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GS Paper: GS2

  • India- Canada Diplomatic Face-Offs over Khalistan

    Khalistan

    Central Idea

    Background of Diplomatic Face-Offs

    • India has accused the Canadian government of inadequate action against pro-Khalistan supporters, perceiving it as an attempt to court the Canadian-Sikh community.
    • Canada has denied these allegations and called it instead an exercise of Freedom of Speech and Individual Liberty.

    Pro-Khalistan stance of Trudeau Govt

    • These recent tensions echo a long history of strained relations.
    • In 1998, Canada recalled its high commissioner to India following India’s nuclear tests.
    • Disagreements began as early as 1948 when Canada supported a plebiscite in Kashmir.

    Recent Discord

    • Leadership Clashes: Trudeau’s appointment of four Sikhs to his 30-member Cabinet in 2015, boasting more Sikhs than Modi’s ministry, stirred controversy over his proximity to Khalistan sympathizers.
    • Diplomatic Incidents: Tensions escalated when then Punjab CM refused to meet Canadian Defence Minister Harjit Singh Sajjan in 2017, accusing him of associating with separatists. Trudeau’s 2018 visit to India received a cool reception, further souring relations.
    • Atwal Controversy: India expressed dismay when Jaspal Atwal, convicted of attempting to assassinate an Indian Cabinet minister in 1986, was initially invited to dine with Trudeau during the same visit. The invitation was later rescinded.
    • Brief Respite: Relations appeared to improve when Canada mentioned ‘extremism’ and Khalistan in its 2018 ‘Public Report on the Terrorist Threat to Canada.’ Both countries established an anti-terrorism cooperation framework in 2018.
    • Reversal: In 2019, Canada removed all mentions of Khalistan and Sikh extremism from the report, drawing criticism from Punjab CM Amarinder Singh, who had provided Trudeau with a list of extremists, including Hardeep Singh Nijjar.

    Current Perspective: G20 Humiliation 

    • Canada’s Viewpoint: Canadian officials assert that their efforts to improve relations with India through trade and commerce are hindered by India’s focus on Khalistan. They argue that the separatist movement is relatively insignificant and that the Khalistan referendums organized by Sikhs for Justice are legal.
    • India’s Concerns: During the recent G20 summit, PM Modi conveyed “strong concerns” about “continuing anti-India activities of extremist elements” in Canada.

    Historical Roots of Canadian Interference

    • Long-standing Connection: Canada’s association with the Khalistan cause dates back. Surjan Singh Gill established the ‘Khalistan government in exile’ office in Vancouver in 1982, even issuing Khalistani passports and currency. However, he garnered limited local Sikh support.
    • Militancy’s Impact: Militancy in Punjab during the early 1980s had repercussions in Canada. In 1982, then PM Pierre Trudeau declined to extradite Talwinder Singh Parmar, accused of killing two police officers in Punjab. The Air India Kanishka bombing in 1985, orchestrated by the Babbar Khalsa, led to 331 civilian deaths in Canada’s worst act of terrorism.

    Changing Governments and Influences

    • Political Fluctuations: The Khalistan movement’s trajectory often mirrors India and the subcontinent’s changing politics. Relations improved during the Vajpayee government, with hints of reconciliation.
    • Strong Relations: During Stephen Harper’s tenure as Canadian PM (2006-2015), Canada and India enjoyed strong relations, marked by numerous high-level visits and cooperation.
    • Community Influence: With over 7.7 lakh Sikhs in Canada, the Sikh community wields substantial political influence, with 18 Sikh MPs in the Canadian parliament in 2019, surpassing those in India.

    Repercussions of the spat

    (1) Migration Trends:

    • The ongoing tensions and the Khalistan movement have led to a 246% increase in asylum claims by Indian nationals in Canada.
    • Experts suggest this may be a tactic employed by immigration agents.

    (2) Shift in Interest:

    • Interest in the Khalistan movement in Canada has waned, with the issue being less prominent.
    • Supporters are often second-generation Canadians influenced by pro-Khalistani social media and music/ rap-culture, rather than direct experiences in Punjab.

    (3) Trade and Economy:

    • In 2022, the trade between India and Canada exceeded $13.7 billion, making India Canada’s 10th largest two-way merchandise trade partner.
    • However, recent developments have led to the pause of trade talks and the cancellation of a planned trade mission to India.

    Conclusion

    • The complexities surrounding India-Canada relations, exacerbated by the lingering specter of Khalistan, continue to evolve.
    • Historical antecedents, political transitions, and diaspora dynamics all contribute to the intricate dance between the two nations.
    • While challenges persist, the potential for cooperation remains, provided both countries navigate the path toward common ground with sensitivity and diplomacy.

  • Women’s Reservation Bill: A Long Road Ahead

    women's reservation bill

    Central Idea

    • The Indian government introduced The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, aimed at providing 33% reservation to women in the Lok Sabha and state Legislative Assemblies.
    • However, this endeavor is not new, dating back to the mid-1990s.

    Women’s Reservation Bill: Overview

    • Reservation Provisions: The Bill proposes to reserve one-third of the seats in the Lok Sabha and state Assemblies for women, including those belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
    • Constitutional Amendments: Similar to a previous Bill from 2010, this one introduces new articles (330A and 332A) in the Constitution to effect these changes.
    • Sunset Clause: The Bill includes a sunset clause, stipulating that the reservation will be applicable for 15 years from the Act’s commencement.

    Discourse on Women’s Reservation

    • Pre-Independence Demands: The discussion on women’s reservation dates back to the pre-Independence era, where various women’s organizations advocated for women’s political representation.
    • Recommendations: Several recommendations and reports, such as the 1955 committee’s proposal for 10% reservation in Lok Sabha and State legislative assemblies, set the stage.
    • National Perspective Plan: The National Perspective Plan for Women in 1988 called for 30% reservation in all elected bodies.
    • Panchayati Raj Act (1993): A significant step was the amendment of the Panchayati Raj Act in 1993, reserving 33% of seats in local government bodies for women.
    • Rajya Sabha Approval (2010): The Women’s Reservation Bill, introduced in 1996, finally gained momentum and was approved by the Rajya Sabha on March 9, 2010.

    Practical obstacles in Implementation

    (a) Delimitation Process Dependency:

    • Crucial Condition: The Bill links the implementation of women’s reservation to the delimitation process, which could significantly delay its enactment.
    • Impact of Census: Delimitation would occur after the publication of Census results, with the 2021 Census delay potentially affecting the timeline. Assuming the Census results are published after 2026, this could serve as the basis for delimitation of constituencies.
    • Operational Timeline: Given the current circumstances, women’s reservation might not be effective in the Lok Sabha until the general elections of 2029.

    (b) Seat Identification Uncertainty:

    • Lack of Specifics: The Bill does not specify how the reserved seats will be identified, leaving this crucial aspect to be addressed by a separate law. Past proposals suggested rotation and a draw of lots method to determine reserved seats, but the government’s exact approach remains unclear.

    (c) Current Seat Reservation Process

    • SCs and STs: The Delimitation Act, 2002, lays down principles for reserving seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes based on population distribution.

    (d) Constitutional Amendments Required:

    • Amendment Necessity: To operationalize the women’s reservation scheme, amendments to Articles 82 and 170(3) of the Constitution are essential.
    • Impact on Panchayati Raj: While reservation for women exists in Panchayati Raj institutions, it operates under Article 243D and has achieved significant representation in several states. According to government data as of September 8, 2021, in at least 18 states, the percentage of women elected representatives in Panchayati Raj institutions was more than 50%.

    Challenges to Female Representation

    • Party Ticket Allocation: Despite pledges in party constitutions, records show that women candidates receive disproportionately fewer party tickets, often relying on family political connections.
    • Perceived Electability: The belief that women candidates are less likely to win elections hampers their ticket allocation.
    • Structural Barriers: Demanding and time-consuming election campaigns, coupled with family responsibilities, deter many women from active participation.
    • Vulnerability: Women politicians face humiliation, abuse, and threats, making participation even more challenging.
    • Financial Constraints: High campaign costs, limited financial independence, and lack of party support create hurdles for women candidates.
    • Internalized Patriarchy: Many women prioritize family and household duties over political ambitions due to ingrained patriarchal norms.

    Significance of Women’s Participation in Lawmaking

    • Political Empowerment: Legislative representation empowers women to participate in lawmaking and hold the government accountable.
    • Gender Parity Indicator: Women’s presence in national parliaments reflects gender equality progress in politics.
    • Unique Skills: Women bring diverse skills to politics, serve as role models, and advocate for gender justice.
    • Advocating Women’s Interests: Female politicians represent women’s interests in state policies, bridging the gap between representation and participation.
    • Efficiency and Integrity: Studies show that women legislators excel economically, exhibit lower criminality and corruption rates, and are more effective and less susceptible to political opportunism.

    Need for such Reservation

    • Ensuring Representation: Reservation guarantees women’s presence in decision-making bodies, addressing underrepresentation.
    • Encouraging Entry: Reservation encourages women to enter politics, contest elections, and engage in the political process.
    • Capacity Building: Participation in legislative processes enhances women’s political capacity, nurturing effective leaders.
    • Changing Perceptions: Reservation shifts societal attitudes toward women in politics, challenging stereotypes and promoting participation.
    • Promoting Gender-Sensitive Policies: Women politicians advocate for gender-sensitive policies addressing issues like violence against women and discrimination.

    Conclusion

    • Pressing Need: The Women’s Reservation Bill is long overdue, with women waiting for their rightful place in governance and nation-building.
    • Untapped Potential: Women’s leadership qualities are undeniable, and their participation is essential for India’s progress.
    • Call for Action: As India aspires to be a global leader, it must prioritize women’s political empowerment and pass the Women’s Reservation Bill without further delay.

  • India-Middle East-Europe Corridor: The way to a new world order

    Corridor

    What’s the news?

    • In a historic development, global leaders, including the Prime Minister of India, the President of the United States, the Chancellor of Germany, the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, the President of the UAE, the Prime Minister of Italy, and the President of the EU, came together at a global summit in New Delhi on September 10 to establish the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).

    Central idea

    • The ancient Red Sea route, dating back to the Common Era, once connected distant civilizations, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas. IMEC, a recently established trade corridor, is poised to reshape global trade dynamics. It envisions reliable and cost-effective transport connectivity to accelerate the development and integration of Asia, the Arabian Gulf, and Europe.

    What is IMEC?

    • The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor is an economic initiative aimed at creating a strategic trade and transportation corridor that connects India with the Middle East and Europe.
    • It was established through a memorandum of understanding (MOU) signed by the leaders of India, the United States, Germany, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Italy, and the EU on September 10 in New Delhi.
    • IMEC envisions the development of a reliable and cost-effective transport network, including railways and ship-to-rail transit, to facilitate the movement of goods and services between India, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, and the European Union (EU).
    • It seeks to offer an alternative route for trade between Asia and Europe, reducing transit times and logistics costs compared to existing maritime routes like the Suez Canal.

    Historic significance

    • Ancient Trade Routes: IMEC harkens back to the historic trade routes of the ancient world, particularly the Red Sea route that dates back to the beginning of the Common Era. This route facilitated the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas between distant civilizations. IMEC, in its modern form, symbolizes a contemporary effort to reestablish a similar corridor.
    • India’s Historic Role: The corridor’s historical significance for India is notable. In ancient times, India was at the heart of important trade routes, connecting it to regions as far away as Rome. IMEC reaffirms India’s role as a pivotal player in regional and global trade, reminiscent of its historical significance in trade networks.
    • Geopolitical Importance: Throughout history, regions at the crossroads of trade routes have held significant geopolitical clout. IMEC’s establishment underscores the contemporary geopolitical importance of the regions it connects, particularly India, the Middle East, and Europe.

    Significance of IMEC

    • Historical Revival: IMEC revives ancient trade routes, particularly the Red Sea route, dating back to the Common Era. It reconnects regions and rekindles the spirit of historical trade.
    • Geopolitical Clout: IMEC’s establishment gathered leaders from India, the United States, Germany, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Italy, and the EU. This underscores its geopolitical significance, positioning these regions as pivotal players in global trade.
    • Economic Growth: IMEC is expected to boost economic cooperation and trade among its participating nations, leading to economic growth and development.
    • Connectivity and Integration: The corridor aims to restore and enhance connectivity between regions with historical ties, creating a cohesive economic and trade network spanning Asia, the Arabian Gulf, and Europe.

    Potential of IMEC to Reshape Global Trade

    • Shorter Routes: IMEC offers shorter and more cost-effective trade routes compared to the congested Suez Canal and Mediterranean routes. This can significantly reduce transit times and logistics costs for global trade.
    • Multimodal Connectivity: IMEC envisions a reliable railway and ship-to-rail transit network, complementing existing maritime and road routes. This multimodal connectivity enhances trade efficiency and reliability.
    • Regional Trade Boost: IMEC enhances regional trade by connecting major ports and facilitating the movement of goods between India, the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, and the EU. This fosters regional economic integration.
    • Standard Gauge Infrastructure: IMEC’s adoption of a standard gauge throughout the corridor eliminates the need for gauge changes, ensuring smoother and more efficient transportation of goods.

    Challenges thet IMEC Must Overcome

    • Infrastructure Development: Building the necessary rail links, terminals, and inland container depots (ICDs) at major Gulf and Mediterranean ports is a complex and extensive endeavor.
    • Cross-Border Connectivity: Ensuring seamless connectivity across borders, especially in the Middle East, demands cooperation between multiple countries. This includes extending rail networks from the Gulf to Israel through Jordan.
    • Environmental Considerations: IMEC’s commitment to green and sustainable growth involves addressing environmental challenges, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
    • Coordination and Financing: Coordination among participating countries and securing financing are crucial to overcome financial barriers and ensure the corridor’s viability.

    Conclusion

    • IMEC marks a historic moment for India and its partners, offering incredible potential for regional and global growth. As a catalyst for collective growth, global cooperation, and connectivity, IMEC embodies the spirit of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, benefiting millions across continents. This corridor’s establishment is just the beginning of a new era of global economic collaboration and shared prosperity.

  • Women’s reservation: What is the road ahead, before it can be implemented

    reservation

    What’s the news?

    • In a significant legislative move, the government has tabled the Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, in the Lok Sabha.

    Central idea

    • The Indian government has introduced the Constitution Bill, 2023, aimed at providing 33% reservation for women in both Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies. While the bill mirrors some aspects of the previously proposed legislation, it also introduces significant changes.

    Key Provisions of the Bill

    • Reservation Percentage: The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Amendment) Bill, 2023, proposes 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha and state Legislative Assemblies.
    • Inclusion of Marginalized Groups: The reservation also includes seats reserved for women belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
    • Constitutional Amendments: The Bill introduces new articles, 330A and 332A, in the Constitution specifically for Lok Sabha and state assemblies, respectively.
    • Duration of Reservation: The proposed reservation will be in effect for 15 years from the commencement of the Act.
    • Dependence on Delimitation: Implementation of the reservation is contingent upon the completion of the delimitation process.

    Comparison with the Previous Bill

    • Reservation in Lok Sabha: The Bill reserves one-third of the total seats in Lok Sabha for women, including those from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
    • Sunset Clause: Similar to the 2010 Bill passed by the Rajya Sabha, the current Bill includes a 15-year sunset clause.
    • Delimitation Dependency: A significant difference is that the current Bill ties the implementation of women’s reservations to the delimitation process, which was not present in the 2010 Bill.

    Current Reservation Framework

    • Panchayati Raj Institutions: India already has reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women in Panchayati Raj institutions.
    • Legal Mandate: Article 243D of the Constitution mandates that not less than one-third of the seats reserved for SCs and STs should be reserved for women.
    • Achievements in States: Several states have achieved over 50% women’s representation in Panchayati Raj institutions.

    How does reservation for women in Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies work?

    • Panchayati Raj: Article 243D ensures reservation for women, SCs, and STs in Panchayati Raj institutions.
    • Flexibility for States: States have the flexibility to reserve seats for backward classes.
    • High Women Representation: Many states have over 50% women representatives in Panchayati Raj institutions.

    Concerns associated with the bill

    • Potential Delay: The bill’s implementation depends on the completion of the delimitation process, which could postpone its effect until the 2029 general elections.
    • Lack of Clarity: The bill does not specify how reserved seats will be identified, raising questions about the selection process.
    • Operational Challenges: Implementing the reservation, particularly ensuring fair representation, may pose logistical difficulties.

    What constitutional amendments will be needed to operationalize the scheme of women’s reservation?

    • Amending Article 82: To enable women’s reservation, amendments to Article 82, which deals with the adjustment of constituencies for Lok Sabha and state assemblies following each census, are necessary.
    • Amending Article 170(3): Amendments to Article 170(3), which pertains to the composition of legislative assemblies, are also required.
    • Prerequisites for Implementation: These amendments are prerequisites for the delimitation process and, subsequently, the implementation of women’s reservations.

    Conclusion

    • The introduction of the Constitution 128th Bill, 2023, marks a significant step towards empowering women in Indian politics. However, its effectiveness hinges on the timely completion of the delimitation process, and the method for identifying reserved seats remains a subject of debate. Nevertheless, this bill reflects a continued commitment to promoting gender equality in India’s democratic institutions.

    Also read:

    Private Member’s Bill for women’s reservation

  • The ‘mantras’ that powered success at the G-20 summit

    summit

    What’s the news?

    • India Shines at the G-20 Summit, Champions Multilateralism and Multipolarity

    Central idea

    • The recent G-20 summit held in India, especially the New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration (NDLD), has reaffirmed the vitality of multilateralism on the global stage. Despite challenges, India’s diplomatic efforts, rooted in its principles of multilateralism, multipolarity, and the middle way, bore fruit at the summit.

    “In a world that often resembles a dysfunctional global family, India’s diplomatic approach at the G-20 serves as a beacon of hope for effective global governance.” UN Secretary-General António Guterres

    Multilateralism: The Key Driver

    • Concessions for Consensus:
    • The commitment to uphold multilateralism was pivotal in achieving consensus at the G-20. The Western bloc, including G-7 countries, the European Union, and allies like Australia and South Korea, made significant concessions by agreeing to omit direct references to Russia in paragraphs concerning the Ukraine conflict.
    • This collaborative approach was driven by the shared goal of preserving the G-20 as a crucial platform for global cooperation.
    • Preservation of the G-20:
    • The absence of a joint declaration would have cast doubt on the G-20’s future, potentially leading to fragmentation into distinct blocs, including the G-7 and BRICS.
    • The G-7 and BRICS had already expressed their positions on the Ukraine conflict. Thus, achieving consensus at the G-20 reinforced its relevance as a forum encompassing diverse perspectives.
    • Role of Developing Nations:
    • The Troika-Plus, consisting of Indonesia, India, Brazil, and South Africa, all of which are hosting or future hosts of the G-20, played a crucial role in formulating a winning approach to the Ukraine issue.
    • This highlighted the multilateral heft of emerging economies and their contribution to consensus-building.

    India’s Support for a Multipolar World

    • India’s Advocacy: India’s consistent support for a multipolar world order stood out at the G-20. In a world where the U.S. pursued unipolarity, China aimed for bipolarity, and India championed multipolarity, India’s stance gained prominence.
    • Global Shifts:
    • The recent history of international relations saw the U.S. temporarily withdraw from various multilateral agreements and organizations during the Trump era, causing concern about a potential decline in U.S. global leadership.
    • China’s rapid ascent brought both influence and unease due to its actions during the COVID-19 pandemic and aggressive behavior toward neighboring countries, including India.
    • The Rise of the Global South:
    • The Global South, comprising over 125 countries, emerged as a potent voice in global affairs. Despite disparities in wealth, the Global South’s collective influence reshaped global priorities in areas such as development, climate change, health, and digital access.
    • India’s active involvement with the Global South, including its membership in the African Union, bolstered its position at the G-20.

    The Middle Way: A Key to India’s Diplomatic Success

    • India’s Tradition:
    • India’s diplomatic success at the G-20 can be attributed to its long-standing tradition of eschewing alliances and pursuing a middle path in global disputes.
    • This approach sometimes requires making compromises, such as maintaining ties with Russia and not inviting Ukraine’s president to address the G-20.
    • However, it positions India as a bridge between the Global South and North, East and West.
    • A Balancing Act: In a polarized world, the role of bridging divides is indispensable. India’s ability to balance between diverse interests makes it a valuable mediator and consensus-builder on the global stage.

    Conclusion

    • The G-20 summit in India exemplified the enduring importance of multilateralism, multipolarity, and the middle way in diplomacy. India’s success in fostering consensus and maintaining the unity of the G-20 underscores the significance of these principles in addressing global challenges.

    Also read:

    India’s G20 Presidency: Embracing Inclusivity, Ambition, and Action

  • Reforming H-1B Visa Program: Vivek Ramaswamy’s Pledge

    h-1b visa

    Central Idea

    • Indian-American Republican presidential contender Vivek Ramaswamy vows to overhaul the H-1B visa program.
    • The H-1B visa, highly sought-after among Indian IT professionals, permits US companies to employ foreign workers for specialized roles requiring theoretical or technical expertise.

    Why discuss this?

    • The H-1B visa are highly sought-after category used by Indian professionals in the US as many use them as a precursor for permanent residency.
    • However, the waiting periods for the employment-based green card for Indians can stretch into decades.
    • The US embassy in India has already processed over 9 lakh non-immigrant visa currently and is expected to pass the one million mark soon.

    Understanding H-1B Visa Program

    • The H-1B visa program is crafted to facilitate the entry of skilled foreign workers into the United States, enabling them to work for American companies.
    • It is particularly sought after by Indian IT professionals as it permits U.S. companies to employ foreign workers in specialized roles demanding theoretical or technical expertise.
    • Despite its popularity, the H-1B visa program faces criticisms for extended waiting periods and the use of a lottery system for selection.

    Ramaswamy’s Perspective

    • Personal Experience: Ramaswamy acknowledged his own immigrant experience and contended that the H-1B system is detrimental to all parties involved.
    • Merit-Based Reform: He advocated for replacing the lottery system with a meritocratic admission process, describing the current system as a form of indentured servitude that primarily benefits sponsoring companies.
    • Eliminating Chain Migration: He also emphasized the need to eliminate chain-based migration, arguing that family members who join immigrants are not merit-based contributors to the country.

    Historical Context and Comparisons

    • Resonance with Trump: Ramaswamy’s stance on H-1B visas draws parallels with Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign.
    • Hard stance: Despite hiring foreign workers under H-1B visas for his businesses, Trump initially adopted a hardline stance on these workers before later softening his rhetoric.

  • Transformations and Trends in the Indian Parliament over 75 Years

    Central Idea

    • India’s parliamentary journey spanning 75 years reflects a dynamic and evolving landscape of political representation, legislative processes, and societal changes.
    • From shifting demographics to parliamentary practices and electoral dynamics, this retrospective analysis sheds light on the fascinating facets of India’s parliamentary evolution.

    Key Trends in Indian Parliament

    Youth Representation
    • Despite a growing youth population, the number of MPs aged 35 and below in the Lok Sabha is at a record low.
    • In the First Lok Sabha, there were 82 such MPs, but in the 17th Lok Sabha, there are only 21.
    • This decline contrasts with India’s youthful demographic, where around 66% of the population is under 35.
    Women’s Turnout and Representation
    • Women’s voter turnout has consistently risen since 1962, even surpassing male turnout in 2019.
    • Number of women candidates has increased, from 45 in 1957 to 726 in 2019.
    • However, women’s representation in the Lok Sabha remains low, with just 14.36% of the total seats occupied by women in 2019.
    • Women’s reservation Bill, aimed at increasing women’s representation to 33%, has faced hurdles in passing.
    Missing Deputy Speaker
    • 17th Lok Sabha is set to become the first in independent India without a Deputy Speaker, breaking from tradition.
    Declining Parliamentary Sittings
    • Between 1952 and 1974, the Lok Sabha consistently held over 100 sittings annually, but this trend has declined.
    • Pandemic in 2020 led to a significant decrease in sittings.
    • Average sitting time per day has also decreased over the years.
    Bills Passed and Ordinances Issued
    • Both Houses of Parliament are passing fewer bills compared to earlier decades.
    • Highest number of bills passed occurred during the Emergency in 1976, while the lowest was in 2004.
    • An increase in ordinances issued by the Union government has coincided with fewer parliamentary sittings.
    Voter Enrollment and Parties in the Fray
    • Number of voters has increased six-fold from 1951 to 2019, resulting in a higher number of polling stations.
    • Nos. of parties participating in Lok Sabha polls has multiplied over the years, with 673 parties in 2019 compared to 53 in 1951.
    • Number of contestants has also grown significantly.
    Vote Share and Majority Trends
    • Out of 17 Lok Sabha elections held so far, 10 have resulted in clear majorities, while 7 have been fractured mandates.
    • Recent trends show that the winning party typically receives a higher vote share than the runner-up since 2004.
    Changing Focus on Questions
    • Time allocated for questions in the Lok Sabha has decreased over the years.
    • First Lok Sabha dedicated 15% of its time to questions, whereas the 14th Lok Sabha allocated only 11.42%.
    • Data for the 15th, 16th, and 17th Lok Sabhas is not available for comparison.

    Conclusion

    • As India’s Parliament embarks on its journey of 75 years, these trends provide a fascinating glimpse into the evolving dynamics of the nation’s highest legislative body.

  • The Khalistan shadow on India-Canada ties, over the years

    Central idea

    • Relations between India and Canada have reached a new low, with allegations of Canadian leniency towards Khalistani supporters and accusations of India’s involvement in a recent killing. This isn’t a recent issue but a longstanding tension that dates back to the mid-20th century. The modern-day discord between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau over Khalistani extremism has exacerbated these historical strains.

    Historical Roots of Khalistan Movement in Canada

    • Establishment of Khalistan Office: Surjan Singh Gill established the ‘Khalistan government in exile’ office in Vancouver in 1982, issuing Khalistani passports and currency.
    • Militancy’s Impact: The militancy in Punjab in the early 1980s had repercussions in Canada, leading to the emergence of organizations like the International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF), the Babbar Khalsa, and the World Sikh Organisation.
    • Air India Kanishka Bombing: The Babbar Khalsa orchestrated the bombing of Air India Kanishka in 1985, resulting in 331 civilian deaths.

    Recent Developments

    • Strained Relations: Relations between India and Canada have deteriorated due to Canada’s alleged leniency toward Khalistani supporters. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused India of involvement in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, designated as a terrorist by India, in Surrey in June.
    • Tensions Over Khalistan: Tensions related to Khalistan extremism have been ongoing for years, with Trudeau’s appointment of Sikh ministers in 2015 sparking controversy and accusations of his proximity to Khalistan sympathizers.
    • Incidents Fueling Tensions: Various incidents, such as the refusal of meetings by Punjab Chief Minister Capt Amarinder Singh and Trudeau’s cool reception during his India visit, have exacerbated the India-Canada rift.
    • Report on Sikh Extremism: Canada released a report in 2018 mentioning ‘Sikh extremism’ and Khalistan as threats, but later revised the report, removing these references, which caused further strain.
    • Alliance with NDP: In March 2022, Trudeau’s Liberal Party formed an alliance with the New Democratic Party (NDP), led by Jagmeet Singh, who openly endorsed the Khalistan Referendum on Canadian soil.
    • G20 Summit Concerns: During the recent G20 summit in New Delhi, PM Modi expressed strong concerns about continuing anti-India activities of extremist elements in Canada.

    Sikh Community’s Influence

    • Political Influence: Canada’s Sikh community, constituting approximately 2 percent of the population, has gained significant political influence. This is evident through the election of Sikh Members of Parliament and their active involvement in Canadian politics.
    • Representation in Canadian Parliament: Sikh Canadians have been elected to important political positions, including Members of Parliament. In 2019, there were 18 Sikh MPs in the Canadian parliament, surpassing the number of Sikh MPs in India.
    • Cultural Impact: Sikh festivals, notably Vaisakhi, are widely celebrated in Canada and have become integral to the country’s multicultural tapestry.
    • Social Activism: Sikh organizations in Canada are known for their social and humanitarian initiatives, including providing free meals (langar) to those in need. This commitment to community welfare is a notable aspect of their influence.
    • Business and Economic Contributions: Sikh Canadians have made significant contributions to Canada’s business and economic landscape, with many Sikh-owned businesses playing key roles in the country’s economy.

    Changing Political Landscape

    • Varied Responses: Canada’s stance on the Khalistan movement has shifted over the years, with some governments engaging with Khalistanis while others sought reconciliation with India.
    • Strong Relations under Stephen Harper: During Stephen Harper’s tenure as Canadian PM, Canada and India enjoyed strong relations, marked by high-level visits and agreements.
    • Efforts at Reconciliation: Both the Modi and Harper governments initially made efforts toward reconciliation, including removing individuals from blacklists and engaging with radicals.

    Consequences and Perspectives

    • Impact on Bilateral Relations: The tensions related to Khalistan have strained India-Canada bilateral relations, affecting diplomatic interactions and cooperation in various areas such as trade, counter-terrorism, and education.
    • Security Concerns: Both countries have expressed concerns about the presence and activities of Khalistani extremists on their respective soils, which have led to heightened security measures and intelligence sharing.
    • Asylum Claims: The increase in asylum claims by Indian nationals in Canada, particularly from Punjab, is seen as a consequence of the Khalistan-related tensions. This has created a complex immigration challenge for Canadian authorities.
    • Shift in Focus: The article suggests that Canada’s focus on Khalistan has sometimes overshadowed other important aspects of the bilateral relationship, potentially hampering broader cooperation.
    • Changing Perceptions: The research paper mentioned in the article indicates that interest in the Khalistan movement in Canada is waning, especially among younger generations. This shift in perceptions could impact the future of the movement.

    Way Forward

    • Diplomatic Engagement: The way forward in resolving the tensions related to Khalistan may involve sustained diplomatic engagement and dialogue between India and Canada to address each other’s concerns and find common ground.
    • Counter-Terrorism Cooperation: Both countries can enhance their cooperation on counter-terrorism measures, intelligence sharing, and law enforcement efforts to counter any extremist activities effectively.
    • Community Outreach: Canadian authorities can engage with the Sikh community to better understand their concerns and perspectives while ensuring that Canada’s commitment to multiculturalism and diversity is respected.
    • Balanced Foreign Policy: Canada can aim for a balanced foreign policy that addresses the aspirations of its Sikh community while maintaining strong diplomatic relations with India, a significant global partner.
    • Promotion of Dialogue: Encouraging dialogue and understanding among different communities and advocacy groups within Canada can contribute to peaceful coexistence and reduce tensions related to Khalistan.
    • Addressing Root Causes: Exploring the root causes of extremism and radicalization within the Sikh community and working together to address them can be a proactive step toward preventing future tensions.

    Conclusion

    • The enduring strain in India-Canada relations over Khalistan remains a complex issue rooted in historical events and contemporary political dynamics. Resolving these tensions will require nuanced diplomacy and a deeper understanding of the evolving nature of the Khalistan movement within Canada.

    Also read:

    Khalistani Movement in Canada

  • Reforms and Concerns: The CEC and Other EC Bill, 2023

    cec bill

    Central Idea

    • After being passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 10, the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023, has now moved to the Lok Sabha for approval.

    CEC and Other EC Bill, 2023

    • Objective: To amend constitutional provisions that currently equate Election Commissioners with Supreme Court judges, as well as addressing recent judicial rulings.

    Key Provisions of the Bill

    • Salary and Service Conditions: The Bill proposes to align the salary, allowances, and service conditions of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and the two Election Commissioners with those of a Cabinet Secretary.
    • Repealing the 1991 Act: The Bill’s passage would lead to the repeal of the Election Commission Act of 1991, where Election Commissioners enjoyed parity with Supreme Court judges in terms of remuneration.
    • Potential Impact: While the stipulated salaries for Supreme Court judges and Cabinet Secretaries are similar, Supreme Court judges receive additional post-retirement benefits, raising concerns about the increased bureaucracy’s potential impact on the authority and independence of Election Commissioners.

    Challenges to Independence

    • Shifting Authority: The Election Commission’s primary role involves overseeing, directing, and controlling elections, as defined in Article 324 of the Constitution. Concerns arise that this control may shift if Election Commissioners, now equivalent in rank to Cabinet Secretaries, attempt to discipline Union Ministers for electoral violations.
    • Current Status: Presently, when commissioners summon government officials, their orders are perceived as carrying the authority of a Supreme Court Judge, a status that may change if they are seen as equals to Cabinet Secretaries.

    Preserving Independence and Equivalence to SC Judges

    • Constitutional Safeguards: Article 324 (5) of the Constitution specifies that a CEC can only be removed in a manner similar to that of a Supreme Court judge, safeguarding the independence and equivalence of Election Commissioners to Supreme Court judges.
    • Previous SC Ruling: The Bill also seeks to constitute a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a Cabinet Minister nominated by the PM to select Election Commission members. Notably, this committee excludes the CJI, in contrast to a top court ruling from March 2023.

    Background: The SC Ruling

    • Committee Formation: In March 2023, a five-judge Supreme Court bench unanimously ruled that a committee consisting of the Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha, and the Chief Justice of India (CJI) should select the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).
    • Founding Principles: The ruling emphasized that India’s founding fathers did not intend for the executive to exclusively dictate appointments to the Election Commission, striving for a more balanced selection process.
    • PIL Origins: The case originated from a PIL filed in 2015, challenging the constitutionality of the President appointing ECI members based on the PM’s advice.

    Impact on the 1991 Act

    • Bill’s Amendment: The Bill aims to repeal the 1991 Act, which previously ensured that the CEC and ECs received salaries equivalent to Supreme Court judges.
    • Revised Equality: Section 10 of the Bill specifies that the salary, allowances, and service conditions of the CEC and ECs will match those of the Cabinet Secretary, marking a departure from the 1991 Act’s provisions.

    Various Concerns Raised

    • Autonomy of the Election Commission: Concerns exist due to the selection panel’s composition, which includes a Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister instead of the CJI.
    • Unanimous Decisions: Suggestions for unanimous committee decisions aim to address one-sided decision-making concerns.
    • Constitutional Validity: Critics argue the Bill violates democratic principles.
    • Conflicting SC Judgment: The Bill diverges from the Supreme Court’s ruling on the importance of an independent committee in selecting Election Commissioners.
    • Past Electoral Integrity: Some believe Indian elections have been generally fair despite government involvement in Election Commissioner appointments.
    • Consistency in Decision-Making: Concerns have been raised about the Commission’s decision consistency regarding Model Code of Conduct violations.
    • Timing of Election Announcements: Questions surround election announcement timing in relation to government programs, raising concerns about political influence.

    Conclusion

    • Balancing Reforms: The Bill reflects efforts to reform election administration but raises concerns about preserving the Election Commission’s independence and its equivalence to Supreme Court judges.
    • Evolution of Selection Process: The ongoing debate highlights the evolving process of selecting Election Commissioners, aiming to ensure fair and transparent appointments while safeguarding the institution’s autonomy.

  • What is the Vishwakarma scheme, launched for those engaged in traditional crafts and skills

    What’s the news?

    • On September 17, Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the PM Vishwakarma scheme in New Delhi on the occasion of Vishwakarma Jayanti.

    Central idea

    • Recently launched, the PM Vishwakarma scheme, introduced during his Independence Day speech a month earlier, aims to support traditional craftsmen and economically marginalized communities, especially the OBC, while also serving as a strategic move ahead of the 2024 Lok Sabha elections.

    About Vishwakarma

    • Vishwakarma, a revered figure in Hindu mythology, is regarded as the divine architect of the gods, a master craftsman, and a divine carpenter.
    • He is celebrated as the patron deity of workers, artisans, and artists, responsible for crafting the gods’ weapons, cities, and chariots.
    • The scheme takes its name from this emblematic figure, symbolizing the recognition and empowerment of skilled laborers.

    What is the Vishwakarma scheme?

    • The Vishwakarma scheme is a new government initiative fully funded by the central government and has a budgetary allocation of Rs 13,000 crore.
    • The scheme is designed to address the challenges faced by professionals engaged in traditional crafts and skills, often passed down through generations within their families.
    • This includes artisans such as carpenters, goldsmiths, masons, laundry workers, barbers, and others engaged in traditional crafts and skills.
    • The scheme has ambitious coverage goals, aiming to support five lakh families in the first year and eventually reaching 30 lakh families over five years.
    • It also seeks to integrate Vishwakarmas into both domestic and global value chains.

    Eligibility Criteria

    • Workers engaged in traditional crafts and skills are eligible.
    • Emphasis is placed on individuals facing specific challenges, such as:
      • Lack of access to modern tools and equipment.
      • Absence of professional training for their work.
      • Geographical distance from markets relevant to their craft.
      • Limited availability of capital for investment in their trade.
    • The scheme particularly targets marginalized and socially backward communities, including the Other Backward Classes (OBC) groups.
    • Eligible individuals may include those who have acquired their skills through family traditions or apprenticeships. Top of Form

    Benefits offered by the Vishwakarma Scheme

    • Free Registration: Vishwakarma workers can register for free through Common Services Centers using the biometric-based PM Vishwakarma portal.
    • Recognition: Workers will receive recognition through the PM Vishwakarma certificate and ID card.
    • Skill Upgradation: The scheme offers both basic and advanced training to improve the skills of artisans.
    • Toolkit Incentive: Artists will receive a toolkit incentive of ₹15,000
    • Collateral-Free Credit: Workers can avail of collateral-free credit support up to ₹1 lakh (first tranche) and ₹2 lakh (second tranche) at a concessional interest rate of 5%.
    • Digital Transactions Incentive: The scheme provides incentives for digital transactions and offers marketing support.
    • Toolkit Booklet: To keep artisans informed about new technologies in their field, a toolkit booklet has been released in 12 Indian languages, accompanied by video elements.
    • Additional benefits: Other benefits include a stipend of Rs 500 for skill training and Rs 1,500 to purchase modern tools.

    Common challenges faced by professionals engaged in traditional crafts and skills

    • Lack of Access to Modern Tools and Equipment: Many professionals in traditional crafts may not have access to modern tools and equipment, limiting the efficiency and quality of their work.
    • Limited Professional Training: Traditional artisans often learn their skills through family traditions or apprenticeships, which may not provide formal professional training, potentially resulting in outdated techniques.
    • Limited Capital for Investment: Traditional craftsmen may face difficulties in securing capital for purchasing materials, tools, or expanding their businesses, which can constrain their growth.
    • Inadequate Recognition and Marketing: Traditional artisans may struggle with marketing and promoting their products effectively, leading to challenges in reaching a broader customer base.
    • Competition from Mass Production: The rise of mass-produced goods can threaten traditional artisans who produce handcrafted items, impacting their livelihoods.
    • Skills Preservation and Succession: Ensuring the preservation of traditional skills and passing them on to the next generation can be a challenge, as younger generations may not always be interested in pursuing these crafts.
    • Financial Insecurity: Irregular income patterns common in traditional crafts can lead to financial instability, especially due to seasonal demand or market fluctuations.

    Significance of the Vishwakarma Scheme

    • Empowering Traditional Artisans: The Vishwakarma Scheme is significant as it aims to empower and uplift traditional artisans and craftsmen engaged in various trades. It recognizes their importance in India’s cultural and economic fabric.
    • Social and Economic Inclusion: The scheme targets marginalized communities, especially the OBC groups, and provides them with opportunities for skill development and financial support, thereby promoting social and economic inclusion.
    • Preserving Cultural Heritage: By supporting traditional crafts and skills, the scheme contributes to the preservation of India’s rich cultural heritage. It ensures that age-old craftsmanship is not lost to modernization.
    • Recognition and Certification: The scheme provides recognition to artisans through the PM Vishwakarma certificate and ID card, boosting their status and recognition in society.
    • Financial Security: By offering collateral-free credit support and financial incentives, the scheme provides financial security to artisans, helping them invest in their crafts and improve their livelihoods.
    • Digital Integration: Encouraging digital transactions and offering incentives for digital business practices promotes financial literacy and inclusion among traditional artisans.
    • Integration with Global Value Chains: By aiming to integrate Vishwakarmas with domestic and global value chains, the scheme opens up opportunities for artisans to access broader markets and participate in the global economy.

    Conclusion

    • The PM Vishwakarma scheme represents a significant step toward empowering traditional craftsmen by providing them with the tools, training, and financial support they need to thrive in an ever-changing world. As this scheme unfolds, it holds the potential to transform the lives of countless skilled workers and contribute to the nation’s growth and development.