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GS Paper: GS3

  • What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in health sector?

    Nanotechnology involves designing and manipulating materials, devices, and systems at the nanoscale, typically 100 nanometres or smaller-by controlling atoms and molecules.

    Key Characteristics of Nanotechnology

    High Surface-Area-to-Volume Ratio: Material surface area increases drastically at the nanoscale, exponentially accelerating its chemical reactivity.

    Quantum Confinement Effects: Restricting electrons at atomic levels alters a material’s optical, electrical, and magnetic behaviors.

    Altered Physical Strength: Nanomaterials exhibit significantly enhanced structural strength, mechanical durability, and flexibility compared to bulk forms.

    Enhanced Biological Penetration: Extremely small particle sizes allow nanomaterials to easily cross dense biological cellular barriers.

    Tunable Material Properties: Changing particle sizes allows scientists to precisely alter colors, conductivity, and melting points.

    Nanotechnology in the Health Sector

    Targeted Drug Delivery: Nanocarriers, such as liposomes and nanoparticles, can be engineered to deliver drugs directly to diseased cells. Eg- Abraxane– treat breast and pancreatic cancer.

    Nanosensors for Early Diagnosis: Detect biomarkers such as proteins or DNA sequences at extremely low concentrations, enabling early diagnosis of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s.

    Advanced Imaging: Nanoparticles like Quantum Dots and iron oxide nanoparticles provide superior contrast for MRI and CT scans.

    Regenerative medicine: Nanoscaffolds mimic the body’s natural cellular framework, promoting cell growth and tissue regeneration to repair damaged organs and tissues.

    Smart Nanobots for Surgery: Though still in evolving stages, Emerging nanobots are being developed for minimally invasive microsurgeries, such as removing arterial blockages.

    Improved Bioavailability of Drugs: Nano-formulations enhance the solubility and absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs by increasing their surface-area-to-volume ratio.

    Antibacterial and Wound Healing: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in wound dressings and surgical coatings to prevent infections, including drug-resistant bacteria.

    Gene therapy: Nanoparticles safely deliver DNA or RNA into cells for treating genetic disorders. Eg- Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine use lipid nanoparticles.

    Point-of-care diagnostics: Nanotechnology enables “lab-on-a-chip” devices for rapid portable testing, improving healthcare access in rural areas.

    For a country like India, leveraging nanotechnology can be the key to achieving the goal of “Affordable and Accessible Healthcare for All” under the National Health Policy.

  • How is science interwoven deeply with our lives? What are the striking changes in agriculture triggered off by the science-based technologies?

    India’s foodgrains production has surged from 50.8 million tons in 1950-51 to over 357 million tons in 2025. Science has played an important role in this transformation.

    Science Interwoven Deeply With Our Lives

    Healthcare – Vaccines, antibiotics, diagnostics (RT-PCR) have improved life expectancy from 62 in 1990 to 73 in 2025.

    Communication & Connectivity – Internet, smartphones, satellites have transformed education, governance, and commerce. Eg- PM e-Vidya

    Transport – Electric vehicles, GPS, high-speed transport have increased mobility. Eg- Vande Bharat

    Energy Infrastructure – Renewables, smart grids etc shape modern living standards.

    Daily Convenience – Refrigeration, water purification, digital payments, and sensor-based devices ease everyday life.

    Disaster Management – Weather forecasting, early-warning systems save lives during cyclones and floods.

    e-Governance has improved ease of access for citizens. Eg- m-Passport Seva

    Striking Changes in Agriculture Triggered by Science-Based Technologies

    Green Revolution HYVs increased wheat yields from 12 MT (1960s) to 55 MT (1980s).

    Biotechnology & Genetics – Bt cotton reduced pesticide use by 40-60%.

    Precision Farming & Sensors – Use of drones, IoT soil sensors, GIS mapping improves fertilizer and water efficiency.

    Micro-Irrigation – Drip & sprinkler systems increase water-use efficiency by 40-70%.

    Mechanization – Harvesters, seed drills, transplanters reduce labour cost and increase timeliness of operations.

    Climate-Smart Agriculture – Drought-/flood-tolerant seeds reduce climate risk. Eg- Swarna Sub-1 rice

    Post-Harvest & Storage Technologies – Cold chains, ripening chambers, packhouses reduce losses and enable access to distant markets.

    Digital Agriculture – e-NAM, agritech platforms, Kisan drones improve market access and real-time advisory.

    Soil & Water Management Tools – Soil health cards, nano-urea, and microbial biofertilisers improve soil fertility.

    When science meets scale, when innovation becomes inclusive, when technology drives transformation, the foundation for great achievements is laid – PM Modi

  • COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid management of the pandemic.

    The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, emerged as an unprecedented global health emergency. Beyond being a mere medical crisis, it disrupted human mobility, governance, economies, and social structures on a scale not witnessed since the 1918 Influenza pandemic.

    Unprecedented Devastation Worldwide

    Estimated 22.1 million excess deaths (WHO).

    Life Expectancy Reversal: reduced global life expectancy by 1.8 years between 2019 and 2021.

    Healthcare Collapse: Routine medical services were severely crippled.

    Lockdowns triggered the worst global economic downturn since the Great Depression.

    Educational Disruption for over 1.6 billion learners globally and widening the digital divide.

    Role of Technology in Pandemic Management

    Digital Surveillance and Contact Tracing: Bluetooth- and GPS-based apps enabled real-time tracking and containment of infection clusters. Eg- Aarogya Setu.

    Vaccine Development and Genomic Sequencing: Eg- Moderna Vaccine developed within 11 months.

    Digital Vaccination Infrastructure: Cloud-based platforms streamlined vaccine registration, scheduling, and certification. Eg- India’s CoWIN managed over 2.2 billion vaccine doses.

    AI in Diagnostics and Triage: Machine learning tools enabled rapid COVID-19 detection through CT scans and X-rays. Eg- Baidu deployed AI thermal screening systems.

    Telemedicine and Virtual Healthcare: Telehealth reduced hospital burden through remote consultations and home-based care. Eg- India’s eSanjeevani.

    Robotics and Autonomous Systems: Robots and drones minimized frontline exposure in infectious zones. Eg- ICMR’s i-DRONE project.

    3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing: Eg- 3D-printed face shields and ventilator valves.

    Blockchain in Supply Chains: Eg- Blockchain-monitored cold-chain logistics for mRNA vaccines.

    Remote Collaboration Platforms: Cloud communication tools sustained governance, education, and economic activity. Eg- Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Webex.

    Limitations of Technology in the Management of the Pandemic

    Deepening Digital Divide: Lack of smartphone and internet access excluded impoverished populations from receiving digital welfare.

    Widespread Digital Misinformation: Eg: viral forward messages promoting unverified chemical consumption as a coronavirus cure.

    Data Privacy Breaches: Rapid deployment of tracing applications raised serious concerns regarding unauthorized surveillance and data leakages.

    Supply Chain Bottlenecks: Eg: Global shortages of semiconductor chips crippling production of critical high-end hospital ventilators.

    Fragmented Trans-National Data Silos: Eg: Delays in sharing early clinical raw data hindering global strain mutation tracking.

    Way Forward

    Use of robotics & telemedicine on a broader scale to achieve last mile delivery.

    Following ONE HEALTH approach to develop preventive cure.

    Increase R&D spending in the health sector to strengthen diagnosis & research with the help of the private sector.

    The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted that while biological threats can bring human civilization to a sudden halt, modern technology serves as a vital tool for resilience.

  • What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas?

    LWE refers to violent insurgency driven by Maoist or Naxalite ideologies, with an objective of overthrowing the government and establishing a communist society.

    Determinants of Left-Wing Extremism in Eastern India

    Maoist ideology of armed class struggle, anti-state revolution, and redistribution of resources appeals to sections alienated by inequality and exclusion. Eg- narrative of a “people’s war.”

    Land Displacement – Eg- Mining-induced displacement in Jharkhand’s coal belt (Ramgarh, Hazaribagh).

    Poor implementation of FRA, 2006, and PESA. Eg- Nearly 15% of forest and community land claims under the FRA are pending.

    Historical Socio-Economic Deprivation– Eg- LWE districts like Malkangiri, Sukma have some of the lowest HDI indicators.

    Unemployment & Lack of Livelihood Options- Eg- Jharkhand’s rural districts have among the highest youth unemployment in Eastern India.

    Governance Deficit – Eg- Large parts of Southern Bastar lacked road connectivity until recent years.

    Favourable Terrain – Eg- Dandakaranya region offers natural hideouts and logistical advantages for guerrilla warfare.

    Porous and forested borders between Chhattisgarh-Jharkhand-Odisha-Maharashtra allow safe movement and sanctuary for cadres.

    Ineffective Policing & Security Gaps – Poor training, lack of mobility, and limited intelligence in forest interiors.

    Parallel Governance – Maoists run jan adalats, levy taxes, provide quick dispute resolution-gaining perceived legitimacy in ungoverned spaces.

    Strategy to Counter LWE in Affected Regions

    Government of India

    Implement the “National Policy and Action Plan (2015)” in timely manner

    Accelerate Development – Road Requirement Plan (RRP-I), mobile towers, banking, health centres, PDS reforms in LWE belts.

    Strengthening PESA –

    real-time digital dashboards for fund utilization to Gram Sabhas

    “Bottom-Up” planning model – from “state imposition” to “participatory development”

    Economic development

    “Forest-to-Market” Value Chain development through Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs)

    Promotion of Tribal-Start-up Ecosystem in food processing – Eg- export of products like Mahua and wild honey

    Civil Administration strategy

    “The only way to end insurgency is to win the hearts and minds of people through inclusive governance.” – Rajnath Singh

    Transparent and Participatory Mining & Resource Management- Eg- share of mineral royalties to local communities through the DMF Funds

    Technology for Governance – Use GIS mapping, drones, and e-governance platforms for service delivery and monitoring.

    Build Trust with Communities – Dialogue-based approach through “administration-public interface programmes”. Eg- Janta Darbars for grievance redressal

    Security Forces Strategy

    Strengthen Intelligence & Tech-Enabled Policing – Use of drones, satellite mapping, GPS-based tracking, communication intercept tools.

    Capacity building – Eg- fortified police stations, all-terrain vehicles for deep forest movement.

    Inter-State Coordination – Coordination between Chhattisgarh-Odisha-Jharkhand-Maharashtra in tri-junction zones.

    Community Policing – Initiatives like Jan Maitri, sports outreach, and anti-propaganda programmes.

    Progress anchored in justice and inclusion is the best antidote to extremism.

  • What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan launched by the Government of India for water conservation and water security?

    Jal Shakti Abhiyan is a time-bound, mission-mode campaign launched in 2019 to promote water conservation, recharge, and water security in stressed districts.

    Salient Features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA)

    Targets blocks with critical or over-exploited groundwater across India, prioritising arid and semi-arid regions.

    Five Key Intervention Areas

    Water Conservation & Rainwater Harvesting

    Renovation of Traditional & Existing Water Bodies

    Reuse & Recharge of Borewells/Watershed Structures

    Watershed Development

    Intensive Afforestation

    Convergence of Multiple Departments – Brings together Rural Development, Water Resources, Agriculture, Forest, Urban Development, Panchayati Raj under a unified water conservation plan.

    Block-Level Water Conservation Plans and a scientific water budget for area-specific interventions.

    Central nodal officers monitor implementation through field visits and performance reviews.

    Jan Andolan – Engages panchayats, SHGs, NGOs, youth groups, schools, and citizens for mass awareness and behavioural change.

    Integration With MGNREGA & PMKSY for creation of check-dams, percolation tanks, ponds, trenches, recharge pits etc.

    Urban Water Conservation Measures (JSA – 2021 onwards)

    Ensuring mandatory Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) as per Model Building By-Law (MBBL) 2016.

    reuse of treated wastewater,

    Setting Up RWH Cells in Urban Local Bodies

    “Catch the Rain – Where it Falls, When it Falls” campaign

    Its integrated approach has strengthened water conservation practices and laid the groundwork for long-term water security.

  • What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the Government of India?

    The MoEFCC launched NCAP in 2019 with the objective of improving air quality in 131 non-attainment and Million Plus Cities by engaging all relevant stakeholders.

    Key Features of NCAP

    Multi-sectoral initiative involving the coordinated efforts of the Central and State Governments, Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)

    Objectives

    Achieve up to a 40% reduction in PM10 levels or to meet national standards (60 µg/m³) by 2025-26.

    City specific targets ranging from 4-15% by implementing city specific action plans.

    An annual target of 15% improvement in Good Days (Air Quality Index <200) has been prescribed for 49 Million Plus cities/Urban Agglomerations.

    Funding Convergence – Mobilises resources from Central schemes (SBM-Urban, AMRUT), State/UT budgets and municipal bodies to finance City Action Plans

    City-Specific Clean Air Action Plans (CAAPs) targeting transport, industries, road dust, waste burning, and construction sources.

    Expansion of CAAQMS, manual stations, and low-cost sensors for strengthening Air Quality Monitoring

    Source Apportionment studies to list and quantify the significant sources of pollution in a city

    Performance-Based Funding – Annual city rankings under Swachh Vayu Survekshan

    Significance of NCAP

    First-ever effort in the country to frame a national framework for air quality management with a time-bound reduction target.

    Focus on Non-attainment cities that have fallen short of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

    Promotes Scientific and evidence-based Planning

    Strengthens air quality data reliability nationwide.

    Local Governance Reform – Enhances capacity of ULBs in environment management.

    Aligns with India’s Panchamrit Targets in UNFCCC

    Major Challenges

    Non-Binding Targets – Reduction targets are not legally enforceable – weaken accountability.

    Limited Capacity of ULBs/SPCBs – manpower shortage, and technical gaps.

    Inadequate Monitoring Coverage – Rural areas and small towns remain excluded.

    Poor Inter-State Coordination – Transboundary pollution not addressed effectively. Eg- stubble burning

    Insufficient Behavioural Change – Continued preference for private vehicles and biomass burning.

    Funding Constraints – Cities lack dedicated environmental budgets.

    Overlaps between ministries leads to slow decision-making. Eg- between MOEFCC and Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

    Way Forward

    Empower municipal bodies for real-time emissions tracking. Eg- AI based dashboards.

    Renewable energy transition. Eg- Rooftop solar power.

    High-resolution air quality monitoring network at the construction site linked to automatic sprayers, mist cannons, or sprinklers to reduce dust

    Adopting Global Best Practices – Eg- California’s reinvestment of pollution fines into green projects.

    Vehicular Emission Control –

    Use catalytic converters to reduce Nitrogen and carbon monoxide emissions,

    Expand EV network

    Regulatory measures – Odd-even and congestion pricing (London Model)

    Waste to energy – Eg- biofuels from agriculture waste in Punjab, Haryana

    Expand Urban Green Infrastructure – Eg- Singapore’s green urban planning

    Strengthening NCAP supports India’s Panchamrit climate goals, cleaner-energy transition, and long-term sustainable development objectives.


    Climate Change

  • Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to the conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our Government for this purpose?

    India ranks 3rd globally in Solar Power capacity, (IRENA 2025) with 1.16 GW production. Solar energy is critical for objective of 500 GW of clean energy by 2030.

    Benefits of Deriving Electric Energy from Sunlight vs Conventional Energy Generation

    Sunlight is inexhaustible, unlike fossil fuels that are finite and depleting. India receives 4-7 kWh/m²/day solar radiation.

    Enhances Energy Security – Reduces dependence on imported coal, oil, and gas. (India imports over 85% of crude oil)

    Once installed, solar projects have minimal maintenance and no fuel cost, unlike thermal plants dependent on continuous coal supply.

    Decentralised and Inclusive – Solar energy supports off-grid and rooftop systems. Eg- Solar Pumps under PM Kusum

    Promotes Improved Public Health – Solar reduces air pollution-related diseases linked with thermal power. Eg- asthma, cardiovascular illnesses.

    Solar energy is critical for achieving India’s NDC targets of 50% non-fossil electricity by 2030 and Net Zero by 2070.

    Generates Green Jobs in solar manufacturing, installation, maintenance. India’s RE sector employs 3.7 lakh+ workers (IRENA 2024).

    Government Initiatives to Promote Solar Energy in India

    National Solar Mission – Target of 280 GW solar capacity by 2030.

    PM-KUSUM Scheme – Promotes solar pumps and solarisation of agricultural feeders.

    PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana (2024) – Supports rooftop solar installation for households with subsidy and free electricity up to 300 units/month.

    Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects – Eg- Bhadla (Rajasthan) and Pavagada (Karnataka). (target of 40 GW by March 2026)

    PLI Scheme – Encourages domestic manufacturing of high-efficiency solar PV modules and cells.

    Green Energy Corridor – Strengthens transmission infrastructure.

    International Solar Alliance (ISA) – India’s global initiative to promote solar energy in tropical countries.

    Solar Cities Programme – Promotes solar-based infrastructure in urban and semi-urban areas.

    PM JANMAN: electrifying one lakh un-electrified households in Tribal and PVTG habitations across 18 states

    State-level initiatives

    SMART Solar Scheme (Maharashtra) – Offers subsidies up to 95% for 1 kW rooftop solar system

    Indira Soura Giri Jala Vikasam (Telangana) – 100% subsidy for solar-powered irrigation systems

    These initiatives underscore India’s vision of inclusive, secure, and clean energy for all (SDG -7).

  • How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006?

    EIA is a systematic process to evaluate the environmental, social and economic impacts of a proposed project before granting environmental clearance under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.

    Differences between EIA Notification, 2006 and Draft EIA Notification, 2020

    Analysis of Draft EIA

    The future lies in restoring public trust, strengthening scientific rigour, ensuring zero post-facto clearances, aligning EIA with climate resilience goals.

  • Discuss the recent measures initiated in disaster management by the Government of India departing from the earlier reactive approach.

    Earlier Approach (Reactive Model)

    Relief and Response-Focused – limited emphasis on preparedness or mitigation.

    Fragmented Institutional Setup – No single coordinating agency.

    Weak Early Warning Systems – limited forecasting for cyclones, floods, and lightning. Eg – 1999 Odisha Super Cyclone caused 10000 deaths

    Delayed Emergency Response Mechanisms before NDRF creation (2006). Eg- delay in 2001 Bhuj Earthquake response

    Ad hoc Funding – minimal pre-disaster investment.

    Poor Infrastructure Resilience – Buildings, dams, roads lacked disaster-resilient design.

    Low Use of Technology – Eg- lack of glacial lake monitoring, real-time rainfall data, or landslide susceptibility mapping in Himalayas

    Limited Community Preparedness – Citizens were passive recipients of relief; evacuation plans rudimentary. Eg- high fatalities after Uttarakhand Floods

    Recent Measures Highlighting the Shift from Reactive to Proactive Approach

    Legal & Institutional Strengthening – DM Act 2005, NDMA, NDRF, SDMAs, and DDMAs ensure permanent, structured disaster governance.

    Strengthened Early Warning through IMD + ISRO + IITs. Eg- Zero human casualties during Cyclone Biparjoy (2023)

    Integrated Alert System (SACHET) is operationalised in all 36 States and UTs to send disaster alerts through SMS. Over 6,899 crore SMS alerts in more than 19 Indian languages were sent.

    Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (MHEWS) – integrates satellite, radar, and IoT data via the IMD’s Decision Support System (DSS). Improves accuracy by 20-40%. Apps used are

    MAUSAM: General weather forecasts.

    DAMINI: Lightning alerts.

    MEGHDOOT: Agromet advisories for farmers.

    Nature-Based Solutions – Mangrove restoration (MISHTI), wetland protection (Amrit Dharohar) to reduce cyclone/flood vulnerability.

    Shift in disaster-financing architecture – from earlier response-only funds to separate mitigation funds at national and state level as per recommendations of 15th FC

    Community-Based Disaster Management under Aapda Mitra/Aapda Sakhi.

    City/state-specific Heat Action Plans (HAPs) for heatwave prediction + response + healthcare preparedness. Eg- Ahmedabad HAP cut mortality by 30-40% since 2013.

    Cyclone Preparedness (Odisha Model) – Mass evacuations, cyclone shelters, and resilient infrastructure. Eg- Only 64 deaths in Cyclone Fani (2019).

    GIS-Based Hazard Mapping– Eg- National Landslide Susceptibility Mapping (NLSM 2023) covers all Himalayan states.

    Global Efforts

    Signatory to Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction

    Launched coalition of disaster disaster resilient infrastructure

    Way Forward

    Strengthening disaster health management through coordination between NDMA and the Health Ministry

    Transparency in Fund Allocation – formula-based, impact-driven NDRF allocation

    Decentralized Disaster Governance

    Autonomy in fund utilization for SDMA and DDMA.

    Integrating disaster risk reduction (DRR) into development plans

    Climate-Resilient Infrastructure –

    strict enforcement of the National Building Code (NBC), 2016

    disaster-resilient retrofitting of old buildings, bridges, and dams in seismic zones.

    Enhance coordination between IMD, ISRO, NDMA, and NDRF through a unified National Emergency Coordination Hub (NECH).

    Strengthening Financial Resilience via parametric insurance models

    Adopting global best practices

    Singapore -Whole-of-Government (WOG) Approach

    Netherlands -“Room for the River” Programme

    United States -FEMA’s Incident Command System (ICS)

    The Sendai Framework’s proactive approach, focused on risk mitigation, resilient recovery, and inclusive governance, is essential for making Bharat a ‘weather-ready and climate-smart’ nation.

  • What are the main constraints in transport and marketing of agricultural produce in India?

    Efficient transport and marketing are critical components of the agriculture value chain. However, gaps in logistics and markets hinder farmers’ ability to access markets, realise fair prices, and reduce post-harvest losses.

    Main Constraints in Transport of Agricultural Produce

    FCI transit loss stands at Rs 300 crore/annum

    Poor Rural Road Connectivity– About 25% rural habitations lack pucca road connectivity .

    Lack of Multi-Model connectivity – heavy dependence on roads for transport

    Inadequate First-Mile Logistics – Scarcity of tractors, mini-trucks, and affordable transport

    High Post-Harvest Losses in Transit due to improper packaging, rough handling, and delays. 6-18% losses in fruits & vegetables (NABARD/FAO).

    Cold storage capacity in India can only accommodate about 11% of the country’s total produce.

    Fragmented Landholdings – 86% farmers are small/marginal – increase per-unit transport cost

    High Logistics Cost of 14% of GDP – raise farm-to-market cost.

    Main Constraints in Marketing of Agricultural Produce

    63% of agricultural households sold their crops to local markets and only 7.2% sold to APMCs.

    Dominance of Intermediaries leads to low price realisation. Eg- Farmers get only 25-30% of final price in perishables.

    Inadequate Market Infrastructure – Mandis lack grading, sorting, storage, and drying yards. Only 10% of mandis meet required norms (Dalwai Committee).

    APMC operating in monopolised silos limit free inter-state movement and competition.

    Poor Access to real-time price and demand Information – weakens bargaining power of farmers

    Low Digital Integration – Only about 1500 mandis integrated with e-NAM (2024).

    Quality & SPS Compliance Gaps – Inadequate testing infrastructure impacts domestic sales and exports. Eg- EU rejecting Mango consignment

    Way Forward

    Strengthening FPOs to enhance collective bargaining and direct market access for farmers. Eg- Sahyadri FPO in Maharashtra – increased incomes by 30%

    Cold-Chain-as-a-Service (CCaaS) – IoT-based cold storage + logistics integration reduces post-harvest losses

    MSP 2.0 based on 3 D’s – Decentralisation, Diversification and Digital Procurement. Eg- instant payments through e-RUPI.

    Rural Agri-Logistics Nodes under Gati Shakti Framework to develop cold chains, aggregation centers, and packhouses near farm gates.

    Strengthening supply chain management is key to ‘Doubling Farmers Income’.