on the Strait Island under the Andaman & Nicobar Administration. Despite their historic bravery, diseases and other challenges have reduced their population to 43 individuals as of the 2001 census.
    • Government initiatives: The administration provides housing, coconut plantations, and rationing to support their livelihoods and well-being.

    2. Jarwas Tribe

    • Jarwas inhabit the Western coast of the Middle and South Andaman Islands. They are known to be hostile but have shown receptivity to friendly contact expeditions since 1974. Their present numbers are estimated at between 250–400 individuals.
    • Jarwas are nomadic hunters and gatherers, using traditional methods like bows and arrows for hunting and fishing.

    3. Sentinelese Tribe

    • Sentinelese reside on the small North Sentinel Island, maintaining a wary stance towards outsiders.
    • Despite initial scepticism, contact expeditions have made progress since 1991, albeit with caution.

    Note: Shompen Tribe are native to the Nicobar Islands.

    Who are the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)?

    • These groups are among the most vulnerable sections of our society as they are few in number, and have not attained any significant level of social and economic development.
    • They generally inhabit remote localities having poor infrastructure and administrative support.
    • 75 such groups have been identified and categorized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).

    Origin of the concept

    • The Dhebar Commission (1960-1961) stated that within Scheduled Tribes there existed an inequality in the rate of development.
    • During the fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) a sub-category was created within Scheduled Tribes to identify groups that were considered to be at a lower level of development.
    • This sub-category was named “Primitive tribal group”.
    • In 2006 the government of India proposed to rename PVTGs.

    Features of PVTGs

    • The features of such a group include a:
    1. Pre-agricultural system of existence
    2. The practice of hunting and gathering
    3. Zero or negative population growth
    4. Extremely low level of literacy in comparison with other tribal groups
    • Groups that satisfied any one of the criteria were considered PTG.

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India:

    1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.
    2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.
    3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.
    4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    (a) 1, 2 and 3

    (b) 2, 3 and 4

    (c) 1, 2 and 4

    (d) 1, 3 and 4

  • President appoints Narendra Modi as PM-Designate

    Why in the News?

    Narendra Modi will take the oath as the Prime Minister for a third consecutive term, following an invitation from President Droupadi Murmu to form the government.

    Constitutional Provisions for PM Post

    • Article 75: It states that the President shall appoint the Prime Minister, who is usually the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha (House of the People).
    • Article 74: The Prime Minister is the head of the Council of Ministers and provides advice to the President on matters of governance.

    Appointment of the Prime Minister

    The appointment of the Prime Minister of India involves specific constitutional provisions supervised by the President. Key features related to the appointment of the Prime Minister as mentioned in the Constitution of India include:

    • The Prime Minister is appointed permanently by the President of India.
    • The President invites the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha to form the government.
    • If no political party holds a majority, the President can use discretionary powers to appoint the Prime Minister.
    • The President may invite the leader of the largest party or coalition to seek a vote of confidence from the Lok Sabha, with a tenure of about a month to secure this vote.

    Position of Prime Minister in India’s Democratic set-up         

    • Head of Government: The Prime Minister is the chief executive authority in the country, responsible for leading the government and overseeing the functioning of various ministries and departments.
    • Leader of the Council of Ministers: The Prime Minister is the leader of the Council of Ministers, which comprises cabinet ministers, ministers of state, and deputy ministers. They coordinate the activities of the government and guide policy decisions.
    • Advisor to the President: While the President of India is the head of state, the Prime Minister acts as the president’s chief advisor and assists in exercising executive powers.
    • Principal Link between President and Parliament: The Prime Minister communicates the decisions of the Council of Ministers to the President and represents the government in Parliament.
    • Symbol of Unity and Stability: The Prime Minister symbolizes the unity and stability of the country’s governance. They provide leadership and direction to the nation, fostering a sense of unity and purpose among the citizens.
    • International Representation: The Prime Minister represents India on the international stage and plays a significant role in foreign policy formulation. They engage in diplomatic relations, attend international summits, and represent India’s interests globally.
    • Crisis Management: During times of crisis, such as natural disasters, security threats, or economic challenges, the Prime Minister takes charge of crisis management efforts and leads the government’s response to address the situation.

    Powers and Functions of the Prime Minister

    The Indian Constitution outlines the powers and functions of the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President and holds significant authority over the President, Council of Ministers, and parliamentary houses. These powers include:

    • Function Relative to the President: The Prime Minister serves as the main channel of communication between the President and the Council of Ministers, overseeing the administration of Union affairs and appointing key administrative officials.
    • Functions Relative to the Council of Ministers: The Prime Minister advises on the nomination and selection of Council Ministers, can allocate and shuffle ministerial departments, and has the authority to demand resignations from ministers. The resignation of the Prime Minister leads to the dissolution of the Council of Ministers.
    • Parliamentary Functions: The Prime Minister leads the lower parliamentary house (Lok Sabha), can suggest the dissolution of the Lok Sabha, and is responsible for announcing and introducing government policies in parliamentary sessions.
    • Miscellaneous Functions: The Prime Minister holds additional roles such as chairman of the National Water Resource Council, NITI Aayog, National Integration Council, Inter-State Council, and NDA, among others.

    Appointment, Tenure, and Removal

    Eligibility: According to Articles 84 and 75 of the Constitution of India, the Prime Minister must:

    • Be a citizen of India.
    • Be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha, or become a member within six months of selection.
    • Be above 25 years of age if a Lok Sabha member, or above 30 years if a Rajya Sabha member.
    • Not hold any office of profit under the government of India or any state government.

    Oaths of Office and Secrecy:

    Before entering office, the Prime Minister must take an oath of office and secrecy in the presence of the President of India, as per the Third Schedule of the Constitution.

    Tenure and Removal from Office:

    • The Prime Minister serves at the “pleasure of the President,” but must maintain the confidence of the Lok Sabha.
    • The term can end if a simple majority of Lok Sabha members no longer have confidence in the Prime Minister, known as a vote of no-confidence.
    • A Prime Minister can also resign from office. Morarji Desai was the first to do so while in office.
    • Additionally, ceasing to meet the qualifications under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, can lead to removal from office.

    PYQ:

    [2015] Consider the following statements:

    1. The Executive Power of the union of India is vested in the Prime Minister.
    2. The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

    [2019] Consider the following statements:

    1. The 44th Amendment to the Constitution of India introduced an Article placing the election of the Prime Minister beyond judicial review.
    2. The Supreme Court of India struck down the 99th Amendment to the Constitution of India as being violative of the independence of judiciary.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • In news: Volkhov River

    Why in the News?

    Four medical students from India studying in a university in Russia drowned in Volkhov River near St. Petersburg.

    About Volkhov River

    • The Volkhov River is a significant waterway in northwestern Russia.
    • It is located in the Leningrad Oblast and Novgorod Oblast of Russia, in the northwestern part of the country.
    • It stretches approximately 224 kilometers (139 miles) from Lake Ilmen to Lake Ladoga.
    • Origin: It flows out of Lake Ilmen north into Lake Ladoga, the largest lake in Europe.
    • Tributaries: The Msta River is the largest tributary of the Volkhov.
    • Major Cities: Several cities and settlements are situated along the banks of the Volkhov River, including Novgorod, Veliky Novgorod, and Volkhov.

    PYQ:

    [2020] Consider the following pairs:

    River – Flows into

    1. Mekong – Andaman sea
    2. Thames – Irish Sea
    3. Volga – Caspian Sea
    4. Zambezi – Indian Ocean

    Which of the pairs above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) Only 1

    (b) Only 2

    (c) 3 Only

    (d) None of the above/More than one of the above.

  • Second Phase of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)

    Why in the News?

    Pakistani PM is on a formal visit to China to attend the formal announcement of the second phase of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC-II).

    About CPEC-II

    • CPEC’s next phase shifts focus from infrastructure and energy to sectors like agriculture, Pakistan Railways’ Main Line-I (ML-1) upgrade, and realignment of the Karakorum Highway.
    • CPEC was initiated in 2015 as part of President Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

    Why CPEC-II?

    • It will provide Pakistan with a strategic advantage in terms of trade and commerce
    • CPEC-II includes significant investments in the energy sector, which will help overcome Pakistan’s chronic power shortages and ensure a stable supply of electricity
    • Provides a shortcut for China’s access to the Persian Gulf to secure oil imports, and
    • Stimulate industrial and economic activity in Pakistan.

    Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

    • The Belt and Road Initiative, formerly known as One Belt One Road, is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013.
    • It will invest in nearly 70 countries and international organizations.
    • Infrastructure projects include ports, railways, highways, power stations, aviation and telecommunications.
    • “Belt” refers to the overland routes for road and rail transportation, called “the Silk Road Economic Belt”; whereas “road” refers to the sea routes or the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.
    • The project has a target completion date of 2049 which coincides with the 100th anniversary of the People’s Republic of China.

    India’s Concerns

    • Sovereignty Concerns: India expresses reservations as CPEC traverses through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK), challenging territorial sovereignty and potentially bolstering Pakistan’s claim over the region.
    • Geostrategic Implications: The expansion of Gwadar port under CPEC extends China’s “String of Pearls” around India, prompting concerns over regional power dynamics.

    CPEC’s Progress so Far

    • Mixed Outcomes: The initial phase of CPEC primarily addressed infrastructure, energy, and port development projects, with progress showing variations.
    • Project Status: While several power projects have been completed, significant delays and challenges persist in transport-related projects and Special Economic Zones (SEZs).

    Challenges and Roadblocks

    • Slow pace: Gwadar, despite being the epicentre of multibillion-dollar projects, lacks basic necessities like reliable access to water and electricity, let alone other facilities.
    • Baloch freedom movement: This is another impediment to the stalled project where Chinese officials are targeted and killed.
    • Consistent security threat: China is also seeking to deploy its Army in the CPEC projects, to which Pakistan has contested.

    PYQ:

    [2018] The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (150 Words, 10 Marks)

    [2016] ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of

    (a) African Union

    (b) Brazil

    (c) European Union

    (d) China

  • In news: Mohiniyattam Dance

    Why in the News?

    A popular Mohiniyattam dancer in Kerala was refused bail against her alleged casteist remarks against the SC community.

    About Mohiniyattam

    Description
    Name Meaning Mohini – female enchantress avatar of Vishnu;

    Aattam – rhythmic motion or dance (Malayalam)
    Roots Natya Shastra, ancient Hindu Sanskrit text on performance arts
    Style Lasya Style – delicate, eros-filled, and feminine
    Performers Traditionally women, but men also perform in contemporary times
    Music Includes Carnatic music, singing, and enactment of plays through dance
    Language Manipravalam: a Malayalam-Sanskrit hybrid
    Posture Parted feet, gentle swaying of body, soft footwork synchronized with music beats
    Gestures Follow the classical text of Hastha Lakshanadeepika with elaborate mudras (hand gestures)
    Costumes Plain white or off-white sarees with golden brocade, pleated sheets for freedom of movement, adorned with jewellery
    Accessories Jewellery on fingers, wrists, neck, and ears, ankle bells (for female performers), dhotis and similar accessories (for male performers)
    Makeup Natural with brilliant red lips, tikka (Gobi) on the forehead, lined eyes
    Music Various rhythms and compositions in Manipravalam, accompanied by instruments like Mridangam, Idakka, flute, Veena, and Kuzhitalam
    Ragas Rendered in the Sopana Style, a slow melodic style rooted in the Natya Shastra

    Back2Basics: Classification of Classical Dances in India

    Classical Dance Form Origin Key Features
    Bharatanatyam Tamil Nadu
    • Ekaharya style with one dancer portraying multiple roles.
    • Intricate footwork, hand gestures (mudras), and facial expressions.
    • Traditional repertoire includes Alarippu, Jatiswaran, Shabda, Varna, Pada, Thillana, and Sloka.
    • Accompanied by the orchestra and conducted by Nattuvanar
    Kathak North India
    • Derived from the word “Katha,” meaning story
    • The blend of storytelling, footwork, and rhythmic patterns
    • The strong influence of Mughal and Persian culture
    • Solo performances with an emphasis on footwork and straight-legged movements
    Kathakali Kerala
    • A blend of dance, music, and acting
    • Elaborate makeup, costumes, and headgear
    • Enacts stories from Indian epics with specific facial colors for characters
    • Importance of hand gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements
    Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh
    • Originated in Kuchipudi village, Andhra Pradesh
    • Dance-drama form with solo and group performances
    • Emphasis on storytelling, costumes, and ornaments
    • Includes solo items like Manduka Shabdam and Balgopala Taranga
    Odissi Odisha
    • Based on stories of Lord Vishnu and verses of Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda
    • Soft dance style with mudras and expressions similar to Bharatanatyam incorporates postures like Tribhanga and Chowk
    • Eminent performers include Sonal Mansingh and Kelucharan Mohapatra
    Sattriya Assam
    • Introduced by Vaishnava saint Sankaradeva for propagation of Vaishnava faith
    • Strictly governed by principles in hasta mudras, footwork, and costumes
    • Repertoire includes Bhaona-related and independent dance numbers
    • Prominent forms include Chali and Jhumura
    Manipuri Manipur
    • Associated with rituals, festivals, and creation myths
    • Lai Haraoba is the earliest form, reenacts the creation of the world
    • Rasleela dances originated in 18th-century Manipur
    • Popular forms include Ras, Sankirtana, and Thang-Ta with Kirtan accompaniment

     

    PYQ:

    [2012] How do you distinguish between Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam dances?

    1. Dancers occasionally speak dialogues is found in Kuchipudi dance but not in Bharatanatyam.
    2. Dancing on the brass plate by keeping the feet on its edges is a feature of Bharatanatyam but Kuchipudi dance does not have such a form of movement.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2