The government launched the Nasha Mukt Yuva for Viksit Bharat Sankalp Abhiyan, a nationwide anti-drug campaign from 28,000+ locations with a 100-week action plan to promote a drug-free youth for Viksit Bharat 2047.
About the Campaign
A national drug awareness and demand reduction campaign targeting youth.
Launched simultaneously from 28,000+ locations.
Over 1 crore youth participated in the anti-drug pledge.
Includes a 100-week activity plan for sustained community engagement.
Significance
Strengthens the demand reduction pillar of India’s anti-drug strategy.
Promotes awareness, prevention and rehabilitation alongside enforcement.
Supports the vision of a healthy workforce for Viksit Bharat 2047.
Challenges
Sustaining community participation over 100 weeks.
Expanding de-addiction and counselling infrastructure.
Measuring the campaign’s long-term impact.
Success depends on parallel action against drug trafficking.
Prelims Facts
Implemented under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MYAS).
Complements the Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan (NMBA) launched by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE).
Focuses on awareness, prevention, rehabilitation and youth participation.
A NITI Aayog report shows that about 94,000 government schools closed over the past decade. While the government calls it school rationalisation, concerns have been raised over its impact on access to education and the Right to Education (RTE).
Key Findings
Government school enrolment declined from 71% (2005) to 49.24% (2024-25).
The sharpest decline was seen in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir.
Government’s Stand vs Concerns
Government’s Rationale
Merging low enrolment schools to improve teacher and resource utilisation.
Supported by the NEP 2020 concept of school complexes/clusters.
Key Concerns
Increased travel distance, especially in rural and remote areas.
Greater impact on SC, ST, girl students and poor households.
May push disadvantaged families towards unaffordable private schools.
Link with the Right to Education (RTE)
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009 guarantees a neighbourhood school for children aged 6 to 14 years.
School closures should not compromise this legal entitlement or equitable access.
Unified District Information System for Education Plus (UDISE+) is India’s official school education database.
[2018] Consider the following statements:
1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the concerned State Council of Teacher Education.
2. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines.
3. In India, more than 90% of teacher education institutions are directly under the State Governments.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
India has launched its first Digital Census with self enumeration starting in Assam. The online phase continues till 16 August, followed by House Listing from 17 August.
What is the Census?
The Census is the official collection of demographic, social and economic data of the population.
Key Facts
Legal Basis: Census Act, 1948
Authority: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs
Frequency: Every 10 years (Decennial)
Nature: Mandatory; information is kept confidential
Constitutional Status: Union Subject (Entry 69, Union List)
What is Self Enumeration?
Households can submit Census details online instead of depending solely on enumerators.
Two Phases
House Listing: Housing and household details
Population Enumeration: Individual demographic details
Significance
Improves data accuracy through digital verification.
Enables faster processing and publication.
Provides updated data for Delimitation, Welfare targeting, Reservation, Fiscal devolution, and Development planning
Replaces reliance on 2011 Census data after the delay of the 2021 Census.
Prelims Facts
First Census: 1872 (non synchronous)
A non-synchronous census is a population count that is carried out at different times in different regions rather than all at once on a single date
First synchronous Census: 1881
A synchronous census is an official population count conducted simultaneously across an entire country within a specific, unified timeframe rather than at different times in different regions.
Conducted by Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India
Census falls under the Union List.
[2009] Consider the following statements:
1. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the density of the population of India has increased more than three times.
2. Between Census 1951 and Census 2001, the annual growth rate (exponential) of the population of India has doubled.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
India has agreed to build a trilateral Track 1.5 dialogue mechanism with Japan and the Philippines and continues developing the $10 billion Great Nicobar Island Development Project near the Strait of Malacca. These moves mark a shift from India’s earlier cautious, ambiguity-preserving approach to the Indo-Pacific toward more visible geostrategic positioning, raising the question of whether India is emerging as a third power in the region alongside the United States and China.
What is the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)?
Quad: The Quad is a strategic dialogue between the United States, Japan, Australia and India, first conceived in 2007 and formally revived in 2017, working toward a free, open and inclusive Indo-Pacific without a permanent secretariat or headquarters.
How has India’s engagement with the Indo-Pacific evolved under the current government?
Summit participation: India’s Prime Minister has attended 12 ASEAN-India Summits, nine East Asia Summits, and all six Quad leader-level summits held since 2021.
Bilateral visits: The Prime Minister has visited Japan eight times, Singapore five times, Indonesia four times and Australia three times over the past decade.
Engagement with China: Despite bilateral differences, the Indian and Chinese leaders have crossed paths over 20 times in the last 12 years, though not all of these constituted serious engagements.
Why did India historically avoid an assertive framing of its Indo-Pacific role?
Deliberate ambiguity: While the US proposed “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” as the Quad’s motto, India added the word “inclusive,” leaving open the question of which countries the grouping might exclude.
ASEAN Centrality: India proclaimed the concept of “ASEAN Centrality” for the Indo-Pacific at the Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore in 2017, positioning Southeast Asian nations rather than any single power at the centre of the framework.
China and Russia’s rejection: China and Russia refused to adopt the term “Indo-Pacific.” China’s foreign minister in 2018 dismissed it as an effort by Western powers to encircle and contain China.
What signals a shift toward more assertive geostrategic positioning?
Great Nicobar project: The $10 billion Great Nicobar Island Development Project sits just 40 nautical miles north of the Strait of Malacca, a route that carries around 100,000 ship crossings annually, 60% of them Chinese-flagged, positioning India’s own maritime infrastructure directly along a critical Chinese trade corridor.
New trilateral mechanism: India formally agreed to build a Track 1.5 dialogue with Japan and the Philippines during the Japanese Prime Minister’s visit to Delhi in July, extending Indian engagement into the East and South China Seas, a traditionally tense maritime zone.
Beyond trade and technology: These engagements involve defence deals and strategic maritime collaboration, not only economic cooperation.
What does the rise in Japanese and South Korean defence spending show about the region’s security environment?
Japan: Japan raised its defence budget to $58 billion last year, moving toward a 2027 target of 2% of GDP.
South Korea: South Korea has increased its defence spending to almost $45 billion, with a target of 3.5% of GDP by 2035.
Shared driver: Both increases reflect a regional assessment that US engagement in the Indo-Pacific is waning even as the challenge posed by China’s rise continues to grow.
Conclusion
India’s recent Indo-Pacific moves, from the Great Nicobar project to the new Japan-Philippines trilateral, mark a departure from its earlier gradualist posture built around ASEAN Centrality and deliberate ambiguity. Whether India can sustain this more assertive positioning while preserving its strategic autonomy remains unresolved.
Back2Basics
Quad: Formed as a concept in 2007, formally revived in 2017.
Headquarters: No formal headquarters; it functions as a strategic dialogue rather than a treaty organisation.
Mandate: Strategic dialogue between the US, Japan, Australia and India on maritime security, counter-terrorism and connectivity in the Indo-Pacific.
Great Nicobar Island Development Project: A roughly $10 billion project on Great Nicobar Island approved in 2022, comprising an international container transshipment terminal, a greenfield international airport, a power plant and a township, and the subject of ongoing environmental and tribal rights concern over its impact on Nicobarese and Shompen communities and coastal biodiversity.
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2020] ‘Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad)’ is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times. Discuss.
Linkage: The PYQ tests the Quad’s evolving role in the Indo-Pacific strategic architecture and regional security. The article highlights India’s more assertive Indo-Pacific strategy through the Quad, new minilateral partnerships, and maritime initiatives like Great Nicobar.
The first tariff free shipment of Scottish salmon reached Bengaluru on July 31 under the UK India Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), eliminating India’s earlier 33 percent import tariff on the product. A single consignment marks the transition of a trade agreement from signed text into commercial reality, with industry estimating up to £130 million in additional export opportunity for Scotland’s salmon sector over the next decade.
What is the UK India CETA?
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA): CETA is the bilateral free trade agreement between the United Kingdom and India that eliminates or reduces tariffs across a wide range of goods and services traded between the two countries, recently operationalised as part of the broader India-UK Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.
Why does the tariff removal matter?
Immediate price effect: Removing the 33 percent import tariff makes Scottish salmon significantly cheaper for Indian importers and retailers, directly affecting shelf pricing for consumers.
Early proof of implementation: A commercial shipment moving within months of the agreement taking effect signals that CETA’s tariff schedules are being implemented on the ground, not just agreed on paper.
Export opportunity for Scotland: Industry estimates suggest the tariff elimination could unlock up to £130 million in additional export opportunities for Scotland’s salmon sector over the next decade.
What are the challenges to realising CETA’s full trade potential?
Cold chain and logistics: Perishable goods such as fresh salmon require reliable cold chain logistics from the United Kingdom to Indian cities, infrastructure that must scale alongside tariff-driven demand growth.
Domestic industry exposure: Cheaper imported salmon could pressure India’s own aquaculture and seafood sector as volumes scale beyond this early shipment.
Uneven sector by sector implementation: Tariff elimination for individual products such as salmon does not guarantee equally smooth implementation across CETA’s other covered sectors, some of which involve more complex regulatory alignment.
Consumer market development: Realising the full projected export opportunity depends on Indian consumer demand for premium imported seafood growing at the pace industry estimates assume.
Conclusion
The Scottish salmon shipment is an early, narrow proof point for CETA’s tariff provisions rather than evidence of the agreement’s full commercial impact. Subsequent months will show whether tariff elimination translates into sustained trade volumes across the agreement’s broader list of covered goods.
Moonshot AI’s Kimi K3, released in July with 2.8 trillion parameters, is being billed as the world’s largest open-weight artificial intelligence (AI) system, prompting Anthropic to accuse the Chinese company of illicitly extracting the capabilities of its Claude model. The episode echoes the shock caused by DeepSeek R1 in January 2025, and exposes a widening split between China’s open-weight AI strategy and the closed, proprietary approach favoured by leading US labs.
What is Kimi K3?
Kimi K3: Kimi K3 is an advanced AI model released by the Chinese company Moonshot AI, said to rival models from OpenAI and Anthropic, built as an “open-weight” system that can be downloaded and modified by developers.
What is an open-weight AI model?
Open-weight: An open-weight model allows developers to download its parameters, the numerical values that determine how the system responds to prompts, and run or customise it locally, unlike a closed model whose parameters remain proprietary.
Open-Weight vs. Closed Models
Open-Weight: Anyone can download the core files, study how it works, and run it offline.
Closed Models: The code and numbers stay hidden on a company’s private servers, and you can only use it through a web page or an API.
How does the Kimi K3 episode parallel the DeepSeek moment of January 2025?
Prior shock: DeepSeek R1’s January 2025 release triggered global market panic after being compared favourably to leading US models, with OpenAI accusing DeepSeek of copying its technology.
Repeated pattern: Kimi K3’s release in July 2026 has prompted a similar sequence, with Anthropic accusing Moonshot AI of illicitly extracting Claude’s capabilities and a US official describing it as an assault on economies that reward private capital and fair competition.
Chinese countercharge: China’s Commerce Ministry responded by accusing the US of “AI hegemonism.”
Why is China favouring an open-weight strategy over proprietary models?
Chip supply constraints: Chinese developers face chip supply constraints from Western export restrictions and domestic production bottlenecks, limiting their capacity to support commercial access to a closed model.
Ecosystem building: Chinese labs use open weights to reach developers faster and build an ecosystem around their models, generating demand more quickly than a closed, enterprise-only distribution model would allow.
Custom licensing approach: Kimi K3 uses a hybrid model, open-weight for most users but requiring large companies to strike a commercial agreement with Moonshot, an approach described as unusual among popular open-weight releases.
Diplomatic dimension: China increasingly presents open models as part of international technological cooperation, illustrated by a new Chinese government AI governance body launched this month.
What does the US industry debate reveal about the open versus closed model split?
Industry open letter: Industry figures have called for the US to shift toward open-weight models, arguing that open-source software already underlies most of the internet and systems used by the US military and federal agencies.
Divergent incentives: Companies behind AI infrastructure, such as chip makers, have generally favoured open-weight models to spread adoption and demand for their hardware, while companies with proprietary models, such as Anthropic, have expressed reservations about this shift.
US investigation: The US government is reportedly investigating whether Moonshot AI illegally accessed advanced chips to train its models.
Does China’s progress prove that US export controls have failed?
Not proof of failure: Kimi K3’s capability does not prove that export controls have failed. It shows that progress in AI models depends on more than access to the most advanced chips.
Gap still exists: Parity between US and Chinese AI companies remains distant, given the continuing US edge in compute capacity, capital, global distribution and chip access.
Wider influence: The rise of Chinese AI companies could still give other countries more choice and lower-cost options for local deployment, extending China’s influence over global technical standards even without full parity.
Conclusion
Kimi K3 has intensified a two-player race for global AI dominance between the US and China, driven partly by a strategic divergence between China’s open-weight approach and the closed models favoured by leading American labs. Export controls have not stopped Chinese progress, but neither have they closed the underlying gap in compute, capital and distribution that still separates the two sides.
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2026] Which of the following statements with regard to Large Language Models (LLMs) used in machine learning is/are correct?
1. LLMs assign probabilities to the next possible words and then pick the one with the highest probability.
2. LLMs process data through mathematical optimisation to minimise prediction errors.
3. LLMs produce unbiased outputs.
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3.
The Noida Police registered a Zero FIR against a 25 year old protester over remarks about the Prime Minister during the July youth protests, invoking sections covering insult, public mischief and defamation rather than obscenity. The case surfaces a legal distinction courts have sharpened over six decades: crude or profane language is not automatically the same offence as obscenity, and each carries its own, narrower evidentiary bar.
How has India’s legal test for obscenity evolved?
Ranjit D. Udeshi v State of Maharashtra, 1965: The Supreme Court upheld a ban on D H Lawrence’s novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover and adopted the 1868 English Hicklin test, which asked whether isolated passages of a work could corrupt the most vulnerable reader.
Doordarshan v Anand Patwardhan, 2006: The Supreme Court cleared the broadcast of a documentary that had been denied airtime over its adult certificate, holding that obscenity must be judged by viewing a work as a whole, not by isolating individual scenes.
Aveek Sarkar v State of West Bengal, 2014: The Supreme Court discarded the Hicklin test in favour of a community standards test, holding that material is obscene only if it tends to arouse sexual feelings when judged by an average person applying contemporary standards.
What is Section 296 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita?
Section 296, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS): The successor to Section 294 of the Indian Penal Code, this is the default charge for loud, obscene public behaviour, punishing obscene acts or words uttered in or near a public place to the annoyance of others, with up to three months in jail.
Why is profanity not the same as obscenity?
College Romance ruling, 2024: The Supreme Court quashed an FIR against a web series over an expletive-heavy episode, holding that vulgarity and profanity are not, by themselves, the same as obscenity, since crude words in common usage reflect emotions such as anger or frustration rather than arousing sexual feelings.
Sivakumar v State, April 2026: The Supreme Court acquitted a man under Section 294 for calling someone a slur during a heated argument, holding it did not meet the threshold for obscenity.
Mani v State, July 2026: The Supreme Court held that swear words, profanities and vulgar expletives, however distasteful, cannot be equated with obscenity, since obscenity requires a showing that the utterance was lascivious.
What does the Noida FIR actually need to prove?
Section 352, insult: This requires proof that the accused intended, or knew it was likely, that the insult would provoke an actual breach of public peace, not merely that someone felt insulted.
Section 353(1), public mischief: This section targets incitement, such as inciting mutiny, fear likely to push people toward offences against the state, or enmity between communities, a considerably higher bar than sharp criticism of a leader.
Section 356(1), defamation: Defamation carries long standing exceptions for good faith comment on a public figure’s conduct in their public role.
Conclusion
Six decades of Supreme Court rulings have progressively narrowed what counts as obscenity while explicitly separating it from mere vulgarity or profanity. The Noida case will test whether remarks about the Prime Minister meet the considerably higher evidentiary bar the insult, public mischief and defamation provisions actually require.
Back2Basics
International Examples
United States: Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969): Speech can be punished only if it is intended and likely to incite imminent lawless action, not merely because it is offensive.
United Kingdom: Handyside v. UK (ECHR, 1976): Freedom of expression protects ideas that “offend, shock or disturb” the State or any section of society.
United States: Cohen v. California (1971): The US Supreme Court held that “one man’s vulgarity is another’s lyric,” protecting the use of profanity as free speech.
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR): Political speech enjoys the highest level of protection, and public officials are expected to tolerate greater criticism than private individuals.
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2013] Discuss Section 66A of IT Act, with reference to its alleged violation of Article 19 of the Constitution.
Linkage: The PYQ tests the balance between freedom of speech under Article 19(1)(a) and reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2). The article examines the legal limits of criminalising speech, highlighting judicial safeguards against misuse of obscenity and other speech-related offences.
The Supreme Court dismissed the Competition Commission of India’s appeal against an NCLAT order that set aside a Rs 301.6 crore penalty on Grasim Industries, holding that the regulator breached natural justice by not giving the company a hearing after departing from its own investigative findings. The ruling exposes the boundary between a regulator’s power to penalise dominant firms and the procedural fairness it owes them before doing so.
What did the CCI originally rule and why was it set aside?
Original penalty: The Competition Commission of India imposed the Rs 301.6 crore penalty on Grasim Industries in March 2020 for allegedly abusing its dominant position in the supply of viscose staple fibre to spinners.
Departure from the Director General’s findings: The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal found that the CCI had departed from the findings of its own Director General, the regulator’s investigative arm, without giving Grasim a chance to respond to that departure.
NCLAT’s order: The NCLAT set aside the CCI’s order and remanded the matter back to the Commission for a fresh hearing that accounts for this procedural gap.
Why did the Supreme Court agree with the natural justice finding?
Hearing before departure: A bench of the Supreme Court held that once the CCI decided to differ from the Director General’s conclusions, natural justice required that Grasim be given an opportunity to present its arguments against that specific departure.
Procedural fairness as a substantive check: The ruling confirms that a regulator’s substantive finding of market dominance abuse can be undone purely on procedural grounds, regardless of the underlying merits of the dominance allegation.
What are the challenges this ruling poses for competition regulation?
Delay in enforcement: The case now returns to the CCI for a fresh hearing, meaning a matter that began with a 2020 penalty order will take years longer to resolve, weakening the deterrent effect of competition enforcement.
Procedural burden on the regulator: The CCI will need to build an additional hearing step into its process whenever it departs from Director General findings, adding to its administrative workload in future dominance cases.
Precedent for future appeals: Companies facing CCI penalties now have a clearer procedural ground to challenge orders that diverge from investigative findings without an intervening hearing.
Market conduct still unresolved: Whether Grasim actually abused its dominant position in the viscose staple fibre market remains unresolved and will only be settled after the CCI re-examines the case.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s ruling turns on procedure, not on whether Grasim actually abused its market position. The Competition Commission of India must now rehear the case with Grasim given the opportunity it was earlier denied, leaving the substantive dominance question open until that fresh hearing concludes.
Back2Basics:
Competition Commission of India (CCI)
The CCI is India’s cross-sectoral competition regulator, governed by the Competition Act, 2002, covering anti-competitive agreements, mergers and combinations, and abuse of dominance across all sectors.
It is not a price control body; it intervenes only where conduct is anti-competitive, a distinction commonly tested since CCI does not regulate prices directly.
The CCI acts as the first-instance adjudicator across all sectors, since there is no separate technical regulator performing a parallel function within its domain.
Appeals against CCI orders lie with the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT), as in the Grasim case, with further appeal lying with the Supreme Court.
The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT):
It serves as the direct appellate authority for orders, directions, and decisions passed by the Competition Commission of India (CCI). When the CCI rules on anti-competitive agreements, cartels, or abuse of dominant market positions, aggrieved parties challenge those decisions before the NCLAT
Key Aspects of the Relationship
Appellate Jurisdiction: Empowered under Section 410 of the Companies Act, 2013, NCLAT hears and disposes of all appeals arising from CCI rulings (replacing the erstwhile Competition Appellate Tribunal or COMPAT).
Judicial Review: NCLAT evaluates whether CCI orders follow principles of natural justice, properly weigh market evidence, or stay within regulatory jurisdiction
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2023] Discuss the role of the Competition Commission of India in containing the abuse of dominant position by the Multi-National Corporations in India. Refer to the recent decisions.
Linkage: The PYQ tests the role of the CCI in preventing abuse of dominant position and promoting fair competition. The article highlights the CCI’s enforcement powers and the need to uphold natural justice while regulating dominant firms.
An Amnesty International report titled “Made in India” alleged that India exported over 2,500 shipments of small arms, ammunition and components to Israel between October 2023 and November 2025, raising concerns over compliance with international humanitarian law.
Key Findings
Over 2,500 shipments of arms and ammunition-related items were exported.
At least 788 shipments were identified as having military purposes.
Exports reportedly included machine gun components, artillery shells and explosive warheads.
The report relies on shipment-level trade data rather than aggregate trade statistics.
Why is it Significant?
Raises concerns regarding India’s defence exports amid the Gaza conflict.
Brings attention to issues of international humanitarian law (IHL) and arms transfers.
Highlights the growing India-Israel defence partnership.
Challenges
Balancing strategic defence cooperation with international legal obligations.
Ensuring transparency and oversight of defence exports.
Reputational risks arising from allegations of complicity in conflict-related violations.
Amnesty International
Established in 1961.
Headquarters: London, United Kingdom.
Global human rights organisation that investigates and campaigns against human rights violations.
Publishes the annual State of the World’s Human Rights report.
International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
Also known as the Law of Armed Conflict.
Regulates the conduct of armed conflicts.
Primarily based on the Geneva Conventions (1949) and their Additional Protocols.
Protects civilians, prisoners of war and the wounded during armed conflict.
India-Israel Defence Cooperation
Israel is among India’s major defence suppliers.
Cooperation includes: Missiles (Barak-8), UAVs (Heron), Radar systems, Electronic warfare equipment, and Small arms and ammunition
Geneva Conventions (1949)
Four international treaties governing humanitarian protection during war.
India is a State Party to all four Geneva Conventions.
United Nations Commission of Inquiry (COI)
Independent fact-finding mechanism established by the UN Human Rights Council.
Investigates alleged violations of international human rights and humanitarian law.
[2015] Amnesty International is
(a) an agency of the United Nations to help refugees of civil wars
(b) a global Human Rights Movement
(c) a non-governmental voluntary organization to help very poor people
(d) an inter-governmental agency to cater to medical emergencies in war-ravaged regions.
Around 60,000 migrants crossed from Morocco into Spain’s Ceuta enclave within 24 hours, prompting Italy to temporarily suspend the Schengen Agreement with Spain for one month by reintroducing border checks.
What is the Schengen Area?
A passport-free travel zone that abolishes internal border checks among participating European countries.
Members maintain common external border controls.
Internal border checks may be temporarily reintroduced on grounds of national security or public order.
What Happened in Ceuta?
Around 60,000 migrants attempted to enter Ceuta from Morocco.
At least 57 migrants died during the crossing.
Spain deployed the armed forces and additional police to restore order.
Morocco used tear gas to disperse migrants near the border.
Why is it Significant?
Highlights vulnerabilities at the EU’s external borders.
Tests the functioning of the Schengen free movement system.
Demonstrates that one member state can temporarily restore internal border controls during security emergencies.
Raises concerns over irregular migration, border management and humanitarian protection.
Challenges
Rising irregular migration and human smuggling.
Balancing border security with humanitarian obligations.
Coordination among EU member states.
Political tensions between Spain, Morocco and other EU members.
Ceuta
An autonomous Spanish city on the north coast of Africa, bordering Morocco.
Together with Melilla, forms the European Union’s only land border with Africa.
Frequently used as an entry point for migrants seeking access to Europe.
Schengen Area
Established under the Schengen Agreement (1985).
Schengen Convention: 1990.
Implemented from 1995.
Comprises 29 countries (25 EU members and 4 non-EU countries).
Non-EU Schengen Members: Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein
[2019] Which of the following adopted a law on data protection and privacy for its citizens known as ‘General Data Protection Regulation’ in April 2016 and started implementation of it from 25th May, 2018?
