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  • Best Current Affairs Books for UPSC

    Current affairs carries huge weightage in the civil services exam. The biggest challenge for UPSC aspirants is to find the perfect book that serves all their needs of the subject when preparing for UPSC Civils. Selecting the right ensures you have access to up-to-date, verified and accurate information. The cost of relying on the wrong book is high. 

    So, what is the best current affairs book for UPSC? You must check syllabus coverage, and expert suggestions, take guidance from toppers, reputation, accessibility, cost, etc. We have compiled the list of best current affairs books for UPSC in this article. Check out the list. 

    Top Current Affairs Book for UPSC

    Book TitleLanguagesPriceAvailable at
    Manorama YearbookEnglish₹341 (Print)₹999/Year (Digital)https://www.manoramayearbook.in/
    Mathrubhumi YearbookEnglishNAhttps://yearbook.mathrubhumi.com/en/
    Current Affairs for IAS (PRE) (S. A. Majid)EnglishNAAmazon
    Concise General Knowledge Manual (Barry O’Brien)EnglishNAAmazon
    India Yearbook (Publication Division (GOI))English₹255Amazon
    Economic Survey (Digital Only)EnglishFreehttps://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/
    Concise General Knowledge Manual (J. K. Chopra)English₹428Amazon
    Current Affairs & News in Focus Objective Questions (Vol.1) (Kiran Prakashan)EnglishNAAmazon
    GK and Current Affairs (India) in English (CD) (Practice Guru)EnglishNAAmazon

    Best Current Affairs Magazine for UPSC

    MagazineFocus AreaLanguageSubscription Costs
    Yojana (Monthly)Socio-economic issues, govt. programsEnglish, Hindi, RegionalAvailable at yojana.gov.in
    Kurukshetra (Monthly)Rural development, agriculture, tribal issuesEnglish, HindiAvailable at yojana.gov.in
    EPW (Weekly)Economic and political issues, researchEnglish₹5,500/Year, ₹ 7,760/Year for Digital+Print
    Down to Earth (Fortnightly)Environmental issues, livelihood, healthEnglish₹4,780 (Print+Digital), ₹2,880 (Print), ₹1,500 (Digital)
    Pratiyogita Darpan (Monthly)Current affairs, employment news, solved papersEnglish, Hindi₹150/edition
    Civil Services Times (Monthly)National & international affairs, economyEnglish₹2,600 (Annual), ₹3,500 (Practice Papers)
    Geography and You (Bi-Monthly)Environment, geography, scienceEnglish, Hindi₹199 (Silver), ₹499 (Gold), ₹899 (Platinum)
    Competition Success Review (CSR) (Monthly)Current affairs, success storiesEnglish₹70/month, ₹1,260/3 years, eMag: ₹70/month, ₹540/2 years
    World Focus (Monthly)Foreign affairs, international relationsEnglish₹1,300/year (Print), ₹800/year (Digital)

    Points to Remember When Selecting Current Affairs Book for UPSC

    • Ensure that the best current affairs book covers topics relevant to the UPSC syllabus, including polity, economy, environment, and social issues.
    • Choose a book that provides current and timely information, reflecting recent national and international affairs developments.
    • Look for books that cover a wide range of topics, including government schemes, socio-economic issues, and significant events.
    • Check the credibility of the author or publisher. Reputable authors or organisations often ensure accurate and reliable content.
    • Select a book that presents information clearly and concisely, making it easier to grasp complex topics.
    • The best current affairs book presents facts, analysis, and context, helping you understand the implications of current events.
    • Ensure the book includes practice questions or previous years’ papers, allowing you to apply your knowledge.
    • Consider books that come with supplementary online resources or PDFs for additional reading and revision.
    • Check the readability and formatting of information for easy consumption, when selecting the best current affairs book.
    • Focus on one or two well-reviewed books at a time to avoid confusion and to allow for deeper understanding rather than trying to cover too many sources at once.
    • Check reviews or seek recommendations from successful UPSC candidates to find the best current affairs books that have proven helpful.

    In the End

    While selecting the best current affairs book for UPSC is important, it’s equally imperative to stay consistent with daily updates from reliable newspapers like The Hindu or Indian Express. You can also read economic newspapers like The Economic Times, The Financial Express, etc., to gain up-to-date knowledge on the Indian economy. 

    These resources provide real-time information, which can complement the books you choose. Aspirants should also revise frequently and make concise notes for quick reference during revision. Staying organised with your sources ensures you’re always well-prepared for the dynamic nature of UPSC exams.

    FAQs

    How can I select the best current affairs book for UPSC?

    To select the best current affairs book for UPSC, focus on books that cover the UPSC syllabus, provide recent and reliable information, and offer analysis of key events. Check author credibility, and reviews, and include practice questions for exam preparation.

    Which book is best for current affairs UPSC?

    For current affairs in UPSC, top books include Manorama Yearbook, India Yearbook, S.A. Majid’s Current Affairs for IAS, and Barry O’Brien’s Concise General Knowledge Manual. Kiran Prakashan’s Current Affairs Objective Questions and Economic Survey are also essential for all-round coverage of economic and political updates.

    How to study current affairs for the best results?

    For the best results in studying current affairs, focus on daily reading from trusted sources. Revise regularly, link current events with the UPSC syllabus, and practice answering questions. Use monthly magazines, newspapers, and reliable online platforms for updates.

    Is current affairs for UPSC difficult?

    Current affairs for UPSC can seem difficult due to its vast scope and constant updates. However, with consistent reading, focused revision, and connecting events to the syllabus, aspirants can simplify it and improve their understanding over time.

  • Understanding Negative Marking in UPSC

    UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) is considered one of the toughest exams in India. If you’re going to write the UPSC exam in 2025, you must learn that there is a negative marking in the UPSC prelims. There is a negative marking in UPSC Prelims, which penalises wrong answers. The general rule is ⅓ of the marks assigned to a question are deducted. 

    Even if you have answered many questions correctly, wrong answers can potentially decrease your score, which you should not afford to do. What are the rules for negative scoring in UPSC? How to calculate negative marking in the UPSC? Let’s look at all the details related to UPSC Negative marking in this short guide. 

    What is a Negative Marking

    Negative marking in exams refers to the practice of deducting marks for incorrect answers. In the UPSC Prelims, for example, a penalty of one-third (0.33) of the marks assigned to a question is deducted for each wrong answer. Negative marking in UPSC discourages random guessing, as incorrect responses can lower the overall score. 

    However, no negative marks are applied to unanswered questions. So candidates can only attempt questions they are reasonably confident about. Understanding the scheme of negative marking in UPSC helps candidates devise an effective strategy to balance risk and accuracy.

    UPSC Exam Pattern 2025

    Exam PatternPrelimsMains
    Exam Duration2 papers (2 hours each)9 papers (3 hours each)
    Type of PaperObjective (MCQs)Descriptive
    Total Number of QuestionsGS: 100 questionsCSAT: 80 questionsUsually, 20 questions per paper
    Total Marks4001750
    Marking Scheme+2 for correct answer, 300 Marks for the first two papers and 250 marks for the rest 7 papers.
    Negative MarkingNegative marking of 1/3 of 2 marksNo negative marking

    Negative Marking in UPSC Prelims

    There is a negative marking on both papers of the UPSC Prelims. While the general rule for negative marking in the UPSC Prelims is “deduction of ⅓ of marks assigned to a question”, the question types differ in the two papers. Questions in the General Studies Paper carry 2 marks, which means you will lose 0.66 marks for every wrong answer.

    Questions in the CSAT paper carry 2.5 marks each. You will lose 0.83 marks for each wrong answer marked. So, CSAT negative marking is way higher than that of GS, when overall performance is compared. Every aspirant must keep in mind the negative marking scheme in the UPSC prelims to obtain a maximum score. Worst, not to attract penalty for wrong answers. 

    UPSC Prelims Negative Marking Calculator

    PaperTotal QuestionsMarks per Correct AnswerMarks Deducted for Incorrect AnswerMultiple Options Selected (Penalty)
    GS Paper I10020.66 (1/3rd of 2 marks)0.66
    CSAT Paper802.50.83 (1/3rd of 2.5 marks)0.83

    How to Calculate Negative Marking in UPSC

    Aspirants need to know how total marks are evaluated, given the negative marking in the UPSC Prelims. Let’s imagine an imaginary candidate Rahul with the following performance.

    GS Paper I

    • Correct Answers: 65
    • Incorrect Answers: 30

    Marks Calculation:

    • Correct: 65×2 = 130 marks
    • Negative: 30×0.66 = 19.8 marks deducted

    Total Marks (GS I): 130−19.8 = 110.2 marks

    CSAT

    • Correct Answers: 55
    • Incorrect Answers: 20

    Marks Calculation:

    • Correct: 55×2.5 = 137.5 marks
    • Negative: 20×0.83 = 16.6 marks deducted

    Total Marks (CSAT): 137.5−16.6 = 120.9 marks

    Final Score

    110.2+120.9 = 231.1 Marks

    So, Rahul has scored 231.1 marks in the UPSC Prelims exam. 

    Negative Marking in UPSC Mains

    There is no negative marking in UPSC mains as it is a descriptive exam. The exam pattern of UPSC mains significantly differs from that of Prelims, which is an objective type test. UPSC Mains contains a total of 9 papers: 2 language papers, 1 Essay Paper, 4 GS papers, and 2 Optional papers. Candidates can attempt all questions without fear of negative marking in UPSC Mains. 

    Negative Marking in UPSC Interview

    There is no negative marking in the UPSC interview, so candidates aren’t penalised for providing incorrect answers. It is because this part of the exam evaluates more than just factual knowledge. However, success in the interview is important to pass the UPSC exam.

    The interview panel seeks individuals with qualities suited for civil service roles. They focus on candidates’ ability to think critically, communicate effectively, and stay informed on current issues. Success in the interview is about presenting well-reasoned responses, even if one doesn’t have all the answers. Thoughtful, intelligent preparation on current affairs and clear articulation of ideas are key to making a strong impression, ultimately leading to success in the UPSC.

    Practical Tips to Avoid Negative Marking in UPSC Prelims

    • Gain a solid understanding of the UPSC syllabus and exam pattern to focus on key topics. Strong knowledge is always the first step to stay clear of negative marking in the UPSC.
    • Calculate your “safe score”, during the preparation. Know how many questions you must get right to clear the cutoff, considering negative marking. 
    • Study standard UPSC materials, textbooks, and current affairs thoroughly.
    • Answer only those questions you’re confident about; avoid guessing if unsure to overcome negative marking in the UPSC.
    • Apply elimination techniques to rule out incorrect options and boost accuracy. It saves time also. 
    • Learn about filling the OMR sheet used in UPSC prelims. Improper marking can attract negative marking in the UPSC.
    • Practice regularly with past papers and mock tests to improve analysis and decision-making skills. 
    • Avoid marking multiple answers for any question to prevent negative marking in the UPSC.
    • Skip questions where you need more knowledge to avoid negative marks.
    • Pay attention to keywords in questions to identify the correct answer.
    • Manage your time wisely; move on if a question seems too difficult.
    • Don’t rely on wild guesses; only answer with reasonable confidence to avoid attracting negative marking in the UPSC.
    • However, you have to master “intelligent guessing” as well. For example, look for contextual clues, extreme options, and typical wrong answer patterns. USE it only when it can yield the right answer. 

    Conclusion

    In addition to avoiding negative marking in the UPSC, you must have a strong hold on the information and good memory. You should also develop strong conceptual clarity. UPSC doesn’t just test factual recall but also how well you understand and apply concepts. Make sure to revise regularly. Engage in active learning through discussions and analysis of current events. This will help you tackle more complex and analytical questions effectively, boosting your overall performance. Preparing smartly, not just thoroughly, is key to success.

    FAQs

    Is there a negative marking in the UPSC exam 2025?

    Yes, there is a negative marking in the UPSC exam. But it is confined to UPSC Prelims which is an objective type exam. There is no negative marking in the UPSC Mains.

    What does 1/3 negative marking mean in UPSC?

    In UPSC, 1/3 negative marking means that for every incorrect answer, one-third of the marks assigned to that question are deducted from your total score, discouraging random guessing.

    What is the exam pattern of IAS Prelims vs Mains?

    IAS Prelims is completely an objective type exam, containing multiple choice questions (MCQs). Consequently, candidates have to mark answers in an OMR sheet. Whereas IAS Mains is a descriptive or written exam, where candidates have to write answers in a given booklet. 

    When was negative marking in UPSC Prelims introduced?

    Negative markings in the UPSC Prelims came up in 2007, before which, there was no penalty for wrong answers in Prelims. This step is aimed at discouraging candidates from doing guesswork.

    Is there a negative marking in UPSC Mains?

    There is no negative marking in the UPSC mains. 

    What should I do when I want to answer unclear questions in UPSC Prelims?

    When facing unclear questions in the UPSC Prelims, avoid guessing. Instead, analyse the options using the process of elimination, focus on keywords, and recall related concepts. Only answer if you’re reasonably confident; otherwise, skip to avoid negative marks.

  • भारत में हरित क्रांति

    परिचय 

    1940 में रिचर्ड ब्राडली ने भारत को “भिखारी का कटोरा” कहा क्योंकि यह भारी मात्रा में खाद्यान्न आयात के लिए अमेरिका पर निर्भर था।  

    हरित क्रांति 1960 के दशक में नॉर्मन बोरलॉग द्वारा शुरू की गई एक पहल थी। उन्हें विश्व में ‘हरित क्रांति के जनक’ के रूप में जाना जाता है।  

    इस प्रयास के कारण उन्हें 1970 में नोबेल शांति पुरस्कार से सम्मानित किया गया, क्योंकि उन्होंने गेहूं की उच्च उपज वाली किस्में (HYVs) विकसित की थीं।  

    हरित क्रांति का तात्पर्य तीसरी दुनिया के देशों में आधुनिक इनपुट्स, प्रौद्योगिकियों, HYVs, कृषि मशीनीकरण और सिंचाई सुविधाओं के उपयोग पर आधारित फसल उत्पादन में कई गुना वृद्धि से है।

    भारत में हरित क्रांति  

    भारत में हरित क्रांति का नेतृत्व मुख्य रूप से एम.एस. स्वामीनाथन ने किया।  

    1961 में, एम.एस. स्वामीनाथन ने नॉर्मन बोरलॉग को भारत आमंत्रित किया, जिन्होंने मेक्सिको, जापान आदि में हुई क्रांति जैसी भारतीय कृषि में बदलाव की सलाह दी।  

    हरित क्रांति की शुरुआत इंटेंसिव एग्रीकल्चर डिस्ट्रिक्ट प्रोग्राम (IADP) के साथ प्रयोगात्मक रूप से भारत के 7 जिलों में की गई।  

    1965-66 में उच्च उपज वाली किस्मों (HYV) का कार्यक्रम शुरू किया गया, जिसे भारत में हरित क्रांति की शुरुआत माना जाता है।  

    1967-68 से 1977-78 तक फैली हरित क्रांति ने भारत को खाद्यान्न की कमी वाले देश से दुनिया के प्रमुख कृषि राष्ट्रों में बदल दिया।  

    हरित क्रांति के परिणामस्वरूप, विकासशील देशों में नई, उच्च उपज वाली किस्मों के बीजों की शुरुआत के कारण खाद्यान्न (विशेष रूप से गेहूं और चावल) के उत्पादन में भारी वृद्धि हुई, जिसकी शुरुआत 20वीं सदी के मध्य से हुई थी।

    भारत में हरित क्रांति का इतिहास 

    हरित क्रांति का इतिहास 1940 के दशक से जुड़ा है, जब अमेरिका ने मैक्सिको में कृषि प्रौद्योगिकी के विकास में मदद के लिए एक वैज्ञानिक अभियान शुरू किया। उच्च उपज वाली किस्में (HYVs) इस नई तकनीक का मुख्य केंद्र थीं।  

    नॉर्वे में जन्मे और अमेरिका में कार्यरत कृषि वैज्ञानिक डॉ. नॉर्मन बोरलॉग ने बौनी किस्मों के गेहूं के ‘चमत्कारी बीज’ (HYV) का नवाचार किया।  

    1943 में, भारत ने दुनिया के सबसे भयानक खाद्यान्न संकट का सामना किया; बंगाल अकाल, जिसमें लगभग 40 लाख लोग भूख के कारण पूर्वी भारत में मारे गए।  

    1947 में स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के बाद भी 1967 तक सरकार मुख्य रूप से खेती के क्षेत्रों के विस्तार पर ध्यान केंद्रित करती रही। लेकिन जनसंख्या वृद्धि खाद्यान्न उत्पादन की तुलना में कहीं अधिक तेज गति से हो रही थी।  

    इसने उपज में वृद्धि के लिए तत्काल और कठोर कार्रवाई की आवश्यकता पैदा की। यह कार्रवाई हरित क्रांति के रूप में सामने आई।  

    भारत में हरित क्रांति की शुरुआत 1960 के दशक के अंत में हुई। हरित क्रांति 1967 से 1978 की अवधि के दौरान मुख्य रूप से पंजाब और हरियाणा के कुछ हिस्सों में कार्यान्वित हुई।  

    इस चरण में हरित क्रांति केवल गेहूं और चावल पर केंद्रित थी। भारत के डॉ. एम.एस. स्वामीनाथन ने हरित क्रांति का नेतृत्व किया।  

    इसके विपरीत, 1980 के दशक में कृषि वृद्धि (हरित क्रांति की दूसरी लहर) में लगभग सभी फसलों को शामिल किया गया, जिसमें चावल भी था, और यह पूरे देश में फैल गई।

    हरित क्रांति के उद्देश्य  

    लघु अवधि: 

    हरित क्रांति का मुख्य उद्देश्य भारत की भूख की समस्या को हल करना था, विशेषकर दूसरे पंचवर्षीय योजना के दौरान।

    दीर्घकालिक:  

    इसका दीर्घकालिक उद्देश्य समग्र कृषि का आधुनिकीकरण था, जो ग्रामीण विकास, औद्योगिक विकास, बुनियादी ढांचे और कच्चे माल पर आधारित था।

    रोज़गार:  

    कृषि और औद्योगिक क्षेत्र दोनों में श्रमिकों को रोजगार प्रदान करना।

    वैज्ञानिक अध्ययन:  

    ऐसे मजबूत पौधों का उत्पादन करना जो अत्यधिक जलवायु और बीमारियों का सामना कर सकें।

    कृषि जगत का वैश्वीकरण: 

    प्रौद्योगिकी को गैर-औद्योगिक देशों में फैलाना और प्रमुख कृषि क्षेत्रों में कई कंपनियों की स्थापना करना।

    हरित क्रांति की मुख्य विशेषताएं 

    उच्च उपज वाली किस्में (HYVs):  

    ये आनुवंशिक रूप से संशोधित बीज होते हैं, जो सामान्य फसलों की तुलना में 2 से 3 गुना अधिक उपज दे सकते हैं।  

    यह बौनी किस्म होती है, जिसका घना छत्र होता है और इसे अधिक पानी, रासायनिक उर्वरक, कीट और खरपतवार से सुरक्षा की आवश्यकता होती है क्योंकि यह बहुत नाजुक होती है।  

    यह फसल की मिट्टी की तैयारी जैसे गतिविधियों की भी मांग करती है। इसकी छोटी उत्पादन अवधि होती है, जिससे कम समय में अधिक उत्पादन संभव हो पाता है।

    सिंचाई सुविधाएं:  

    1960 में कुल सिंचित क्षेत्र केवल 30 मिलियन हेक्टेयर था, और पूरे भारत में सिंचाई का विस्तार करना एक कठिन कार्य था।  

    ऋण आवश्यकताएं: 

    हरित क्रांति के लिए किसानों की जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए ग्रामीण ऋण और सूक्ष्म वित्त का एक मजबूत नेटवर्क आवश्यक था।  

    कृषि का व्यवसायीकरण:  

    फसलों के लिए न्यूनतम समर्थन मूल्य (MSP) की शुरुआत ने किसानों को अधिक फसल उगाने का प्रोत्साहन दिया।  

    कृषि मशीनीकरण:

    फसल उत्पादन बढ़ाने के लिए कृषि मशीनीकरण की आवश्यकता थी।  

    कमान क्षेत्र विकास कार्यक्रम (CADP):  

    CADP की शुरुआत 1974 में हुई, जिसमें दो विधियाँ शामिल थीं:  

    – फार्म में विकास गतिविधियाँ: इसमें कृषि नहरों का निर्माण, जुताई, समतलीकरण, कली तैयार करना आदि शामिल हैं।  

    – फार्म के बाहर विकास गतिविधियाँ: इसमें सड़कों का निर्माण, ग्रामीण संपर्क, विपणन, परिवहन, संचार आदि शामिल हैं।  

    रासायनिक उर्वरकों का उपयोग: 

    भारतीय मिट्टी में नाइट्रोजन की कमी होती है, इसलिए 4:2:1 के मानक अनुपात में NPK उर्वरक का उपयोग किया गया, लेकिन वास्तविक अनुपात 3:8:1 था।  

    कीटनाशक, रोगनाशक और खरपतवारनाशक का उपयोग: 

    कीट, बीमारियों और खरपतवारों से फसलों की सुरक्षा के लिए कीटनाशकों और रोगनाशकों का उपयोग किया गया।  

    ग्रामीण विद्युतीकरण: 

    कृषि मशीनीकरण बढ़ाने के लिए ग्रामीण विद्युतीकरण एक पूर्व शर्त थी।  

    भूमि धारण और भूमि सुधार:

    भूमि धारण का मतलब भूमि का एकीकरण है, और भूमि सुधारों में बिचौलियों और जमींदारी व्यवस्था का उन्मूलन, किरायेदारी सुधार आदि शामिल हैं।  

    हरित क्रांति में महत्वपूर्ण फसलें:  

    मुख्य फसलें गेहूं, चावल, ज्वार, बाजरा और मक्का थीं।  

    नई रणनीति में खाद्यान्नों के अलावा अन्य फसलों को शामिल नहीं किया गया।  

    गेहूं कई वर्षों तक हरित क्रांति की मुख्य धुरी बना रहा।

    भारत में हरित क्रांति के चरण 

    (1) हरित क्रांति का पहला चरण (1965-66 से 1980)  

    भारत को तत्काल खाद्य आपूर्ति और खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में आत्मनिर्भरता की सख्त आवश्यकता थी। गेहूं क्रांति मेक्सिको, मिस्र जैसे विभिन्न तीसरी दुनिया के देशों में सफल रही थी।  

    हरित क्रांति का पहला चरण न केवल फसल विशेष था बल्कि क्षेत्र विशेष भी था, क्योंकि:  

    – पंजाब में कृषि अवसंरचना अच्छी तरह से विकसित थी, जबकि हरियाणा और पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश ने अपनी निकटता का लाभ उठाया, जहां सिंचाई सुविधाएं आसानी से विस्तारित की जा सकती थीं।  

    – यह क्षेत्र प्राकृतिक आपदाओं से मुक्त था।  

    यह चरण IADP और IAAP कार्यक्रमों के साथ प्रयोगात्मक रूप से शुरू हुआ, लेकिन मुख्य पहल 1965-66 की वार्षिक योजना के दौरान HYV कार्यक्रम था।  

    1974 में कमांड एरिया डेवलपमेंट प्रोग्राम के साथ हरित क्रांति को फिर से महत्व दिया गया।  

    1950-51 में खाद्यान्न उत्पादन केवल 25 मिलियन टन था और 1965-66 में यह 33 मिलियन टन था। 1980 में यह 100 मिलियन टन तक पहुंच गया, जो 10 वर्षों में तीन गुना वृद्धि थी।  

    यह चरण मुख्य रूप से गेहूं उत्पादन पर केंद्रित था, जो 5 वर्षों में 2.5 गुना बढ़ा। इसे हरित क्रांति कहा गया।  

    इसने भारत को खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में आत्मनिर्भरता प्रदान की, और कुपोषण, अकाल, गरीबी और भुखमरी की घटनाओं को कम किया। भारत “भिखारी का कटोरा” की छवि से सफलतापूर्वक बाहर आ गया।

    (2) हरित क्रांति का दूसरा चरण (1980-1991)  

    छठी और सातवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना के दौरान, गीली कृषि (मुख्य रूप से चावल) पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया।  

    पहले चरण में चावल उत्पादन केवल 1.5 गुना बढ़ा था। ऐसे क्षेत्र जिनमें 100 सेमी से अधिक वर्षा होती थी, जैसे पश्चिम बंगाल, बिहार, पूर्वी उत्तर प्रदेश, असम, तटीय मैदानों को लक्षित किया गया।  

    इस चरण में आंशिक सफलता मिली, और कृष्णा-गोदावरी डेल्टा और कावेरी बेसिन ने अपेक्षित परिणाम दिए। पश्चिम बंगाल और बिहार ने भी उत्पादन में वृद्धि दिखाई।  

    हालांकि, चावल की उत्पादकता की पूरी क्षमता को संस्थागत कारकों जैसे भूमि सुधार, किरायेदारी आदि के कारण महसूस नहीं किया जा सका।  

    किसानों की पारंपरिक सोच भी हरित क्रांति के दूसरे चरण की सफलता में एक प्रमुख बाधक थी।

    (3) हरित क्रांति का तीसरा चरण (1991-2003) 

    आठवीं और नौवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना के दौरान, शुष्क भूमि कृषि पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया, और कपास, तिलहन, दालें, बाजरा आदि में उच्च उपज वाली किस्में (HYV) पेश की गईं। इस चरण को आंशिक सफलता मिली।  

    उप-आर्द्र और अर्ध-शुष्क क्षेत्रों की स्थिति में सुधार के लिए एकीकृत जलग्रहण प्रबंधन कार्यक्रम (IWMP) शुरू किया गया।  

    हालांकि, यह केवल नर्मदा-तापी दोआब, तुंगभद्रा बेसिन और भीमा-कृष्णा बेसिन में ही कुछ हद तक सफल रहा।  

    नौवीं योजना के अंत के बाद, सरकारी नीतियों के दृष्टिकोण में एक मौलिक बदलाव आया।  

    हरित क्रांति वाले क्षेत्रों में पारिस्थितिकीय प्रभावों के कारण, कृषि पारिस्थितिकी, संरक्षण विधियों और सतत विकास पर आधारित संतुलित कृषि वृद्धि की नई अवधारणा (10वीं योजना) सामने आई।  

    पूरे कृषि क्षेत्र को लक्षित किया गया, और इसे ‘इंद्रधनुष क्रांति’ के रूप में जाना जाता है।  

    इंद्रधनुष क्रांति की प्रक्रिया 1980 के दशक में पीली क्रांति (तिलहन), नीली क्रांति (मत्स्यपालन), श्वेत क्रांति (दूध, 1970 के दशक में), ब्राउन क्रांति (उर्वरक) और सिल्वर क्रांति (कुक्कुट पालन) के साथ संबद्ध थी।  

    11वीं योजना में, इस विचार को संतुलित वृद्धि के साथ सतत कृषि तक बढ़ाया गया, जिसे समावेशी वृद्धि कहा जाता है।

    भारत में हरित क्रांति का प्रभाव  

    फसल उत्पादन में भारी वृद्धि: 

    1978-79 में 131 मिलियन टन अनाज उत्पादन हुआ, जिससे भारत दुनिया के सबसे बड़े कृषि उत्पादक देशों में से एक बन गया।  

    खाद्यान्न आयात में कमी: 

    भारत खाद्यान्न में आत्मनिर्भर हो गया और केंद्रीय भंडार में पर्याप्त स्टॉक था। समय-समय पर भारत खाद्यान्न निर्यात करने की स्थिति में भी था। प्रति व्यक्ति खाद्यान्न की शुद्ध उपलब्धता भी बढ़ी।  

    किसानों को लाभ:  

    हरित क्रांति ने किसानों की आय के स्तर को बढ़ाने में मदद की। किसानों ने अपनी अधिशेष आय का उपयोग कृषि उत्पादकता में सुधार के लिए किया।  

    विशेष रूप से बड़े किसानों को इस क्रांति का लाभ मिला, जिन्होंने HYV बीज, उर्वरक, मशीनरी आदि जैसे विभिन्न इनपुट्स में भारी निवेश किया।  

    इसने पूंजीवादी कृषि को भी बढ़ावा दिया और कृषि में अधिशेष उत्पन्न किया, जिससे इसका व्यवसायीकरण हुआ।  

    औद्योगिक विकास:  

    हरित क्रांति से बड़े पैमाने पर कृषि मशीनीकरण हुआ, जिससे ट्रैक्टर, हार्वेस्टर, थ्रेशर, डीजल इंजन, इलेक्ट्रिक मोटर, पंप सेट आदि जैसी विभिन्न मशीनों की मांग बढ़ी।  

    रासायनिक उर्वरक, कीटनाशक, रोगनाशक, खरपतवारनाशक की मांग भी काफी बढ़ी।  

    कई कृषि उत्पादों का उपयोग कृषि आधारित उद्योगों में कच्चे माल के रूप में किया गया।  

    कृषि प्रसंस्करण उद्योगों और खाद्य प्रसंस्करण उद्योगों के विकास ने टियर- II/III शहरों का औद्योगिकीकरण किया और शहरीकरण की दर में वृद्धि हुई।  

    ग्रामीण रोजगार:  

    हरित क्रांति के कारण कई फसलों और उर्वरकों के उपयोग के कारण श्रम शक्ति की मांग में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई।  

    इसने न केवल कृषि श्रमिकों के लिए बल्कि औद्योगिक श्रमिकों के लिए भी रोजगार के कई अवसर पैदा किए, जैसे कि फैक्ट्रियों और जलविद्युत स्टेशनों की स्थापना।  

    हरित क्रांति ने भूख और अकाल को समाप्त करने में मदद की।  

    इसने ग्रामीण बुनियादी ढांचे के विकास को भी बढ़ावा दिया, जो हरित क्रांति की पूर्व शर्त थी।

    भारत में हरित क्रांति के नकारात्मक प्रभाव 

    सीमित खाद्यान्न पर ध्यान केंद्रित करना:  

    हालाँकि गेहूं, चावल, ज्वार, बाजरा और मक्का जैसी फसलों को हरित क्रांति से लाभ हुआ, लेकिन अन्य फसलें जैसे कि मोटे अनाज, दालें और तिलहन इसके दायरे में नहीं आईं।  

    व्यावसायिक फसलें जैसे कपास, जूट, चाय और गन्ना भी लगभग अनछुई रही।  

    HYVP का सीमित कवरेज: 

    उच्च उपज वाली किस्मों का कार्यक्रम (HYVP) केवल पांच फसलों तक सीमित था: गेहूं, चावल, ज्वार, बाजरा और मक्का।  

    आर्थिक प्रभाव: 

    – व्यक्तिगत अंतर: अलग-अलग स्थानों पर आय में अंतर के कारण व्यक्तियों के बीच भेदभाव बढ़ा।  

    – क्षेत्रीय अंतर: फसल उत्पादन में अंतर के कारण पश्चिमी उत्तर प्रदेश और पूर्वी उत्तर प्रदेश के बीच अंतर बढ़ा।  

    – राज्य स्तर पर अंतर: 1960 में पंजाब और बिहार दोनों राज्यों का फसल उत्पादन समान था, लेकिन हरित क्रांति के कारण 1990 तक इन दोनों राज्यों के बीच उत्पादन में बड़ा अंतर आ गया।  

    – ऋण जाल: अनौपचारिक ऋण सेवाओं की वृद्धि के कारण श्रमिकों और किसानों को ऋण के जाल में फंसने की समस्या उत्पन्न हुई।  

    रासायनिक उपयोग का अत्यधिक प्रयोग: 

    हरित क्रांति ने पेस्टिसाइड्स और सिंथेटिक नाइट्रोजन उर्वरकों के बड़े पैमाने पर उपयोग को बढ़ावा दिया।  

    हालाँकि, किसानों को इनकी उच्च जोखिम वाली उपयोगिता के बारे में कोई जानकारी नहीं दी गई, जिससे फसलों को नुकसान हुआ और पर्यावरण एवं मिट्टी प्रदूषण की समस्या बढ़ी।  

    जल का अत्यधिक उपयोग:  

    हरित क्रांति के दौरान उगाई गई फसलें जल की अधिक खपत करने वाली थीं।  

    मिट्टी और फसल उत्पादन पर प्रभाव:  

    बार-बार फसल चक्रीकरण के कारण मिट्टी के पोषक तत्व समाप्त हो गए।  

    नई किस्मों के बीजों की जरूरत को पूरा करने के लिए उर्वरकों का उपयोग बढ़ा, जिससे मिट्टी के pH स्तर में वृद्धि हुई।  

    रासायनिक उर्वरकों के कारण मिट्टी में फायदेमंद सूक्ष्मजीव नष्ट हो गये, जिससे उपज में गिरावट आई।  

    सामाजिक प्रभाव:

    – ग्रामीण भूमिहीनता में वृद्धि: छोटे और सीमांत किसान भूमि विहीन हो गए और कृषि श्रमिक बन गए, जिससे ग्रामीण गरीबी और स्वास्थ्य समस्याएं बढ़ीं।  

    – मशीनीकरण के कारण बेरोजगारी: कृषि मशीनीकरण के कारण रोजगार के अवसर घटे।  

    – पितृसत्तात्मक संरचना की मजबूती: महिलाओं के खिलाफ भेदभाव, भ्रूण हत्या, दहेज प्रथा में वृद्धि हुई।  

    स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव: 

    रासायनिक उर्वरकों और पेस्टिसाइड्स का बड़े पैमाने पर उपयोग (जैसे फॉस्फामिडोन, मेथोमिल, फोरेट, ट्रियाज़ोफोस, और मोनोक्रोटोफोस) ने कई गंभीर स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं को जन्म दिया, जिनमें कैंसर, गुर्दे की विफलता, मृत बच्चे और जन्म दोष शामिल हैं।

    निष्कर्ष  

    भारत में हरित क्रांति का उद्देश्य देश में खाद्यान्न की आत्मनिर्भरता हासिल करना था, जिसे सफलतापूर्वक प्राप्त किया गया है। अब इसे एक सतत कृषि पद्धति में परिवर्तित करना आवश्यक है।  

    इसके अलावा, हरित क्रांति को कहीं अधिक व्यापक क्षेत्र में लागू किया जा सकता है और इसे हरित क्रांति से “सर्वकालिक क्रांति” (Evergreen Revolution) में बदलने की आवश्यकता है।  

    यह कृषि में वही वैज्ञानिक क्रांति थी जिसे औद्योगिक देशों ने पहले ही अपना लिया था, और भारत ने इसका सफल रूप से अनुकूलन और हस्तांतरण किया।  

    हालाँकि, खाद्य सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करने के अलावा पर्यावरण, गरीब किसानों की स्थिति, और उनके लिए रासायनिक उपयोग के बारे में शिक्षा जैसे अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पहलुओं की उपेक्षा की गई।  

    आगे बढ़ने के लिए नीति निर्माताओं को गरीबों को अधिक सटीक रूप से लक्षित करना चाहिए ताकि वे नई तकनीकों से अधिक प्रत्यक्ष लाभ प्राप्त कर सकें, और ये तकनीकें पर्यावरणीय दृष्टिकोण से भी अधिक सतत होनी चाहिए।

  • SC upholds Section 6A of Citizenship Act as valid

    Why in the News?

    On October 17, 2024, political parties widely welcomed the Supreme Court’s decision upholding Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, addressing citizenship under the Assam Accord.

    What is Section 6A?

    • Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, added in 1985, grants citizenship to immigrants in Assam who entered between January 1, 1966, and March 25, 1971, under the Assam Accord provisions.

    What are the implications of upholding Section 6A for citizenship in Assam?

    • Legal Recognition of the Assam Accord: The verdict reinforces the Assam Accord’s legal status, acknowledging the cut-off date of March 25, 1971, for granting citizenship to immigrants. This solidifies the Accord’s role as a foundational legal document addressing the state’s citizenship issues.
    • Clarifying Citizenship Status: The ruling provides legal clarity on the citizenship status of individuals who entered Assam between January 1, 1966, and March 25, 1971. They are granted citizenship if they comply with specific conditions, while those arriving post-1971 are deemed illegal immigrants.
    • Impact on the NRC Process: The decision may influence the National Register of Citizens (NRC) process in Assam by determining who is eligible for inclusion. The cut-off date could guide the verification of citizenship claims, potentially affecting those at risk of being declared stateless.

    How does this ruling interact with existing immigration laws and policies?

    • Consistency with the Foreigners Act: The ruling aligns with existing immigration policies under the Foreigners Act, where illegal immigrants are identified and potentially deported.
    • Implications for Deportation and Detection: The verdict mandates continued efforts to detect and deport illegal immigrants who arrived post-March 25, 1971.
      • This may intensify identification and deportation processes, requiring robust legal and administrative mechanisms.
    • Role in NRC and Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) Debate: The ruling interacts with ongoing discussions about the CAA, which grants citizenship to non-Muslim migrants from neighboring countries who entered before December 31, 2014.

    What are the broader constitutional implications of this decision?

    • Federalism and Regional Autonomy: The judgment upholds Assam’s unique historical and cultural context, recognizing the state’s special legal provisions under the Assam Accord.
    • Right to Equality and Non-discrimination: By validating different cut-off dates for citizenship determination in Assam compared to the rest of India, the ruling raises questions about equal treatment and the uniformity of laws across the country.
    • Judicial Endorsement of Accord-based Legislation: The ruling sets a precedent for upholding legislation based on historical accords or regional agreements.

    Way forward: 

    • Full Implementation of the Assam Accord: Ensure the complete execution of all clauses of the Accord, including detecting, deleting, and deporting illegal immigrants, while providing support to those recognized as citizens to integrate smoothly into society.
    • Strengthen Legal and Administrative Frameworks: Enhance the infrastructure for the NRC process, deportation mechanisms, and border management to maintain consistency in immigration policies, while addressing humanitarian concerns for affected individuals.
  • Climate change impact harsher on poorer farmers in India: FAO report

    Why in the News?

    On October 16, 2024, the FAO said that poor households around the world lose 5% of their income each year due to heat stress and 4.4% due to floods.

    About FAO: 

    • The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is indeed a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN), established to lead international efforts aimed at combating hunger and improving food security and nutrition globally.
    • It founded on October 16, 1945, FAO operates from its headquarters in Rome, Italy, and comprises 195 members, including 194 countries and the European Union.

    Key Objectives of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):

    • Eradicate Hunger and Malnutrition: The FAO aims to eliminate hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition worldwide by promoting sustainable agricultural practices and increasing food availability.
    • Promote Sustainable Agriculture: The organization encourages sustainable management of natural resources and resilient agricultural systems to combat climate change and preserve biodiversity.
    • Reduce Rural Poverty: FAO works to improve the livelihoods of rural populations through economic development, social protection measures, and improved access to markets.
    • Enhance Food Systems: It focuses on improving food production, distribution, and consumption to ensure the global population has access to nutritious, safe, and affordable food.
    • Respond to Crises: The FAO assists countries in addressing food-related emergencies and building resilience against future shocks, such as natural disasters and conflicts.

    Key Highlights of the Present Report by FAO:

    • Economic Losses from Climate Stress: The report highlighted that poor households globally lose 5% of their income due to heat stress and 4.4% due to floods annually, compared to better-off households.
    • Impact on Rural Poor in India: It found that rural poor households in India are affected by climate stress differently, with reduced off-farm employment opportunities during droughts, forcing them to allocate more resources to agriculture.
    • Structural Inequalities: The report noted that poor households’ vulnerability to climate stressors is rooted in structural inequalities, calling for policy measures such as expanding social security.
    • Recommendations for Livelihood Support: Suggested scaling up anticipatory social protection programs and improving off-farm employment opportunities to reduce reliance on negative coping strategies.
    • Gender and Employment Barriers: The report urged addressing gender disparities in non-farm employment through gender-transformative approaches to tackle discriminatory norms.

    What is NITI Aayog’s Response?

    • Efforts to Combat Climate Change: NITI Aayog highlighted India’s proactive measures, such as the National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project, which supports farmers’ adaptation to severe climate conditions.
    • Social Safety Nets: Emphasized India’s implementation of a nationwide employment guarantee scheme and extensive food distribution efforts during the pandemic as evidence of social protection measures.
    • Women’s Workforce Participation: Cited data from the Periodic Labour Force Surveys showing increased female participation in the workforce, indicating progress in addressing gender issues.
    • Open to FAO Suggestions: Acknowledged the value of considering the FAO’s recommendations for further policy improvement while emphasizing India’s existing initiatives.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Social Protection: Expand anticipatory social protection programs and climate-resilient agricultural practices to support vulnerable households, reducing income losses from climate stress.
    • Address Structural Inequalities: Enhance off-farm employment opportunities, tackle gender disparities, and implement policies targeting the root causes of vulnerability to climate-related risks.
  • India’s SDG focus and its Human Development issues 

    Why in the News?

    On September 9-10, 2023, New Delhi hosted the G-20 Summit, where participants committed to enhancing the implementation of the UN Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development.

    How effectively is India progressing towards achieving the SDGs by 2030?

    • Current Status: India is classified in the “medium human development” category, with an HDI value of 0.644 and a rank of 134 out of 193 countries.
    • Improvement Over Time: India saw an increase of 48.4% in HDI value from 1990 (0.434) to 2022 (0.644), indicating positive long-term trends despite recent stagnation and slight declines due to factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • SDG Interconnections: India’s HDI dimensions directly align with several SDGs, including SDG-3 (good health), SDG-4 (quality education), and SDG-5 (gender equality). Progress in these areas is critical for achieving broader SDG targets.
    • Rank Improvements: From 2015 to 2022, India improved its HDI ranking by four places, while neighboring countries such as Bangladesh and Bhutan improved their rankings by 12 and 10 places, respectively, highlighting the need for India to enhance its efforts.

    What are the key human development challenges that India faces?

    • Gender Inequality: India has one of the largest gender gaps in the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR), with a stark difference of 47.8 percentage points between women (28.3%) and men (76.1%). The GDI indicates significant disparities in HDI achievements between genders, which undermines development.
    • Income Inequality: India experiences high income inequality, with the richest 1% holding 21.7% of total income, significantly higher than many neighboring countries and above global averages. This poses a barrier to sustainable development and equitable growth.
    • Education and Health: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively affected education and health sectors, leading to increased vulnerabilities among poorer and marginalized populations.
    • Urban-Rural Divide: There is a notable disparity in female labour force participation between rural (41.5%) and urban areas (25.4%), suggesting that urban policy initiatives may not adequately support women’s employment.

    What strategies can be implemented? (Way forward)

    • Strengthening Gender Equality: Implement gender-transformative approaches to enhance women’s participation in the labour force and address systemic barriers. This includes policies promoting work-life balance, flexible work arrangements, and targeted skill development programs.
    • Enhancing Education and Skill Development: Invest in quality education, vocational training, and lifelong learning opportunities that cater to both genders, particularly in rural areas.
    • Promoting Social Protection: Expand social safety nets and anticipatory social protection programs that target vulnerable populations, particularly women and marginalized groups.
    • Reducing Income Inequality: Implement progressive taxation and wealth redistribution policies to address the concentration of income.
    • Multi-Stakeholder Engagement: Foster collaboration between government, civil society, and the private sector to implement sustainable development initiatives.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • West Nile Virus

    Why in news?

    Ukraine is currently dealing with a serious outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV), with health officials raising alarms as the death toll rises.

    About West Nile Virus

    Details
    Virus Type Member of the flavivirus genus, family Flaviviridae
    First Isolated 1937 in a woman in the West Nile district of Uganda
    Geographical Distribution Commonly found in Africa, Europe, Middle East, North America, and West Asia
    Transmission Primarily transmitted through infected mosquito bites; mosquitoes become infected by feeding on infected birds. Can also spread through infected animal tissues.
    Symptoms Asymptomatic: ~80% of infected individuals show no symptoms
    West Nile Fever: ~20% develop symptoms like fever, headache, fatigue, body aches, nausea, vomiting, and occasional skin rash.
    Peak Infection Period Typically spikes between June and September (summer to autumn)
    Reported Outbreaks 19 countries have reported outbreaks, including Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Türkiye, and Kosovo.
    Treatment No vaccine available; supportive treatments provided for neuroinvasive WNV patients

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] Consider the following statements:

    1. In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is transmitted by the same mosquito that transmits dengue.

    2. Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is possible.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB)

    Why in the News?

    The Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB), the highest statutory body on technical drug-related matters in India, has recommended including all antibiotics under the definition of ‘New Drugs in the New Drugs and Clinical Trial (NDCT) Rules, 2019.

    What are ‘New Drugs’?

    • According to Rule 122 E of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945, a new drug is one that:
      • Has not been used in the country.
      • Has not been recognized as effective and safe by the licensing authority.
      • May also be an already approved drug with modified claims such as new indications, dosages, or routes of administration.

    Implications of Including Antibiotics in the New Drug Category:

    • If antibiotics are classified as new drugs:
      • Their manufacturing, marketing, and sale will be documented.
      • Clearance for manufacturing and marketing will need to be obtained from the Central government instead of State drug administrations.
      • Antibiotics will only be sold to patients on prescription.

    Additional Recommendations:

    • The board is considering amending the labelling rules under the Drugs Rules, 1945, by adding a blue strip or box for antimicrobial products.
    • It has recommended that antimicrobials should not be sold to non-pharmaceutical industries unless they have the necessary licences.

    About the Drugs Technical Advisory Board:

    Details
    Authority Highest statutory decision-making body on technical matters related to drugs in India
    Establishment Constituted under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940
    Affiliation Part of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)
    Nodal Ministry Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
    Functions – Advises the Central and State Governments on technical matters related to the Drugs and Cosmetics Act
    – Carries out functions assigned by the Act
    Role of CDSCO – Approval of drugs
    – Conduct of clinical trials
    – Establishing standards for drugs
    – Quality control of imported drugs
    – Coordination with State Drug Control Organizations
    Specialized Licenses Responsible for granting licenses for critical categories of drugs, including blood products, IV fluids, vaccines, and sera
    Decision-Making Provides expert advice and technical recommendations to ensure drug safety, efficacy, and quality

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India?

    1. Genetic predisposition of some people
    2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases
    3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming
    4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 and 2
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 1, 3 and 4
    (d) 2, 3 and 4

  • [pib] Government extends SAMARTH Scheme till March 2026

    Why in the News?

    The Samarth Scheme (Scheme for Capacity Building in Textiles Sector), which aims to teach 300,000 people in textile-related skills, has been extended for two years (FY 2024–25 and 2025–26).

    Achievements of the SAMARTH Scheme:

    • So far, 3.27 lakh candidates have been trained under the Samarth Scheme, with 2.6 lakh (79.5%) of them gaining employment.
    • There is a strong focus on women’s employment, with 2.89 lakh (88.3%) women trained so far.

    What is ‘SAMARTH’ Scheme?

    Details
    Name Samarth (Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector)
    Nodal Ministry Ministry of Textiles
    Approval Approved by the Cabinet Committee of Economic Affairs as a continuation of the Integrated Skill Development Scheme for the 12th Five Year Plan (FYP)
    Implementing Agency Office of the Development Commissioner (Handicrafts)
    Objectives • Provide demand-driven, placement-oriented skilling programs
    • Incentivize industry efforts to create jobs in organized textile and related sectors
    • Promote skilling and skill upgradation in traditional sectors
    Scope Covers the entire textile value chain, excluding spinning and weaving
    Special Provisions Includes upskilling and reskilling programs to improve productivity of existing workers in the apparel and garmenting segments
    Target Beneficiaries Handicraft artisans and individuals seeking employment in the textile sector
    Implementing Agencies • Textile Industry
    • Institutions/Organizations of the Ministry of Textiles/State Governments with training infrastructure
    • Reputed training institutions/NGOs/Trusts/Companies with placement tie-ups

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Consider the following statements:

    1. The value of Indo-Sri Lanka trade has consistently increased in the last decade.
    2. “Textile and textile articles” constitute an important item of trade between India and Bangladesh.
    3. In the last five years, Nepal has been the largest trading partner of India in South Asia.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 only
    (c) 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • What is the ‘Doctrine of Coverture’ in English common law?

    Why in the News?

    The Marital Rape Exception (MRE), rooted in the doctrine of coverture from English common law, has long sparked debates about the legal autonomy of women within marriage.

    Marital Rape Exception (MRE): What is it?

    • The MRE is found in Exception 2 to Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, and its equivalent, Section 63 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023.
      • According to these provisions, sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his wife do not constitute rape if the wife is above 18 years of age.

    Why discuss this?

    • This legal immunity for husbands has been challenged for violating fundamental rights, and now, a three-judge Bench led by CJI D.Y. Chandrachud is set to examine the constitutional validity of this exception.
    • The outcome of this case could redefine the boundaries of consent and bodily autonomy within the institution of marriage in India.

     

    Split Verdict by the Delhi High Court in 2022:

    1. Justice Rajiv Shakdher’s Opinion:

    • Declared the Marital Rape Exception (MRE) unconstitutional.
    • Argued that the MRE violates a woman’s bodily autonomy and expression.
    • Criticized the exception as being rooted in patriarchy and misogyny.
    • Held that the classification of marital rape as different from rape outside marriage is unreasonable and arbitrary.
    • Emphasized that forced sex outside marriage is treated as “real rape,” while the same act within marriage is not.

    2. Justice C. Hari Shankar’s Opinion:

    • Upheld the Marital Rape Exception, considering it legal within the framework of marriage.
    • Argued that sexual relations within marriage are a legitimate expectation.
    • Expressed concerns that allowing prosecution of husbands for non-consensual sex would be antithetical to the institution of marriage as understood in Indian society.
    • Believed that introducing the possibility of husbands being seen as rapists within marriage would undermine the institution of marriage.

    Doctrine of Coverture from English Common Law:

    • The doctrine states that upon marriage, a woman’s legal existence was essentially merged with that of her husband.
    • The married woman was legally dependent on her husband, losing autonomy over her legal rights and property.
    • Impact on Women’s Rights:
      • Under this doctrine, a wife had no independent legal identity during marriage.
      • Women could not own property, enter contracts, or bring legal claims without their husband’s approval.
      • The husband had control over the wife’s body and actions, including sexual relations.
    • Influence on Marital Rape Exception:
      • The doctrine formed the basis for the original Marital Rape Exception in British common law.
      • It implied that a wife gave permanent consent to sexual relations upon marriage, which could not be withdrawn.
      • This legal reasoning was adopted in many British colonies, including India, and continues to influence Indian law today.
    • Modern Rejection:
      • England abolished the Marital Rape Exception in 1991 in the case of R v. R, recognizing that the doctrine of coverture no longer reflected the status of women in modern society.
      • Despite this, the doctrine’s influence persists in India’s legal system, particularly through the Marital Rape Exception in BNS.

    PYQ:

    [2024] The soul of new law, Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS) is Justice, Equality and Impartiality based on Indian culture and ethos. Discuss this in the light of major shift from a doctrine of punishment to justice in the present judicial system.