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Category: Ranker Webinars

Last 30-Days Revision Plan to crack UPSC/UPPCS Prelims 2021 | Free Webinar With Parth Sir
Dear Aspirants

Most people give up just when they’re about to achieve success. And this holds true for Civil Services Aspirants. Most of you are in that last-minute hustle for the upcoming prelims examinations for UPSC Civil Services as well as UPPSC Upper Subordinate Examinations (popularly called UPPCS Exam!). And in this time, getting nervous or losing track of your hard work for the last 12-18 months is quite natural. But do not get bogged down with these examinations. Let’s get on a webinar together, this Sunday, to allay these fears and nervousness and get your preparation back on track.

free session | Limited slots | Register now

What We Will Be Covering In This Webinar?
1. 30 Days Routine for the upcoming UPSC and UPPCS Prelims.
2. How to go with the revision of static subjects for each prelim.
3. How to cover Current Affairs in a limited time in the most efficient manner.
4. The importance of giving mock tests in these last 30 days.
5. How to take up the mock test challenge and get the most out of each test that you are going to give.
6. What are the important topics and themes in static subjects to look after in revision in these 30 days?
Do not miss this opportunity to get in the apt mode of Prelims for UPSC and UPPCS and score above the cut-off. The webinar is absolutely free.

Date: 12/9/2021 (Sunday)

Time: 7.00 P.M.

Limited slots are available. Please register immediately.

Free session | click here to register

About Mentor:

Parth Verma is a senior faculty of Civilsdaily and for the last 3 and half years, he is actively engaged with team CD in all verticals. He has given all 6 UPSC Mains, always clearing Prelims with a score of more than 135+ marks. He has also given 2 UPPCS Interviews and 4 UPPCS Mains and has scored one of the highest marks in UPPCS 2018 Interviews.

free session | Limited Slots | Register Now
September 11, 2021
Important Temples/Monasteries/Stupas/Caves

11th Sept 2021

UPSC 2022 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

1. Important Temples/Monasteries/Stupa/Caves- Click2view

2. Important Historical Sculptures- Click2view

Samanvaya: Free 1-to-1 mentorship for UPSC IAS

Fill up this form to schedule a free on-call discussion with senior mentor from Civilsdaily. Once submitted we will call you within 24 hours.

Civilsdaily Samanvaya 1-On-1 Mentorship Form

Thank you for registering. Sharing with you the link for Habitat, our learning platform. https://habitat.club/channel/general Attend today’s UPSC IAS discussion sessions on Op-ed and News news analysis, answer writing, and more.
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Yes I want Mentorship

September 11, 2021
Last 30-Days Revision Plan to crack UPSC/UPPCS Prelims 2021 | Free Webinar With Parth Sir
Dear Aspirants

Most people give up just when they’re about to achieve success. And this holds true for Civil Services Aspirants. Most of you are in that last-minute hustle for the upcoming prelims examinations for UPSC Civil Services as well as UPPSC Upper Subordinate Examinations (popularly called UPPCS Exam!). And in this time, getting nervous or losing track of your hard work for the last 12-18 months is quite natural. But do not get bogged down with these examinations. Let’s get on a webinar together, this Sunday, to allay these fears and nervousness and get your preparation back on track.

free session | Limited slots | Register now

What We Will Be Covering In This Webinar?
1. 30 Days Routine for the upcoming UPSC and UPPCS Prelims.
2. How to go with the revision of static subjects for each prelim.
3. How to cover Current Affairs in a limited time in the most efficient manner.
4. The importance of giving mock tests in these last 30 days.
5. How to take up the mock test challenge and get the most out of each test that you are going to give.
6. What are the important topics and themes in static subjects to look after in revision in these 30 days?
Do not miss this opportunity to get in the apt mode of Prelims for UPSC and UPPCS and score above the cut-off. The webinar is absolutely free.

Date: 12/9/2021 (Sunday)

Time: 7.00 P.M.

Limited slots are available. Please register immediately.

Free session | click here to register

About Mentor:

Parth Verma is a senior faculty of Civilsdaily and for the last 3 and half years, he is actively engaged with team CD in all verticals. He has given all 6 UPSC Mains, always clearing Prelims with a score of more than 135+ marks. He has also given 2 UPPCS Interviews and 4 UPPCS Mains and has scored one of the highest marks in UPPCS 2018 Interviews.

free session | Limited Slots | Register Now
September 11, 2021
Streak Daily Compilation of Questions & Videos – Sep 10, 2021
Maintaining consistency is one of the biggest issues faced by IAS Aspirants. Streak’s initiative is to help Aspirants in their day-to-day preparation. You can follow the monthly, weekly, and daily timetables and continue this streak until you find yourself on the final list.

Please register for Streak Initiative (free) through this link:- https://www.civilsdaily.com/course/streak-daily-initiative/

You will get following study material:-
1. Questions (PDF).
2. RSTV/Yojana monthly notes (PDF).
3. Burning issue (PDF).
4. Subject specific (PDF).
5. Mentor’s phone call for support & encouragement.
_____________________________________________

UPSC Daily Study Plan For 2021 and 2022 || STREAK – by Ravi Ranjan

CSAT for UPSC Prelims || Free CSAT Sessions by Civilsdaily – by Ravi Ranjan

UPSC PRELIMS-2021 || Current Affairs Based Most Probable Questions on Polity – by Sukanya Rana

Q1) Consider the following statements with respect to Model Panchayat Citizens Charter
1. Panchayats are responsible for delivery of basic services as enshrined under article 243G of the Constitution of India.
2. The Charter would ensure transparent and effective delivery of public services and accountable Local Self Governments.
3. The charter was prepared by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj in collaboration with National Institute of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (NIRDPR).
Which of the statements given above are correct?

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 1 and 3 only

c. 2 and 3 only

d. 1, 2 and 3

Q2) With respect to Election Commissioners, consider the following statements:
1. The Chief Election Commissioner and the Election Commissioners have equal powers and receive equal salary, which are similar to those of a judge of the Supreme Court.
2. In case of difference of opinion amongst the Chief election commissioner and the other election commissioners, the matter is decided by the Commission by majority.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. Both 1 and 2

d. Neither 1 nor 2

Q3) Consider the following statements with respect to PENCIL Portal
1. It is an electronic platform developed for the enforcement of legislative provisions of National Child Labour Policy (NCLP).
2. It works under the control of the Ministry of Labour & Employment.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. Both 1 and 2

d. Neither 1 nor 2

Q4) Consider the following statements with respective to Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA)
1. Under UAPA, the period of probe and detention of the accused can be extended up to 180 days.
2. Investigation of cases under UAPA, may be conducted by officers of the rank of Deputy Superintendent or Assistant Commissioner of Police or above.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. Both 1 and 2

d. Neither 1 nor 2

Q5) Consider the following statements with respective to Inland Vessels Bill, 2021
1. It will approve separate rules framed by the States for registration of inland vessels.
2. It will provide for a central database for recording the details of vessel, vessel registration, crew on an electronic portal.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are incorrect?

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. Both 1 and 2

d. Neither 1 nor 2

UPSC PRELIMS-2021 || Most Probable Questions on Environment and Ecology – by Santosh Gupta

Q1) Consider the following statements regarding Project MIKE (Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants) :
1. It has been established by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
2. It is a site-based system designed to monitor trends in the illegal killing of elephants to help range States make appropriate management and enforcement decisions.
3. The largest number of MIKE-sites are in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a. 1 and 2

b. 2 and 3

c. 1 and 3

d. all of them

Q2) Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Biosphere Reserves (BRs)?
1. BRs are admitted into the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme by the United Nations Environment Programme.
2. BRs under MAB programme remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the State where they are situated.
3. There are 28 Biosphere reserves in India under MAB programme.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 2 only

c. 1 and 3 only

d. All of them

Q3) Consider the following statements with respect to SAVE programme:
1. The objective of the programme is to save Asian vultures from extinction.
2. It is an initiative of International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. 1 and 2 only

d. None of them

Q4) Consider the following statements regarding Global Footprint Network:
1. It was established by the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002.
2. It is responsible for hosting and calculating Earth Overshoot Day.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. Both 1 and 2

d. None of them

Q5) Consider the following statements regarding ‘Biosafety Clearing House’:
1. It has been established to facilitate the exchange of information on Living Modified Organisms to protect biological diversity.
2. It is a mechanism set up by the Nagoya Protocol.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. Both 1 and 2

d. None of them

Daily Dose: Complete Snapshots of Everyday News – by Shweta Mishra
September 10, 2021
Last 30-Days Revision Plan to crack UPSC/UPPCS Prelims 2021 | Free Webinar With Parth Sir
Dear Aspirants

Most people give up just when they’re about to achieve success. And this holds true for Civil Services Aspirants. Most of you are in that last-minute hustle for the upcoming prelims examinations for UPSC Civil Services as well as UPPSC Upper Subordinate Examinations (popularly called UPPCS Exam!). And in this time, getting nervous or losing track of your hard work for the last 12-18 months is quite natural. But do not get bogged down with these examinations. Let’s get on a webinar together, this Sunday, to allay these fears and nervousness and get your preparation back on track.

free session | Limited slots | Register now

What We Will Be Covering In This Webinar?
1. 30 Days Routine for the upcoming UPSC and UPPCS Prelims.
2. How to go with the revision of static subjects for each prelim.
3. How to cover Current Affairs in a limited time in the most efficient manner.
4. The importance of giving mock tests in these last 30 days.
5. How to take up the mock test challenge and get the most out of each test that you are going to give.
6. What are the important topics and themes in static subjects to look after in revision in these 30 days?
Do not miss this opportunity to get in the apt mode of Prelims for UPSC and UPPCS and score above the cut-off. The webinar is absolutely free.

Date: 12/9/2021 (Sunday)

Time: 7.00 P.M.

Limited slots are available. Please register immediately.

Free session | click here to register

About Mentor:

Parth Verma is a senior faculty of Civilsdaily and for the last 3 and half years, he is actively engaged with team CD in all verticals. He has given all 6 UPSC Mains, always clearing Prelims with a score of more than 135+ marks. He has also given 2 UPPCS Interviews and 4 UPPCS Mains and has scored one of the highest marks in UPPCS 2018 Interviews.

free session | Limited Slots | Register Now
September 10, 2021
Places Associated with Buddha’s Life and Buddhism

10th Sept 2021

UPSC 2022 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

Astamahasthanas are eight great holy places associated with the life of Buddha. These include four pilgrimage sites related to the life of Gautama Buddha viz. Lumbini, Bodhgaya, Sarnath and Kushinagara and four other sites viz. Sravasti, Sankasya, Rajgir and Vaishali.

Lumbini

Lumbini is currently located in the Kapilavastu district of Nepal. It is the birthplace of Buddha. At the time of the birth of Buddha, Lumbini was a part of Shakya Janapada, which was a republic.

Bodhgaya

It is located in Bihar on the bank of river Neranjana {this river was known as Uruwela at that time}. It is known as a place of enlightenment of Buddha.

Sarnath

Sarnath {also known as Mrigadava, Migadaya, Rishipattana, Isipatana} is the deer park where Gautama Buddha delivered his first sermon or Dhammachakraparivartan Sutra. At the time of Buddha, it was a part of Kashi Janapada.

Kushinagar

Kushinara or Kushinagara is located in the Kushinagar district of Uttar Pradesh. It is the site of Buddha’s death and mahaparinirvana. At the time of Buddha’s death, it was the capital of Malla janapada.

Sravasti

Sravasti was located in Uttar Pradesh around the area of Balrampur in modern Uttar Pradesh. It is closely associated with the life of Buddha because Buddha had spent 24 Chaturmasas {implies 24 years because one year as only one Chaturmasa between Ashadha to Kartika}. Thus, we can say that most of the monastic life of Buddha was spent in Shravasti. In Buddha’s times, Shravasti was the capital of Kosala Kingdom. Shravasti is also the birthplace of Jaina Tirthankar Sambhavanath, and thus is important for Jains also.

Sankasya

Its current location is the Farrukhabad district of Uttar Pradesh. It has some faiths of Buddhism that Buddha after his death descended from heaven here.

Rajgir

Rajgir was the early capital of Magadh Janapada, which was ruled by Bimbisara during Buddha’s time. After the great departure (Mahabhinishkramana), Buddha had first gone to Rajgir. He started begging alms over there and living a life of an ascetic. King Bimbisara had offered Buddha his throne which he turned down.

Vaishali

At the time of Buddha, Vaishali was in Vajji Janapada. After leaving Kapilavastu for renunciation, he came to Vaishali first and had his spiritual training from Allara and Udaka.

Other places of importance in Buddhism

Amaravati

Amaravati in Andhrapradesh’s Guntur district is also known as Dhanyakataka or Dharanikota and was the site of a great Buddhist Stupa built in pre-Mauryan times, ruled by Satavahana kings.

Nagarjunkonda

Nagarjunkonda is near Nagarjun Sagar in Andhra Pradesh. Once, it was home to more than 30 Buddhist Viharas (Buddhist universities and monasteries), attracting students from as far as China, Gandhara, Bengal, and Sri Lanka. Nagarjunkonda was one the largest and most important Buddhist centers in South India from the second century BC until the third century AD. It was named after Nagarjuna, a renowned Buddhist scholar, and philosopher, who had migrated here from Amaravati to propagate and spread the Buddha’s message of universal peach and brotherhood. Remains were discovered in 1926 by archaeologist AR Saraswati 1926.

Ajanta Caves

Ajanta Caves are 31 rock-cut caves from the 2nd to 8th century AD, located in Aurangabad. The first caves called Chaityas were created during Satavahana Dynasty. Cave No. 1 has the painting of Padmapani and Vajrapani. Painted narratives of the Jataka tales are depicted on the walls.

Angkor Wat

Angkor Wat is located in Cambodia. The temple complex was built by Suryavarman II and it was first devoted to Vishnu and later to Buddhists.

Bodh Gaya

Bodh Gaya was known as Bodhimanda, Uruvela, Sambodhi, Vajrasana, and Mahabodhi till the 18th century when Bodh Gaya’s name became popular. It has the Mahabodhi temple and Bodhi tree. It became Unesco’s world heritage site in 2002.

Bodhi Tree

It’s a Pipal Tree (Ficus Religiosa) and is known as Bo in Sri Lanka. Located in Bodh Gaya. Under this tree Gautama attained enlightenment. The current tree is a descendent of the original tree. There are other Bodhi trees as well viz. Anandabodhi tree in Sravasti and the Bodhi tree (Bo) or also known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi planted in 288 BC in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka and both of them have been propagated from the original tree. It is also known as the oldest living Human Planted tree in the world with known planting date.

Borobudur

Borobudur is located in Indonesia and comprises six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. It’s a world Heritage site. There are 3 Buddhist temples which are known as Borobudur Temple Compounds.

Bamyan Caves

They are located in Afghanistan and have statues represented the classic blended style of Gandhara art of the 6th century, They were the largest examples of standing Buddha carvings in the world before they were blown by dynamite by the Taliban in 2001.

Ellora Caves

Ellora Caves represent Buddhist, Jain, and Hindu Rock-cut temples built by Rastrakuta Kings. The earliest Buddhist cave is Cave 6; most caves of Buddhism are Viharas. Cave number 10 is a Chaitya hall also known as Chandrashala or Vishwakarma Cave and also known as carpenter’s cave. At the heart of this cave is a 15 ft statue of Buddha seated in a preaching pose.

Pushpagiri University

Lalitgiri, Ratnagiri, and Udayagiri are part of the Puspagiri University which flourished till the 11th century in Odisha. They lie atop the Langudi hills in Jajpur and Cuttak of Orissa.

Vikramshila, Odantapuri and Somapapuri

Vikramshila. Odantapuri & Somapapuri were the Buddhist Viharas founded by Palas.

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September 10, 2021
Last 30-Days Revision Plan to crack UPSC/UPPCS Prelims 2021 | Free Webinar With Parth Sir
Dear Aspirants

Most people give up just when they’re about to achieve success. And this holds true for Civil Services Aspirants. Most of you are in that last-minute hustle for the upcoming prelims examinations for UPSC Civil Services as well as UPPSC Upper Subordinate Examinations (popularly called UPPCS Exam!). And in this time, getting nervous or losing track of your hard work for the last 12-18 months is quite natural. But do not get bogged down with these examinations. Let’s get on a webinar together, this Sunday, to allay these fears and nervousness and get your preparation back on track.

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What We Will Be Covering In This Webinar?
1. 30 Days Routine for the upcoming UPSC and UPPCS Prelims.
2. How to go with the revision of static subjects for each prelim.
3. How to cover Current Affairs in a limited time in the most efficient manner.
4. The importance of giving mock tests in these last 30 days.
5. How to take up the mock test challenge and get the most out of each test that you are going to give.
6. What are the important topics and themes in static subjects to look after in revision in these 30 days?
Do not miss this opportunity to get in the apt mode of Prelims for UPSC and UPPCS and score above the cut-off. The webinar is absolutely free.

Date: 12/9/2021 (Sunday)

Time: 7.00 P.M.

Limited slots are available. Please register immediately.

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About Mentor:

Parth Verma is a senior faculty of Civilsdaily and for the last 3 and half years, he is actively engaged with team CD in all verticals. He has given all 6 UPSC Mains, always clearing Prelims with a score of more than 135+ marks. He has also given 2 UPPCS Interviews and 4 UPPCS Mains and has scored one of the highest marks in UPPCS 2018 Interviews.

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September 10, 2021
Streak Daily Compilation of Questions & Videos – Sep 9, 2021
Maintaining consistency is one of the biggest issues faced by IAS Aspirants. Streak’s initiative is to help Aspirants in their day-to-day preparation. You can follow the monthly, weekly, and daily timetables and continue this streak until you find yourself on the final list.

Please register for Streak Initiative (free) through this link:- https://www.civilsdaily.com/course/streak-daily-initiative/

You will get following study material:-
1. Questions (PDF).
2. RSTV/Yojana monthly notes (PDF).
3. Burning issue (PDF).
4. Subject specific (PDF).
5. Mentor’s phone call for support & encouragement.
_____________________________________________

UPSC PRELIMS-2021 || Current Affairs Based Most Probable Questions on Polity – by Sukanya Rana

Q1) Consider the following statements with respect to Consolidated Sinking Fund?

1. The fund should be maintained outside the consolidated fund of the States and the public account.

2. It should not be used for any other purpose, except for redemption of loans.

3. It is administered by the Department of economic affairs and respective State treasuries.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a. 1 only

b. 1 & 2 only

c. 1 & 3 only

d. 2 & 3 only

Q2) Consider the following statements with respect to Appointment of Chief Minister

1. The Constitution does not require that a person must prove his majority in the legislative assembly before he is appointed as the Chief Minister.

2. The term of the Chief Minister is not fixed and he holds office during the pleasure of the governor.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. Both 1 and 2

d. Neither 1 nor 2

Q3) Identify from the following the languages that were initially included in the Constitution.

1. Gujarati

2. Kashmiri

3. Konkani

4. Malayalam

5. Manipuri

6. Marathi

The correct option is:

a. 1, 3, 4 and 5 only

b. 1, 2, 4 and 6 only

c. 2, 3, 5 and 6 only

d. All

Q4) Consider the following statements with respective to Article 311

1. It puts certain restrictions on the absolute power of the President or Governor for dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of an officer.

2. The protective safeguards given under Article 311 are applicable to both civil servants and defence personnel.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. Both 1 and 2

d. Neither 1 nor 2

Q5) Consider the following statements with respective to Creation of New District

1. The power to create new districts or alter or abolish existing districts rests only with the State governments.

2. A state can create a district only by passing a law in the state assembly.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are incorrect?

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. Both 1 and 2

d. Neither 1 nor 2

Daily Dose: Complete Snapshots of Everyday News – by Shweta Mishra
September 9, 2021
Concepts of Cyclones and Tides
09th Sept 2021

UPSC 2022 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

Cyclones
- Cyclones are rapid inward air circulation around a low-pressure area. The air circulates in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere.
- Cyclones are usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.
- The word Cyclone is derived from the Greek word Cyclos meaning the coils of a snake. It was coined by Henry Peddington because the tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea appear like coiled serpents of the sea.
Types of Cyclone

There are various types of cyclones depending on the type of prevailing low-pressure system.
1. Tropical cyclone
2. Extra-tropical cyclone
3. Tornadoes
How are Cyclones addressed in Different Locations?

Cyclones are addressed by different names in different locations.
1. Hurricanes – In the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific.
2. Typhoons – In Southeast Asia
3. Cyclone – In the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific around Australia.
What are tropical Cyclones?
- A Tropical cyclone is an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain.
- Cyclones are formed over slightly warm ocean waters. The temperature of the top layer of the sea, up to a depth of about 60 meters, need to be at least 28°C to support the formation of a cyclone.
- This explains why the April-May and October-December periods are conducive for cyclones.
- Then, the low level of air above the waters needs to have an ‘anticlockwise’ rotation (in the northern hemisphere; clockwise in the southern hemisphere).
- During these periods, there is an ITCZ in the Bay of Bengal whose southern boundary experiences winds from west to east, while the northern boundary has winds flowing east to west.
- Once formed, cyclones in this area usually move northwest. As it travels over the sea, the cyclone gathers more moist air from the warm sea which adds to its heft.
Formation of a Cyclone

(The above figure shows how cyclones form. The green arrows show where warm air is rising. The red arrows indicate where cool air is sinking)

Requirements for a Cyclone to form

There are six main requirements for tropical cyclogenesis:
- Sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures.
- Atmospheric instability.
- High humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere.
- Enough Coriolis force to develop a low-pressure center.
- A preexisting low-level focus or disturbance.
- Low vertical wind shear.
Origin
- The formation and initial development of a cyclonic storm depends upon the transfer of water vapour and heat from the warm ocean to the overlying air, primarily by evaporation from the sea surface.
- It encourages formation of massive vertical cumulus clouds due to convection with condensation of rising air above the ocean surface.
- Under favorable conditions, multiple thunderstorms originate over the oceans. These thunderstorms merge and create an intense low pressure system (wind is warm and lighter).
Early Stage
- In the thunderstorm, air is uplifted as it is warm and light. At certain height, due to lapse rate and adiabatic lapse rate, the temperature of air falls and moisture in the air undergoes condensation.
- Condensation releases latent heat of condensation making the air more warmer. It becomes much lighter and is further uplifted.
- The space is filled by fresh moisture laden air. Condensation occurs in this air and the cycle is repeated as long as the moisture is supplied.
- Due to excess moisture over oceans, the thunderstorm intensifies and sucks in air at much faster rate. The air from surroundings rushes in and undergoes deflection due to Coriolis force creating a cyclonic vortex (spiraling air column. Similar to tornado).
- Due to centripetal acceleration (centripetal force pulling towards the center is countered by an opposing force called centrifugal force), the air in the vortex is forced to form a region of calmness called an eye at the center of the cyclone. The inner surface of the vortex forms the eye wall, the most violent region of the cyclone.
- All the wind that is carried upwards loses its moisture and becomes cold and dense. It descends to the surface through the cylindrical eye region and at the edges of the cyclone.
- Continuous supply of moisture from the sea is the major driving force behind every cyclone. On reaching the land the moisture supply is cut off and the storm dissipates.
- If ocean can supply more moisture, the storm will reach a mature stage.
Mature Stage
- At this stage, the spiraling winds create multiple convective cells with successive calm and violent regions.
- The regions with cumulonimbus cloud (rising limbs of convective cell) formation are called rain bands below which intense rainfall occurs.
- The ascending air will lose moisture at some point and descends (subsides) back to surface through the calm regions (descending limbs of convection cell – subsiding air) that exist between two rain bands.
- Cloud formation is dense at the center. The cloud size decreases from center to periphery.
- Rain bands are mostly made up of cumulonimbus clouds. The ones at the periphery are made up of nimbostratus and cumulus clouds.
- The dense overcast at the upper levels of troposphere is due to cirrus clouds which are mostly made up of hexagonal ice crystals.
- The dry air flowing along the central dense overcast descends at the periphery and the eye region.
Structure of a tropical cyclone

Eye
- The “eye” is a roughly circular area of comparatively light winds and fair weather found at the center of a severe tropical cyclone.
- There is little or no precipitation and sometimes blue sky or stars can be seen.
- The eye is the region of lowest surface pressure and warmest temperatures aloft (in the upper levels) – the eye temperature may be 10°C warmer or more at an altitude of 12 km than the surrounding environment, but only 0-2°C warmer at the surface in the tropical cyclone.
- Eyes range in size from 8 km to over 200 km across, but most are approximately 30-60 km in diameter.
Eye wall
- The eye is surrounded by the “eye wall”, the roughly circular ring of deep convection, which is the area of highest surface winds in the tropical cyclone. Eye Wall region also sees the maximum sustained winds i.e. fastest winds in a cyclone occur along the eye wall region.
- The eye is composed of air that is slowly sinking and the eye wall has a net upward flow as a result of many moderate – occasionally strong – updrafts and downdrafts [Explained in ‘Thunderstorms’].
- The eye’s warm temperatures are due to compressional warming (adiabatic) of the subsiding air.
- Most soundings taken within the eye show a low-level layer, which is relatively moist, with an inversion above – suggesting that the sinking in the eye typically does not reach the ocean surface, but instead only gets to around 1-3 km of the surface.
Spiral bands
- Another feature of tropical cyclones that probably plays a role in forming and maintaining the eye is the eye wall convection.
- Convection in tropical cyclones is organized into long, narrow rain bands which are oriented in the same direction as the horizontal wind.
- Because these bands seem to spiral into the center of a tropical cyclone, they are called “spiral bands”.
- Along these bands, low-level convergence is a maximum, and therefore, upper-level divergence is most pronounced above.
- A direct circulation develops in which warm, moist air converges at the surface, ascends through these bands, diverges aloft, and descends on both sides of the bands.
- Subsidence is distributed over a wide area on the outside of the rain band but is concentrated in the small inside area.
- As the air subsides, adiabatic warming takes place, and the air dries.
- Because subsidence is concentrated on the inside of the band, the adiabatic warming is stronger inward from the band causing a sharp contrast in pressure falls across the band since warm air is lighter than cold air.
- Because of the pressure falls on the inside, the tangential winds around the tropical cyclone increase due to increased pressure gradient. Eventually, the band moves toward the center and encircles it and the eye and eye wall form.
- Thus, the cloud-free eye may be due to a combination of dynamically forced centrifuging of mass out of the eye into the eye wall and to a forced descent caused by the moist convection of the eye wall.
Vertical Structure of a Tropical Cyclone

There are three divisions in the vertical structure of tropical cyclones.
- The lowest layer, extending up to 3 km and known as the inflow layer, is responsible for driving the storm.
- The middle layer, extending from 3 km to 7 km, is where the main cyclonic storm takes place.
- The outflow layer lies above 7 km. The maximum outflow is found at 12 km and above. The movement of air is anticyclonic in nature.
Categories of Tropical Cyclones

Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones

The main features of tropical cyclones are as follows.

Size and Shape
- Tropical cyclones have symmetrical elliptical shapes (2:3 ratio of length and breadth) with steep pressure gradients. They have a compact size—80 km near center, which may develop up to 300 km to 1500 km.
Wind Velocity and Strength
- Wind velocity, in a tropical cyclone, is more in poleward margins than at center and is more over oceans than over landmasses, which are scattered with physical barriers. The wind velocity may range from nil to 1200 km per hour.
Path of Tropical Cyclones
- These cyclones start with a westward movement, but turn northwards around 20° latitude. They turn further north-eastwards around 25° latitude, and then eastwards around 30° latitude. They then lose energy and subside.
- Tropical cyclones follow a parabolic path, their axis being parallel to the isobars.
- Coriolis force or earth’s rotation, easterly and westerly winds influence the path of a tropical cyclone.
- Tropical cyclones die at 30° latitude because of cool ocean waters and increasing wind shear due to westerlies.
Tides
- The periodical rise and fall of the sea level, once or twice a day, mainly due to the attraction of the sun and the moon, is called a tide.
- Movement of water caused by meteorological effects (winds and atmospheric pressure changes) are called surges (storm surge during cyclones).
- The study of tides is very complex, spatially and temporally, as it has great variations in frequency, magnitude and height.
- The moon’s gravitational pull to a great extent and to a lesser extent the sun’s gravitational pull, are the major causes for the occurrence of tides.
- Another factor is centrifugal force which acts opposite to gravitational pull of earth.
- Tides occur due to a balance between all these forces.
Factors Controlling the Nature and Magnitude of Tides
- The movement of the moon in relation to the earth.
- Changes in position of the sun and moon in relation to the earth.
- Uneven distribution of water over the globe.
- Irregularities in the configuration of the oceans.
- On the surface of the earth, the horizontal tide generating forces are more important than the vertical forces in generating the tidal bulges.
- The tidal bulges on wide continental shelves, have greater height. When tidal bulges hit the mid-oceanic islands they become low.
- The shape of bays and estuaries along a coastline can also magnify the intensity of tides.
- Funnel-shaped bays greatly change tidal magnitudes. When the tide is channeled between islands or into bays and estuaries they are called tidal currents (tidal bore is one such tidal current).
Types of Tides
- Tides vary in their frequency, direction and movement from place to place and also from time to time.
- Tides may be grouped into various types based on their frequency of occurrence in one day or 24 hours or based on their height.
Tides based on Frequency

Semi-diurnal tide
- The most common tidal pattern, featuring two high tides and two low tides each day [Actually it varies between 3 tides to 4 tides –– 3 tides in rare cases but 4 is normal]. The successive high or low tides are approximately of the same height.
Although tides occur twice a day, their interval is not exactly 12 hours. Instead, they occur at regular intervals of 12 hours and 25 minutes.
- This is because the moon revolves around the earth from west to east, and each day it moves a bit to the east if observed from the same place on earth at the same time on two consecutive days.
- This time lag explains the tide interval of 12 hours and- 25 minutes, as tides occur twice a day.
- A place in England—Southampton—experiences tides 6-8 times a day [2 high tides from North Sea + 2 high tides from English Channel + 2 neap tides from North Sea + 2 neap tides from English Channel]. This happens because the North Sea and the English Channel push the water at different intervals.
Diurnal tide
- There is only one high tide and one low tide during each day. The successive high and low tides are approximately of the same height.
Mixed tide
- Tides having variations in height are known as mixed tides. These tides generally occur along the west coast of North America and on many islands of the Pacific Ocean.
Tides based on the Sun, Moon and the Earth Positions
- The height of rising water (high tide) varies appreciably depending upon the position of sun and moon with respect to the earth. Spring tides and neap tides come under this category.
Spring tides
- The position of both the sun and the moon in relation to the earth has direct bearing on tide height.
- When the sun, the moon and the earth are in a straight line, the height of the tide will be higher.
- These are called spring tides and they occur twice a month, one on full moon period and another during new moon period.
Neap tides
- Normally, there is a seven day interval between the spring tides and neap tides.
- At this time the sun and moon are at right angles to each other and the forces of the sun and moon tend to counteract one another.
- The Moon’s attraction, though more than twice as strong as the sun’s, is diminished by the counteracting force of the sun’s gravitational pull.
- Like spring tides, these tides also occur twice a month.
The magnitude of tides based on Perigee and apogee of moon
- Once in a month, when the moon’s orbit is closest to the earth (perigee), unusually high and low tides occur. During this time the tidal range is greater than normal.
- Two weeks later, when the moon is farthest from earth (apogee), the moon’s gravitational force is limited and the tidal ranges are less than their average heights.
The magnitude of tides based on Perigee and Apogee of earth
- When the earth is closest to the sun (perihelion), around 3rd January each year, tidal ranges are also much greater, with unusually high and unusually low tides.
- When the earth is farthest from the sun (aphelion), around 4th July each year, tidal ranges are much less than average.
Ebb and Flood
- The time between the high tide and low tide, when the water level is falling, is called the ebb.
- The time between the low tide and high tide, when the tide is rising, is called the flow or flood.
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KNOWLEDGE EUPHORIA – ACHIEVE 2X SYLLABUS COMPLETION RATE
From Articles of Constitution to National parks

From listing mountain ranges to Mauryan administration

From Artificial intelligence to Repo rate……There is so much variety in UPSC CSE Syllabus.

Learning so many new subjects and new topics, one can feel the influx of knowledge in the preparation mode. This newfound knowledge generates a sense of euphoria in many aspirants. To keep feeding this euphoria, many aspirants make the mistake of reading more and more material, be it the current or static part. Sadly, unchecked knowledge euphoria can hijack your preparation.

IS SYLLABUS COMPLETION A SERIOUS ISSUE YOU ARE FACING IN YOUR PREPARATION? IS IT SO THAT WHILE ATTEMPTING MOCK TESTS, YOU VAGUELY RECALL THE TOPICS? OR LOOKING AT SO MANY BOOKS MAKE YOU LOSE INTEREST IN THE PREPARATION?

If yes, then something has to change in your strategy. In fact, you are not alone facing this challenge. Check out the video given below of our student discussing the same problem and how it affected his performance in the last 5 attempts.

Giving prelims without even completing the whole syllabus once is like killing your own golden duck. In our interaction with our Mentors and their mentees, we identified few common mistakes when it comes to incomplete syllabus attempts:
- Habit of collecting and reading too many books, Photostatted material and online content
- Reading every book from cover to cover with giving equal importance to every topic
- Mismanagement of current affairs and static part
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Obviously, solutions to these problems differ from student to student. BUT ONE MANTRA THAT ALL OUR MENTORS SWEAR BY IS INSTEAD OF HARD WORK, DO SMART WORK. SO, WHAT DOES SMART WORK MEAN?

WHAT NOT TO READ: Common impression about UPSC CSE preparation is that you have to know everything under the sun. But there is a catch here! Try to learn everything under the sun from a Generalist than a specialist point of view. This can be done if you know “WHAT NOT TO READ?”. Let our mentors look at the material you are reading and chuck out the unnecessary clutter.

MARK BOUNDARIES: This is all about making sure that every subject has 1-2 reference material, which you will focus on. Marking boundaries is also important in the case of current affairs. Usually, students end up using 4-5 hours of their time just for daily current affairs. This for sure is not Smart study!

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REVISION: Yes! we all know that revision is important. But do you know you have to divide your revision into 3 groups: Short term, medium-term and long-term revision. Revision should not be a bi-annual exercise. Syllabus completion and revision have to be done side by side. So, getting this balance in your preparation is where we as a mentor come in.

COVER TO COVER: Don’t read your books like novels. You have to constantly tell yourself that ‘BE EXAM ORIENTED’. In each subject, you should have a rough idea about ‘UPSC FAVORITES’. Finish them first!

MONITORING: A neutral third-person monitoring can be a great addition to your preparation. Constant check on what you are reading, what good material not to miss, and focusing on high importance areas is the priority in our mentorship program.

Mentorship is subjective but we are trying to add a bit of science to it with years of data collection on performances, feedback, and interviews with our students. Fill up the form below and let us know what issue you are facing? Surely we will resolve it together!

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September 9, 2021