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“Where do the evils like corruption arise from? It comes from the never-ending greed. The fight for corruption-free ethical society will have to be fought against this greed and replace it with ‘what can I give’ spirit.”

—Dr APJ Abdul Kalam

Introduction

• Ethics is a set of standards that helps guide behavior, choices and actions of individuals. It is multidimensional as it is governed by the value system of the society including the concept of rights, obligations, fairness, virtues, etc.
• Ethics and probity form the cornerstone of the public administration system.
• In today’s world, when the governments are playing an active role in the socioeconomic development of the country, the role of the government functionaries becomes more challenging as they are both the facilitators and enforcers of the law and rules.
• Responsibility and accountability are integral to ethics. The character of laws and rules through which accountability is enforced is based on the moral ideas of society.

What are Ethics?

• The word ‘ethics’ is from the original Greek term ‘ethikos’, meaning ‘arising from habit’.
• Undoubtedly, culture, values, character, the sense of right and wrong are quintessential determinants of ethics.
• Ethics in public is not limited to the expression of high moral values alone.
• It also refers to the framework for holding the public functionaries legally accountable for their acts of omission and commission.

The conception of Ethics in India

The Committee on Prevention of Corruption (1964) also known as ‘Santhanam Committee had observed:

• The public confidence and respect which the functionaries enjoy is largely the result of collective efforts.
• Adherence to key principles of Integrity, Honesty, and Objectivity promotes trust and confidence among the stakeholders and enhances credibility.
• The conduct of Government functionaries should be beyond reproach in all circumstances.
• Any deficiency in their professional or personal conduct places their personal integrity and quality of work in unfavorable light and raises doubts about their actions.

Ethics in Governance

Ethics is concerned with human character and conduct. It condemns all types of falsehood. The Second Administrative Reforms Commission in its Second Report on Ethics suggested the principles for ethics in the governance and stated that:

• Values serve as guiding stars showing the path to all the members of the society and everyone is expected to respect and follow them. As they are not codified and are subject to interpretation, situations of conflict do arise.

Any framework of ethical behaviour must include the following elements:

1. Codifying ethical norms and practices
2. Disclosing personal interest to avoid conflict between public interest and personal gain
3. Creating a mechanism for enforcing the relevant codes
4. Providing norms for qualifying and disqualifying a public functionary from office

Civilizational traits: At the same time, a sense of right and wrong is deeply ingrained in culture and civilization. The ethos of the society is designed by the behavior patterns of its citizens building an environment of trust and confidence.

Integrity: It has to be seen as a holistic concept covering various aspects of conduct and not limited to financial honesty. Public office should be treated as a trust which imposes a lot of responsibility on the holders of the office and makes them accountable to society.

Righteousness: The power of righteousness and the capability to uphold the truth have to come from within. Honesty can’t simply be a mandate emanating out of a government order.

Public interest: Integrity requires the public functionaries to exercise due Diligence while discharging their duties responsibly, make decisions with the public interest in mind and be honest in carrying out their work and handling government resources.

Code of Conduct

• The Code of Conduct for the Civil Servants has evolved over time.
• A compendium of instructions containing ‘dos and don’ts’ for Civil Servants was issued in the 1930s and collectively called ‘Conduct Rules’.
• In pursuance of the recommendations of the Santhanam Committee, the Conduct rules were revised and enlarged resulting in CCS Conduct Rules 1964 being followed today.
• These rules are a dynamic set of instructions for the Government servants as based on the introduction of new dimensions in the legal framework.
• The Conduct Rules prescribe some general behavioral norms like ‘maintaining the integrity and absolute devotion to duty’ and not indulging in ‘conduct unbecoming of a government servant’.

Framework

Probity in governance is absolutely essential for an efficient and effective system of governance. Ethics and probity cannot be seen in isolation. Both are intertwined and have to be seen as complementary to each other. The Consultation Paper on ‘Probity in Governance’ issued in 2001 by the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution highlighted many legislative and institutional issues including:

• Need for enforcing section 5 of the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act,
• The necessity for a law providing for the confiscation of illegally acquired assets of public servants,
• Enactment of a Public Interest Disclosure Act,
• Enactment of a Freedom of information Act,
• The necessity for enacting a Lok Pal Bill in addition to
• The Central Vigilance Commission Act and
• Strengthening of the Criminal Judicial System.

Probity in governance is expected to ensure accountability, transparency, and integrity in public life. In India, we have an extensive legislative and institutional framework to address the issues relating to probity as detailed below:

Apart from the existing framework accountability and transparency can be enhanced by-

• Minimizing the discretions in various functions.
• More extensive use of Information technology in all fields of governance.
• Making Citizens’ charter more elaborate with clear time lines for delivery of services and related activities as well as identifying the officer responsible for that delivery; further a monthly report on compliance to Citizens’ charter can be placed on the website of the organization.

Conclusion

The Government functionaries are part of the society and to that extent are influenced by societal norms. At the same time being part of the governance structure, they have to be more responsible and seen to be above board all the time. There is a strong legal and institutional framework for ensuring probity. It needs to be strengthened and made more effective by nudging people to follow the laws of the land and making punishments for the delinquents very severe.

Maintaining consistency is one of the biggest issues faced by IAS Aspirants. Streak’s initiative is to help Aspirants in their day-to-day preparation. You can follow the monthly, weekly, and daily timetables and continue this streak until you find yourself on the final list.

Please register for Streak Initiative (free) through this link:- https://www.civilsdaily.com/course/streak-daily-initiative/

You will get following study material:-

1. Questions (PDF).
2. RSTV/Yojana monthly notes (PDF).
3. Burning issue (PDF).
4. Subject specific (PDF).
5. Mentor’s phone call for support & encouragement.

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UPSC PRELIMS-2021 || Current Affairs Based Most Probable Questions on Polity – by Sukanya Rana

Q1) Consider the following statements with respect to E-Courts Project 

1. It is a pan-India Project, monitored and funded by the Department of Justice. 
2. It is one of the National e-Governance projects being implemented in District and Subordinate Courts of the Country. 
3. The project has been implemented by the eCommittee, Supreme Court of India along with Department of Justice and National Information Centre. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

a. 1 and 2 only 

b. 1 and 3 only 

c. 2 and 3 only 

d. 1, 2 and 3

Q2) Consider the following statements with respect to Star Campaigners 

1. The expenditure incurred on campaigning by „stars‟ is exempt from being added to the election expenditure of a candidate. 

2. In India there is no law governing who can or cannot be made a star campaigner. 

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are incorrect?

a. 1 only 

b. 2 only 

c. Both 1 and 2 

d. Neither 1 nor 2

Q3) Which of the following statements are incorrect with respect to Provisions under Tribunal Reforms Ordinance 2021 

1. Under this Chairperson and Members of the Tribunals will be appointed by the central government on the recommendation of a Search-cum Selection Committee. 

2. It amended the Cinematograph Act, 1952 by which abolished the Film Certification Appellate Tribunal (FCAT). 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

a. 1 only

b. 2 only 

c. Both 1 and 2 

d. Neither 1 nor 2

Q4) Consider the following statements with respect to National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) 

1. It is a constitutional body established under Article 338 of Indian Constitution. 

2. The members of the commission are appointed by the President by warrant under his/her hand and seal. 

3. The conditions of service and tenure of office of members of NCSC are determined by the President. 

Which of the statements given above are correct? 

a. 1 and 2 only 

b. 1 and 3 only 

c. 2 and 3 only 

d. 1, 2 and 3

Q5) Which of the following statements are correct with respect to Right to Freedom of Movement

1. It is protected against only state action and not private individuals. 

2. It is guaranteed under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution. 

Select the correct answer using the codes given below: 

a. 1 only 

b. 2 only 

c. Both 1 and 2 

d. Neither 1 nor 2

Daily Dose: Complete Snapshots of Everyday News – by Shweta Mishra

08th Sept 2021

 

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(1) The Hot, Wet Equatorial Climate

Distribution	Climate	Natural Vegetation	Economy
It is found between 5º and 10º north and south of the equator. It is dominantly found in the lowlands of the Amazon, the Congo, Malaysia, and the East Indies.	There is great uniformity of temperature throughout the year. The mean monthly temperatures are always around 24 to 27ºC, with very little variation. There is no winter. The diurnal and annual range of temperature is small. Precipitation is heavy between 6o inches and 10 inches, and well distributed throughout the year. The double rainfall peaks, coinciding with the equinoxes are a characteristics feature of it.	It supports a luxuriant type of vegetation – the tropical rain forest. Amazon tropical rain forest is known as Selvas. It comprises a multitude of evergreen trees that yield tropical hardwood, e.g. mahogany, ebony, greenheart, cabinet wood. And dyewoods. Lianas, epiphytic and parasitic plants are also found. Trees of single species are very scarce in such vegetation.	The equatorial regions are generally sparsely populated. In the forests, most primitive people live as hunters and collectors and the more advanced ones practice shifting cultivation. Some plantation crops are also practiced like natural rubber, cocoa, etc.

(2) The Tropical Monsoon & Tropical Marine Climates

Distribution	Climate	Natural Vegetation	Economy
It is found in the zones between 5º and 30 º and 30º latitudes on either side of the equator. It is best developed in the Indian sub-continent, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, parts of Vietnam and South China, and northern Australia. Tropical Marine climate is found in Central America, West Indies, the Philippines, parts of East Africa, Madagascar, the Guyana coast and eastern Brazil.	Though the mean annual temperature is fairly high but summer and winter seasons are sharply differentiated due to the northward and southward movement of the sun. The average temperature of warm dry summer months ranges between 27ºC and 32ºC. Most of their annual rainfall occurs through cyclonic and orographic types of rains. The average annual rainfall is around 150 cm but there are many variations in the temporal and spatial distribution. Most of the annual monsoonal rainfall is received through moisture-laden South-West monsoon winds.	Trees are normally deciduous. The forests are open and less luxuriant. Most of the forests yield valuable timber like teak. Other kinds of timber are sal, acacia, and eucalyptus.	People are mainly engaged in agriculture. Agri-crops are rice, cane sugar, jute, etc.

(3) The Savanna or Sudan climate

Distribution	Climate	Natural Vegetation	Economy
It is located between 5”-20” latitudes on either side of the equator. It is a transitional type of climate found between the equatorial forests and the semiarid and subtropical humid climate. The most characteristic areas of savanna climate include the Llanos of Orinico valley, the Campos of Brazil, hilly areas of Central America, southern Zaire, etc.	The Savanna climate is characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. Mean high temperature throughout the year is between 24ºC and 27º C. The annual range of temperature is between 3ºC and 8ºC. The extreme diurnal range of temperature is a characteristic of the Sudan type of climate. The average annual rainfall ranges between 100 cm and 150 cm.	It is characterized by tall grass and short trees. Trees are deciduous and hard. The grass is tall and coarse like elephant grass. Scrubland is well represented by a number of species in Australia like mallee, mulga,  Spinifex grass, etc.	Many tribes live within the Savanna lands. Some tribes live as pastoralists like the Masai and others as settled cultivators like the Hausa of northern Nigeria. However, agriculture is not much developed.

(4) The Hot Desert and Mid-latitude Desert Climates

Distribution	Climate	Natural Vegetation	Economy
Deserts are regions of scanty rainfall which may be hot like the hot deserts of the Saharan type or temperate as are the mid-latitude deserts like the Gobi. The major hot deserts of the world are located on the western coasts of continents between latitudes 15º and 30ºN and S. They include the Sahara Desert, the largest single stretch of desert, which is 3,200 miles from east to west and at least 1,000 miles wide. The next biggest desert is the Great Australian Desert which covers almost half of the continent. The other hot deserts are the Arabian Desert, Iranian Desert. Thar Desert, Kalahari and Namib Deserts.In North America, the desert extends from Mexico to USA and is called by different names at different places, e.g. the Mohave Sonoran, Californian and Mexican Deserts.In South America, the Atacama or Peruvian Desert is the driest of all deserts with less than 0.5 inches of rainfall annually.The Patagonian Desert is more due to its ranshadow position on the leeward side of the lofty Andes than to continentality.	The hot deserts lie astride the Horse Latitudes or the Sub Tropical High-Pressure Belts where the air is descending, a condition least favorable for precipitation of any kind to take place. The relative humidity is extremely low, decreasing from 60 percent in coastal districts to less than 30 percent in desert interiors. Rain normally occurs as violent thunderstorms of the convectional type. The deserts are some of the hottest spots on earth and have high temperatures throughout the year. There is no cold season in the hot deserts and the average summer temperature is around 86ºF. The highest shade temperature recorded is 136ºF on 13 September 1922 at Al Azizia, 25 miles south of Tripoli, Libya, in the Sahara. The annual range is 44ºF. The diurnal range of temperature in the deserts is very great.	All deserts have some form of vegetation such as grass, scrub, herbs, weeds, roots, or bulbs. The predominant vegetation of both hot and mid-latitude deserts is xerophytic or drought-resistant scrub. This includes the bulbous cacti, thorny bushes, long-rooted wiry grasses, and scattered dwarf acacias. Plants that exist in deserts have highly specialized means of adapting themselves to the arid environment. Most desert shrubs have long roots and are well spaced out to gather moisture, and search for groundwater. Plants have few or no leaves and the foliage is either waxy, leathery, hairy or needle-shaped to reduce the loss of water through transpiration.	Despite its inhospitality, the desert has always been peopled by different groups of inhabitants. Some, like the Egyptians, have attained a high level of civilization, others like the Bedouin Arabs have fared quite well with their flocks of sheep, goats, camels, and horses. The Bushmen of the Kalahari and the Bindibu of Australia remains so primitive in their mode of living that they barely survive. Of the primitive tribes, the Bushmen and the Bindibu are the best known. Both the tribes are nomadic hunters and food gatherers, growing no crops and domesticating no animals. The Bushmen roam the Kalahari Desert. The Bindibu or Aborigines of Australia live in very much the same way as the Bushmen. They domesticate the dingo, a wild dog that assists them in tracking down kangaroos, rabbits and birds. They live in wurlies, simple shelters made of branches and tufts and grass. The Bedouin of Arabia ride on horses and live in tents; the Tuaregs of the Sahara and camel riders and dwell in grass zeriba, while the Gobi Mongols ride on horses to herd their yaks and live in portable yurts (a kind of tent). The Bedouin are the best examples of a desert group who have fared well as nomadic herdsmen. The lure of mineral wealth has attracted many immigrants into the desert. It was gold that brought immigrants scrambling into the Great Australian Desert. Some of them like Kalgoorlie and Coolgardie have become towns of considerable size. In the Kalahari Desert, the discovery of diamonds and copper has brought many white men to the ‘thirst land’ as it is called. Even in the aridest Atacama, in northern Chile, large mining camps have been established for the mining of caliche (cemented gravels) from which sodium nitrate, a valuable fertilizer, is extracted and exported to all parts of the world. Besides nitrates, coppers are also mined. Chuquicamata is the world’s largest copper town. In the deserts of North America, silver is mined in Mexico, uranium in Utah, and copper in Nevada. In recent years, the discovery of oil in many parts of the Saharan and Arabian Deserts has transformed this forgotten part of the globe.

(5) Mediterranean Climate Distribution

Distribution	Climate	Natural Vegetation	Economy
A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin. This climate type prevails in much of California, in parts of Western and South Australia, in southwestern South Africa, and in parts of central Chile. The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Mediterranean climate zones are associated with the five large subtropical high-pressure cells of the oceans, the Azores High, South Atlantic High, North Pacific High, South Pacific High, and Indian Ocean High	All regions with Mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters, but summer temperatures are variable depending on the region. For instance, Athens, Greece experiences rather high temperatures in the summer (48.0 ºC has been measured in Eleusina), whereas San Francisco has cool, mild summers due to the upwelling of cold subsurface waters along the coast. Since all regions with a Mediterranean climate are near large bodies of water, temperatures are generally moderate with a comparatively small range of temperatures between the winter low and summer high. In the winter, the temperatures range from mild to very warm, depending on the distance from the open ocean, elevation, and latitude. During summer, regions of the Mediterranean climate are dominated by subtropical high-pressure cells causing no or little rainfall. During winter the polar jet stream and associated periodic storms reach into the lower latitudes of the Mediterranean zones, bringing rain, with snow at higher elevations. As a result, areas with this climate receive almost all of their yearly rainfall during the winter season, and may go the summer without having any significant precipitation.	Mediterranean vegetation includes the following: Evergreen trees such as cork oak and eucalyptus, jarrah and karri (in Australia). Evergreen coniferous trees are pines, firs, cedars, and cypresses. Bushes such as myrtle, rosemary, lavender, arbutus, thyme, and laurel. Scrubs are Maguis in southern France, Macchia in Italy, Chaparral in California, mallee in Australia, and Garigue.	Earlier the Mediterranean shorelands were once the cradle of world civilization. Nowadays, the area is important for fruit cultivation, cereal growing, wine-making and agricultural industries as well as engineering and mining. The Mediterranean lands are also known as the world’s orchard lands. A wide range of citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, and grapefruit are grown. Of the Mediterranean oranges, perhaps, the best known are the Sunkist oranges of California, exported for table consumption and for making orange squash. The Seville oranges of Spain are small but very sweet and are particularly suitable for making marmalade.  The Jaffa oranges of Israel are equally delicious and are specially grown for export. The Mediterranean lands account for 70% of the world’s exports of citrus fruits. Cereals are also grown in the Mediterranean lands. Wheat is the leading food crop. The wheat grown is mainly hard, winter wheat. It is mostly used in making food products such as macaroni, spaghetti, and vermicelli. Barely is the next most popular cereal. Viticulture is widely followed in the Mediterranean lands.

(6) The Temperate Continental (Steppe) Climate

Distribution	Climate	Natural Vegetation	Economy
Bordering the deserts, away from the Mediterranean regions and in the interiors of continents are the temperate grasslands. In the northern hemisphere, the grasslands are far more extensive and are entirely continental. In Eurasia, they are called the Steppes. There are isolated sections in the Pustaz of Hungary and the plains of Manchuria. In North America, the grasslands are also quite extensive and are called prairies. In the case of the Pampas of Argentina and Uruguay, the grasslands extend right to the sea and enjoy much maritime influence. In South Africa, the grasslands are sandwiched between the Drakensberg and the Kalahari Desert and are further subdivided into the more tropical Bush-veld in the north, and the more temperate High Veld in the South.	Their climate is continental with extremes of temperature. Summers are very warm. Winters are very cold in the continental steppes of Eurasia. In contrast, the steppe type of climate in the southern hemisphere is never severe. The annual range of temperature is great, a direct result of continentality. In its continental position, the annual precipitation of the Steppe Climate can be expected to be light. The average rainfall may be taken as about 20 inches, but this again varies according to the location from 10 inches to 30 inches.	The term ‘steppe vegetation’ geographically refers to the scanty vegetation of the sub-arid lands of continental Eurasia. Their greatest difference from the tropical savanna is that they are practically treeless and the grasses are much shorter. Where the rainfall is moderate, above 20 inches, the grasses are tall, fresh, and nutritious and the better described as long prairie grass. Where the rainfall is light (less than 20 inches) or unreliable, or the soil is poor, as, in the continental interiors of Asia, the short steppe type of grass prevails. The steppe grass can lie dormant throughout the prolonged drought. The appearance of temperate grasslands varies with seasons. In spring, the grass begins to appear green, fresh, and blooming with small, colorful flowers.	The temperate grasslands were once the home of grazing animals; wild horses in the Asiatic Steppes, swift-footed bison in the Prairies, and untamed buffaloes in the Pampas. Even as recently, as the last century, these grasslands were dominated by nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples like the Kirghiz of the Asiatic Steppes. The grasslands have been plowed up for extensive, mechanized wheat cultivation and are now the ‘granaries of the world’. Besides wheat, maize is increasingly cultivated in warmer and wetter areas. The tufted grasses have been replaced by the more nutritious Lucerne or alfalfa-grass.

(7) The China Type Climate OR Temperate monsoon

Distribution	Climate	Natural Vegetation	Economy
This type of climate is found on the eastern margins of continents in warm temperate latitudes, just outside the tropics. It is, in fact, the climate of most part of Chinaamodified form of monsoonal climate. It is thus also called the (Temperate Monsoon) or China Type of climate. It is sometimes referred to as the Gulf type of climate. In the southern hemisphere, this kind of climate is experienced along the warm temperate eastern coastlands of all three continents: in New South Wales with its eucalyptus forests; in Natal where cane sugar thrives; and in the maize belt of the Parana- Paraguay-Uruguay basin.	The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin Climate is typified by a warm moist summer and a cool, dry winter. The mean monthly temperature varies between 40ºF and 78ºF and is strongly modified by maritime influence. The relative humidity is a little high in midsummer when the heat becomes oppressive and can be very trying to the white settlers, e.g. in Natal. Rainfall is more than moderate, anything from 25 inches to 60 inches. The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin Climate supports a wide range of crops. An important feature is the fairly uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year. Rain comes either from convectional sources or as orographic rain in summer or from depressions in prolonged showers in winter. Local storms, e.g. typhoons and hurricanes, also occur.	The eastern margins of warm temperate latitude have a much heavier rainfall than either the western or the continental interiors and thus have luxuriant vegetation. The lowlands carry both evergreen broadleaved forests and deciduous trees quite similar to those of the tropical monsoon forests. On the highlands, are various species of conifers such as pines and cypresses which are important softwoods Conditions are well suited to a rich variety of plant life including grass, ferns, lianas, bamboos, palms, and forests. The well-distributed rainfall all year round makes the regions look green at all times. In eastern Australia, the most important are eucalyptus trees. From the forests of south-eastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina comes valuable warm temperate timbers such as the Parana pine and the quebracho (axe breaker) and wild yerba mate trees, from which the leaves are gathered for making Paraguay. In Natal, the warm Mozambique current encourages heavy precipitation along the coast and many species of palm tree thrive. The highlands yield extensive forests of chestnuts, ironwood, and black woods. The forests of China and southern Japan also have considerable economic value and include oak, camphor, camellia, and magnolia. The Gulf states of the USA have lowland deciduous forests.	The warm temperate eastern margins are the most productive parts of the middle latitudes. Rice, tea, and mulberries are extensively grown in monsoon China. Elsewhere are found other products of economic importance, e.g. cane sugar in Natal, coffee and maize in South America, and dairying in New South Wales and Victoria. The Chinese peasants raise ‘wet padi’ or ‘swamp rice’ n flooded fields. Farming is usually on a subsistence basis. Agriculture in the Gulf states of America differs from that of monsoon China. The most important crops are corn, cotton, and tobacco. The chief food crop raised is. In fact, corn of maize. Of the cash crops grown in the Gulf States, none is comparable with cotton. The Gulf type of climate is undoubtedly the best for cotton growing. Its long, hot growing season with 200 days frost-free and a moderately high temperature of about 75ºF permits the crop to grow slowly and mature within six months. The Sea Island cotton grown in the Islands off the coast of Georgia and South Carolina is long stapled and is the best in the world. Another interesting crop closely associated with the Gulf type of climate is tobacco. The humid atmosphere, the warmth, and the well-drained soils of the Gulf states enable tobacco to be successfully cultivated in many of the eastern states of the USA. The Cool Temperate Western Margin Climate DistributionThe cool temperate western margins are under the permanent influence of the Westerlies all round the year. From Britain, the climatic belt stretches far inland into the lowlands of North-West Europe, including such regions as northern and western France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, western Norway, and also northwestern Iberia. There is so much oceanic influence on both the temperature and the precipitation that the climate is also referred to as the North-West European Maritime Climate. In the southern hemisphere, the climate is experienced in southern Chile, Tasmania, and most parts of New Zealand, particularly in South Island.

(8) The Cool Temperate Continental Climate/Boreal Climate OR Taiga Climate OR Siberian Climate

Distribution	Climate	Natural Vegetation	Economy
The Cool Temperate Continental (Siberian) Climate is experienced only in the northern hemisphere where the continents within the high latitudes have a broad east-west spread. On its poleward side, it merges into the Arctic tundra of Canada and Eurasia around the Arctic Circle. Southwards, the climate becomes less severe and fades into the temperate Steppe climate.	The climate of the Siberian type is characterized by a bitterly cold winter of long duration, and cool brief summer. Spring and autumn are merely brief transitional periods. The isotherm of 50°F for the warmest month forms the poleward boundary of the Siberian climate and the winter months are always below freezing. An annual range of 54°F is common in the Siberian type of climate. The extremes of temperature are so great in Siberia that it is often referred to as the ‘cold pole of the earth’.Some of the lowest temperatures in the world are recorded in Verkhoyansk. The interiors of the Eurasian continent are so remote from the maritime influence that annual precipitation cannot be high. Generally speaking, a total of 15 to 25 inches is typical of the annual precipitation of this sub- Arctic type of climate. It is quite well distributed throughout the year, with a summer maximum from convectional rain. In winter the precipitation is in the form of snow.	No other trees are so well adapted as the conifers to withstand such as inhospitable environment as the Siberian type of climate. The coniferous forest belts of Eurasia and North America are the richest sources of softwood. The world’s greatest softwood producers are USSR, the USA, Canada, and the Fennoscandian countries. There are four major species in coniferous forests. Pine, e.g. white pine, red pine, Scots pine, Jackpine, lodgepole pine.Fir, e.g. Douglas fir and balsam fir,Spruce.Larch.	The coniferous forest regions of the northern hemisphere are comparatively little developed. The various species of pine, fir larch, and spruce are felled and transported to the sawmills for the extraction of temperate softwoods. There is little agriculture as few crops can survive in the sub-Arctic climate of these northerly lands. Only in the more sheltered valleys and the land bordering the steppes are some cereals (barley, oats, rye) and root crops (potatoes) raised for local needs. Many of the Samoyeds and Yakuts of Siberia and some Canadians are engaged in hunting, trapping, and fishing.

(9) The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin/Laurentian Climate

Distribution	Climate	Natural Vegetation	Economy
The Cool Temperate Eastern Margin (Laurentian) Climate is an intermediate type of climate between the British and the Siberian type of climate. It has features of both the maritime and the continental climates. Laurentian type of climate is found only in two regions. One is north-eastern North America, including eastern Canada, northeast USA. This may be referred to as the North American region. The other region is the eastern coastlands of Asia, including eastern Siberia, North China, Manchuria, Korea, and northern Japan. It may be referred to as the Asiatic region.   In the southern hemisphere, this climatic type is absent because only a small section of the southern continents extends south of the latitude of 40ºS. The only possible location is in eastern Patagonia, south of Bahia Blanca to Terra del Fuego.	The Laurentian type of climate has cold, dry winters and warm, wet summers. Winter temperatures may be well below freezing point and snowfalls to quite a depth. Summers are as warm, as the tropics (70º- 80ºF). Though rain falls throughout the year, there is a distinct summer maximum from the easterly winds from the oceans. Of the annual precipitation of 30 to 60 inches, two-thirds come in the summer.	The predominant vegetation of the Laurentian type of climate is cool temperate forest. Generally, the forest tends to be coniferous north of the 50ºN parallel of latitude. In the Asiatic region, the coniferous forests are, in fact, a continuation of the great coniferous belt of the taiga. South of latitude 50ºN, the coniferous forests give way to deciduous forests. Oak, beech, maple and birch are the principal trees.	Lumbering and its associated timber, paper, and pulp industries are the most important economic undertaking. Lumbering has always been a major occupation of this sparsely populated part of eastern Asia and timber is a leading export item. Agriculture is less important in view of the severity of the winter and its long duration. Potatoes thrive over large areas of the podzolized soils, while hardy cereals like oats and barley can be sown and successfully harvested before the onset of the cold winter. A number of other interesting crops are produced in the Asiatic region such as soya beans groundnuts, sesame, rapeseeds, tung oil, and mulberry. In the North American region, arable farming is not carried out on a sizable scale, except in the more favored localities. Farmers are engaged in dairy farming, hay cultivation, and in mild maritime areas, fruit growing.

(10) The Arctic or Polar Climate/Tundra Climate/Polar Climate/Arctic Climate

Distribution	Climate	Natural Vegetation	Economy
The polar type of climate and vegetation are found mainly north of the Arctic Circle in the northern hemisphere. The ice-caps are confined to Greenland and to the highlands of these high-latitude regions, where the ground is permanently snowcovered. The lowlands, with a few months ice-free, have tundra vegetation.	The polar climate is characterized by a very low mean annual temperature and its warmest month in June seldom rises to more than 50°F. Winters are long and very severe, summers are cool and brief. At the North Pole, there are six months without light in winter. The ground remains solidly frozen for all but four months, inaccessible to plants. Frost occurs at any time and blizzards, reaching a velocity of 130 miles an hour are not infrequent. Precipitation is mainly in the form of snow, falling in winter. Snowfall varies with locality. Convectional rainfall is generally absent because of the low rate of evaporation and the lack of moisture in the cold polar air.	In such an adverse environment as the tundra, few plants survive. The greatest inhibiting factor is the region’s deficiency in heat. There are no trees in the tundra. Such an environment can support only the lowest form of vegetation, mosses, lichens, and sedges.	Human activities of the tundra are largely confined to the coast. The few people who live in the tundra live semi-nomadic life. In Greenland, northern Canada, and Alaska live the Eskimos. They used to live as hunters, fishers, and food gatherers. During winter they live in compact igloos and in summer when they move out to hunt they pitch portable tents of skins by the side of the stream. Their food is derived from fish, seals, walruses, and polar bears. In the Eurasian tundra are other nomadic tribes such as the Lapps of northern Finland and Scandinavia, the Samoyeds of Siberia, Yakuts, Koryaks, and Chuckchi of northeastern Asia.

(11) British Type of Climate/North-West European Maritime Climate

Distribution	Climate	Natural Vegetation	Economy
The cool temperate western margins are under the influence of the Westerlies all-round the year. They are the regions of frontal cyclonic activity [Temperate Cyclones]. This type of climate is typical to Britain, hence the name ‘British Type’.Also called as North-West European Maritime Climate due to greater oceanic influence.	The mean annual temperatures are usually between 40°F and 60°F. The warmest month is 63°F and the coldest month is just around 40°F, thus giving an annual temperature range of only 24°F. Summers are, in fact, never very warm. The climate is ideal for maximum comfort and mental alertness. Winters are abnormally mild. The British type of climate has adequate rainfall throughout the year with a tendency towards a slight winter or autumn maximum from cyclonic sources. Since the rain-bearing winds come from the west, the western margins have the heaviest rainfall. The amount decreases eastwards with increasing distance from the sea.	The natural vegetation of this climate type is deciduous forest. Some of the more common species include oak, elm, ash, birch, beech, poplar, and hornbeam. In the wetter areas grow willows, alder, and aspen. Elsewhere are found other species, e.g. chestnut, sycamore, maple, and lime. The deciduous hardwoods are excellent for both fuel and industrial purposes. In Tasmania, the temperate eucalyots are also extensively felled for the humbering industry.	A very large part of the deciduous woodlands has been cleared for fuel, the timber of agriculture. Fishing is particularly important in Britain, Norway, and British Columbia. Though market gardening is practiced throughout the world wherever there is a large urban population, nowhere else is it so highly specialized as in North-West Europe. In north-western, Europe intensive market gardening is carried out in many specialized areas e.g. the Vales of York and Evesham in the United Kingdom. It is no wonder the Australians nicknamed Tasmania the ‘garden state. Throughout Britain and northwestern Europe, farmers practice both arable farming and pastoral farming. Amongst the cereals, wheat is the most extensively grown. The next most important cereal raised in the mixed farm is bare. The most important animals kept in the mixed farm are cattle. North-western Europe was originally the home of many world-renowned cattle breeds. Britain is the home of some of the best-known sheep breeds, e.g. Leicesters, Lincolns, and Southdowns. In the southern hemisphere, sheep rearing is the chief occupation of New Zealand, with its greatest concentration in the Canterbury Plain.

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The Indian Armed forces are considering introducing Bhagwad Gita and Kautilya’s Arthashastra as part of the curriculum for Officers.

A few weeks back, the Prime Minister had stressed the importance of enhancing indigenization in the national security system, not only in sourcing equipment and weapons but also in the doctrines, procedures and customs practised in the armed forces.

What is a Military Doctrine?

• Military doctrine is the expression of how military forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements.
• It is a guide to action, rather than being hard and fast rules. Doctrine provides a common frame of reference across the military.

Why do we need such a doctrine?

• It helps standardize operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing military tasks.
• It decides what you buy, produce, or prioritize, all of which flows from deciding your best fighting foot.

Definitions worldwide

• Russia defines it as “a system of officially adopted State views on the preparation for armed defence and armed protection of the Russian Federation”.
• The NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) defines it as “fundamental principles by which the military forces guide their actions in support of objectives”.

Objectives of a military doctrine

• Doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice.
• Its objective is to foster initiative and creative thinking.
• It provides the military with an authoritative body of statements on how military forces conduct operations and provides a common lexicon for use by military planners and leaders.

India’s Military Doctrine

• The current combat doctrine of the Indian Army is based on the effective combined utilization of holding formations and strike formations.
• In the case of an attack, the holding formations would contain the enemy and strike formations would counter-attack to neutralize enemy forces.
• In the case of an Indian attack, the holding formations would pin enemy forces down whilst the strike formations attack at a point of Indian choosing.
• India’s nuclear doctrine follows the policy of credible minimum deterrence, No first strike, No use of nuclear weapons on Non-nuclear states and Massive nuclear retaliation in case deterrence fails.

India has (since 2004) adopted a new war doctrine known as “Cold Start” and its military has conducted exercises several times since then based on this doctrine.

India’s own: Cold Start Doctrine

• “Cold Start” involves joint operations between India’s three services and integrated battle groups for offensive operations.
• A key component is the preparation of India’s forces to be able to quickly mobilize and take offensive actions without crossing the enemy’s nuclear-use threshold.

Need for Indigenization of Military Doctrine

• To learn from others is laudable, but it prevents clarity on our innate strengths and capabilities.
• For instance, re-evaluate how the Himalayas remained India’s true frontier for decades.
• Using it as an advantage could translate into a series of airfields to quickly bring up men and material, while removing roads altogether.
• Let the enemy battle it out in the forests. Our advantage is in bringing forces to bear against a China with incredibly long logistics lines.

Decisive factors in India’s doctrine

• India is a country of continental size with land borders shared with a large number of countries, 1197 islands and a coastline of 7516 kilometres with a vast Exclusive Economic Zone.
• Despite her historically developed racial, cultural, linguistic and religious diversity, India is a nation with an innately all-embracing, secular polity that has welcomed and assimilated various cultures into her existing milieu.
• Her modern values are rooted in democratic governance and profound respect for human life.
• Defending India calls for defending her physical, economic and cultural identity in the prevalent geo-political milieu.

(a) Geopolitical scenario

• The geo-political scenario is fast changing and is likely to continue to do so in the coming decades.
• Although the USA remains the only super power today, the world is witnessing the emergence of various centres of power, with India emerging as one of the leading global players.
• Each centre of power is attempting to achieve a ‘balance of interest’ as opposed to the erstwhile ‘balance of power’.

(b) Economic scenario

• With market forces playing an important role, economic strength is likely to become the currency of power. National economies are undergoing liberalization to cater to globalization.
• The dominance of the developed world over the global economy is, nonetheless, likely to continue.
• Even so, China and India have been acknowledged as emerging economic powers.
• Economic linkages and inter-dependence amongst countries are likely to result in mutual security becoming an important issue.
• Water, energy sources (mainly oil) and even environmental issues may emerge as causes of future conflict between states.

(c) Security Scenario

• The security challenges facing India are varied and complex as it has two unsettled borders.
• The country has experienced four major conventional border wars besides an undeclared war fought in Kargil in 1999.
• It is engaged in an externally abetted proxy war for the last several years in Jammu and Kashmir and has been combating terrorism perpetuated by militant and terrorist groups sponsored by a foreign State.
• At the same time, a number of insurgencies, spurred by tribal and ethnic aspirations in addition to left wing ideologies are being tackled in various parts of the country.
• A number of nuclear weapon states are in India’s neighbourhood; hostile, radical or fundamentalist elements gaining access to and posing a threat with weapons of mass destruction (WMD) is also a possibility.

Way forward

• The first step in this process is of course the visualization of how the next conflict and future wars will unfold.
• The challenges are myriad and the views to meet these challenges are varied both in the manner it is to be done and the timing.
• It is also a fact that a template which is applicable to a particular country cannot be applied across the board as we are dictated by our own peculiarities of terrain, resources and adversaries.
• Major restructuring is the need of the hour and it would take time.
• However, let us not forget that of the four wars we have fought since Independence, we were victorious in three – surely, there are some good fundamentals on which Indian military and strategic thought have evolved.

Maintaining consistency is one of the biggest issues faced by IAS Aspirants. Streak’s initiative is to help Aspirants in their day-to-day preparation. You can follow the monthly, weekly, and daily timetables and continue this streak until you find yourself on the final list.

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UPSC Daily Study Plan For 2021 and 2022 || STREAK – by Ravi Ranjan

UPSC PRELIMS-2021 || Current Affairs Based Most Probable Questions on Polity – by Sukanya Rana

Q1) Consider the following statements with respect to State Election Commission 

1. The functions of delimitation, reservation and rotation of local body election seats should be vested with the State Election Commission. 

2. It should submit its annual or special reports to the Election Commission of India and to the Governor. 

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? 

a. 1 only 

b. 2 only 

c. Both 1 and 2 

d. Neither 1 nor 2

Q2) With respect to Schedules of Indian Constitution, consider the following statements: 

1. Fifth Schedule asks for annual reports from the Governors of each State having Scheduled Areas to the President. 

2. Sixth Schedule contains recommendations relating to the ability of the autonomous regions to frame land-use policies and policies related to reserved forests. 

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? 

a. 1 only 

b. 2 only 

c. Both 1 and 2 

d. Neither 1 nor 2

Q3) Development and Welfare Board for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Communities (DWBDNCs) works under the aegis of? 

a. Ministry of Home Affairs 

b. Ministry of Tribal Affairs 

c. Ministry of Rural Development 

d. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment

Q4) With respect to One Nation One Ration Card Scheme, consider the following statements: 

a. The scheme is being implemented for nationwide portability of ration cards under National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 

b. This system allows all NFSA beneficiaries, particularly migrant beneficiaries, to claim either full or part foodgrains from any Fair Price Shop (FPS) in the country 

c. The system also allows their family members back home, if any, to claim the balance foodgrains on same the ration card 

d. None of the above

Q5) With respect to the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Bill, 2021, consider the following statements: 

1. Bill provides that the term government referred to in any law made by the Legislative Assembly will imply Lieutenant Governor. 

2. The Bill prohibits the Legislative Assembly from making any rule to enable itself to consider the matters of day-to-day administration of the NCT of Delhi.

3. The bill states that the Lieutenant Governor‟s opinion must be obtained on every matter, before taking any executive action on the decisions of the Minister/ Council of Ministers. 

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? 

3 only 

1 and 2 only 

2 and 3 only 

1, 2 and 3

UPSC PRELIMS-2021 || Most Probable Questions on Environment and Ecology – by Santosh Gupta

Q1) Consider the following statements regarding Global-Warming potential (GWP) 

1. It’s a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere. 
2. It is expressed as a factor of carbon dioxide. 
3. A high GWP correlates with a low infrared absorption and a long atmospheric lifetime. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a. 1 AND 2 

b. 2 AND 3 

c. 1 AND 3 

d. ALL OF THEM

Q2) Consider the following statements

1. While Clean  Development Mechanism(CDM) works under Kyoto Protocol, Sustainable development mechanism(SDM) is a mechanism to ensure implementation of SDGs targets. 
2. While Kyoto protocol ensure binding targets only for developed countries, Paris accord makes no such distinction. 

Which of the above statement/s  is/are true?

a. 1 only

b. 2 only

c. Both 1 and 2

d. None of them

Q3) Consider the following statements regarding United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD): 

1. It was formed on the recommendations of the World Commission on Environment and Development. 
2. It is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to sustainable land management. 
3. It has established the Global Mechanism (GM) to assist countries for mobilization of financial resources to address land degradation and drought. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a. 1 and 3 only

b. 2 and 3 only

c. 1 and 2 only

d. All of them

Q4) Consider the following statements regarding GHG Platform India: 

1. 1. It is a joint initiative of NITI Aayog and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. 
2. It will provide an estimation and analysis of India‘s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across key sectors. 

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

a. 1 and 2

b. 1 only

c. 2 only

d. None of them

Q5) With reference to the Project Predator, consider the following statements: 

1. It is an initiative led by the United Nations Environment Programme. 
2. It aims to enhance governance and law enforcement capacity for the conservation of Asian big cats and other wildlife species. 
3. The project has its focus on the tiger range countries, including India. 

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 2 and 3 only

c. 1 and 3 only

d. All of them 

07th Sept 2021

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Important National Highways in India

• According to the Ministry of Roads, Transport and Highways (MoRTH), there are 599 National Highways in India. Over a period of time, the numbering of National Highways in India has been renewed. The total length of National Highways is 132500 Kms.
• National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is an autonomous authority to develop, maintain, and manage the National Highways of India. Central Government has the power to notify any highway as the National Highway and such highway will be specified in the Schedule.
• The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways is responsible for the development of National Highways.
• The government launched the Bharatmala Project for the development of about 26,000 km length of Economic Corridors, which along with Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) and North-South and East-West (NS-EW) Corridors are expected to carry the majority of the Freight Traffic on roads.

National Highway	Length (in kilometers)	Route
NH 44 (old NH 7)	3,745	Srinagar to Kanyakumari
NH 27	3,507	Porbandar in Gujarat to Silchar in Assam
NH 48 (old NH 8)	2,807	Delhi to Chennai
NH 52	2,317	Sangrur, Punjab to Ankola, Karnataka
NH 30 (Old NH 221)	2,040	Sitarganj in Uttarakhand to Ibrahimpatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
NH 6	1,873	Jorabat in Meghalaya and terminates at Selling in Mizoram
NH 53	1,781	Hajira in Gujarat and Pradip port in Odisha.
NH 16 (Old NH 5)	1,711	East coast of West Bengal to Chennai in Tamil Nadu.
NH 66 (Old NH 17)	1,622	Panvel and terminates at Kanyakumari
NH 19 (Old NH 20)	1,435	Delhi to Kolkata
NH 34	1,426	Gangotri Dham in Uttarakhand to Lakhnadon in Madhya Pradesh

Operational National Waterways in India:

Sl. No.	NW Number	River System	Route	Length (in km)	Locations	Established
1	NW – 1	Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly	Prayagraj – Haldia	1620	Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal	1986
2	NW – 2	Brahmaputra	Sadiya-Dhubri	891	Assam	1988
3	NW – 3	West Coast Canal, Champakara Canal, and Udyogamandal Canal	Kottapuram – Kollam	205	Kerala	1993
4	NW – 4	Krishna and Godavari	Kakinada–Puducherry stretch of canals, Kaluvelly Tank, Bhadrachalam – Rajahmundry, Waziraba–Vijayawada	1095	Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Puducherry	2008
5	NW – 10	Amba River		45	Maharashtra
6	NW – 83	Rajpuri Creek		31	Maharashtra
7	NW – 85	Revadanda Creek – Kundalika River System		31	Maharashtra
8	NW – 91	Shastri river–Jaigad creek system		52	Maharashtra
9	NW – 68	Mandovi – Usgaon Bridge to the Arabian Sea		41	Goa
10	NW – 111	Zuari– Sanvordem Bridge to Marmugao Port		50	Goa
11	NW – 73	Narmada River		226	Gujarat and Maharashtra
12	NW – 100	Tapi River		436	Gujarat and Maharashtra
13	NW – 97 (Sundarbans Waterways)	Namkhana to AtharaBankiKhal	Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route	172	West Bengal

List of New Waterways in India

State	No. of rivers/canal	Name of the River / Canal
Andhra Pradesh	2	Pennar and Tungabhadra
Arunachal Pradesh	1	Lohit
Assam	14	Aai, Barak, Beki, Dhansiri / Chathe, Dehing, Dikhu, Doyans, Gangadhar, Jinjiram, Kopili, Lohit, Puthimari, Subansiri and Tlwang (Dhaleswari)
Bihar	6	Gandak, Ghaghra, Karamnasa, Kosi, Punpun and Sone
Delhi	1	Yamuna
Goa	6	Chapora, Cumberjua, Mandovi, Mapusa, Sal and Zuari
Gujarat	5	Jawai-Luni – Rann of Kutch, Mahi, Narmada, Sabarmati and Tapi
Haryana	2	Indira Gandhi Canal and Yamuna
Himachal Pradesh	3	Beas, Ravi and Sutlej
Jammu & Kashmir	4	Chenab, Indus, Jhelum and Ravi
Jharkhand	2	Kherkai and Subarnarekha
Karnataka	11	Bheema, Ghataprabha, Gurupur, Kabini, Kali, Malaprabha, Netravathi, Panchagangavali (Panchagangoli), Sharavati, Tungabhadra and Udayavara
Kerala	4	AVM Canal, Alappuzha- Changanassery Canal, Alappuzha- Kottayam – Athirampuzha Canal and Kottayam-Vaikom Canal
		Amba, Arunawati – Aran, Dabhol Creek – Vashishti River, Kalyan-Thane-Mumbai Waterway – Vasai Creek – Ulhas River, Manjara, Nag, Narmada, Penganga – Wardha, Rajpuri Creek, Revadanda Creek – Kundalika River, Savitri (Bankot Creek), Shastri River – Jaigad Creek, Tapi and Wainganga – Pranahita
Maharashtra	14
Meghalaya	5	Ganol, Jinjiram, Kynshi, Simsang and Umngot (Dawki)
Mizoram	1	Tlwang (Dhaleswari)
Nagaland	1	Tizu – Zungki
Odisha	5	Baitarni, Birupa – Badi Genguti – Brahmani, Budha Balanga, Mahanadi and Subarnarekha
Punjab	3	Beas, Indira Gandhi Canal and Sutlej
Rajasthan	3	Indira Gandhi Canal, Jawai-Luni – Rann of Kutch and Luni
Tamil Nadu	9	AVM Canal, Bhavani, Kaveri – Kollidam, Manimutharu, Palar, Pazhyar, Ponniyar, Tamaraparani and Vaigai
Telangana	5	Bheema, Manjara, Penganga – Wardha, Tungabhadra and Wainganga – Pranahita
Uttar Pradesh	10	Asi, Betwa, Chambal, Gandak, Ghaghra, Gomti, Karamnasa, Tons, Varuna and Yamuna

Transportation plays an important role in the development of a country and it is of great significance for a developing country like India. The country is bestowed with a plethora of diverse topography which enables different kinds of transportation. India has about 14500 km of navigable waterways. This includes rivers, backwaters, canals, creeks, and so on.

• National Waterways Act came into effect in 2016. It proposed 106 additional National Waterways and merges 5 existing Acts which were declared the 5 National Waterways. As a result, 106 new waterways were identified by IWAI and intimated to MoS. In this regard, the National Waterways Act, 2016 was published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section I dated 26th March, 2016 as an Act No. 17 of 2016
• In 1986, the Government of India created the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) for regulation and development of Inland Waterways for navigation and shipping.
• Out of the 111, National Waterways declared under the National Waterways Act, 2016, 13 are operational for shipping and navigation and cargo/passenger vessels are moving on them.

Major Sea Ports in India 

Major Sea Ports  Currently, there is a total of 13 major seaports in India currently among which 12 are government-controlled and one, Ennore port of Chennai is the corporate one. These are located in the 9 coastal Indian states (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, and West Bengal).

S. No.	State	Name of Port	Points to Remember
1.	Kerala	Kochi Port or Cochin Port	located on the Willington island on the South-Western coast of India The port is generally called as the natural gateway for the industrial and agricultural produce markets of South-West India. Exports of spices, tea, and coffee. It is one of the centers for shipbuilding.
2.	Tamil Nadu	Ennore	India’s First corporatized port and 12th major port of India. It is located on the Coromandel Coast about 24 km north of the Chennai Port. Trades: Iron Ore, Coal, petroleum products and chemicals
3.	West Bengal	Haldia	Situated on Hugli river Formed to relieve pressure on Kolkata port
4.	West Bengal	Kolkata Port	It is the only riverine major port in India. Known for twin dock systems viz. Kolkata Dock on the eastern bank and Haldia Dock on the western bank of river Hooghly Trade: Jute, tea, Coal, Steel
5.	Gujarat	Kandla	Known as Tidal Port located in the Gulf of Kutch It was constructed after partition when Karachi Port was transferred to Pakistan. It also relieves the congestion of Mumbai Port Largest port by volume of cargo handled. It has been acknowledged as Trade Free Zone
6.	Karnataka	Mangalore	It is deep water, all weathered port. Deals with the iron ore exports It is the only major port of the coastal state of Karnataka.
7.	Goa	Marmagoa	Situated on the estuaries of the river Juari It is a natural harbour It was awarded the status of a major port in the year 1963. It is a leading iron ore exporting port in India.
8.	Maharashtra	Mumbai	Largest Natural Port and harbor In India  Earlier, this port location was used by the navies of Shivaji. This port has 3 enclosed wet docks:  Prince’s Dock Victoria Dock Indira Dock The busiest Port in India Jawahar Dweep is an island in the harbor, for Crude and petroleum products handling.
9.	Maharashtra	Jawaharlal Nehru Port or Nhava Sheva Port	Largest Artificial Port and also the largest container port of India. The name Nhava Sheva is given because of the names of two villages that existed in that area. It is located on the eastern shore of Mumbai harbor off Elephanta Island and can be accessed via Thane Creek. This port is the terminal point of the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor of Indian Railways. Trade: Textiles, sporting goods, carpets, pharmaceuticals, chemicals etc.
10.	Odisha	Paradip	First Major Port commissioned after Independence. Located at the confluence of Mahanadi river and Bay of Bengal. deals with the export of iron and aluminum and Iron ore is exported to Japan in huge quantity.
11.	Tamil Nadu	Tuticorin	This port has been renamed as V.O.Chidambaranar Port. It is an artificial port located in the Gulf of Mannar. It is famous for pearl fishery in the Bay of Bengal and thus also known as the pearl city. Trade:  coal, salt, petroleum products, and fertilizers
12.	Andhra Pradesh	Vishakapatnam	This port is a natural harbor and also is the 2nd largest port by volume of cargo handled.  Port is located midway between the Chennai Port and Kolkata Port. Trade: Iron Ore, Coal, Alumina and oil.
13.	Tamil Nadu	Chennai	Chennai Port is the largest port on the East coast i.e. Bay of Bengal and the second largest port of India after JNPT. Artificial port.

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