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  • The importance of the Deputy Speaker

    Why in the News?

    For the first time in India’s parliamentary history, the Deputy Speaker’s position stayed empty for the whole Lok Sabha term from 2019 to 2024, and now there is a chance it won’t be filled in the 18th Lok Sabha either.

    Why is the Deputy Speaker’s vacancy a constitutional concern?

    • Violation of Constitutional Provisions: Articles 93 and 94 require the Deputy Speaker to be elected “as soon as may be” and to hold office until resignation, removal, or disqualification. The prolonged vacancy violates this mandate, creating a constitutional vacuum. Eg: In the 17th Lok Sabha (2019-24), no Deputy Speaker was appointed despite the constitutional requirement.
    • Undermines Parliamentary Democracy and Power Sharing: The Deputy Speaker’s post is traditionally given to an Opposition member to maintain checks and balances. Leaving it vacant concentrates power in the ruling party, weakening democratic resilience and the principle of shared authority. Eg: The refusal of the ruling party to offer the Deputy Speaker position to the Opposition breaks this longstanding convention.
    • Risk of Constitutional Crisis and Legislative Disruption: The Deputy Speaker ensures the continuity of parliamentary proceedings if the Speaker resigns or is incapacitated. Without a Deputy Speaker, a constitutional crisis could arise, disrupting governance and legislative business. Eg: If the Speaker’s chair becomes vacant, the Deputy Speaker normally assumes duties; without one, the functioning of Parliament could be paralyzed.

    What is the significance of Deputy speaker in Parliament? 

    • Ensures Continuity of Parliamentary Proceedings: The Deputy Speaker presides over the Lok Sabha when the Speaker is absent, ensuring that legislative businesscontinues smoothly without interruption. Eg: When the Speaker is unavailable due to illness or travel, the Deputy Speaker takes charge of the session.
    • Acts as a Neutral and Impartial Arbiter: The Deputy Speaker plays a crucial role in maintaining fairness during debates and sensitive discussions, acting independently of the ruling party’s influence. Eg: The Deputy Speaker oversees debates on private member bills and ensures that all voices, including the Opposition, are heard.
    • Maintains Democratic Balance and Power Sharing: By convention, the Deputy Speaker is usually from the Opposition, which helps uphold the spirit of power-sharing and checks and balances essential to parliamentary democracy. Eg: Offering the Deputy Speaker post to an Opposition member fosters cooperation and harmony between the ruling party and Opposition.

    What are the key duties of the Deputy Speaker?

    • Presides over Lok Sabha sessions in the Speaker’s absence: The Deputy Speaker conducts and manages the proceedings of the House with the same powers as the Speaker during such times. Eg: When the Speaker is unavailable, the Deputy Speaker presides over debates and voting sessions.
    • Oversees important parliamentary committees: The Deputy Speaker chairs key committees like the Private Member’s Bill Committee and the House Budget Committee, facilitating legislative scrutiny. Eg: The Deputy Speaker leads discussions on private members’ bills ensuring smooth consideration and debate.
    • Maintains impartiality and ensures fair conduct: The Deputy Speaker acts as a neutral arbitrator, ensuring orderly debates and protecting the rights of all members, including the Opposition. Eg: During sensitive or contentious discussions, the Deputy Speaker ensures that rules are followed and all sides get a fair hearing.

    When should the Deputy Speaker be elected as per Article 93?

    • Article 93 states that the Deputy Speaker must be elected “as soon as may be” after the House of Lok Sabha is constituted.
    • The phrase implies a sense of urgency and necessity, not discretionary or indefinite delay. This means the election should happen immediately or without unreasonable delay following the formation of the new Lok Sabha.
    • The Deputy Speaker continues in office until resignation, removal, or disqualification as per Article 94, ensuring continuity.

    Way forward: 

    • Timely Election of Deputy Speaker to Uphold Constitutional Mandate: The government and all parliamentary parties should prioritize the election of the Deputy Speaker “as soon as may be” as mandated by Articles 93 and 94 to avoid constitutional vacuum, ensure smooth functioning of the Lok Sabha, and maintain democratic resilience.
    • Respecting the Convention of Power Sharing with the Opposition: To strengthen parliamentary democracy, the ruling party should adhere to the established convention of offering the Deputy Speaker post to an Opposition member. This would foster bipartisan cooperation, reinforce checks and balances, and promote harmonious functioning of the House.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices.

    Linkage: The role of presiding officers in legislative bodies (at the state level, analogous to the Deputy Speaker in Lok Sabha). This article emphasizes that the Deputy Speaker oversees debates and serves as a neutral arbiter.

  • Why India is the 3rd-largest Economy, NOT 4th or 5th?

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the CEO of NITI Aayog announced that India has moved ahead of Japan to become the world’s fourth-largest economy.

    What is the key difference between nominal GDP and PPP-based GDP?

    • Nominal GDP: Measured using current market exchange rates in US dollars. Eg: If India’s GDP is ₹270 lakh crore and $1 = ₹75, then nominal GDP = ₹270 lakh crore ÷ 75 = $3.6 trillion.
    • PPP-Based GDP: Adjusted for differences in the cost of living and price levels between countries. Eg: If goods and services are cheaper in India, PPP adjusts the GDP upward to reflect greater actual consumption — India’s GDP could be $12 trillion in PPP terms, even though nominal GDP is lower.

    When did India become the third-largest economy by PPP estimates?

    In 2009, India overtook Japan in PPP-based GDP. This milestone occurred during the tenure of the Manmohan Singh-led UPA government. India has retained the 3rd position ever since, behind only China and the United States. The PPP-based ranking reflects India’s large population and lower cost of living, which boosts its effective domestic consumption.

    How do exchange rates affect nominal GDP rankings?

    • Conversion Dependency: Nominal GDP is calculated in US dollars, so a country’s GDP in local currency must be converted using the exchange rate. Eg: If India’s GDP is ₹300 lakh crore and $1 = ₹75, its dollar GDP would be $4 trillion; but if $1 = ₹85, the same GDP becomes $3.5 trillion.
    • Exchange Rate Fluctuations Can Distort Rankings: A country’s global GDP rank can change without any real economic growth or decline, simply due to currency appreciation or depreciation. Eg: If the Japanese yen strengthens against the dollar, Japan’s nominal GDP in dollars rises—even if its actual output hasn’t changed.
    • Unfair Comparison Across Countries: Countries with volatile or weakening currencies may appear smaller in nominal terms than they are in real domestic terms. Eg: India’s GDP may seem lower than the UK’s in nominal terms due to a weaker rupee, even if India produces more goods and services overall.

    Why is per capita GDP more reflective of individual prosperity?

    • Accounts for Population Size: Per capita GDP divides total GDP by the population, showing the average income per person, unlike aggregate GDP which may hide disparities. Eg: India’s GDP is higher than the UK’s in total, but because India has over 20 times the population, its per capita GDP is much lower.
    • Better Indicator of Living Standards: It reflects the average economic well-being and purchasing power of citizens, making it more relevant for assessing prosperity. Eg: A country with $50,000 per capita GDP (like the UK) offers far better public services, infrastructure, and living conditions than one with $2,800 (like India), even if total GDPs are comparable.
    • Highlights Income Distribution and Development Needs: Low per capita GDP suggests widespread poverty or unequal wealth distribution, even if overall GDP is growing. Eg: Despite being the world’s 5th largest economy, India’s low per capita GDP shows most individuals have limited incomes and access to economic benefits.

    What does India’s per capita GDP reveal compared to the UK’s?

    Aspect India UK Example 
    Per Capita GDP (2025) 10,020 PPP dollars 58,140 PPP dollars UK’s per capita income is ~6 times higher than India’s.
    Living Standards & Services Lower access to quality services Higher standard of living, social welfare Indians have limited access to healthcare, education, and housing
    Economic Inequality & Prosperity Aggregate GDP is growing, but benefits are not evenly distributed Prosperity is more widely shared Despite India’s growth, individual prosperity remains low on average.

    Way forward: 

    • Invest in Human Capital and Social Infrastructure: India must enhance spending on education, healthcare, and skill development to improve productivity and raise per capita incomes. Improved human capital directly boosts innovation, employability, and long-term economic growth.
    • Focus on Inclusive and Equitable Growth: Policies should ensure that economic gains are widely distributed, especially through rural development, MSME support, and targeted welfare schemes. This will reduce income disparities and lift more people into the formal, productive economy, improving per capita prosperity.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2022]  Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India.

    Linkage: India’s high aggregate economic rank alongside low per capita income, raises questions about how India’s economic growth model is translating into shared prosperity, a central theme of inclusive growth. This question explicitly asks about the possibility and mechanisms (like financial inclusion) of achieving “inclusive growth” within a market economy.

  • AMCA Project

    Why in the News?

    The defence minister has cleared the execution model for the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) project, where Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) must now compete with private companies for the production contract under a new industry partnership model.

    amca

    About the AMCA Project:

    • Overview: The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is India’s fifth-generation stealth fighter being developed by ADA under DRDO.
    • Approval: The project received Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) approval in March 2024, with a budget of ₹15,000 crore.
    • Timeline: The first prototype is expected by 2028–29, production by 2032–33, and induction by 2034.
    • Key Features:
      • Stealth design, internal weapons bay, and diverterless supersonic intake.
      • Payload: 1,500 kg internal and 5,500 kg external.
      • Fuel: Internal capacity of 6,500 kg.
    • Development Phases:
      1. AMCA Mk1 will use the GE F-414 engine.
      2. AMCA Mk2 will have a co-developed engine with France’s Safran.
    • Strategic Importance: AMCA will help India counter threats from regional powers like China, which already deploy J-20 and J-35 fighters.

    What are 5th Generation Fighter Aircrafts?

    • Definition: Fifth-generation fighters are the most advanced combat aircraft in service today.
    • Examples: Include the F-22 and F-35 (USA), Su-57 (Russia), and J-20 (China).
    • Core Features:
      • Stealth technology to avoid radar detection.
      • Beyond-visual-range (BVR) combat capabilities.
      • AI-based systems and automated battle management.
    • Roles: These jets can perform air combat, surveillance, and ground attacks with precision and multi-role capability.

    What does “Generation” mean in Fighter Aircrafts?

    • Classification: Fighter jets are grouped by technological advances that can’t be added through upgrades.
    • Evolution:
      • 1st–3rd Gen: Basic jets with limited speed and weaponry.
      • 4th Gen: Improved radar, manoeuvrability, and precision weapons (e.g., Rafale, Su-30MKI).
      • 5th Gen: Introduces stealth, super-cruise, sensor fusion, and electronic warfare.
    • Comparative Use: While not a perfect measure, “generation” helps compare air force capabilities across countries.

     

    [UPSC 2025] With reference to India’s defence, consider the following pairs:

    Aircraft type: Description

    I. Dornier-228: Maritime patrol aircraft

    II. IL-76: Supersonic combat aircraft

    III. C-17 Globemaster III: Military transport aircraft

    How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

    Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two* (c) All three (d) None

     

  • Places in news: Mt. Khangchendzonga

    Why in the News?

    Sikkim’s CM has asked the Centre to ban climbing on Mt. Khangchendzonga, even from the Nepal side, as the mountain is sacred to the Sikkimese and seen as a guardian deity.

    About Mt. Khangchendzonga:

    • Location: Mt. Khangchendzonga is the third-highest mountain in the world at 8,586 metres, located on the India-Nepal border in the eastern Himalayas.
    • Major Glaciers and Rivers: It is surrounded by Zemu, Talung, Yalung, and Kanchenjunga glaciers and bordered by rivers like Tamur, Lhonak, and Teesta.
    • Etymology: Known as the “Five Treasuries of the Great Snow”, due to its five towering peaks, all above 8,000 metres.
    • Geological Age: The mountain rocks are between 445 million to 1 billion years old, from the Neoproterozoic to Ordovician periods.
    • Ecological Zone: Located within Khangchendzonga National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, rich in altitude diversity and rare species.
    • Wildlife and Ecosystems: Home to snow leopards, red pandas, musk deer, and Asiatic black bears, along with over 220 glacial-fed water bodies.
    • Hydrological Importance: It is the highest point in the Brahmaputra basin, contributing water to both the Ganges and Kosi River systems.
    • Climate: Receives heavy monsoon snowfall and lighter winter snow.

    Religious and Cultural Significance:

    • Spiritual Status: The mountain is sacred in Sikkim and Nepal, embedded in local mythology and Buddhist traditions.
    • Symbolism of the Name: The “5 Treasuries” are believed to hold salt, gold, turquoise, sacred texts, grain, medicine, and other treasures.
    • Guardian Deity: It is considered the home of Dzoe-Nga, the chief protector deity of Sikkim, known as Pho-lha.
    • Mythological Roots: Local guardian deities were blessed by Guru Padmasambhava, the patron saint of Sikkim.
    • Climbing Ban: The Sikkim government banned climbing on the mountain in 1998 and 2001 under the Sacred Places of Worship Act, 1991, to preserve its sanctity.
    [UPSC 2024] Consider the following pairs:

    Peak: Mountains

    1. Namcha Barwa — Garhwal Himalaya

    2. Nanda Devi — Kumaon Himalaya

    3. Nokrek — Sikkim Himalaya

    Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only* (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only

     

  • TR1 Cells: The Hidden Warriors in Malaria Immunity

    Why in the News?

    Scientists at Stanford University discovered that TR1 cells play a dominant role in fighting malaria reinfections.

    Understanding the Body’s Immune Response:

    • What is the Immune System? It’s the body’s defence system that protects us from infections like malaria.
    • First Defence: The skin and body surfaces block germs from entering.
    • Innate Immunity: If germs get in, the innate immune system reacts fast, like an emergency response team.
    • Adaptive Immunity: Then, the adaptive immune system kicks in, targeting germs specifically and remembering them for future protection.
    • B-Cells and T-Cells:
      • B-cells make antibodies to fight germs.
      • T-cells attack infected cells and guide other immune cells.
    • Helper T-Cells: A type called CD4+ T-cells helps organise the defence. Earlier, scientists thought TH1 cells were key in malaria, but a new study shows TR1 cells are more important, especially in repeat infections.

    What are TR1 Cells?

    • Role of TR1 Cells: These are special T-cells that help control the immune system and prevent overreaction.
    • Major Response in Malaria: Though small in number, during malaria, TR1 cells become the main helper cells.
    • Study in Uganda: In young children with repeated malaria, TR1 cells grew in number and improved the body’s ability to fight malaria without severe illness.
    • Memory and Immunity: TR1 cells remember the malaria parasite and return stronger with each infection.
    • Types of TR1 Cells:
      • Naïve TR1 – not yet active.
      • Effector TR1 – fighting infection.
      • Memory TR1 – remembering past infections.
    • Epigenetic Role: TR1 cells may respond by switching genes on or off, not by changing the genes themselves.

    Key Findings of the Study:

    • Research Team: Scientists from Stanford University studied people in Uganda over many months and years.
    • Tracking Infections: They followed individuals through multiple malaria infections to see how immune cells behaved.
    • Gene Scanning: A special technique was used to read the genes of each immune cell — like scanning a barcode.
    • Findings: TR1 cells were accurate, long-lasting, and clearly connected to malaria (not other infections).
    • Why it matters: This discovery can help in making better malaria vaccines, boosting long-term protection, and even improving treatments for other serious diseases.
    [UPSC 2025] With reference to monoclonal antibodies, consider the following:

    I. They are man-made proteins. II. They stimulate the patient’s immune system to fight the specific disease. III. They are produced using animal cells only.

    Which of the statements given above are correct?

    Options: (a) I and II only (b) II and III only (c) I and III only (d) All the three *

     

  • Cabinet approves hike in MSP for Kharif Crops

    Why in the News?

    The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs chaired by Prime Minister has approved the increase in the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for 14 kharif crops for 2025-26.

    What is the Minimum Support Price (MSP)?

    • MSP in India originated in response to food shortages in the 1960s, notably during the Bihar famine of 1966–1967.
    • Agricultural Price Commission (APC) was established in 1965 to implement price policies like procurement at pre-decided prices and MSP.
    • Over time, the APC evolved into the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) in 1985, with broader terms of reference.
    • Announcement: The government bases its announcement on the recommendations given by the Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP).

    Steps involved in Fixing MSPs:

    • CACP sends its recommendations to the Government of India.
    • The reports are shared with state governments and concerned central ministries for comments.
    • After reviewing all inputs, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) takes the final decision on MSPs.
    • Once approved, CACP publishes all its reports online, ensuring transparency and explaining the rationale behind its recommendations.

    How is MSP fixed?

    • Formulae for Calculation:
      • A2: Costs incurred by the farmer in production of a particular crop. It includes several inputs such as expenditure on seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, leased-in land, hired labour, machinery and fuel
      • A2+FL: Costs incurred by the farmer and the value of family labour
      • C2: A comprehensive cost, which is A2+FL cost plus imputed rental value of owned land plus interest on fixed capital, rent paid for leased-in land
    • National Commission of Farmers also known as the Swaminathan Commission (2004) recommended that the MSP should at least be 50 per cent more than the weighted average Cost of Production (CoP), which it refers to as the C2 cost.
    • The government maintains that the MSP was fixed at a level of at least 1.5 times of the all-India weighted average CoP, but it calculates this cost as 1.5 times of A2+FL.
    • Crops covered are: CACP currently recommends MSPs for 23 key crops:
      • 7 Cereals: Paddy, Wheat, Maize, Sorghum (Jowar), Pearl Millet (Bajra), Barley, and Ragi
      • 5 Pulses: Gram (Chana), Tur (Arhar), Moong, Urad, and Lentil (Masur)
      • 7 Oilseeds: Groundnut, Rapeseed-Mustard, Soybean, Sesame, Sunflower, Safflower, and Nigerseed
      • 4 Commercial Crops: Copra, Cotton, Raw Jute and Sugarcane (Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) is announced by CACP.)
    [UPSC 2020] Consider the following statements:

    1. In the case of all cereals, pulses and oil-seeds, the procurement at Minimum Support Price (MSP) is unlimited in any State/UT of India.

    2. In the case of cereals and pulses, the MSP is fixed in any State/UT at a level to which the market price will never rise.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2*

     

  • Supreme Court Collegium recommends transfer of HC CJs

    Why in the News?

    The Supreme Court Collegium has recommended the transfer of 4 Chief Justices from the High Courts of Madras, Rajasthan, Tripura, and Jharkhand.

    About the Collegium System:

    • Definition: It is used in India for the appointment and transfer of judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts.
    • Non-Constitutional Origin: It is not mentioned in the Constitution or any law passed by Parliament. It developed through Supreme Court judgments to protect judicial independence.
    • Judicial Primacy: The system ensures that senior judges, not the government, have the main say in judicial appointments.
    • Evolution: It arose in response to executive interference during the 1970s, when the government tried to influence and supersede senior judges:
    • First Judges Case (1981) – S.P. Gupta v. Union of India:
      • Held that the Chief Justice’s opinion was only consultative.
      • Gave the executive primary control over appointments and transfers.
    • Second Judges Case (1993) – Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India:
      • Overruled the First Judges Case.
      • Declared that “consultation” with the CJI means “concurrence”, making the CJI’s view binding.
      • Introduced the Collegium system, involving the CJI and two senior-most judges.
      • Affirmed that judicial independence requires judicial primacy in appointments.
    • Third Judges Case (1998) – Re: Presidential Reference:
      • Expanded the Collegium to include the CJI and four senior-most Supreme Court judges.
      • Emphasised institutional decision-making, not personal preferences of individual judges.

    How does the Collegium System works?

    • For Supreme Court Judges:
      • The Collegium includes the CJI and four senior-most SC judges.
      • It recommends names for appointments to the SC and appointments/transfers of High Court judges and Chief Justices.
      • The Law Ministry processes these names and sends them to the Prime Minister, who advises the President for final approval.
    • For Appointing the Chief Justice of India:
      • The sitting CJI recommends the senior-most SC judge.
      • This practice has been followed since the 1970s supersession controversy.
    • For High Court Judges:
      • Recommendations start from the Chief Justice of the High Court, who consults two senior colleagues.
      • The proposal goes to the state government, then to the Supreme Court Collegium (CJI and two senior-most SC judges), and finally to the President.
    • For Transfers of Judges:
      • Article 222 of the Constitution allows transfer of High Court judges.
      • The Collegium recommends transfers, often for administrative needs or public interest.
      • Consent is not needed, but the CJI must consult the Chief Justice of the concerned High Court and other senior judges.
      • No High Court can have an Acting Chief Justice for more than a month, so transfers and new appointments are usually done together.

    Tap to know more about the Appointment and Removal of HC Judges.

    [UPSC 2012] What is the provision to safeguard the autonomy of the Supreme Court of India?

    1. While appointing the Supreme Court Judges, the President of India has to consult the Chief Justice of India. 2. The Supreme Court Judges can be removed by the Chief Justice of India only. 3. The salaries of the Judges are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India to which the legislature does not have to vote. 4. All appointments of officers and staff of the Supreme Court of India are made by the Government only after consulting the Chief Justice of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    Options: (a) 1 and 3 only * (b) 3 and 4 only (c) 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

     

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  • [28th May 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: The silver jubilee of a Strategic Partnership

    PYQ Relevance:

     [UPSC 2019] The time has come for India and Japan to build a strong contemporary relationship, one involving global and strategic partnership that will have a great significance for Asia and the world as a whole.’ Comment.

    Linkage: The term “strategic partnership” in the context of India’s relationship with another major country (Japan). It is directly analogous to the India-Germany strategic partnership and prompts discussion on its global and regional significance, mirroring the description in article.

     

    Mentor’s Comment:  India and Germany have built a strong bilateral relationship based on shared democratic values, economic complementarity, and a common vision for global peace and sustainable development. Germany launched its dedicated ‘Focus on India’ strategy and committed €10 billion under the Indo-German Green and Sustainable Development Partnership (GSDP). Over 2,000 German companies now operate in India, generating 750,000 jobs. With 50,000 Indian students studying in Germany and expanding business integration, both countries have transformed their partnership from a transactional engagement into a strategic, transformational alliance.

    Today’s editorial will discuss the relationship between India and Germany. This content would help in GS Paper II ( International Relations).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    his month marks 25 years of the Indo-German Strategic Partnership, celebrating a key milestone in their growing ties, shared goals, and long-standing cooperation across defence, economy, and sustainability.

    What are the Key Pillars of the India-Germany partnership?

    • Peace: Both countries share a vision of a peaceful, stable, and rules-based world. Eg: Regular Intergovernmental Government Consultations that strengthen political ties and cooperation.
    • Prosperity: Focuses on economic growth, job creation, and improving quality of life. Eg: Around 2,000 German companies operate in India, creating more than 750,000 jobs.
    • People-to-People Ties: Cultural and educational exchanges deepen bilateral relations. Eg: Over 50,000 Indian students study in Germany, the largest foreign student group there.
    • Future of the Planet (Green Development): Cooperation on climate change, renewable energy, and sustainability projects. Eg: Germany’s €10 billion Indo-German Green and Sustainable Development Partnership supporting solar and wind projects in Gujarat.
    • Technology and Innovation Collaboration: Joint scientific research and integration in high-tech industries. Eg: Indian researchers in top German institutions and operation of Delhi-Meerut Rapid Rail by Deutsche Bahn.

    How has defence cooperation progressed recently?

    • First Joint Exercise: In August 2024, Germany’s Air Force participated in Exercise Tarang Shakti at Sulur, marking the first-ever India-Germany joint military exercise on Indian soil. Eg: The exercise included advanced jets like Germany’s Eurofighter Typhoon, France’s Rafale, and India’s LCA Tejas.
    • High-Level Interoperability: Senior military leaders from India, Germany, France, and Spain took part, showcasing enhanced coordination and joint operations. Eg: A joint sortie involved Air Chief Marshal V. R. Chaudhari (India), Lieutenant General Ingo Gerhartz (Germany), General Stéphane Mille (France), and Air General Francisco Braco Carbo (Spain).
    • Strategic Defence Ties: The exercise paves the way for deeper defence collaboration and future joint initiativesbetween India and Germany. Eg: Germany’s participation aligns with its strategic interest in the Indo-Pacific region amid shifting global power dynamics.

    Why is the Green and Sustainable Development Partnership important?

    • Climate Action and Energy Transition: The partnership is vital for accelerating India’s shift towards clean energy and meeting its climate commitments. Eg: Germany pledged €10 billion to support India’s goal of achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030, through initiatives in solar, wind, and green hydrogen sectors.
    • Sustainable Urban Development and Mobility: It promotes eco-friendly infrastructure and efficient public transport systems in growing urban centres. Eg: German-backed metro projects and Smart Cities initiatives in Nagpur and Pune have helped advance green mobility and urban resilience.
    • Biodiversity Conservation and Climate Resilience: The partnership helps protect ecological zones while enhancing local livelihoods and climate adaptability. Eg: Joint projects in the Western Ghats and Himalayas focus on afforestation, biodiversity conservation, and water resource management.

    Where are major Indo-German projects being implemented in India?

    • Gujarat – Renewable Energy Projects: Gujarat hosts large-scale solar and wind energy initiatives under the Green and Sustainable Development Partnership (GSDP). Eg: German companies are contributing to the production of wind turbine blades and setting up solar parks in the state.
    • Delhi-Meerut – Rapid Rail Project: India’s first Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) between Delhi and Meerut is operated in partnership with Deutsche Bahn, Germany’s national railway operator. Eg: The project showcases Indo-German cooperation in high-speed rail and urban mobility.
    • Maharashtra – Smart Cities and Urban Infrastructure: German collaboration supports urban planning, sustainable transport, and waste management under the Smart Cities Mission. Eg: Pune and Nagpur are key cities benefiting from German-backed smart infrastructure initiatives.
    • Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand – Biodiversity and Climate Projects: Joint efforts are underway to protect forests, watersheds, and biodiversity in India’s ecologically sensitive hill states. Eg: Indo-German projects focus on climate-resilient agriculture, forestation, and ecosystem preservation.
    • Tamil Nadu – Defence Collaboration and Skill Development: The Tarang Shakti 2024 exercise at Sulur Air Force Station marked a high point in joint military training. Eg: It highlights growing defence cooperation and also supports local capacity-building in the aerospace sector.

    Way forward: 

    • Deepen Strategic and Technological Collaboration: Expand cooperation in defence manufacturing, AI, green hydrogen, and critical technologies to strengthen strategic autonomy and shared innovation goals.
    • Enhance Sustainable Development and People-Centric Ties: Accelerate green partnerships, vocational training, and student exchanges to promote inclusive growth, climate resilience, and stronger people-to-people engagement.
  • From Parliament to Party Offices: Is It Time for POSH to Take Charge?

    From Parliament to Party Offices: Is It Time for POSH to Take Charge?

    NOTE4STUDENTS:

    The recent deliberations around applying the POSH Act to political parties highlight an evolving and essential intersection of law, gender justice, and institutional accountability. Often, aspirants overlook nuanced challenges like the lack of specific mechanisms in political setups to handle harassment. While candidates might know the general scope of the POSH Act, the intricacies of its implementation—or the lack thereof—in political domains are often missed, which this article explains with depth and clarity. Our Back2Basics section decodes complex aspects of the POSH Act and simplifies core principles. This accessible format ensures readers not only grasp essential details but are also equipped to incorporate them into answers with precision and relevance.

    PYQ ANCHORING & MICROTHEMES:

    1. GS 2: The Indian party system is passing through a phase of transition which looks to be full of contradictions and paradoxes.” Discuss. [2016]
    2. GS 2: While the national political parties in India favour centralisation, the regional parties are in favour of State autonomy. Comment. [2022]

    Microtheme: Political Parties

    Recently, a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has been heard by the Supreme Court regarding applicability of Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (POSH Act) in political parties.  This issue has remained an area of ambiguity, especially considering the peculiar structure of political organisations in India.  

    Current Structure

    Political parties handle discipline through internal committees, such as the Congress’ hierarchical committees and the BJP’s “Disciplinary Action Committees.”  While these bodies address broad breaches of discipline like “moral turpitude” or actions lowering the party’s prestige, they lack specific provisions for handling sexual harassment. They also do not require women or external members, as mandated for ICCs under the POSH Act.

    Need to Bring Political Parties under the POSH Act

    IssueDescriptionExamples/Data
    Harassment of Women ParliamentariansWomen parliamentarians face significant psychological and sexual violence globally.2016 IPU survey: 82% of women parliamentarians face psychological violence; in Africa, 40% face sexual harassment.
    Safe Work EnvironmentSystemic barriers hinder women’s participation and leadership in politics, despite growing participation.Women hold 14.4% of Lok Sabha seats; less than 10% in state legislatures.
    Legal and Constitutional MandatesConstitutional and legal provisions ensure equality and protect women’s rights in workplaces, including politics.Articles 14 and 15 ensure equality and non-discrimination; POSH Act applies to political party workers and volunteers.
    Lack of Internal MechanismsPolitical parties often lack proper systems for addressing harassment complaints.Grievance committees in political parties don’t follow POSH Act standards, leading to underreporting of cases.
    Electoral and Institutional ReformsApplying the POSH Act to political parties can improve transparency and gender justice.Aligns with the Election Commission’s goals for transparency and accountability in political party operations.
    Global Best PracticesInstitutionalizing gender-sensitive practices in politics can serve as a model for India.UK Parliament’s 2017 ICGP policy tackles bullying and harassment; Sweden and Norway have gender-sensitive systems.

    Challenges in Application of POSH Act in Political Parties

    Challenges DetailsExamples/Data
    Lack of Traditional StructurePolitical parties often hire temporary workers with no formal workplace or direct relationship with top officials, making it difficult to identify the responsible workplace for ICCs.Lack of a defined workplace in party campaigns or for volunteers can complicate the establishment of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs).
    Absence of Explicit GuidelinesPolitical parties handle internal issues like sexual harassment through their own committees but without clear guidelines for applying POSH Act specifically in party organizations.The lack of clear POSH Act directives in relation to party functions can create legal gray areas for political organizations, leading to underreporting and mismanagement.
    Role of the Election Commission of India (ECI)ECI’s mandate is limited to RPA Act under Article 324, but its role in enforcing the POSH Act is unclear.The Kerala High Court ruling highlights the gap in ECI’s authority to enforce workplace safety laws like POSH Act in political parties.
    Legal PrecedentsCourts like Kerala High Court ruled that political parties aren’t legally required to establish ICCs due to the lack of employer-employee relationship.In 2022, the Kerala High Court ruled that political parties are not obligated to create ICCs, adding complexity to the application of workplace laws.

    Way Forward 

    To ensure a safe and inclusive environment for women in political parties, the following changes need to be made:

    1. Amendment of the POSH Act: The POSH Act should explicitly include political parties, clarifying what constitutes a “workplace” and who is considered the “employer” in this context. Clear guidelines from the Election Commission of India (ECI) or the Supreme Court can help enforce this.
    2. Institution of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs): Political parties should be mandated to set up ICCs to address complaints of harassment, ensuring the POSH Act is followed and providing an effective grievance redressal system.
    3. Training and Awareness: Regular sensitization programs within political parties should be conducted to educate members about sexual harassment and the functioning of ICCs.
    4. Dedicated Tribunal for Women: As per the Verma Committee, a dedicated tribunal could address harassment complaints within political parties. This would promote accountability, quick resolution, and a safer political environment.
    5. Strengthening ECI Oversight: The Election Commission of India should be empowered to ensure compliance with workplace safety norms and ensure political parties follow the required guidelines.

    The Supreme Court’s consideration of the POSH Act’s application to political parties underscores the need for stronger legal frameworks. Political parties must set an example by protecting women from harassment, setting a precedent that influences workplace safety across sectors in India.

    #BACK2BASICS : POSH ACT

    What is the POSH Act?

    The POSH Act (Prevention of Sexual Harassment at Workplace Act) ensures women are protected from sexual harassment in workplaces, providing them a safe and inclusive working environment.

    Background

    • Originated from the 1997 Supreme Court ruling in Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan, which laid out the Vishakha Guidelines for workplace safety.
    • Based on principles from Article 15 (prohibits gender-based discrimination) and international conventions like CEDAW (ratified by India in 1993).

     Sexual Harassment?

    Includes:

    • Unwelcome physical contact.
    • Sexual advances or requests for favors.
    • Sexually colored remarks or showing explicit content.
    • Other inappropriate conduct (verbal, physical, or non-verbal).

     Workplace ?

    Covers:

    • Government and private offices.
    • Workplaces visited for employment purposes.
    • Public or private sector organizations.

    Key Provisions

    ComponentDetails
    1. Prevention and AwarenessEmployers must actively prevent sexual harassment through awareness programs and display notices in the workplace.
    2. Internal Complaints Committee (ICC)– Required in organizations with 10 or more employees.- Can gather evidence and escalate appeals to the labor court.- For smaller organizations or special cases, a Local Committee (LC) is formed at the district level.
    3. Duties of Employers– Ensure a safe work environment.- Educate employees on their rights under the POSH Act.
    4. Complaint Process– Establish a clear procedure for filing complaints.- Ensure fair hearings for all involved parties.
    5. Penalties– Non-compliance can lead to fines.- In extreme cases, business licenses can be canceled.

    Recommendations by Justice Verma Committee

    1. Domestic Workers: Include domestic workers under the POSH Act for their protection.
    2. Compensation: Employers should pay compensation to victims of workplace harassment.
    3. Employment Tribunal: Establish tribunals to handle sexual harassment complaints, moving beyond reliance on ICCs for better impartiality.

  • As US pulls back, China is primed to expand its Soft Power

    Why in the News?

    Under President Trump, the U.S. withdrew from key global commitments like WHO and the Paris Agreement. Meanwhile, China is expanding influence by offering financial aid and increasing global investments.

    Why has the U.S. withdrawn from key international bodies like the WHO and the Paris Agreement?

    • Perceived Bias and Mismanagement: The U.S. accused the World Health Organization (WHO) of being biased towards China and mismanaging the COVID-19 pandemic response. Eg: President Trump alleged that the WHO failed to hold China accountable during the early stages of the outbreak.
    • Disproportionate Financial Burden: The U.S. claimed it was contributing significantly more than other countries, creating an unfair financial burden. Eg: The U.S. contributed around 20% of the WHO’s assessed funding, while China contributed much less until recently.
    • Rejection of Global Climate Commitments: The Trump administration viewed international climate agreements like the Paris Agreement as detrimental to American economic interests. Eg: The U.S. withdrew from the Paris Agreement and announced it would cease all financial commitments under the UNFCCC.

    What steps has China taken to increase its global influence in response to the U.S.’s retreat?

    • Increased Financial Contributions to Global Institutions: China has significantly raised its funding to international bodies like the WHO to fill the vacuum left by the U.S. Eg: After the U.S. announced its withdrawal from the WHO, China pledged an additional $500 million over five years and increased its assessed contribution from 6.5% (2015–16) to 15% (2024–25).
    • Expansion of Bilateral Lending and Debt Diplomacy: China has extended massive loans to developing countries, becoming a dominant bilateral creditor globally. Eg: China’s share in global bilateral sovereign debt rose from around 1% in 2003 to 26% in 2023, making it the largest lender worldwide.
    • Strategic Soft Power and Infrastructure Investments: China has expanded its Belt and Road Initiative and other overseas investments to enhance influence and dependency. Eg: China’s investments across Asia, Africa, and Latin America have increased, with more than 60% of respondents in a 2024 Pew survey acknowledging China’s economic influence in their countries.

    How has China’s financial contribution to the WHO changed after the pandemic?

    • Increased Assessed Contributions: China’s assessed contribution to the WHO rose from 6.5% in 2015–16 to 15% in 2024–25. This increase reflects China’s growing economic stature and its commitment to global health initiatives.
    • Significant Financial Pledges: In response to the U.S. withdrawal from the WHO, China pledged an additional $500 million over five years to support the organization’s activities. This move positions China as a leading state donor and underscores its intent to enhance its influence in global health governance.

    Where does China stand in terms of global bilateral debt holdings compared to the U.S.?

    • China as the Leading Bilateral Creditor: As of 2023, China holds approximately 26% of the external bilateral debt of developing countries, making it the largest bilateral creditor globally. Eg: China is the primary bilateral creditor for 53 countries and ranks among the top five creditors in three-quarters of all developing nations.
    • Decline in U.S. Bilateral Lending: The U.S.’s share in global bilateral debts has significantly decreased over the decades. Eg: In 1973, the U.S. held 36% of global bilateral debt, but by 2023, this share had dropped to just 4%.
    • China’s Influence on Debt Repayments: China’s substantial lending has led to a significant portion of debt repayments from developing countries being directed to it. Eg: In 2025, developing countries are projected to allocate over 30% of their bilateral debt service payments to China, surpassing payments to multilateral lenders and private creditors.

    What is the status of India in soft power? 

    • Strong Cultural Influence Globally: India’s rich culture, including yoga, Bollywood, and its large diaspora, enhances its global soft power. Eg: The International Day of Yoga is celebrated worldwide, promoting Indian culture and wellness.
    • Growing Economic and Diplomatic Presence: India is increasing its influence through diplomacy, international aid, and participation in global forums. Eg: India’s development projects and humanitarian aid in Africa and neighboring countries strengthen its soft power.
    • Challenges Affecting Soft Power Projection: Internal challenges like social issues and governance impact India’s image abroad. Eg: India’s ranking slipped to 29th in the 2024 Global Soft Power Index, indicating room for improvement.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Multilateral Engagements and Global Leadership: India should actively enhance its financial and diplomatic contributions to key international bodies like WHO and climate forums to build credibility and influence, positioning itself as a responsible global leader.
    • Leverage Cultural Diplomacy While Addressing Domestic Challenges: Amplify India’s soft power by promoting cultural exports and diaspora ties, while simultaneously improving governance and addressing social issues to boost its global image and rankings.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2024] The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.’ Explain

    Linkage: The depiction of China advancing its position while the U.S. is perceived as pulling back, creating a dynamic of increased competition and challenge between the two powers. This question presents the U.S. perspective on China as a major challenge.

  • Energy and efficiency: On India and greater energy efficiency mandates

    Why in the News?

    Despite rising power deficits amid urbanisation and climate pressures, India’s UJALA scheme showcases energy efficiency’s impact—saving $10B and 9,500 MW—highlighting efficiency over mere capacity expansion.

    What challenges does India face in meeting its peak power demand?

    • Rising Peak Demand due to Urbanisation and Climate Change: Rapid urbanisation and increasing use of cooling appliances during hotter summers have significantly increased electricity demand. Eg: In 2023–24, India’s peak power demand reached 250 GW, making it the third-largest power consumer globally.
    • Slow Expansion of Power Generation Capacity: Building new power plants, especially coal-based, is capital- and time-intensive, which cannot keep pace with rising demand. Eg: Despite efforts, power deficit widened from 0.69% in FY20 to about 5% in FY24, reflecting supply constraints.
    • Integration Challenges with Renewable Energy: While renewables are growing, their intermittent nature and grid integration issues limit their effectiveness in meeting peak demand. Eg: Solar and wind power face supply variability, making it difficult to meet peak-hour requirements consistently.

    What is UJALA Scheme? 

    The UJALA scheme (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) is a flagship energy efficiency program launched by the Government of India in 2015. It aims to promote energy-saving lighting solutions by distributing LED bulbs, tube lights, and energy-efficient fans at affordable prices

    How has the UJALA scheme contributed to energy efficiency and savings?

    • Massive Reduction in Power Consumption: The scheme distributed over 37 crore LED bulbs and enabled the sale of 407 crore more, replacing energy-inefficient lighting. Eg: LED bulbs consume half the power of CFLs and 1/9th the power of incandescent bulbs, leading to major power savings in households.
    • Reduction in Peak Demand and Generation Needs: By improving lighting efficiency nationwide, UJALA helped reduce peak power demand by over 1,500 MW. Eg: It avoided the need to build 9,500 MW of new power capacity—equivalent to 19 new 500 MW coal-fired plants.
    • Lower Costs and Emissions: UJALA reduced the cost of LED bulbs from ₹500 to ₹70, making them accessible and cutting emissions. Eg: The scheme has helped India save over $10 billion and significantly reduced CO₂ emissions.

    Why is enhancing energy efficiency crucial for India’s energy future?

    • Bridges the Gap Between Demand and Supply: India faces a widening peak power deficit (from 0.69% in FY20 to ~5% in FY24) despite increased generation. Eg: Energy efficiency helps reduce demand quickly—schemes like UJALA lowered peak demand by 1,500 MW, easing pressure on the grid.
    • Delays the Need for New (Often Fossil-Based) Power Plants: Building new fossil-fuel-based power plants is time-consuming and costly. Eg: Efficiency measures like LED lighting under UJALA avoided building 19 new coal plants (9,500 MW)—cutting cost, time, and pollution.
    • Supports Climate Goals and Reduces Emissions: India’s energy mix still depends 70% on coal, worsening climate and pollution. Eg: Energy efficiency improvements between 2000–2018 helped avoid 300 Mt of CO₂ emissions, according to the International Energy Agency.

    Where can further energy efficiency mandates be applied in India?

    • Buildings and Construction Sector: Residential and commercial buildings consume significant energy, especially for cooling and lighting. Eg: Mandating energy-efficient designs and green building codes (like ECBC) in urban housing projects can reduce long-term electricity use.
    • Home Appliances: Many households still use inefficient devices that consume more electricity. Eg: Expanding BEE’s star-rating program to cover more appliances like fans, refrigerators, and ACs can push consumers toward efficient options.
    • Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): MSMEs often use outdated machinery that wastes energy. Eg: Energy audits and subsidized upgrades in sectors like textiles or ceramics can reduce energy costs and improve competitiveness.

    Way forward:

    • Invest in Grid Flexibility and Energy Storage: Promote battery storage, pumped hydro, and smart grid systems to manage peak loads and integrate renewable energy reliably.
    • Strengthen Energy Efficiency Mandates: Enforce stricter efficiency norms for buildings, appliances, and MSMEs, backed by incentives, audits, and awareness campaigns.

    Mains PYQ:

    [UPSC 2016] “Give an account of the current status and the targets to be achieved pertaining to renewable energy sources in the country. Discuss in brief the importance of National Programme on Light Emitting diodes (LEDs).”

    Linkage: Despite growth in electricity generation, including recent additions of renewable energy, India has faced peak power demand deficits. While adding new power production capacity takes time, especially for fossil fuels, focusing on energy efficiency is presented as the quickest and least expensive way to address rising power demand and climate change. This question is highly relevant as it specifically asks about renewable energy targets and the importance of the National Programme on LEDs.

  • Bow Echo Storms

    Why in the News?

    New Delhi recently faced a severe thunderstorm with winds up to 100 kmph, forming a bow echo — a crescent-shaped pattern seen on weather radar.

    About Bow Echo:

    • What is it: A bow echo is a storm pattern on radar that looks like a curved bow, similar to an archer’s bow.
    • Storm Type: It forms inside a mesoscale convective system (MCS) — a large group of organised thunderstorms.
    • Origin of Term: The term was first used by Ted Fujita, who also created the Fujita scale for tornadoes.
    • How It Forms:
      • Heavy rain causes cool air to sink and spread out near the ground.
      • This cool air forms a gust front, which pushes warm, moist air upward, creating new storms.
      • A rear inflow jet — strong mid-level winds — pushes the storm forward, bending it into a bow shape.
      • Bookend vortices may form at both ends of the bow, and the northern end can sometimes generate tornadoes.

    Size, Impact, and Dangers:

    • Size and Duration: Bow echoes usually span 20 to 200 km and last 3 to 6 hours.
    • Wind Strength: They often produce straight-line winds over 100 km/h, like those seen in Delhi’s recent storm.
    • Derechos: In severe cases, bow echoes can grow into derechos, which are long-lasting and widespread windstorms.
    • Impacts:
      • Damaging Winds: Knock down trees, power lines, and damage buildings.
      • Brief Tornadoes: May form at the storm’s edges, especially at the northern end.
      • Microbursts and Downbursts: Intense short-lived wind blasts within the storm that cause local destruction.
    [UPSC 2013] During a thunderstorm, the thunder in the skies is produced by the-

    1. Meeting of cumulonimbus clouds in the sky 2. Lightning that separates the nimbus clouds 3. Violent upward movement of air and water particles.

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) None of the above produces the thunder*

     

  • What is Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)?

    Why in the News?

    Mumbai got heavy monsoon rains two weeks early because of a strong Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) — a weather pattern that boosts rainfall in the region.

    About the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO):

    • Definition: The MJO is a moving weather system of clouds, wind, rain, and pressure that travels eastward around the tropics.
    • Cycle Time: It takes 30 to 60 days to complete a full loop around the globe.
    • Discovery: It was discovered in the 1970s by Roland Madden and Paul Julian.
    • Two Phases:
      1. The enhanced convective phase brings heavy rain, storms, and clouds.
      2. The suppressed convective phase brings dry, clear weather.
    • Global Pattern: These phases move together — when one area gets rain, another gets dry weather.
    • MJO vs ENSO: Unlike El Niño, which lasts for months, the MJO changes every few weeks and affects short-term weather patterns.
    • Wider Impact: It influences monsoons, cyclones, jet streams, and weather in both tropical and non-tropical regions.
    • Phases: Scientists divide its movement into 8 phases, each showing where rain or dry weather will occur.

    MJO and the Early Monsoon of 2025:

    • Early Monsoon Trigger: The early arrival of the monsoon in May 2025 was largely due to a very active MJO.
    • IMD Observation: The India Meteorological Department noted that the MJO was in Phase 4 with high amplitude, which strongly affects Indian rainfall.
    • Rapid Monsoon Progress: It helped push extra moisture and clouds from the Indian Ocean, making the monsoon move from Kerala to Maharashtra in just two days.
    • Other Contributing Factors:
      • A strong cross-equatorial flow brought warm, moist air from the south.
      • A low-pressure system in the Arabian Sea brought pre-monsoon rains to Mumbai.
    • Record Rainfall: This resulted in Mumbai’s wettest May in over 100 years.
    • Why It Matters: The event showed how a tropical system like the MJO can suddenly change monsoon timing and rainfall patterns in India.
    [UPSC 2017] With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)’ sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. IOD phenomenon is characterized by a difference in sea surface temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.

    2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an El Nino’s impact on the monsoon.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

  • Centre restores RoDTEP Scheme

    Why in the News?

    To boost India’s export strength, the government has restored Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) Scheme benefits for eligible exports starting June 1, 2025.

    Details of the Latest Update:

    • RoDTEP benefits have now been restored for Advance Authorization (AA) holders, Export-Oriented Units (EOUs), and Special Economic Zones (SEZs).
    • These categories were previously excluded from February 5, 2025, but are now eligible again from June 1, 2025.
    • The move ensures a level playing field for all exporters and encourages broad-based export growth.

    About the RoDTEP Scheme:

    • Launch: It started on January 1, 2021, as part of the Foreign Trade Policy 2015–20.
    • Objective: It helps exporters get refunds for hidden taxes and duties that are not refunded under other schemes.
      • Examples of Hidden Taxes: These include taxes like electricity duty, mandi tax, and fuel charges during transport.
    • Why it was introduced: RoDTEP replaced the earlier Merchandise Export Incentive Schemes (MIES) after India lost a case at the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
    • Global Compliance: The scheme is WTO-compliant, following the rule that exported goods should not carry domestic taxes.
    • Administered by: It is managed by the Department of Revenue under the Ministry of Finance.

    Eligibility under RoDTEP:

    • Who can apply: All Indian exporters — whether manufacturers or merchant exporters — are eligible.
    • Eligible exports: Exports from SEZs, EOUs, and e-commerce platforms are also covered.
    • Not Eligible: Re-exported goods are not eligible for benefits.
    • Sector Focus: The scheme gives priority to labour-intensive sectors that earlier benefitted from MEIS.

    How the refund works:

    • Rebate Calculation: The refund is given as a percentage of the export value (Free on Board value).
    • Mode of Refund: The benefit comes in the form of e-scrips, which are stored in a digital ledger by the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC).
    • Usage of E-Scrips: These e-scrips can be used to pay basic customs duty or be transferred to other importers.
    [UPSC 2020] With reference to the international trade of India at present, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1.  India’s merchandise exports are less than its merchandise imports.

    2. India’s imports of iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizers and machinery have decreased in recent years.

    3. India’s exports of services are more than its imports of services.

    4. India suffers from an overall trade/current account deficit.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 only  (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 3 and 4 only*

     

  • Kumbakonam Vetrilai Betel Leaf gets GI Tag

    Why in the News?

    The Kumbakonam Vetrilai (betel leaf or paan leaf) has received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag from the Government of India.

    About Kumbakonam Vetrilai

    • Cultivation: It is grown in the Thanjavur region, especially in Kumbakonam, Thiruvaiyaru, Papanasam, Thiruvidaimarudur, and Rajagiri.
    • Characteristics: The leaf is heart-shaped, dark to light green, with a strong aroma and pungent taste, thanks to the fertile Cauvery basin soil.
    • Cultural Importance: It is a main ingredient in paan, a popular post-meal chew in South Asia.
    • Harvest: The first-year yield, called maaruvethalai, produces the largest and longest-lasting leaves (6–7 days shelf life); Farmers hand-pick leaves, working from early morning until late night due to the labour-heavy process.

    Back2Basics: Geographical Indication (GI) Tag

    • A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
    • Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
    • India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
    • GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
    • The tag stands valid for 10 years and can be renewed.

     

    [UPSC 2015] Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status?

    (1) Banaras Brocades and Sarees (2) Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma (3) Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

  • Conservation of Dugongs

    Why in the News?

    May 28 is celebrated every year as World Dugong Day.

    Conservation of Dugongs

    About Dugongs:

    • Species Info: Dugong dugon, also known as sea cows, are herbivorous marine mammals closely related to manatees but live only in saltwater.
    • Habitat: They live in shallow coastal waters and are mainly found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, and Gulf of Kutch.
    • Diet and Role: Dugongs feed on seagrass species like Cymodocea, Halophila, Thalassia, and Halodule. As they graze, they stir up the seabed, earning the nickname “farmers of the sea.”
    • Lifespan and Behaviour: They can live up to 70 years and are usually solitary or seen in mother-calf pairs.
    • Reproduction: Females mature at 9–10 years and give birth every 3–5 years, resulting in a slow population growth of about 5% per year.
    • Conservation Concern: India’s dugong population has dropped to an estimated 200 individuals, with shrinking range and numbers.

    Conservation Efforts in India:

    • IUCN Status: Dugongs are listed as ‘Vulnerable’ globally and ‘Regionally Endangered’ in India.
    • Legal Protection: They are protected under Schedule I of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
    • Global Agreements: India joined the Convention on Migratory Species in 1983 and signed the Dugong Conservation MoU in 2008.
    • Dugong Reserve: In 2022, India established its first Dugong Conservation Reserve in Palk Bay, Tamil Nadu, covering 448.3 sq. km.
    [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘dugong’ a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is a herbivorous marine animal. 2. It is found along the entire coast of India. 3. It is given legal protection under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.

    Options: (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 * (d) 3 only

     

  • [27th May 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Focus on heat-resilience despite the monsoon

     

    PYQ Relevance:

    [UPSC 2024] What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also mention the global targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015- 2030).

    Linkage: The heat health crisis falls under the broader domain of disaster risk reduction and building resilience, especially considering extreme heat events as climate-induced disasters. It prompts discussion on defining resilience and the frameworks needed, aligning with the call for embedding heat resilience into public health systems.

     

    Mentor’s Comment: India is going through a serious climate-health crisis as rising temperatures and frequent heatwaves put more pressure on the already stretched public health system. At the recent national conference “India 2047: Building a Climate-Resilient Future,” experts shared not only scientific facts like wet-bulb temperatures but also the real-life struggles of informal workers. This showed how heat stress and social inequality are closely linked. The conference highlighted the need to move beyond isolated emergency care and take united, cross-sector, and fair action to build climate resilience into the way we manage public health.

    Today’s editorial discusses the  serious climate-health crisis as rising temperatures and frequent heatwaves. This content would help in GS Paper II ( Governance & Health Sector) and GS Paper III (Climate change impact).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    As extreme weather increases, we need to move from only treating emergencies to preventing problems by focusing on fair and caring public health.

    Why is linking weather alerts with health systems crucial?

    • Enables Timely Preventive Action: Early warning systems allow health workers to prepare and respond before heatwaves lead to medical emergencies. Eg: In Ahmedabad, heat alerts trigger distribution of hydration kits and public advisories, reducing heatstrokecases.
    • Strengthens Community-Level Response: Alerts shared through ASHA workers or local networks can activate door-to-door checks, especially for the elderly and chronically ill. Eg: ASHAs sending WhatsApp messages and visiting vulnerable residents during red alerts.
    • Reduces Burden on Emergency Healthcare: By preventing illness through early interventions (like avoiding midday work, increasing hydration), the pressure on hospitals and emergency services is reduced. Eg: Pre-monsoon planning with meteorological inputs helps health centers stock cooling kits and prepare treatment spaces.

    What is the impact of extreme heat on India’s public health?

    • Rise in Heat-related Illnesses and Deaths: Extreme heat leads to heatstroke, dehydration, and worsens heart and kidney conditions. Eg: According to the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), over 25,000 heat-related deaths were recorded in India between 1992 and 2020.
    • Overburdened Healthcare Infrastructure: Hospitals face a surge in emergency cases during heatwaves, straining limited resources. Eg: During the 2022 heatwave, Delhi’s Lok Nayak Hospital reported a 30% increase in patients with heat-related symptoms in just a week.

    How does extreme heat act as a “social injustice multiplier”?

    • Greater Risk to Vulnerable Populations: Outdoor workers, elderly, and slum dwellers suffer disproportionately due to poor shelter and exposure. Eg: A study by the Indian Institute of Public Health (Ahmedabad) found construction workers had a 2.5 times higher risk of heat illness compared to the general population during peak summer.
    • Limited adaptive capacity: Daily wage workers, street vendors, and waste pickers cannot afford to stop working during heatwaves, making them more vulnerable to heat stress and illness. Eg: Construction workers under tin roofs suffer intense heat but have no choice but to continue working.
    • Excludes the marginalised from public guidance: Advice like “stay indoors” or “avoid exertion” is often irrelevant to those who lack shelter, depend on outdoor jobs, or live in overcrowded spaces, highlighting deep systemic inequalities. Eg: A homeless person or a street vendor cannot follow “stay indoors” guidance during a red alert.

    Who can act as frontline heat-safety champions?

    • ASHA Workers and Primary Health Workers: Trained Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and staff at Primary Health Centres (PHCs) are well-placed to spread awareness, monitor vulnerable groups, and respond early to heat-related illnesses. Eg: An ASHA worker in a rural village sends heat alerts via WhatsApp and conducts door-to-door visits during a heatwave.
    • Health and Wellness Centre Staff: Staff at Health and Wellness Centres can play a key role in educating communities, distributing hydration kits, and advising on preventive measures like staying hydrated and avoiding midday sun. Eg: A nurse at a wellness centre trains local youth on recognizing signs of heat stress and first-aid response.

    What are the steps taken by the Indian Government? 

    • Development of Heat Action Plans (HAPs): The government, in collaboration with local bodies and NGOs, has promoted city-level Heat Action Plans to reduce heat-related mortality through early warnings, public awareness, and cooling strategies. Eg: The Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan (2013) includes early warning systems, public cool spaces, and training for health workers.
    • Integration with Meteorological Services: India Meteorological Department (IMD) provides heat alerts, which are increasingly being integrated into local health response systems to trigger preventive action. Eg: Heat alerts in Odisha are linked to ASHA worker messaging and hydration kit distribution before peak summer.
    • Policy Push for Climate-Resilient Health Systems: The National Action Plan on Climate Change and Human Health (NAPCCHH) encourages health systems to be climate-ready by building infrastructure, developing clinical protocols, and training staff. Eg: Health ministries now issue advisories on heat stress, including guidance on modifying medication for chronic patients during heatwaves.

    What preventive steps can make India’s health system heat-resilient? (Way forward)

    • Strengthening Primary Health Infrastructure: Equip primary health centres, Health & Wellness Centres, and ASHA workers with training and protocols to identify and respond to heat-related illnesses. Eg: Trained ASHA workers in rural Gujarat conduct door-to-door checks during heat alerts and share hydration tips via WhatsApp groups.
    • Integrating Heat Risk into Chronic Disease Care: Clinicians should adjust medications, provide heat safety counselling, and track high-risk patients like those with heart or kidney conditions during summer. Eg: In Delhi, doctors monitor diabetic patients more closely during red alerts and advise them on avoiding midday exposure.
    • Standardising Clinical Protocols for Heat Illness: Create and implement national clinical guidelines for diagnosing and treating heatstroke and heat stress, including summer drills and heat corners in hospitals. Eg: Rajasthan hospitals now stock cooling kits and have designated heat response units during summer months.
  • 🔴Smash Conclave 2025 | Restructure Your UPSC Mains Strategy with Top Rankers and Expert Mentors | Live from 28th May to 1st June(offline + online)

    🔴Smash Conclave 2025 | Restructure Your UPSC Mains Strategy with Top Rankers and Expert Mentors | Live from 28th May to 1st June(offline + online)

    Register Now!

    Register for the session to get complete UPSC Mains Prep Strategy

    Register Now!

    Read about Civilsdaily’s Smash Conclave 2025

    Smash Conclave 2025 is a 5 day UPSC Mains strategy event designed to help aspirants prepare more effectively for the UPSC Mains 2025 exam. This event is organized by Civilsdaily and will take place from 28th May to 1st June, featuring 12 live sessions conducted by experienced faculty and recent UPSC rankers.

    Many aspirants struggle with how to approach UPSC Mains even after clearing Prelims. They often focus only on reading content, without understanding how to structure their answers, how to revise efficiently, or how to apply what they’ve learned to actual exam questions. Smash Conclave aims to solve these problems by showing practical strategies that have worked in real UPSC Mains exams.

    Over five days, you will learn:

    1. How to divide the next 85–90 days across GS, Essay, and Optional subjects
    2. What microthemes are, and how they help in focused and repeated revision
    3. How to approach each GS paper differently, using paper-specific tricks
    4. How to create effective essay frameworks and improve your presentation
    5. Why smart work and planning matter more than reading too many sources
    6. How to avoid common mistakes like over-preparation, burnout, and poor time usage

    The sessions will be led by Civilsdaily’s in-house mentors along with UPSC toppers who scored well in GS and Essay papers. They will be sharing the exact study plans, timelines, and writing methods they used in their own attempts.

    This conclave is especially useful for:

    1. First-time Mains writers who need a complete overview of what to do
    2. Repeaters who want to avoid the mistakes of their last attempt
    3. Aspirants feeling confused, scattered, or overwhelmed by too many resources
    4. Those who want to prepare with more structure and less guesswork

    By the end of the 5-day event, you will have a much clearer understanding of how to plan your Mains preparation day by day, how to prioritize your topics using microthemes, and how to approach answer writing in a way that improves your score.

    Live from 28th May to 1st June.

    Civilsdaily ,2nd floor(206), Apsara Arcade, Pusa Rd Next to Gate No.6 Karol Bagh, Metro, North Extn Area, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi 110060

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    See you in Smash Conclave 2025

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    Join us for a Zoom session on 28th May to 1st June. This session is a must-attend for you If you are attempting UPSC for the first time or have attempted earlier and now preparing for next year, then it is going to be a valuable session for you too.

    See you in the session”

    Register for the session for a complete in-depth UPSC Mains Prep

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    In this Civilsdaily masterclass, you will get:

    1. A 45-minute deep dive on how to plan your UPSC strategy from the start to the end.
    2. How do first-attempt IAS Rankers get the most out of their one year prep?
    3. Insider tips that only the top IAS and IPS rankers know and apply to get rank.

    By the end, you’ll have razor-sharp clarity and a clear path to crack UPSC with confidence and near-perfect certainty. 

    Join UPSC session on 28th May to 1st June

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    (Don’t wait—the next webinar won’t be until July 25)

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  • One Candidate, Multiple Constituencies : A provision challenging electoral fairness ?

    One Candidate, Multiple Constituencies : A provision challenging electoral fairness ?

    NOTE4STUDENTS:

    Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951 is an area that aspirants commonly skip or read superficially. A lack of analysis of the legal provisions is the primary reason. This article takes a focused approach on such a provision: candidates contesting from multiple constituencies—a topic often relegated to the margins of preparation. From case examples like Narendra Modi contesting from Varanasi and Vadodara in 2014, to critical issues like the high financial cost of by-elections (₹130 crore projected for 2024), the article bridges the gap between core provisions and their practical implications. The Back2Basics section, curated specifically for aspirants seeking a competitive edge, ensures you can effectively link multi-dimensional impacts like electoral fairness with UPSC GS-2 themes.

    PYQ ANCHORING & MICROTHEMES:

    1. GS 2 : Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. [2022]
    2. GS 2: On what grounds a people’s representative can be disqualified under the Rep resentation of People Act, 1951? Also mention the remedies available to such person against his disqualification. [2019]

    Microtheme: Representation of Peoples Act

    In India, candidates are permitted to contest elections from more than one constituency. While this practice is commonly used by political parties as a strategy to maximize their chances of winning, it carries significant legal, financial, and democratic implications.

    Political Motivations Behind Contesting from Multiple Constituencies

    MotivationExplanationSpecific Example
    Strategic AdvantageCandidates hedge their chances by contesting from multiple constituencies, reducing the risk of total loss.Narendra Modi (2014): Contested and won from Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) and Vadodara (Gujarat), ensuring a seat despite possible regional uncertainties.
    Resource MobilizationRuling party candidates utilize party resources effectively across constituencies to dominate electoral competition.Indira Gandhi (1980): Contested from Rae Bareli and Medak, leveraging Congress’s vast organizational resources to secure wins in diverse regions.
    Demonstrating Party StrengthContesting in multiple regions highlights the party’s influence and nationwide appeal, enhancing its image and sway over voters.Rahul Gandhi (2019): Contested from Wayanad (Kerala) and Amethi (Uttar Pradesh) to demonstrate Congress’s reach from North to South India.
    Perception of LegitimacyWinning from multiple seats boosts the candidate’s image as a national leader, gaining internal party clout and voter trust.Sonia Gandhi (1999): Contested from Bellary (Karnataka) and Amethi (Uttar Pradesh), emphasizing her leadership’s credibility and consolidating voter support.

    Provisions of the RPA, 1951 Related to Multiple Constituencies

    1. Section 33(7):
      • This section permits a person to contest elections from up to two constituencies simultaneously for Lok Sabha or Vidhan Sabha (State Assembly) elections.
      • This provision was introduced in 1996 through an amendment (Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 1996) to reduce the burden of by-elections, as candidates earlier could contest from more than two constituencies.
    2. Vacating Seats in Case of Winning Multiple Constituencies:
      • If a candidate contests from two constituencies and wins both, Section 70 of the RPA, 1951, mandates that the individual can hold only one seat.
      • The candidate must submit their resignation from the other constituency, which triggers a by-election in that seat.
    3. Deposit Requirement:
      • Under Section 34, candidates are required to deposit a certain amount of money as a security fee while filing their nomination.
      • While this aims to deter frivolous nominations, it does not specifically restrict candidates from contesting multiple seats.

    Key Challenges and Loopholes in the Provisions

    1. Cost of By-Elections: While the RPA acknowledges the resignation requirement, it does not provide measures to mitigate the significant cost of holding by-elections after a candidate vacates a seat.
      • For example, the administrative cost of the 2014 general elections was ₹3,870 crore, projected to rise to ₹6,931 crore in 2024. If multiple candidates win from two constituencies, the extra cost for holding by-elections can amount to around ₹130 crore.
    2. No Restriction on Strategic Contesting: The Act does not address strategic contests where political parties field high-profile leaders in multiple constituencies to bolster their chances of winning more seats.
    3. Limited Safeguards Against Voter Disenfranchisement: Although a candidate vacates one seat, there are no safeguards in the RPA to ensure continued accountability for constituents in the vacated constituency.

    Way Forward

    To address the issue of candidates contesting from multiple constituencies in India, here are practical solutions:

    1. Change the Law: Amend the Representation of the People Act, 1951, to prevent candidates from contesting more than one seat at a time. This will reduce unnecessary by-elections and save public money.
    2. Introduce Financial Responsibility: Make candidates pay a fixed amount, such as ₹5 lakh, if they win in multiple constituencies and vacate a seat. This ensures accountability for the additional costs of by-elections.
    3. Empower the Election Commission: Strengthen the Election Commission’s authority to strictly monitor electoral conduct, enforce laws, and handle grievances efficiently.
    4. Promote Party-Level Reforms: Encourage political parties to adopt transparent candidate selection processes based on merit and local voter preferences, rather than favoritism or strategy alone. This ensures better representation.

    The practice of contesting from multiple constituencies, while legally permissible, raises questions about the balance between electoral strategy and democratic fairness. Addressing these challenges requires a reevaluation of the rules to ensure transparency, equitable representation, and accountability in the electoral process.

    #BACK2BASICS: Impact of Contesting from Multiple Constituencies on Electoral Fairness

    Component of Electoral FairnessImpact of Multiple ConstituenciesExample
    Equal RepresentationUndermines representation as resources and attention may favour high-profile candidates over local needs.Kuldip Nayar vs Union of India (2006): Affirmed equal representation as a democratic principle.
    Transparent Electoral ProcessesLeads to voter confusion and administrative burden in managing by-elections, affecting transparency.Election Commission’s Reports on By-Elections: Highlight the complexity and resource strain caused by vacated seats.
    Free and Equal CompetitionFavors dominant parties that can afford expensive campaigns across multiple constituencies, limiting smaller parties.EC’s Model Code of Conduct emphasizes a level playing field.
    Voter Inclusion and AccessibilityCreates disenfranchisement when voters feel neglected due to candidates vacating seats after winning.Voter discontent highlighted during the 2014 and 2019 elections when leaders vacated multiple seats.
    Accountability and Rule of LawRaises questions on accountability as leaders vacate one seat, impacting the constituents’ trust in representation.Supreme Court Observation (2014): Criticized lack of measures to address frequent by-elections stemming from multi-seat contests.

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