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  • Bacteriophages: The Good Viruses that fight Bacteria

    bacteriophage

    Central Idea

    • Viruses have had a significant impact on human history, causing deadly outbreaks of diseases.
    • However, not all viruses are harmful, and scientists are discovering the importance of the virome (bacteriophages).

    Do you know?

    Viromes and bacteriophages are closely related because bacteriophages, or phages for short, are a type of virus that specifically infects bacteria.

    Bacteriophages are considered part of the virome, as they contribute to the overall viral genetic material present in a given environment or organism.

     

    What are Virome?

    • What is it: They are the collection of viruses in our bodies contributing to our health, similar to the bacterial microbiome.
    • Bacteriophages: The majority of viruses inside us are bacteriophages, which kill bacteria in our microbiomes without affecting human cells.
    • Vast in Numbers: Our bodies host around 380 trillion virus particles, 10x more than the number of bacteria.
    • Beneficial Viruses: Some viruses play beneficial roles, such as killing cancer cells, aiding immune system training, fighting pathogens, and regulating gene expression during pregnancy.

    Bacteriophages and Phage Therapy

    • Bacteriophages’ Mechanism: Bacteriophages hunt down bacteria, attach to their surface, inject viral DNA, and replicate inside the bacteria before causing the bacterial cell to burst and release new viral particles.
    • Historical Background: In the early 20th century, scientists explored phages as potential treatments for bacterial infections, but antibiotic development overshadowed this research.
    • Antibiotic Resistance: With the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, scientists are revisiting phage therapy as an alternative to combat bacterial infections.
    • Advantages of Phages: Phages effectively target multi-resistant pathogens, are precise in eliminating bacterial strains, and do not disrupt the gut microbiome like antibiotics do.

    Phage Therapy in Practice

    • Historical Use: Phage therapy persisted in countries like Georgia, Ukraine, and Russia, where antibiotics were scarce. These regions have witnessed successful treatment outcomes against antibiotic-resistant infections.
    • Expanding Use: Phage therapy is gaining attention in countries like Belgium, the US, and Germany, with specialized therapy centres and calls for increased exploration and utilization.
    • Challenges and Safety: Standardization of therapy and tailoring phages to specific bacteria causing the infection remain challenges. However, phage therapies have a good safety record, and human bodies can tolerate them well.

    Future Prospects

    • Complementary Approach: Phages are unlikely to replace antibiotics but could be used in combination to enhance antibiotic effectiveness, particularly against resistant bacterial strains.
    • Research and Clinical Projects: Further large-scale research and clinical projects are recommended to establish effective phage therapies for different types of infections.

  • Fostering India’s demographic dividend by upskilling

    demographic

    What’s the news?

    • India has a unique window of opportunity to unlock the potential of its youth with 1.1 billion people estimated to be in the working age group (15-64) by 2047.

    Central idea

    • World Youth Skills Day, observed annually since 2014, highlights the importance of investing in the skills of youth to foster future employment and entrepreneurial spirit. With a significant youth population, India stands poised to unlock the potential of working-age individuals. However, without sufficient opportunities, the youth bulge could transform into a demographic bomb.

    What is demographic dividend?

    • Demographic dividend, as defined by the United Nations Population Fund, is the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the working-age population is larger than the non-working-age share of the population

    India’s robust youth skills program

    • The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) operates its umbrella scheme, the Skill India Mission launched in 2015- objective to develop a skilful youth workforce of the future- Providing proper skillset training to over 400 million young people by the year 2022
    • Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)– a skill certification scheme of the MSDE implemented by- National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)- aims to mobilise and equip the youth population with the necessary skill sets training.
    • National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF)- to enable candidates to acquire desired competency levels
    • Recognition of Prior Learning Learning (RPL)—skill certification for youth, especially in the unregulated sectors
    • Kaushal—a hands-on awareness-based approach with the intention of attracting potential candidates for skill training
    • Rozgar Mela—a career placement fair for young jobs seekers.
    • PMKVY 2.0, which ran from 2016 to 2020, aimed to equip 10 million young people with demand-driven skill sets through short-term training and Recognition of Prior Learning.
    • PMKVY 3.0, launched in 2020-21, provided training to over 7.36 lakh candidates, including a specialized crash course for COVID warriors.
    • Skill Hub Initiative was introduced to align vocational training with the National Education Policy 2020 and create a skilled workforce aligned with industry needs.
    • PMKVY 4.0 will be launched soon to take skill development to a wider young segment- it will also cover niche new age technologies such as coding, Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, mechanotrics, Internet of Things (IOT), 3D-printing, drones, and developing other soft skills.
    • The NAPS launched in 2016 has been promoting Apprenticeship in the country through financial incentives, technology, and advocacy support.
    • PM-YUVA was launched in 2016 as an all-India scheme to promote business studies, and facilitate access to entrepreneurship support networks and start-ups ideas for the youth.
    • Project AMBER strives to provide holistic skilling to foster quality jobs, improved employment opportunities and retention methods.
    • The Skill Loan Scheme was launched in July 2015 to provide finance to the youth for enrolment in skill development courses

    Challenges regarding India’s youth skills enabling journey

    • According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), India is projected to face a significant skill deficit of 29 million by 2030.
    • Skill development programs have suffered from underutilization of funds and high dropout rates.
    • Gender disparity in India’s workforce, with a female labor participation rate of only 22
    • Only a fraction of certified individuals has found jobs through the skill development programs.

    Way forward

    • Enhance the effectiveness of basic education– incorporating relevant and practical skills training, updating curricula– align with industry needs, and promoting experiential learning approaches.
    • Foster closer collaboration between skill development initiatives and industries to ensure the relevance of training programs.
    • Promote gender equality in skill development programs– encouraging more women to participate in training, providing support systems tailored to their needs, and creating opportunities for women to enter non-traditional sectors.
    • Address the funding gap and ensure effective utilization of resources in skill development initiatives.
    • Develop robust job placement and retention strategies, including establishing strong linkages with industries, facilitating internships and apprenticeships.
    • Regularly assess labor market needs and trends to update skill training programs.
    • Conduct public awareness campaigns to promote vocational skills as aspirational career choices

    Conclusion

    • India’s journey towards youth skill development has witnessed commendable efforts. However, addressing the skill deficit and unlocking the true potential of the youth requires continued investment, policy enhancements, and stakeholder collaboration. Through concerted efforts, India can maximize its demographic dividend for the workforce of the future.

    Also read:

    India’s Population Growth: Dividend or a Disaster?

  • Genetic Resources Commission gathers in Rome

    genetic

    Central Idea

    • Delegates from around the world have convened in Rome, Italy for the 19th session of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA).

    What is Commission on Genetic Resources?

    Description
    Establishment Established in 1983 by the FAO
    Membership 181 member countries including India
    Governing Body Bureau consisting of Chairperson, Vice-Chairpersons, and FAO representative
    Mandate Promote conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources for food and agriculture
    ITPGRFA Responsible for implementing the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
    Functions Address specific areas such as plant genetic resources, animal genetic resources, and digital sequence information
    Global Goals Contributes to SDG 2 on Zero Hunger and sustainable agricultural development

     

    Focus areas

    • The session will focus on three main topics:
    1. Review of work on biodiversity, nutrition, and human health.
    2. Access and benefit-sharing for food and agriculture.
    3. Digital sequence information for food and agriculture.
    4. Biodiversity for food and agriculture.
    5. The role of genetic resources in mitigating and adapting to climate change.
    6. Forest genetic resources.
    7. Microorganism and invertebrate genetic resources, including pollinators and biological control agents.
    8. Animal genetic resources

  • India- UAE Local Currency Settlement System (LCSS)

    uae dirham rupee india lcss local currency

    Central Idea

    • India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) signed a pact during PM Modi’s visit to Abu Dhabi.
    • It established a framework for promoting the use of the Indian rupee (INR) and UAE Dirham (AED) in cross-border transactions.

    Local Currency Settlement System (LCSS)

    • LCSS Establishment: The framework aims to establish a Local Currency Settlement System (LCSS) between India and the UAE.
    • Domestic Currency Transactions: LCSS enables exporters and importers to invoice and pay in their respective domestic currencies.
    • Foreign Exchange Market Development: LCSS facilitates the development of an INR-AED foreign exchange market.
    • Transaction Optimization: The use of local currencies optimizes transaction costs and settlement time.
    • Remittance Benefits: LCSS benefits remittances from Indians residing in the UAE.

    Interlinking of Payment Systems: UPI-IPP Linkage

    • Payment System Linkage: The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) includes the linking of India’s Unified Payments Interface (UPI) with the UAE’s Instant Payment Platform (IPP).
    • Card Switches and Messaging Systems: It explores linking the card switches (RuPay switch and UAESWITCH) and messaging systems of both countries.
    • Efficient Cross-Border Fund Transfers: UPI-IPP linkage facilitates fast, convenient, safe, and cost-effective cross-border fund transfers.
    • Mutual Acceptance of Domestic Cards: The agreement enables the mutual acceptance of domestic cards and processing of card transactions.

    Impact of the Move

    • Trade boost: Bilateral trade between India and the UAE reached around $85 billion in FY23.
    • Exchange Rate Risk Management: The agreement helps Indian exporters’ hedge exchange rate risks in rupee-based trade.
    • Internationalization of the Rupee: It supports India’s efforts to internationalize the rupee and reduce dependence on the US dollar.
    • Interest from Other Countries: Countries in Africa, the Gulf region, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh have shown interest in trading in rupee terms.

    Significance for Exporters

    • Denominating in Local Currencies: Denominating export contracts and invoices in local currencies minimizes exchange-rate risks and aids in competitive pricing.
    • Enhanced Cooperation: Enhanced cooperation between the banking systems of India and the UAE supports trade and economic activity.
    • Major Export Categories: Major Indian exports to the UAE include mineral fuels, pearls, precious stones, electrical machinery, and equipment.
    • Trade Growth and Destination: The UAE is India’s second-largest export destination, and India-UAE trade reached $85 billion in 2022.

    Benefits for Remittances

    • Reduced Transaction Costs: The agreement reduces high transaction costs and exchange rate margins associated with remittances.
    • Affordable and Efficient Remittances: It makes remittances more affordable and efficient, particularly for low-wage earners.
    • Increased Remittance Inflows: In 2022, India experienced a 24.4% increase in remittances to $111 billion, accounting for 3.3% of GDP.
    • Contribution of GCC Countries: Remittance inflows from Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries contribute significantly to India’s total remittance inflows.

    Larger Impact

    • Reducing Dollar Dependence: The agreement promotes the use of local currencies, reducing dependence on the US dollar in international transactions.
    • Strengthening Economic Ties: Strengthened economic ties between India and the UAE encourage investments, remittances, and trade growth.
    • Rupee Internationalization: The agreement aligns with India’s goal of internationalizing the rupee and expanding its global acceptance.
    • Similar Cross-Border Efforts: Similar efforts, such as collaboration with Singapore’s PayNow, have been undertaken to facilitate cross-border transactions.

    Conclusion

    • The agreement positively impacts bilateral trade, facilitates remittances, and supports India’s goal of internationalizing the rupee.
    • By reducing transaction costs and enhancing financial connectivity, the agreement strengthens economic relations between India and the UAE, fostering trade growth and cooperation.

  • Radio collars are killing the cheetahs in Kuno. Here is how — and why

    cheetah

    What’s the news?

    • Till now, eight translocated cheetahs at Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno National Park (KNP) have died.

    Central idea

    • The recent deaths of two cheetahs in Kuno due to suspected septicaemia from festering neck wounds caused by radio collars have raised concerns about the reintroduction project. Similar injuries have been observed in three other cheetahs. This unexpected setback has puzzled experts familiar with the routine use of collars for monitoring and research purposes in both India and Africa.

    What are collars on animals?

    • Collars on animals refer to devices worn around the neck or attached to the neck area of an animal. These collars serve various purposes depending on the specific context and the type of animal involved.

    What are Radio Collars used on Cheetahs?

    • Radio collars are like tracking collars which utilizes radio signals for monitoring animals.
    • They are commonly used in wildlife research to gather information about animal movements, home ranges, and social interactions.
    • Radio collars can provide valuable insights into the behaviour and ecology of animals in the wild.

    The Problem with Collars

    • Carrying a device on the body for an extended period can have adverse effects.
    • A study published in the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research highlighted the higher presence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria on the wrists of watch wearers, which can lead to sepsis or death.
    • Similarly, domestic dogs often develop acute moist dermatitis or hot spots under collars, worsened by tick or flea bites.
    • Moreover, tight-fitting collars can cause pressure necrosis and hair loss around the neck, resembling bedsores

    Factors Influencing Vulnerability of Cheetahs in Kuno

    • Cheetahs possess a furrier winter coat compared to tigers or leopards, which retains more water and takes longer to dry.
    • This prolonged moisture exposure weakens the skin over time.
    • A study criticized the 3% collar weight rule for not considering animal athleticism.
    • Accelerometer-based research revealed that collars exert forces on cheetahs during movement equivalent to up to 18 times the collar’s weight.
    • This weight burden, particularly on a wet coat, may have adverse effects on cheetahs during high-speed sprints.
    • Cheetahs may be vulnerable to local pathogens to which Indian tigers and leopards are immune.
    • Alternatively, the cheetahs might have carried dormant pathogens that thrived under new conditions, given their weakened immunity due to stress

    What needs to be done?

    • An immediate action is to track, immobilize, and evaluate all cheetahs for neck injuries caused by the radio collars.
    • Reevaluating the use of radio collars and exploring collar modifications or alternatives.
    • Developing lighter collars and ensuring proper fitting to minimize the risk of collar-induced injuries.
    • Non-invasive tracking methods that do not require collars could be explored.
    • Providing appropriate veterinary care and treatment
    • Understand and identify the specific pathogens causing collar-induced infections in the cheetahs of Kuno
    • Collaboration among wildlife biologists, veterinarians, researchers, and conservationists is crucial. Consultation and sharing knowledge and experiences.

    FYI: Some common types of collars used on animals

    • Identification Collars: Collars with tags or labels are often used on domestic pets such as dogs and cats for identification purposes.
    • Tracking Collars: Tracking collars are commonly used in wildlife research and conservation Equipped with GPS or radio transmitters – monitor movement and behavior of animals.
    • Electric Fencing Collars: To train livestock and other animals to avoid crossing designated boundaries. Electric fencing systems and deliver a mild electric shock
    • Training Collars: Training collars, also known as e-collars or shock collars, are used in dog training to aid in obedience training or behavior correction- mild electrical stimulation or vibrations to reinforce desired actions

    Conclusion

    • The recent collar-induced injuries and deaths of cheetahs in Kuno have posed a significant challenge to the reintroduction project. It is crucial to address the issues to ensure the success and well-being of the cheetahs. However, finding a solution that balances collar use with the cheetahs’ safety and health remains a complex task.

    Also read: The impact of cheetahs on India’s grasslands

    Reintroduction of Cheetahs and Its Potential Impact

  • A roadmap to eliminate poverty in India

    What’s the news?

    • With the receding impact of Covid-19 and hopeful prospects for an amicable resolution to the Russia-Ukraine War, India must now focus on charting its future growth strategy

    Central idea

    • India’s current per capita income estimated at $2,379 in 2022-23, which needs to be raised by nearly six times over the next 25 years. This ambitious goal will pave the way for a higher standard of living and the eradication of poverty. However, achieving this vision requires a comprehensive understanding of the challenges ahead and the necessary actions to overcome them.

    What is per capita income?

    • Per capita income refers to the average income earned by individuals in a specific geographic area. It is calculated by dividing the total income of a population by the total number of individuals in that population.
    • Per capita income provides an indicator of the average standard of living and economic well-being within a given population.

    What is Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)?

    • GFCF refers to the total value of investment in fixed assets within an economy, such as machinery, equipment, buildings, and infrastructure, during a specific period.
    • It represents the net increase in the stock of fixed capital goods.
    • GFCF is an essential component of aggregate demand and is considered a driver of economic growth.
    • Higher levels of investment in fixed assets contribute to increased production capacity, improved productivity, and long-term economic development.
    • The GFCF ratio is often expressed as a percentage of GDP, indicating the proportion of total investment in fixed assets relative to the size of the economy.

    What is incremental capital-output ratio (ICOR)?

    • The ICOR is an economic indicator that measures- amount of investment required to generate an additional unit of output.
    • It represents the ratio between the change in capital investment and the corresponding change in output or GDP.
    • It provides insights into the efficiency of capital utilization and the productivity of investment in an economy.
    • A lower ICOR indicates that a smaller amount of investment is required to generate a given increase in output, indicating higher efficiency and productivity of capital.
    • A higher ICOR suggests that a larger amount of investment is needed to achieve the same level of output growth, indicating lower efficiency of capital utilization.

    Growth Target and Investment Requirements

    • To sustain continuous growth of 7 percent over the next 25 years, India must maintain a GFCF rate of 28 percent.
    • According to the latest release of NSO, the GFCF rate in current prices for 2022-23 is 29.2 per cent of GDP.
    • While the commonly assumed incremental capital-output ratio (ICOR) of 4 suggests improved capital efficiency, recent trends indicate an average ICOR of 4.65 from 2016-17 to 2022-23.
    • Acknowledge the evolving ICOR and work towards an estimated investment rate of 30-32 percent of GDP.
    • Both public and private investments, especially from the corporate and non-corporate sectors, need to increase.
    • Direct investments into sectors that promote growth and generate employment opportunities
    • Welcoming Foreign direct investment in emerging technological sectors

    What global factors at present poses challenges?

    • The overall climate for peace– necessary for growth– deteriorated- Ukraine-Russia conflict.
    • Prolonged tension and conflicts- negative impact on global stability and economic growth.
    • Shifting attitude of some countries towards global trade.
    • Developed countries, which previously advocated for free trade, are now imposing restrictions on imports– challenges for developing countries like India, particularly as they strive to compete in the world market.
    • Supply disruptions of critical imports, such as oil, can cause setbacks for developing and developed countries alike.
    • The absorption of new technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI)- impact on the industrial structure and employment landscape– challenge for populous countries like India
    • Balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability may require compromises and adjustments in the growth rate.

    What strategy India must follow to sustain its growth?

    • India’s economic transformation in 1991 marked a departure from the past, embracing a more market-oriented approach.
    • India needs to adopt a multi-dimensional approach that encompasses agriculture, manufacturing, and exports.
    • Given India’s strength in the services sector, it is essential to preserve and enhance this advantage.
    • Prepare to absorb new technologies, including Artificial Intelligence (AI),
    • Reorienting the educational system to equip students with required skills and
    • Identifying labour-intensive economic activities to address potential job losses due to adoption of technology

    Conclusion

    • India has made significant strides in building a strong and diversified economy over the past 75 years. However, India’s per capita income remains low compared to many countries, emphasizing the need for sustained growth. By addressing domestic challenges, seizing opportunities, and prioritizing inclusive development, India can realize its vision of a prosperous and equitable future.

    Also read:

    Why Indian manufacturing’s productivity growth is plummeting and what can be done?

  • Global Biofuel Alliance can power India’s energy transition drive, but must have time-bound targets

    Biofuel

    What’s the news?

    • The upcoming 14th Clean Energy Ministerial and Eighth Mission Innovation (CEM14/MI-8) conference, scheduled to take place in Goa from July 19-22, 2023, will witness the establishment of the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA).

    Central Idea

    • The prospected establishment of the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA) led by India during its G20 Presidency, with support from Brazil and the United States, aims to foster international collaboration and cooperation to promote the acceptance and utilization of biofuels. It seeks to leverage the transformative potential of biofuels in economic growth, rural development, energy self-sufficiency, reduced air pollution, and the global transition to clean energy.

    What is Biofuel?

    • Biofuel is derived from biological sources, such as plants, agricultural crops, organic waste, or animal by-products.
    • It is a renewable energy source that can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels.
    • The production and use of biofuels aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability.

    Key types of biofuels

    • Bioethanol: This is an alcohol-based fuel primarily produced by fermenting sugar or starch crops, such as sugarcane, corn, or wheat. Bioethanol is commonly used as a blend in gasoline for transportation purposes.
    • Biodiesel: Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oil. It can be used as a direct replacement for or blended with conventional diesel fuel in vehicles.
    • Biogas: Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily methane, produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste materials such as agricultural residues, food waste, or sewage. It can be used for electricity generation, heating, or as a vehicle fuel.

    Key Objectives and Initiatives of Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA)

    • Developing robust markets for biofuels and facilitating global trade in biofuels.
    • Promote policy coordination, share concrete policy lessons, and provide technical support to national biofuel programs worldwide.
    • Collaborate and complement- existing regional and international agencies– energy transition initiatives, such- Clean Energy Ministerial Biofuture Platform, the Mission Innovation Bioenergy initiatives, and the Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP).
    • By leveraging synergies–maximize impact and accelerate the biofuel industry’s growth.

    India’s Biofuel Program India’s and significant strides in recent years

    • Ethanol Production: In 2020-21, India produced 4.08 billion liters of ethanol, resulting in a blending rate of 10.02%. This led to a reduction of 2.7 million tonnes of CO2 emissions and significant savings in forex.
    • Blending Targets: The current target for 2022-23 is to achieve a blending rate of 12%, with the ultimate goal- 20% by 2025.
    • Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) Program:
    • India actively promoting CBG as a clean fuel derived from waste through the Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) program. As of 46 CBG plants established so far, and around 16,164 tonnes of CBG have been sold.
    • The goal- install 5,000 CBG plants across India by 2024, contributing- waste management -reducing pollution.
    • Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF):
    • India conducted its first commercial passenger flight– domestically produced sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) blend– commitment to decarbonizing the aviation sector.
    • The establishment of the Bio-Aviation Turbine Fuel Program Committee by the Union Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas further advances the development of sustainable aviation fuel in the country.

    Inspiration behind GBA: International Solar Alliance (ISA)

    • The ISA jointly initiated by India and France in 2015.
    • The ISA- significant contributions to combating climate change through widespread adoption of solar energy solutions.
    • Facilitated- solar project development – initiatives like the Solar Finance Facility, SolarX Grand Challenge, Solar Technology Application Resource Centres, and the ‘One Sun One World One Grid Initiative.‘
    • The GBA aims to replicate the success of the ISA by promoting the utilization of biofuels and reducing India’s reliance on foreign oil.

    Conclusion

    • The GBA is poised to revolutionize the global biofuel industry. India’s leadership in the G20 Presidency highlights the importance of biofuels in achieving energy independence, reducing carbon emissions, and fostering a clean energy transition. The GBA’s detailed roadmap, ambitious targets and initiatives will pave the way for a greener and more sustainable future.

    Also read:

    India plans to export Solar Power

  • Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)

    cchf

    Central Idea

    • Europe is currently experiencing a heatwave and wildfires, leading to concerns about the spread of viruses that are typically not found in colder climates.
    • The WHO has issued an alert regarding the Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), a potentially fatal infection transmitted by ticks.

    What is CCHF?

    • CCHF is a viral haemorrhagic fever primarily transmitted by ticks.
    • It can also be contracted through contact with viraemic animal tissues during animal slaughter.
    • CCHF outbreaks can lead to epidemics with a high case-fatality ratio (10-40%) and pose challenges for prevention and treatment.

    Transmission and Hosts

    • The virus exists in the tick family of insects.
    • Animals such as cattle, goats, sheep, and hares serve as amplifying hosts for the virus.
    • Humans can contract CCHF through contact with infected ticks or animal blood.
    • The virus can also be transmitted between humans through contact with infectious blood or body fluids.
    • Migratory birds can host ticks, allowing the virus to spread over long distances.

    Symptoms and Treatment

    • Common symptoms of CCHF include fever, muscle aches, dizziness, neck and back pain, headache, sore eyes, and sensitivity to light.
    • Early symptoms may also include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and sore throat, followed by mood swings and confusion.
    • Later stages may involve sleepiness, depression, and lassitude.
    • There is no vaccine available for CCHF in humans or animals, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms.
    • The antiviral drug ribavirin has been used to treat CCHF infection with some apparent benefit.

    Spread of CCHF in Europe

    • CCHF is endemic to Africa, the Balkan countries, the Middle East, and parts of Asia.
    • In 2016, Spain reported the first fatality from CCHF in Europe.
    • Scientists warn that CCHF, which can have a fatality rate between 10% and 40%, is spreading northward and westward in Europe.
    • Cases of CCHF have been reported in Spain, Russia, Turkey, and the UK.

    Reasons for this spread

    • Disrupted temperature patterns due to climate change are creating favorable conditions for pathogens.
    • CCHF ticks are moving northward through Europe due to longer and drier summers caused by climate change.
    • Climate change contributes to the spread of diseases by expanding tick habitats, altering water habitats, and facilitating the movement of animals and human interactions.

  • What is Rho Ophiuchi Cloud Complex?

    rho

    Central Idea

    • NASA recently released an image obtained by the James Webb Space Telescope, showcasing the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex, which is the closest star-forming region to Earth.
    • This image marked one year since NASA unveiled the telescope’s first scientific results.

    What is Rho Ophiuchi Cloud Complex?

    • The Rho Ophiuchi Cloud Complex is a molecular cloud located in the constellation Ophiuchus.
    • It is centered 1° south of the star ρ Ophiuchi and extends to other parts of the constellation.
    • At an estimated distance of about 140 parsecs, or 460 light years, it is one of the closest star-forming regions to the Solar System.
    • It consists of several dark nebulae, which are dense regions of interstellar dust and gas that block background starlight.
    • The cloud complex contains numerous young stellar objects, including protostars, young stars, and brown dwarfs.
    • These stellar objects form as the dense material in the cloud collapses under gravity, leading to the birth of new stars.

    Observations from the Image

    • Material Jets and Surrounding Gas/Dust: The image illustrates how the material jets emanating from young stars influence the surrounding gas and dust while illuminating molecular hydrogen.
    • Glowing Cave Carved by Stellar Winds: One part of the image shows a star inside a glowing cave carved out in space by its stellar winds.
    • Impressive Nebula with Bright Young Stars: The image showcases an impressive nebula with three bright young stars at the top, revealing the size and detail of the jets and outflows.

    Insights from the new findings

    • Formation of New Suns: Rho Ophiuchi image demonstrates the formation of new suns and planet-forming disks, resembling what scientists believe the early solar system looked like over 4.5 billion years ago.
    • Violent Outbursts and Dusty Cocoons: The image unveils the process of stars and planetary systems assembling, as well as the dusty cocoons being disrupted by violent outbursts, portrayed as red jets cutting through the cloud.
    • Visibility through Dust: The Rho Ophiuchi core is usually obscured by extensive amounts of dust, making it invisible to telescopes working in visible light, like the Hubble telescope. However, JSWT penetrates the dust, revealing the young stars within and providing insights into the early stages of star formation.

    Back2Basics: James Webb Space Telescope

    Collaboration NASA, European Space Agency (ESA), Canadian Space Agency
    Launch December 2021
    Location Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point, approximately 1.5 million km beyond Earth’s orbit
    Size and Capability Largest, most powerful infrared space telescope
    Successor to Hubble Telescope
    Time Observations Can see backwards in time to just after the Big Bang
    Objectives Examine every phase of cosmic history, including the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets.

    Look back 13.5 billion years to see the first stars and galaxies forming.

    Compare early galaxies to today’s spirals to understand galaxy assembly.

    Observe star and planetary system formation.

    Study the atmospheres of extrasolar planets and search for signs of life elsewhere in the universe.

     

  • Private Digital Currencies

    Digital

    What is the news?

    • The emergence of Private digital currencies presents a challenge to central banks’ control and can disrupt the established order by introducing new dynamics and possibilities.

    Central idea

    • The control over money supply, circulation, and value holds significant influence over economic systems and national trajectories. Governments and central banks play a crucial role in managing currency, shaping economic policies, and ensuring macroeconomic stability. However, the rise of private digital currencies introduces new dynamics and challenges to this control, potentially disrupting the established order.

    What are Private digital currencies?

    • Private digital currencies, also known as cryptocurrencies, are digital or virtual currencies that utilize cryptographic technology to secure transactions and control the creation of new units.
    • They operate independently of traditional financial institutions and are typically decentralized, meaning they are not controlled or regulated by a central authority like a government or central bank.
    • Some of the most well-known private digital currencies include Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Ripple (XRP), and Litecoin (LTC)

    What are stable coins?

    • Stablecoins are a type of cryptocurrency that are designed to maintain a stable value relative to a specific asset or a basket of assets.
    • Unlike many other cryptocurrencies that experience significant price volatility, stablecoins aim to provide stability and minimize price fluctuations.
    • They achieve this stability by pegging their value to an underlying asset, such as a fiat currency (like the U.S. dollar), commodities (like gold), or a combination of assets.

    What is mean by monetary sovereignty?

    • Monetary sovereignty is the country’s ability to exercise control over its own currency and monetary policy without external interference.
    • It is the authority of a nation’s government and central bank to determine and manage the value, supply, and circulation of its currency, as well as to shape and implement monetary policies that promote economic stability and growth.

    Challenges posed by Private digital currencies to monetary sovereignty

    • Private digital currencies- utilizes blockchain technology– bypasses the need for central intermediaries like banks and central banks
    • Alternative systems of value transfer- peer-to-peer transactions – diminish the relevance of banks and other financial institutions.
    • Operate outside the regulatory frameworks– challenges in terms of enforcing financial regulations- Anti Money Laundering and KYC requirements, which are designed to prevent illicit activities.
    • The volatility and speculative nature– risks to financial stability.
    • Sharp price fluctuations and market instability- adverse effects on investors, consumers, and the broader economy- particularly developing economies– less robust financial systems.
    • Facilitate illicit activities- money laundering, tax evasion, and terrorist financing

    Case study 1: Myanmar’s digital dynamics of power

    • In Myanmar, the National Union Government (NUG) has utilized- cryptocurrency to – circumvent the military controlled economy- raise funds for the resistance.
    • The NUG issued- Digital Myanmar Kyat (DMMK) -evade military oversight-independent determination of exchange rates.
    • The DMMK- cross-border payments – easier to collect donations from diaspora communities.
    • Serves as- means of fundraising- challenges the legitimacy of the military-issued kyat.
    • The split financial system in Myanmar highlights the risks and consequences of digital currencies on sovereign legitimacy.

    Case study 2: China’s Cautious Monetary Security Approach

    • Contrasting views on cryptocurrencies and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs)
    • Cryptocurrencies- strict restrictions- not recognized as legal tender
    • Actively promotes its digital yuan- internationalize the currency- reduce reliance on US-controlled financial networks.
    • Acknowledges the potential of digital money to reshape the financial ecosystem and sees it as a catalyst for global monetary decentralization.
    • China’s comprehensive ban- cryptocurrencies- commitment to safeguard monetary sovereignty.

    Case study 3: India’s apprehensions

    • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has underscored the need for decisive actions to address the escalating risks associated with the crypto-assets ecosystem.
    • The primary concern- risks associated with stablecoins– susceptible to potential risks of redemptions and investor panics- necessitating careful mitigation measures.
    • The RBI has further cautioned- private currencies, emphasising their historical propensity to generate instability– undermine sovereign control over money supply, interest rates, and macroeconomic stability- especially in developing economies.
    • India’s own CBDC- Digital Rupee- perceived as a strategic response- counter the challenges- crypto-assets ecosystem.

    Way forward

    • Clear and comprehensive regulatory frameworks for private digital currencies- address consumer protection, investor safeguards, financial integrity, and risk management.
    • International coordination and collaboration- engage in dialogue- information sharing- standardization efforts
    • Continue exploring the potential of CBDCs as regulated digital currency alternatives
    • Public education and awareness-building trust- benefits and risks- foster responsible usag
    • Invest in research and development- development of solutions- enhance financial systems- increase efficiency.

    Conclusion

    • Private digital currencies present both opportunities and challenges to monetary sovereignty. The examples of Myanmar, China, and India demonstrate the complex interplay between currency control, legitimacy, and trust. As the world navigates the development of digital currencies, the balance between innovation and maintaining sovereign control will continue to shape the future of monetary systems

    Also read:

    India’s Central bank digital currency (CBDC) in detail