💥Join UPSC 2027,2028 Mentorship (July Batch) + XFactor Notes & Microthemes PDF

Author: Staff @CD

  • Our Best Prelims Program Till Now| Smash Prelims 2022| By Santhosh Sir who scored 145+ twice in Prelims| More than Test-Series

    Our Best Prelims Program Till Now| Smash Prelims 2022| By Santhosh Sir who scored 145+ twice in Prelims| More than Test-Series

    Prelims Super-25 Program is back after a thumping success in Prelims 2021. Out of 25 students Santhosh sir has mentored, 15 have cleared prelims this time.

    Do you want to practice medium to tough test series regularly? Before attending a test do you want to revise the right notes with integrated current affairs? And, after a test do you want an experienced mentor to discuss your answers and motivate you?

    If yes, then this is the right program for you! The registrations are open for all UPSC 2022 aspirants.

    Is Prelims the Toughest Exam of UPSC-CSE?

    Toppers like Pranav Vijayvergiya (AIR 65) and Swati Sharma (AIR 17) have found Prelims to be tougher than Mains. In fact, Pranav failed to clear Prelims thrice. But, in his fourth attempt he had cleared Mains and Interview in one shot!

    What makes prelims tough? It’s because the paper is unpredictable. If this year, science questions are a breeze then the next year you will have to answer advanced concept based questions.

    Unlike Mains, Prelims has negative marking. One has to be good at elimination methods to choose the right option amongst two similar ones.

    Our Super 25 Prelims Program started as a pilot project last year with an aim to introduce step-wise improvement in our chosen 25 aspirants. Over a period of 2 months, Santhosh sir inculcated confidence in aspirants who were either newbies or gave too many attempts.

    This year, we achieved a remarkable 60% success ratio. Next year, we have set our eyes on 100%. Yes, we are ambitious and aspirational just like any other UPSC aspirant.

    How do Students find Santhosh Sir’s Mentorship?

    Santhosh sir has always been more than a guide. He has always walked with aspirants in their UPSC journey than ahead of them. Whenever our students were demotivated, this is how Santhosh sir lifted their spirits —

    Testimonials by students who successfully cleared UPSC 2021 Prelims —

    How is Smash Prelims 2022 structured?

    The program has three pillars and every aspirant who enrolls for Smash 2022 Prelims has access to all of them.

    Pillar-1

    Prelims Tests:

    40 (12 Basic + 6 Advanced + 10 CA tests + 8 Full tests + 4 CSAT)

    Sl No.SUBJECTNO. OF TESTS
    1Polity3
    2Modern History
    3Economy
    4Geography3
    5Environment3
    6Science & Technology1
    7Ancient and Medieval India2
    8Economic Survey1
    9Schemes and India Year Book1
    10Current Affairs10
    11CSAT4
    12Full Length Test8

    Pillar-2

    Value Additions Notes and Classes by Santosh Gupta Sir

    Polity  

    Santhosh Gupta sir will conduct two sessions covering all the Polity Fundamentals, a session analyzing past year papers, another session on important current affairs related to polity this year and will discuss your test solutions.

    History 

    Santhosh Gupta sir will conduct a session on Sectoral Developments in Modern History, a session analyzing past year papers and test discussion.

    Economy

    There will be sessions on economic survey, trend analysis, discussion of most important economic current affairs, past year paper analysis and economy final test discussion.

     Geography

    Santhosh sir will conduct sessions on the most difficult aspects like Geography Mapping, Economic Geography and Indian Agriculture.

    Environment

    Santhosh Gupta sir will cover sessions on Environment innovatively. Key concepts like vegetation and biome, Indian wildlife, conventions and protocols, national parks and sanctuaries, agriculture and sustainable development and environment current affairs will be covered.

    Science & Technology

    This year’s prelims paper questioned on the basic concepts of science. Keeping this in mind, Santhosh Gupta sir will conduct 2 sessions on One basic concepts and current affairs of science and technology.

    Other Value Additions

    1. Decimate Prelims-2022 Content: 2 years of current affairs notes for all topics + Videos

    2. Civilsdaily Current Affairs Magazines for 1 year

    3. Civilsdaily compilations of Yojna, Kurukshetra, PRS and RS TV.

    4. Civilsdaily Budget And Economic Survey Summary.

    Pillar-3

    Santhosh Gupta sir’s mentorship programme will have these special features for aspirants.

    1. Monthly zoom session by Santosh Gupta for doubt clearance and continuous improvement.

    2. 1-1 mentor calls after tests.

    3. Habitat/Whatsapp support from mentors.

    4. Frequent sessions with toppers for support and guidance. 

    If you have any doubts regarding the program, please fill the form for a call back.

    Course Details

    The fees for complete Smash Prelims Program is 20,000+ GST

    Aspirants who don’t want the full program can opt for Smash Prelims-2022: Mini version. This will not have value added notes. Prelims tests + individual mentorship + monthly zoom sessions by Santosh Gupta sir will be available for this plan.

  • [Sansad TV] Climate Change & Public Perception

    • The year 2021 marks a crucial juncture for charting the future of climate action.
    • And for this all eyes are set on two events in particular – the G20 Summit in October end followed by the 26th UN Climate Change Conference or COP26 in November.

    In this article, we will discuss the significance of public perception on the issue of climate change and how will it impact the decision-making process on actions which need to be taken to tackle this challenge.

    About G20

    • Formed in 1999, the G20 is an international forum of the governments and central bank governors from 20 major economies.
    • Collectively, the G20 economies account for around 85 percent of the Gross World Product (GWP), 80 percent of world trade.
    • To tackle the problems or address issues that plague the world, the heads of governments of the G20 nations periodically participate in summits.
    • In addition to it, the group also hosts separate meetings of the finance ministers and foreign ministers.
    • The G20 has no permanent staff of its own and its chairmanship rotates annually between nations divided into regional groupings.
    • India has been a member of the G20 since its inception in 1999.

    Members: The 19 member countries of the forum are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States.

    G20 countries map

    G20 and Climate Change

    • The G20 accounts for over 80% of global GDP, 60% of the world’s population, and more than 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
    • In the run-up to the G20 Summit and COP26 the UNDP and the University of Oxford have published the G20 Peoples’ Climate Vote. 

    The G20 Peoples’ Climate Vote

    • The G20 Peoples’ Climate Vote was polled over 689,000 people across 18 of the G20 countries from October 2020 until June 2021.
    • It focussed on various aspects of the issue of climate change including Climate Finance Policy, Cutting emissions and climate adaptation policy.
    • According to this report, on average 70 per cent of young people in G20 countries believe that we are in a global climate emergency.
    • Adults are also not far behind, with 65 percent overall believing the same.

    What defines the public perception of climate change?

    • Climate change perception is a complex process that encompasses a range of psychological constructs such as knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and concerns about if and how the climate is changing.
    • Perception is influenced and shaped, among other things, by the individuals’ characteristics, their experience, the information that they receive, and the cultural and geographic context in which they live.
    • Therefore, measuring climate change perception and trying to find its determinants is not an easy task.
    • The short-term variations in the local weather tend to be more salient than long-term trends and hence can have a key impact on the formation of climate change perceptions.
    • The perceptions of those that directly depend on the weather, such as farmers, tend to be more accurate than that of their counterparts.
    • Life experiences influence perception; individuals who have been directly affected by extreme climatic events tend to report that the probability of such event happening again is relatively high.
    • It is important to make aware specifically those people whose livelihood is threatened due to climate change issue.
    Proportion reporting knowing “something” or “a great deal” about global warming in 2007–08. Darker areas indicate a greater proportion of individuals aware, yellow indicates no data.

    What is the significance of public perception of climate change?

    • It is very important that people are getting aware of climate change and it’s not actually the awareness per se but factually it is about the sufferance of people to make the think about climate change.
    • The new generation and the youth are going to face the consequences of climate change and thus they think that the coming COP26is the opportunity where effective and speedy action will result.
    • It forces world leader to take immediate and effective action and should contain the global warming which has the wide ranging consequences.
    • It also impacts what people do at an individual level to contain the global warming.
    • It needs to take some tougher decisions by leaders and the public perceptions shows how much appetite people have to accept such decision.

    What are the expected tangible achievements of the COP26 in terms of public perception of climate change?

    • Climate change is the global issue and need commitment of all the leaders to do justice in terms of responding to the menace of climate change.
    • COVID-19 has refocused priorities and caused individuals and governments alike to pay closer attention to the environment. As many countries look to rebuild their economies in the wake of the pandemic, there has been a major emphasis on ‘building back better’ through a green recovery.
    • COP26 is being viewed as the successor to COP21 where the Paris Accord was signed, arguably the greatest success from the UNFCCC in recent years.
    • COP26 is seen as the summit to both address what has and hasn’t been achieved since 2015, while also setting concrete plans to reach the Paris Agreement targets.
    • The UN Environment Programme has warned that climate commitments are already falling far short of what is needed to meet these goals – but there is hope from net-zero pledges. This should be a “thundering wakeup call” for leaders ahead of the summit.
    • So it’s expected from countries around the globe to put forward ambitions in terms of GHGs reduction, net zero commitments, etc. As the window is very short, it is the high time that countries take harsh decisions.
    • The transition from carbon economy to carbon-less economy requires capital which many developing countries are lacking. Thus the carbon justice has to be brought.
    • This requires the developed countries to raise $100 billion which was supposed to be done by 2020 but is still not done.
    • The carbon neutrality or net zero is important but what is more important than this is deep cuts which are required first and the necessary financing required to install alternative energy sources which are renewable.

    Conclusion

    We are running short of time and the issue of climate change is a very serious problem and everyone across the globe has to work together for this and it is very important to see the summits like COP26 takes the harsh decisions required for containing the global warming and resolving financing issue as soon as possible. Public perception plays a major role in motivating global leaders to work towards a sustainable and climate risk-free global world.

  • (Imp) Cover Anthropology Optional with an IAS, Rinku Lather (Anthropology topper, AIR 259, UPSC 2020)| Live video lectures & 1-1 mentorship

    This is for students preparing for UPSC Mains with Anthropology optional.

    Unlike popular opinion, scoring marks in Anthropology is not that easy anymore. Many aspirants still are confused about the right strategy to prepare for anthropology optional. It is not just studying but studying in the right direction. Writing answers that fetch you marks.

    Rinku Lather sir has launched his exclusive Anthropology club wherein he will be guiding you on a 1-to-1, personal level. He will be sharing tips and his process that helped him to score consistently high marks in Anthropology optional.

    https://youtu.be/oc7aLdeao6o

    About the Anthropology Marks Enhancer by Rinku Lather, IAS

    • Anthropology topic-wise discussion to improve score.
    • Google meet classes with Anthropology rank holder and UPSC Topper.
    • One-on-one discussions every week.
    • Doubt clearing sessions
    • Important notes, reference material, etc. will be suggested by Rinku sir
    • Mentorship to guide you in understanding the demand of the question, structuring of answers and content enrichment.

    Program Inclusion

    • Exclusive membership to Habitat club- Only for Mains written aspirants
    • Personalised guidance for marks enhancement
    • Google meet session
    • 22 classes on Google meet – topicwise discussion
    • Answer writing and enhancement tips
    • Habitat discussion and doubt sessions
    • On call*, One to one mentorship by Rinku sir

  • 2nd November 2021| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1    Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of art forms, literature and architecture from ancient to modern times.

    GS-2    Issues Relating to Development and Management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

    GS-3    Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

    GS-4    Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of ethics in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships

    Questions:

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 Gupta period in ancient India is noted for its achievements in the arts, architecture, sciences, religion and philosophy. Comment. (10 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 The spectacular increase in enrollment for graduation in recent years has not been matched by a concomitant increase in jobs. In light of this, examine how high-quality vocational institutions can help deal with the issue. (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 Various ministries can be linked to the coal shortage crisis faced by the power sector recently. The crisis is also a structural lacuna. In light of this, suggest measures to avoid such crises in the future. (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 Discuss the role of ethics and values in enhancing the following three major components of Comprehensive National Power (CNP) viz. human capital, soft power (culture and policies) and social harmony.(10 Marks)

     

    HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?

    1. Daily 4 questions from General studies 1, 2, 3, and 4 will be provided to you.

    2. A Mentor’s Comment will be available for all answers. This can be used as a guidance tool but we encourage you to write original answers.

    3. You can write your answer on an A4 sheet and scan/click pictures of the same.

    4.  Upload the scanned answer in the comment section of the same question.

    5. Along with the scanned answer, please share your Razor payment ID, so that paid members are given priority.

    6. If you upload the answer on the same day like the answer of 11th  October is uploaded on 11th October then your answer will be checked within 72 hours. Also, reviews will be in the order of submission- First come first serve basis

    7. If you are writing answers late, for example, 11th October is uploaded on 13th October, then these answers will be evaluated as per the mentor’s schedule.

    8. We encourage you to write answers on the same day. However, if you are uploading an answer late then tag the mentor like @Staff so that the mentor is notified about your answer.

    *In case your answer is not reviewed, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. 

    For the philosophy of AWE and payment: 

  • Our Best Prelims Program Till Now| Smash Prelims 2022| By Santhosh Sir who scored 145+ twice in Prelims| More than Test-Series

    Our Best Prelims Program Till Now| Smash Prelims 2022| By Santhosh Sir who scored 145+ twice in Prelims| More than Test-Series

    Prelims Super-25 Program is back after a thumping success in Prelims 2021. Out of 25 students Santhosh sir has mentored, 15 have cleared prelims this time.

    Do you want to practice medium to tough test series regularly? Before attending a test do you want to revise the right notes with integrated current affairs? And, after a test do you want an experienced mentor to discuss your answers and motivate you?

    If yes, then this is the right program for you! The registrations are open for all UPSC 2022 aspirants.

    Is Prelims the Toughest Exam of UPSC-CSE?

    Toppers like Pranav Vijayvergiya (AIR 65) and Swati Sharma (AIR 17) have found Prelims to be tougher than Mains. In fact, Pranav failed to clear Prelims thrice. But, in his fourth attempt he had cleared Mains and Interview in one shot!

    What makes prelims tough? It’s because the paper is unpredictable. If this year, science questions are a breeze then the next year you will have to answer advanced concept based questions.

    Unlike Mains, Prelims has negative marking. One has to be good at elimination methods to choose the right option amongst two similar ones.

    Our Super 25 Prelims Program started as a pilot project last year with an aim to introduce step-wise improvement in our chosen 25 aspirants. Over a period of 2 months, Santhosh sir inculcated confidence in aspirants who were either newbies or gave too many attempts.

    This year, we achieved a remarkable 60% success ratio. Next year, we have set our eyes on 100%. Yes, we are ambitious and aspirational just like any other UPSC aspirant.

    How do Students find Santhosh Sir’s Mentorship?

    Santhosh sir has always been more than a guide. He has always walked with aspirants in their UPSC journey than ahead of them. Whenever our students were demotivated, this is how Santhosh sir lifted their spirits —

    Testimonials by students who successfully cleared UPSC 2021 Prelims —

    How is Smash Prelims 2022 structured?

    The program has three pillars and every aspirant who enrolls for Smash 2022 Prelims has access to all of them.

    Pillar-1

    Prelims Tests:

    40 (12 Basic + 6 Advanced + 10 CA tests + 8 Full tests + 4 CSAT)

    Sl No.SUBJECTNO. OF TESTS
    1Polity3
    2Modern History
    3Economy
    4Geography3
    5Environment3
    6Science & Technology1
    7Ancient and Medieval India2
    8Economic Survey1
    9Schemes and India Year Book1
    10Current Affairs10
    11CSAT4
    12Full Length Test8

    Pillar-2

    Value Additions Notes and Classes by Santosh Gupta Sir

    Polity  

    Santhosh Gupta sir will conduct two sessions covering all the Polity Fundamentals, a session analyzing past year papers, another session on important current affairs related to polity this year and will discuss your test solutions.

    History 

    Santhosh Gupta sir will conduct a session on Sectoral Developments in Modern History, a session analyzing past year papers and test discussion.

    Economy

    There will be sessions on economic survey, trend analysis, discussion of most important economic current affairs, past year paper analysis and economy final test discussion.

     Geography

    Santhosh sir will conduct sessions on the most difficult aspects like Geography Mapping, Economic Geography and Indian Agriculture.

    Environment

    Santhosh Gupta sir will cover sessions on Environment innovatively. Key concepts like vegetation and biome, Indian wildlife, conventions and protocols, national parks and sanctuaries, agriculture and sustainable development and environment current affairs will be covered.

    Science & Technology

    This year’s prelims paper questioned on the basic concepts of science. Keeping this in mind, Santhosh Gupta sir will conduct 2 sessions on One basic concepts and current affairs of science and technology.

    Other Value Additions

    1. Decimate Prelims-2022 Content: 2 years of current affairs notes for all topics + Videos

    2. Civilsdaily Current Affairs Magazines for 1 year

    3. Civilsdaily compilations of Yojna, Kurukshetra, PRS and RS TV.

    4. Civilsdaily Budget And Economic Survey Summary.

    Pillar-3

    Santhosh Gupta sir’s mentorship programme will have these special features for aspirants.

    1. Monthly zoom session by Santosh Gupta for doubt clearance and continuous improvement.

    2. 1-1 mentor calls after tests.

    3. Habitat/Whatsapp support from mentors.

    4. Frequent sessions with toppers for support and guidance. 

    If you have any doubts regarding the program, please fill the form for a call back.

    Course Details

    The fees for complete Smash Prelims Program is 20,000+ GST

    Aspirants who don’t want the full program can opt for Smash Prelims-2022: Mini version. This will not have value added notes. Prelims tests + individual mentorship + monthly zoom sessions by Santosh Gupta sir will be available for this plan.

  • [Burning Issue] Nobel Prizes 2021

    UPSC 2022 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

    On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace – the Nobel Prizes. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden’s central bank) established ‘The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences’ in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

    Let us learn more about the Nobel Prize laureates in 2021 here and what is their contribution to society.

    The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021

    The 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded one half jointly to Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann, and the other half to Giorgio Parisi “for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems.”

    • This is the first time climate scientists (Manabe and Hasselmann) have been awarded the Physics Nobel. Last year, the award was given for the research into black holes.
    • Three scientists received the Nobel Prize in Physics for work that is essential to understanding how the Earth’s climate is changing, pinpointing the effect of human behaviour on those changes and ultimately predicting the impact of global warming.

    Who are the laureates?

    • The winners were Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann of Germany, and Giorgio Parisi from Italy.
    • In 2015, at a UK-based climate-focused online publication sought to identify the three most influential climate change research papers ever published.
    • The paper that received the most votes was one by Syukuro Manabe and Richard Wetherald way back in 1967.
    • These reports for the first time, had described the impact of carbon dioxide and water vapour on global warming.

    Citation for their Climate Model

    • Manabe is a senior meteorologist and climatologist at Princeton University.
    • In the 1960s, he led ground-breaking research into how increased levels of carbon dioxide lead to higher temperatures on the surface of the Earth.
    • This laid the foundation for the development of current climate models.
    • Hasselmann is a German physicist and oceanographer who greatly advanced public understanding of climate change through the creation of a model that links climate and chaotic weather systems.
    • Parisi has focused on quantum field theory and complex systems.

    Why it is a significant feat?

    • This is the first-time climate scientists have been awarded the Physics Nobel.
    • The IPCC had won the Peace Nobel in 2007, an acknowledgement of its efforts in creating awareness for the fight against climate change.
    • A Chemistry Nobel was also awarded to Paul Crutzen in 1995, for his work on the ozone layer, is considered the only other time someone from atmospheric sciences has won this honour.
    • The recognition of Manabe and Hasselmann, therefore, is being seen as an acknowledgement of the importance that climate science holds in today’s world.

    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021

    • The 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Benjamin List and David MacMillan for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis.
    • This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener.
    • Last year, the honour went to Frenchwoman Emmanuelle Charpentier and American Jennifer Doudna, for developing the gene-editing technique known as CRISPR-Cas9 – DNA snipping “scissors”.

    What are Catalysts?

    • When two or more compounds react to form new compounds, the process is often aided by other chemicals that do not change themselves but help speed up the reaction.
    • These catalysts have been known at least since the middle of the 19th century, and are used in virtually every chemical process these days.
    • Till around 2000, only two kinds of chemicals were known to act as effective catalysts: metals, mainly heavier metals; and enzymes, naturally occurring heavy molecules that facilitate all life-supporting biochemical processes.
    • Both these sets of catalysts had limitations.

    Issues with conventional catalysts

    • Heavier metals are expensive, difficult to mine, and toxic to humans and the environment.
    • Despite the best processes, traces remained in the end product; this posed problems in situations where compounds of very high purity were required, like in the manufacture of medicines.
    • Also, metals required an environment free of water and oxygen, which was difficult to ensure on an industrial scale.
    • Enzymes on the other hand, work best when water is used as a medium for the chemical reaction.
    • But that is not an environment suitable for all kinds of chemical reactions.

    Nobel invention: Organo-catalysis

    • List and MacMillan, the both, started experimenting with simple organic compounds.
    • Organic compounds are mostly naturally occurring substances, built around a framework of carbon atoms and usually containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus.
    • Life-supporting chemicals like proteins, which are long chains of amino acids (carbon compounds containing nitrogen and oxygen) are organic.
    • Enzymes are also proteins, and therefore, organic compounds.
    • List and MacMillan started working with individual amino acids in enzymes — and struck gold.

    What is asymmetric catalysis?

    • Substances can have exactly the same chemical composition and molecular formula; yet differ widely in their properties. They are known as isomers.
    • One type of isomers are those that differ in the way individual atoms are oriented in three-dimensional space.
    • Two molecules could be exactly the same, except that they are mirror images of each other, like our hands.
    • For simplicity, scientists often refer to these molecules as left-handed or right-handed.
    • This simple difference can sometimes have enormous consequences because it allows the molecules to bind in different locations when they interact with other molecules.
    • The end product in a chemical reaction is usually a mixture of left-handed and right-handed molecules.
    • List and MacMillan discovered that by using a natural compound like an amino acid as a catalyst, they were obtaining only one specific mirror image of the end-product.
    • This was later named asymmetric catalysis.

    Significance of their discovery

    • The new catalysts, derived from naturally occurring chemicals, were greener and cheaper and ensured that the end product of the chemical reaction was of a specific variety.
    • The end product need not go through a purification process to yield the desired type of compound.
    • The discovery being awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021 has taken molecular construction to an entirely new level.
    • Its uses include research into new pharmaceuticals and it has also helped make chemistry greener.

    Nobel Prize for Economic Sciences 2021

    • The 2021 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences has been awarded in one half to Canadian-born David Card and the other half jointly to Israeli-American Joshua D Angrist and Dutch-American Guido W Imbens.
    • David Card has been awarded for his empirical contributions to labor economics. Joshua D Angrist and Guido W Imbens won the award “for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships.”
    • The 2020 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Paul R Milgrom and Robert B Wilson “for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats”.
    • Unlike the other Nobel prizes, the economics award wasn’t established in the will of Alfred Nobel but by the Swedish central bank in his memory in 1968.

    What makes this year’s award special?

    • This is the first time the economic prize has been divided in this fashion with one half going to one awardee and other half divided across two awardees.
    • In the past, prize money was divided equally between the awardees even if the prize was for different topics as is the case this time around.
    • It may appear that the Nobel Prize has been given for two different contributions, but there is a common theme: “natural experiments.”

    What are Natural Experiments?

    • Economists are often interested in causal questions such as the impact of education on incomes, impact of COVID-19 on poverty and so on.
    • They are also interested is understanding the direction of causality.
    • Economists have used two kinds of experiments to study these causality and direction of causality questions: random experiments and natural experiments.

    (I) Random experiments

    • Under randomized experiments, the researchers allocate say medicines to a treatment group and compare the effect of the medicine with the control group which is not given the medicine.
    • In 2019, the Nobel Committee gave awards to three scholars for their contribution to the field of randomized experiments.
    • However, one cannot randomize experiments to study issues such as why certain people and regions are more unequal or have fewer educational opportunities and so on.

    (II) Natural experiments

    • In natural experiments, economists study a policy change or a historical event and try to determine the cause and effect relationship to explain these developments.
    • The trio used such natural experiments to make some landmark contributions to economic development.
    • Natural experiments are more difficult for two reasons. The first is to identify what will serve as a natural experiment.
    • Second, in a random experiment, the researcher knows and controls the treatment and control groups which allows them to study the cause and effect of medicine.
    • But in natural experiments, such clear differentiation is not possible because people choose their groups on their own and even move between the two groups.
    • Despite the limitations, the researchers could use the natural setting to answer some big policy questions.

    Natural experiments conducted by David Card

    • One question of interest for policymakers is to understand the impact of higher minimum wages on employment.
    • Earlier studies showed that increasing minimum wages leads to lower unemployment.
    • Economists were also not sure of the direction of causation between minimum wages and employment.
    • Say a slowdown in the economy leads to higher unemployment amid lower income groups.
    • This could lead to lower income groups demanding higher minimum wages. In such a case, it is higher unemployment which leads higher minimum wages.

    Contribution of Angrist and Imbens

    • Angrist and Imbens showed how natural experiments can be used to identify cause and effect precisely.
    • We have discussed above how natural experiments make it difficult to separate control and treatment groups. This makes it difficult to establish causal relations.
    • In the 1990s, the duo developed a methodology – Local Average Treatment Effect (or LATE) – which uses a two-step process to help grapple with these problems of natural experiments.
    • Say, one is interested in finding the impact of an additional year of schooling on the incomes of people.
    • By using the LATE approach, they showed that effect on income of an additional year of education is around 9%.
    • While it may not be possible to determine individuals in the group, one can estimate the size of the impact.

    What is the importance of the award today?

    • Earlier it was difficult to identify natural experiments and even if one identified them, it was difficult to generate data from these experiments.
    • With increased digitalization and dissemination of archival records, it has not just become easier to identify natural experiments but also get data.
    • Economists have been using natural experiments to help us understand the impact of past policies.
    • As the 2020 pandemic struck, economists used the natural experiments approach extensively to analyze how previous pandemics impacted different regions and tried to draw policy lessons.

    India context

    • The methodology date back to the early and mid-90s and they have already had a tremendous influence on the research undertaken in several developing countries such as India.
    • For instance, in India, too, it is commonly held that higher minimum wages will be counterproductive for workers.
    • It is noteworthy that last year, in the wake of the Covid-induced lockdowns, several states, including UP, had summarily suspended several labour laws.
    • This included the ones regulating minimum wages, arguing that such a move will boost employment.
    • The main learning is that minimum wages can be increased in India without worrying about reducing employment.

    The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021

    • Recently, two United States-based scientists, David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian, have been awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize for Physiology/Medicine for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.
    • Their discoveries have unlocked one of the secrets of nature by explaining the molecular basis for sensing heat, cold and mechanical force, which is fundamental for our ability to feel, interpret and interact with our internal and external environment.
    • They have focused their work on the field of somatosensation, that is the ability of specialized organs such as eyes, ears and skin to see, hear and feel.

    Who are the Laureates?

    • David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian, working independently in the United States, made a series of discoveries in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
    • They figured out the touch detectors in our body and the mechanism through which they communicate with the nervous system to identify and respond to a particular touch.

    What did they discover?

    • They discovered the molecular sensors in the human body that are sensitive to heat, and to mechanical pressure, and make us “feel” hot or cold, or the touch of a sharp object on our skin.
    • In 1997, Dr. Julius and his team published a paper in Nature detailing how capsaicin, or the chemical compound in chili peppers, causes the burning sensation.
    • They created a library of DNA fragments to understand the corresponding genes and finally discovered a new capsaicin receptor and named it TRPV1.
    • This discovery paved the way for the identification of many other temperature-sensing receptors.
    • They identified another new receptor called TRPM8, a receptor that is activated by cold. It is specifically expressed in a subset of pain-and-temperature-sensing neurons.
    • They identified a single gene PIEZO2, which when silenced made the cells insensitive to the poking. They named this new mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1.

    How do they work?

    • The human ability to sense heat or cold and pressure is not very different from the working of the many detectors that we are familiar with.
    • When something hot, or cold, touches the body, the heat receptors enable the passage of some specific chemicals, like calcium ions, through the membrane of nerve cells.
    • It’s like a gate that opens up on a very specific request. The entry of the chemical inside the cell causes a small change in electrical voltage, which is picked up by the nervous system.
    • There is a whole spectrum of receptors that are sensitive to different ranges of temperature.
    • When there is more heat, more channels open up to allow the flow of ions, and the brain is able to perceive higher temperatures.

    Therapeutic implications

    • Breakthroughs in physiology have often resulted in an improvement in the ability to fight diseases and disorders. This one is no different.
    • There are receptors that make us feel pain. If these receptors can suppress, or made less effective, the person had felt less pain.
    • Chronic pain is present is a number of illnesses and disorders. Earlier, the experience of pain was a mystery.
    • But as we understand these receptors more and more, it is possible that we gain the ability to regulate them in such a way that the pain is minimized.

    The Nobel Peace Prize 2021

    GN41861C_EN
    • Recently, the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to journalists Maria Ressa of the Philippines and Dmitry Muratov of Russia for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace.
    • In 2020, the award was given to the World Food Programme (WFP), a United Nations (UN) agency.
    • The Norwegian Nobel Committee is convinced that freedom of expression and freedom of information are crucial prerequisites for democracy and protect against war and conflict.
    • The 2021 peace prize laureates are representative of all journalists who stand up for this ideal in a world in which democracy and freedom of the press face increasingly adverse conditions.

    Maria Ressa:

    • She is an investigative journalist; in 2012 she co-founded Rappler, a digital media platform for investigative journalism, which she continues to head.
    • Rappler has focused critical attention on President Rodrigo Duterte’s regime’s controversial, murderous anti-drug campaign.
    • In the 2021 World Press Freedom Index, the Philippines ranked 138 of 180 nations (India was ranked lower, at 142).
    • She has also authored Seeds of Terror: An Eyewitness Account of Al-Qaeda’s Newest Center, and From Bin Laden to Facebook: 10 Days of Abduction, 10 Years of Terrorism.
    Short biographies of Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov, winners of the Nobel Peace Prize 2021 – AFP / AFP

    Dmitry Muratov:

    • Muratov has for decades defended freedom of speech in Russia under increasingly challenging conditions.
    • Russia has ranked 150 in the 2021 World Freedom Index.
    • He along with around 50 colleagues started Novaya Gazeta (Newspaper) in 1993, as one of its founders. He has served as the newspaper’s editor-in-chief since 1995.
    • Committee to Protect Journalists, a US-based non-profit, had felicitated Muratov as one of its International Press Freedom awardees in 2007.
    • Six of Muratov’s colleagues have been killed since the newspaper started, which has often faced harassment, threats, violence and murder from its opponents.
    • Despite the killings and threats, editor-in-chief Muratov has refused to abandon the newspaper’s independent policy.

    What is the significance?

    • Free, independent and fact-based journalism serves to protect against abuse of power, lies and war propaganda.
    • Without freedom of expression and freedom of the press, it will be difficult to successfully promote fraternity between nations, disarmament and a better world order to succeed in our time.

    World Food Programme

    • The WFP is the food-assistance branch of the United Nations and the world’s largest humanitarian organization focused on hunger and food security.
    • Founded in 1961, it is headquartered in Rome and has offices in 80 countries.
    • In addition to emergency food aid, WFP focuses on relief and rehabilitation, development aid, and special operations, such as making food systems more resilient against climate change and political instability.
    • It is an executive member of the United Nations Development Group, which collectively aims to fulfil the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), and has prioritized achieving SDG 2 for “zero hunger” by 2030.

    UPSC 2022 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

  • 1st November 2021| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1    Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc, geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

    GS-2    Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

    GS-3    Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it.

    GS-4    Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of ethics in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics in private and public relationships

    Questions:

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 Recently, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has declared that La Nina has re-developed. In this context, explain what do you understand by El Nino and La Nina. What are their impacts on India’s climate? (15 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 The structural changes in the region and the breakdown of the old certitudes demand that India reboot its ASEAN engagement. Delhi has its task cut out in explaining its vision of the Indo-Pacific, reassuring the region on Delhi’s membership of the Quad, and intensifying its own bilateral cooperation with the ASEAN states. Comment. (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 Recognising the power of technology to drive inclusion at a massive scale, the state is doubling down on technology to reach more citizens and serve them better. Large segments of Indians still can’t access or haven’t learned to trust digital artefacts. In the context of this, suggest the elements to make the “digital public” a reality. (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 What do you understand by “public” in public service? List out the principles of Public Life as recommended by the Nolan Committee in this context. (10 Marks)

     

    HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?

    1. Daily 4 questions from General studies 1, 2, 3, and 4 will be provided to you.

    2. A Mentor’s Comment will be available for all answers. This can be used as a guidance tool but we encourage you to write original answers.

    3. You can write your answer on an A4 sheet and scan/click pictures of the same.

    4.  Upload the scanned answer in the comment section of the same question.

    5. Along with the scanned answer, please share your Razor payment ID, so that paid members are given priority.

    6. If you upload the answer on the same day like the answer of 11th  October is uploaded on 11th October then your answer will be checked within 72 hours. Also, reviews will be in the order of submission- First come first serve basis

    7. If you are writing answers late, for example, 11th October is uploaded on 13th October, then these answers will be evaluated as per the mentor’s schedule.

    8. We encourage you to write answers on the same day. However, if you are uploading an answer late then tag the mentor like @Staff so that the mentor is notified about your answer.

    *In case your answer is not reviewed, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. 

    For the philosophy of AWE and payment: 

  • Meeting Link Inside, Register & Join|| Topper Talk with Shahansha IPS (AIR 142) || 7 Attempts, Work & Family – His Inspirational Story

    Meeting Link Inside, Register & Join|| Topper Talk with Shahansha IPS (AIR 142) || 7 Attempts, Work & Family – His Inspirational Story

    Team is inviting you to a scheduled Zoom meeting.
    Interact Live with UPSC Topper Shahansha IPS, AIR 142

    Date & Time: Oct 31, 2021 @02:45 PM India
    Join Zoom Meeting: https://zoom.us/j/93335157353?pwd=RXlqYnZ6ckpieXZnUGY0eitITlJ5Zz09

    Meeting ID: 933 3515 7353

    Passcode: 302171

    “When the results were out and I knew I finally made it, I sat down and cherished all the 8 years of preparation. For me, they are the best years of my life, regardless I cleared the exam or not. The civil services exam is worth your time, efforts and sacrifices even if there is a 1% chance of clearing it!”

    So many aspirants in Shahansha’s position would have given up by now. They will not wait until all the attempts got exhausted. They would have already decided UPSC is not for them. But Shahansha is among the 1% who wanted to show up sincerely for every attempt given to him. And that’s why he cleared an exam where the probability of failure is 99%.

    UPSC or Job? Better still, UPSC and Job!

    Shahansha had a demanding job as an Indian Railway Protection Force Officer, he was a son and a husband as well. Yet, he wouldn’t have had it any other way. “If I was preparing for this exam with no job, with no family and friends to support me, then I don’t think I would have been successful.”, he says. According to him, stability in life is essential to deal with the psychological and emotional stress of the exam.

    Don’t miss the chance to interact with him, get answers to all your questions and discover solutions to the issues bothering you! This webinar is free for all aspirants to attend.

    Why Attend this Webinar?

    “You are your own best friend and enemy”, says Shahansha as he believes negativity feeds on more negativity.

    More than IQ, one requires EQ (Emotional Intelligence) to clear this exam. UPSC is looking for just above-average marks in all the subjects. But, it requires officers who don’t have excuses or run away from solving people’s issues. The more mentally adept you are, the more happy UPSC will be to select you. So, work on controlling your emotional impulses early on.

    Shahansha will teach how to inculcate patience, perseverance and study through the stress. For anyone struggling in this area, this webinar is going to be useful.

    What will you Learn from this Webinar?

    1. Despite qualifying for IAS why did Shahansha choose IPS?

    2. Why is it important to unwind when you’re feeling low? Importance of hobbies and friends.

    3. The brighter side of his failures. How did Shahansha improve with every attempt?

    4. Shahansha’s Prelims and Mains Strategy. How did he divide his time into before-work and after-work slots?

    5. Six years of wrong optional versus one year of right optional How did it make the difference for him in Mains?

    6. General Do’s and Don’ts while preparing. What are the mistakes of his previous attempts he avoided?

    All aspirants are encouraged to participate in the Q&A Session by Shahansha. Learn from your doubts, learn from others’ doubts and learn from Shahansha’s answers.

    Webinar Details

    This Ask me Anything session is free for all aspirants to attend but is perfect for anyone looking for a refreshing break from their grueling studies. Only limited slots are available, so register ASAP.

    Date: 31 October, 2021

    Time: 3 P.M.

    About Shahansha

    Son of a shopkeeper father and school teacher mother, Shahansha was a professional athlete, trained by the Sports Authority of India (SAI). He cleared prelims in all his seven attempts and even reached the interview round thrice. He gave multiple government exams and worked as the Assistant Commander in the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and Indian Railway Protection Officer.

  • Register & Join the Live Webinar at 3 PM today  || Interact with UPSC Topper Shahansha IPS (AIR 142) || His Inspirational Story || How to make a comeback despite back to back setbacks?||

    Register & Join the Live Webinar at 3 PM today || Interact with UPSC Topper Shahansha IPS (AIR 142) || His Inspirational Story || How to make a comeback despite back to back setbacks?||

    “When the results were out and I knew I finally made it, I sat down and cherished all the 8 years of preparation. For me, they are the best years of my life, regardless I cleared the exam or not. The civil services exam is worth your time, efforts and sacrifices even if there is a 1% chance of clearing it!”

    So many aspirants in Shahansha’s position would have given up by now. They will not wait until all the attempts got exhausted. They would have already decided UPSC is not for them. But Shahansha is among the 1% who wanted to show up sincerely for every attempt given to him. And that’s why he cleared an exam where the probability of failure is 99%.

    UPSC or Job? Better still, UPSC and Job!

    Shahansha had a demanding job as an Indian Railway Protection Force Officer, he was a son and a husband as well. Yet, he wouldn’t have had it any other way. “If I was preparing for this exam with no job, with no family and friends to support me, then I don’t think I would have been successful.”, he says. According to him, stability in life is essential to deal with the psychological and emotional stress of the exam.

    Don’t miss the chance to interact with him, get answers to all your questions and discover solutions to the issues bothering you! This webinar is free for all aspirants to attend.

    Why Attend this Webinar?

    “You are your own best friend and enemy”, says Shahansha as he believes negativity feeds on more negativity.

    More than IQ, one requires EQ (Emotional Intelligence) to clear this exam. UPSC is looking for just above-average marks in all the subjects. But, it requires officers who don’t have excuses or run away from solving people’s issues. The more mentally adept you are, the more happy UPSC will be to select you. So, work on controlling your emotional impulses early on.

    Shahansha will teach how to inculcate patience, perseverance and study through the stress. For anyone struggling in this area, this webinar is going to be useful.

    What will you Learn from this Webinar?

    1. Despite qualifying for IAS why did Shahansha choose IPS?

    2. Why is it important to unwind when you’re feeling low? Importance of hobbies and friends.

    3. The brighter side of his failures. How did Shahansha improve with every attempt?

    4. Shahansha’s Prelims and Mains Strategy. How did he divide his time into before-work and after-work slots?

    5. Six years of wrong optional versus one year of right optional How did it make the difference for him in Mains?

    6. General Do’s and Don’ts while preparing. What are the mistakes of his previous attempts he avoided?

    All aspirants are encouraged to participate in the Q&A Session by Shahansha. Learn from your doubts, learn from others’ doubts and learn from Shahansha’s answers.

    Webinar Details

    This Ask me Anything session is free for all aspirants to attend but is perfect for anyone looking for a refreshing break from their grueling studies. Only limited slots are available, so register ASAP.

    Date: 31 October, 2021

    Time: 3 P.M.

    About Shahansha

    Son of a shopkeeper father and school teacher mother, Shahansha was a professional athlete, trained by the Sports Authority of India (SAI). He cleared prelims in all his seven attempts and even reached the interview round thrice. He gave multiple government exams and worked as the Assistant Commander in the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and Indian Railway Protection Officer.

  • Interact Live with UPSC Topper Shahansha IPS (AIR 142) || 7 Attempts, Work & Family – His Inspirational Story|| How to make a comeback despite back to back setbacks?|| Register for Free, Limited Slots Available

    Interact Live with UPSC Topper Shahansha IPS (AIR 142) || 7 Attempts, Work & Family – His Inspirational Story|| How to make a comeback despite back to back setbacks?|| Register for Free, Limited Slots Available

    “When the results were out and I knew I finally made it, I sat down and cherished all the 8 years of preparation. For me, they are the best years of my life, regardless I cleared the exam or not. The civil services exam is worth your time, efforts and sacrifices even if there is a 1% chance of clearing it!”

    So many aspirants in Shahansha’s position would have given up by now. They will not wait until all the attempts got exhausted. They would have already decided UPSC is not for them. But Shahansha is among the 1% who wanted to show up sincerely for every attempt given to him. And that’s why he cleared an exam where the probability of failure is 99%.

    UPSC or Job? Better still, UPSC and Job!

    Shahansha had a demanding job as an Indian Railway Protection Force Officer, he was a son and a husband as well. Yet, he wouldn’t have had it any other way. “If I was preparing for this exam with no job, with no family and friends to support me, then I don’t think I would have been successful.”, he says. According to him, stability in life is essential to deal with the psychological and emotional stress of the exam.

    Don’t miss the chance to interact with him, get answers to all your questions and discover solutions to the issues bothering you! This webinar is free for all aspirants to attend.

    Why Attend this Webinar?

    “You are your own best friend and enemy”, says Shahansha as he believes negativity feeds on more negativity.

    More than IQ, one requires EQ (Emotional Intelligence) to clear this exam. UPSC is looking for just above-average marks in all the subjects. But, it requires officers who don’t have excuses or run away from solving people’s issues. The more mentally adept you are, the more happy UPSC will be to select you. So, work on controlling your emotional impulses early on.

    Shahansha will teach how to inculcate patience, perseverance and study through the stress. For anyone struggling in this area, this webinar is going to be useful.

    What will you Learn from this Webinar?

    1. Despite qualifying for IAS why did Shahansha choose IPS?

    2. Why is it important to unwind when you’re feeling low? Importance of hobbies and friends.

    3. The brighter side of his failures. How did Shahansha improve with every attempt?

    4. Shahansha’s Prelims and Mains Strategy. How did he divide his time into before-work and after-work slots?

    5. Six years of wrong optional versus one year of right optional How did it make the difference for him in Mains?

    6. General Do’s and Don’ts while preparing. What are the mistakes of his previous attempts he avoided?

    All aspirants are encouraged to participate in the Q&A Session by Shahansha. Learn from your doubts, learn from others’ doubts and learn from Shahansha’s answers.

    Webinar Details

    This Ask me Anything session is free for all aspirants to attend but is perfect for anyone looking for a refreshing break from their grueling studies. Only limited slots are available, so register ASAP.

    Date: 31 October, 2021

    Time: 3 P.M.

    About Shahansha

    Son of a shopkeeper father and school teacher mother, Shahansha was a professional athlete, trained by the Sports Authority of India (SAI). He cleared prelims in all his seven attempts and even reached the interview round thrice. He gave multiple government exams and worked as the Assistant Commander in the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and Indian Railway Protection Officer.