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  • 4th July 2022| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1        Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone. etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes. 

    GS-2        Executive and Judiciary; Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.

    GS-3        Agriculture and related issues, Industrial Policy

    GS-4        Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; 

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 What is a cloudburst and what are its effects? Why are they more frequent in the Himalayan region? (10 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 Is technology a solution to the deal with the custodial deaths? What are the issues with the use of technologies by law enforcement agencies? (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 India exported the highest ever volume of rice in 2021-22. What are the concerns with this? Suggest the way forward. (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 Identifying the issues associated with utilization of public funds, discuss the various ethical principles which can help devise strategies for better utilization of public funds in India. (10 Marks)

     

    HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?

    1. Daily 4 questions from General studies 1, 2, 3, and 4 will be provided to you.

    2. A Mentor’s Comment will be available for all answers. This can be used as a guidance tool but we encourage you to write original answers.

    3. You can write your answer on an A4 sheet and scan/click pictures of the same.

    4.  Upload the scanned answer in the comment section of the same question.

    5. Along with the scanned answer, please share your Razor payment ID, so that paid members are given priority.

    6. If you upload the answer on the same day like the answer of 11th  February is uploaded on 11th February then your answer will be checked within 72 hours. Also, reviews will be in the order of submission- First come first serve basis

    7. If you are writing answers late, for example, 11th February is uploaded on 13th February , then these answers will be evaluated as per the mentor’s schedule.

    8. We encourage you to write answers on the same day. However, if you are uploading an answer late then tag the mentor like @Staff so that the mentor is notified about your answer.

    *In case your answer is not reviewed, reply to your answer saying *NOT CHECKED*. 

    1. For the philosophy of AWE and payment: 
    CLICK HERE To join Daily AWE

  • Strains on India-Russia Defence Cooperation

    As the war in Ukraine stretches over four months with no end in sight, it has given rise to apprehensions on Russia’s ability to adhere to timely deliveries of spares and hardware to India.

    History of the bilateral defence ties

    • India was reliant, almost solely on the British, and other Western nations for its arms imports immediately after Independence.
    • However, this dependence weaned, and by the 1970s India was importing several weapons systems from then USSR, making it the country’s largest defence importer for decades.

    A major chunk of India’s strategic arms

    • Russia has provided some of the most sensitive and important weapons platforms that India has required from time to time including nuclear submarines, aircraft carriers, tanks, guns, fighter jets, and missiles.
    • According to one estimate, the share of Russian-origin weapons and platforms across Indian armed forces is as high as 85%.
    • Russia is the second-largest arms exporter in the world, following only the United States.
    • For Russia, India is the largest importer, and for India, Russia is the largest exporter when it comes to arms transfer.

    What saw the decline?

    • Between 2000 and 2020, Russia accounted for 66.5% of India’s arms imports.
    • Russia’s share in Indian arms imports was down to about 50% between 2016 and 2020, but it still remained the largest single importer.

    Present status of defence cooperation

    • When the war began, Indian armed forces had stocks of spares and supplies for eight to ten months and the expectation was that the war would end quickly.
    • However, as it stretches on with no clear endgame, there are apprehensions on Russia’s ability to adhere to the timelines for both spares as well as new deliveries.
    • Armed forces are looking at certain alternative mitigation measures and identifying alternate sources from friendly foreign countries.
    • However, in the long term, this is also an opportunity for the private industry to step up production and meet the requirements.

    Impact of the war

    • While some timeline lapses and shipping delays were possible, there would not be any dent on the Army’s operational preparedness along the borders.
    • In addition, the armed forces have also made significant emergency procurements since the standoff in Eastern Ladakh and have stocked up on spares and ammunition.
    • However, Russia has assured India that it would adhere to delivery timelines.
    • Since the war sees no end, Russian industry would be caught up in replenishing the inventories of their own armed forces.

    What is the status of deals underway/new deals pending with Russia?

    • The defence trade between India and Russia has crossed $15 billion since 2018, in the backdrop of some big deals including the $5.43 billion S-400 long range air defence systems.
    • Other major contracts currently under implementation are construction of four additional stealth frigates in Russia and India,
    • There is a licensed production of the Mango Armor-piercing fin-stabilised discarding sabot (APFSDS) rounds for the T-90S tanks as also additional T-90S tanks, AK-203 assault rifles among others.

    Deferred deals in downtime

    • There are several big deals deferred by the Defence Ministry as part of the review of all direct import deals.
    • This is in conjunction with efforts to push the ‘Make in India’ scheme in defence.
    • Russian deals have also been deferred including the one for 21 MiG-29 fighter jets for the Indian Air Force (IAF) along with the upgradation of 59 existing Mig-29 jets.
    • This also includes the deferment of the manufacture of 12 SU-30 MKI aircraft by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).

    What is the status of payments?

    • While India continues to remain Russia’s largest arms buyer with a major chunk of legacy hardware from Russia and the Soviet Union, the volume of imports has reduced in the last decade.
    • With Russia being shut out of the global SWIFT system for money transfers, India and Russia have agreed to conduct payments through the Rupee-Rouble arrangement.
    • With several big ticket deals including the S-400 under implementation, there are large volume of payments to be made.

     

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  • Earthquake in Afghanistan

    Recently a powerful earthquake of magnitude 5.9 on the Richter scale struck a remote town in Afghanistan, killing over a thousand and injuring many more.

    How do earthquakes happen?

    • According to the theory of plate tectonics, the Earth’s crust and upper mantle are made of large rigid plates that can move relative to one another.
    • Slip on faults near the plate boundaries can result in earthquakes.
    • The point inside the Earth where the earthquake rupture starts is called the focus or hypocentre.
    • The point directly above it on the surface of the Earth is the epicentre.

    What are Seismic Waves?

    • Any elastic material when subjected to stress, stretches in a proportional way, until the elastic limit is reached.
    • When the elastic limit is crossed, it breaks.
    • Similarly, the Earth also has an elastic limit and when the stress is higher than this limit, it breaks.
    • Then there is a generation of heat, and energy is released. Since the material is elastic, the energy is released in the form of elastic waves.
    • These propagate to a distance determined by the extent of the impact. These are known as seismic waves.

    Why Earthquake in Afghanistan?

    • Afghanistan is earthquake-prone because it’s located in the mountainous Hindu Kush region, which is part of the Alpide belt — the second most seismically active region in the world after the Pacific Ring of Fire.
    • The Alpide belt runs about 15,000 kilometers, from the southern part of Eurasia through the Himalayas and into the Atlantic.
    • Along with the Hindu Kush, it includes a number of mountain ranges, such as the Alps, Atlas Mountains and the Caucasus Mountains.
    • Additionally, the Earth’s crust is especially lively in Afghanistan because it is where the Arabian, Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates meet.
    • The boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates exists near Afghanistan’s border with Pakistan.

    How are earthquakes measured?

    • Earthquakes are measured by seismographic networks, which are made of seismic stations, each of which measures the shaking of the ground beneath it.
    • In India, the National Seismological Network does this work.
    • It has a history of about 120 years and its sensors can now detect an earthquake within five to ten minutes.

    Issues with Earthquake measurement

    • Everywhere, the wave parameters are measured, not the total energy released.
    • There is a direct relationship between the quantum of energy released and the wave amplitude.
    • The amplitude of the wave is a function of the time period of the wave.
    • It is possible to convert the measured wave amplitude into the energy released for that earthquake.
    • This is what seismologists call the magnitude of the earthquake.

    What is the Richter magnitude scale?

    • This is a measure of the magnitude of an earthquake and was first defined by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology, U.S., in 1935.
    • The magnitude of an earthquake is the logarithm of the amplitude of the waves measured by the seismographs.
    • Richter scale magnitudes are expressed as a whole number and a decimal part, for example 6.3 or 5.2.
    • Since it is a logarithmic scale, an increase of the whole number by one unit signifies a tenfold increase in the amplitude of the wave and a 31-times increase of the energy released.

    How are zones designated?

    • Based on seismicity, intensity of earthquakes experienced, and geological and tectonic qualities of a region, countries are divided into several zones.
    • In India, for example, there are four zones, designated Zone II-Zone V. Among these, Zone V is the most hazardous and Zone II the least hazardous.

    Can we predict Earthquakes?

    • Since parameters of the earthquake are unknown, it is near impossible to predict an earthquake.
    • The problem with earthquakes is that they are heavily dependent on the material property, which varies from place to place.
    • If there are elastic waves propagating through a material, there are two kinds of waves — the primary wave which reaches first, and the second one called the secondary wave, which is more destructive.
    • If it is known that the amount of energy released is extremely high, trains and power grids can be shut down and the damage minimised.
    • This has worked in some locations, but not on a large commercial basis.

    Successful attempts made so far

    • The most successful early warning systems are in Japan.
    • They have several hundreds of thousands recording devices.
    • Responses are sent to a central point where they estimate whether it is large enough to form a tsunami or some other hazard, and precautionary steps are taken.

     

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  • Functioning of the National Investigation Agency (NIA)

    The National Investigation Agency (NIA) has taken over the probe into the terrible beheading of a person in Udaipur by Jihadi radicalists.

    What is the NIA?

    • Headquartered in Delhi, the NIA has its branches in Hyderabad, Guwahati, Kochi, Lucknow, Mumbai, Kolkata, Raipur, Jammu, Chandigarh, Ranchi, Chennai, Imphal, Bengaluru and Patna.
    • It is a central agency mandated to investigate all the offences affecting:
    1. Sovereignty, security and integrity of India
    2. Friendly relations with foreign states
    3. Offences under the statutory laws enacted to implement international treaties, agreements, conventions and resolutions of the United Nations, its agencies and other international organisations
    • The offense include terror acts and their possible links with crimes like smuggling of arms, drugs and fake Indian currency and infiltration from across the borders.
    • The agency has the power to search, seize, arrest and prosecute those involved in such offences.

    When did the NIA come into being?

    • In the wake of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attack in November 2008, which shocked the entire world, the then United Progressive Alliance government decided to establish the NIA.
    • In December 2008, former Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram introduced the National Investigation Agency Bill.
    • The agency would deal with only eight laws mentioned in the schedule and that a balance had been struck between the right of the State and duties of the Central government to investigate the more important cases.
    • The agency came into existence on December 31, 2008, and started its functioning in 2009.
    • Till date, the NIA has registered 447 cases.

    What are the scheduled offences?

    The list includes the

    1. Explosive Substances Act,
    2. Atomic Energy Act,
    3. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act,
    4. Anti-Hijacking Act,
    5. Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Civil Aviation Act,
    6. SAARC Convention (Suppression of Terrorism) Act,
    7. Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Safety of Maritime Navigation and Fixed Platforms on Continental Shelf Act,
    8. Weapons of Mass Destruction and their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act and
    9. Relevant offences under the Indian Penal Code, Arms Act and
    10. Information Technology Act
    • In September 2020, the Centre empowered the NIA to also probe offences under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act that are connected to terror cases.

    How wide is NIA’s jurisdiction?

    • The law under which the agency operates extends to the whole of India.
    • It also applies to:
    1. Indian citizens outside the country;
    2. Persons in the service of the government wherever they are posted;
    3. Persons on ships and aircraft registered in India wherever they may be;
    4. Persons who commit a scheduled offence beyond India against the Indian citizen or affecting the interest of India.

    How does the NIA take up a probe?

    • As provided under Section 6 of the Act, State governments can refer the cases pertaining to the scheduled offences registered at any police station to the Central government (Union Home Ministry) for NIA investigation.
    • After assessing the details made available, the Centre can then direct the agency to take over the case.
    • State governments are required to extend all assistance to the NIA.
    • Even when the Central government is of the opinion that a scheduled offence has been committed which is required to be investigated under the Act, it may, suo motu, direct the agency to take up/over the probe.

     

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  • 100 years of Rampa or Manyam Rebellion

    Hundred years ago, in August 1922 the “Rampa Rebellion” or “Manyam Rebellion” took place in the forests of the Godavari Agency in the Madras Presidency.

    Rampa Rebellion

    • The Rampa Rebellion of 1922, also known as the Manyam Rebellion, was a tribal uprising led by Alluri Sitarama Raju in Godavari Agency.
    • It began in August 1922 and lasted until the capture and killing of Raju in May 1924.
    • Forced labour, embargoes on collecting minor forest produce and bans on tribal agriculture practices led to severe distress among the Koyas in the area.
    • Sitarama Raju did not belong to the tribal community, but understood the restrictions that the British colonial administration placed on the tribal way of life.

    Background of the revolt

    • The Rampa administrative area comprised around 1,800 square km and had a mostly tribal population of approximately 28,000.
    • They had traditionally been able to support their food requirements through the use, in particular, of the podu system, whereby each year some areas of jungle forest were burned to clear land for cultivation.
    • The British Raj authorities had wanted to improve the economic usefulness of lands in Godavari Agency, an area that was noted for the prevalence of malaria and blackwater fever.
    • The traditional cultivation methods were greatly hindered when the authorities took control of the forests, mostly for commercial purposes such as produce for building railways and ships.
    • This was done regardless of the needs of the tribal people.

    Why did people revolt?

    • The tribal people of the forested hills, who now faced starvation had long felt that the legal system favoured the muttadar (estate landowners) and merchants.
    • This had also resulted in the earlier Rampa Rebellion of 1879.
    • Now they objected also to the Raj laws and continued actions that hindered their economic position and meant they had to find alternate livelihood.
    • They objected to attempts at that time to use them as forced labour in the construction of a road in the area.

    Role of Raju

    • Raju was a charismatic sanyasin, believed by many tribal people to possess magical abilities and to have an almost messianic status.
    • He saw the overthrow of colonial rule in terms similar to a millenarian event and he harnessed the discontent of the tribal people to support his anti-colonial zeal.

    Course of revolt

    • Alluri Sitarama Raju, along with 500 tribal people, attacked the police stations of Chintapalli, Krishnadevipeta and Rajavommangi.
    • They walked away with 26 police carbine rifles and 2,500 rounds of ammunition.
    • Legend has it that Alluri himself would forewarn the British officers of an imminent attack and would challenge them to stop him with the superior resources that they had at hand.
    • He was finally captured, tied to a tree and shot dead.

     

    Try this PYQ:

    Q. With reference to the history of India, “Ulgulan” or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following event?

    (a) The Revolt of 1857

    (b) The Mappila Rebellion of 1921

    (c) The Indigo Revolt of 1859-60

    (d) Birsa Munda’s Revolt of 1899-1900

     

    Post your answers here.

     

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  • Researchers found gene regulating Nitrogen absorption in Plant

    Researchers led by those from the National Centre of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru (NCBS-TIFR), have found a new pathway that regulates nitrate absorption in plants.

    Nitrogen in plant nutrition

    • Nitrogen is one of the most important macronutrients needed for development of a plant.
    • It is a part of chlorophyll, amino acids and nucleic acids, among others.
    • It is mostly sourced from the soil where it is mainly absorbed in the form of nitrates and ammonium by the roots.
    • Nitrates also play a role in controlling genome-wide gene expression that in turn regulates root system architecture, flowering time, leaf development, etc.
    • Thus, while a lot of action takes place in the roots to absorb and convert nitrogen into useful nitrates, the absorbed nitrates in turn regulate plant development apart from being useful as a macronutrient.

    What is MADS27?

    • The gene MADS27, which regulates nitrate absorption, root development and stress tolerance, is activated by the micro-RNA, miR444, therefore offers a way to control these properties of the plant.
    • The researchers studied this mechanism in both rice (monocot) and tobacco (dicot) plants.

    Regulatory switches

    • In addition to this route, several gene regulatory switches that regulate nitrate absorption and root development, such as the micro-RNA, miR444, are known in monocot plants, such as rice.
    • The micro-RNA ‘miR444’ is specific to monocots.
    • When this is not made, its target, MADS27, is produced in higher abundance, and it improves biosynthesis and transport of the hormone auxin, which is key for root development and its branching.
    • This regulatory miR444 switch is known to turn off at least five genes called MADS box transcription factor genes.
    • The speciality of the MADS box transcription factors is that they function like switch boxes of their own.
    • They bind to their favourite specific DNA sequences and they switch the neighbouring genes “on.”

    Why is the discovery important?

    • Presence of nitrates is important for the plant development and also for grain production.
    • However, the overuse of nitrates in fertilizers, for instance, can lead to the dumping of nitrates in the soil which leads to accumulation of nitrates in water and soil.
    • This accumulation adds to soil and water pollution and increased contribution to greenhouse gases.
    • Also, since the whole process of nitrate absorption takes place in the roots, a well-developed root system is needed for this to take place optimally.
    • At one level, it is known that the hormone auxin is responsible for well-developed roots across all plants.
    • A number of genes are known to help with auxin production, improved nitrate transport and assimilation in plants.

    Significance of MADS27

    • The MADS27 transcription factor has a three-pronged effect on the plant.
    • First, it regulates nitrate absorption by switching “on” proteins involved in this process.
    • Second, it leads to better development of the roots by regulating auxin hormone production and transport.
    • Finally, and somewhat surprisingly to the researchers, it helps in the abiotic stress tolerance by keeping the main stress player proteins “on.”

     

     

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  • Mayurbhanj’s superfood ‘Ant Chutney’

    The Kai Chutney made from Red Ants by the tribals of Mayurbhanj district in Odisha are seeking a Geographical Indications (GI) tag.

    Ant Chutney

    • Despite this, weaver ants are popular among the people, mostly of the tribes,
    • This food item, rich in proteins, calcium, zinc, vitamin B-12, iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, fibre and 18 amino acids, is known to boost the immune system and keep diseases at bay.
    • Applied under food category, the GI tag will help develop a structured hygiene protocol in the preparation of Kai chutney for standard wider use.
    • Geographical Indications labels enhance the reputation and value of local products and support local businesses.

    How is the Chutney prepared?

    • Weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, are abundantly found in Mayurbhanj throughout the year.
    • They make nests with leaves of host trees.
    • The chutney is prepared by mixing and grinding salt, ginger, garlic and chilly and is sold by tribal people in rural markets.

     

    Answer this PYQ in the comment box:

    Q.Which of the following has/have been accorded ‘Geographical Indication’ status?

    1. Banaras Brocades and Sarees
    2. Rajasthani Daal-Bati-Churma
    3. Tirupathi Laddu

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

    Post your answers here.

    Back2Basics:  Geographical Indication

    • A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
    • Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
    • India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
    • GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
    • GI is granted for a term of 10 years in India. As of today, more than 300 GI tags has been allocated so far in India (*Wikipedia).
    • The tag stands valid for 10 years.

     

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  • Abhijit Ray, AIR 50, UPSC 2021

    “We must never forget the lonely non-glamorous long hard work behind success”. It’s not a success story of ‘Proving’. It’s a story of ‘Improving’.

    Hi Guys, Abhijit Ray secured AIR 50 in UPSC-CSE 2021. Let’s have a glimpse of his journey.

    Table of Content

    1. About Abhijit- His UPSC journey + Hobbies

    NameAbhijit Ray
    UPSC2021
    RankAIR 50
    No. of Attempts4
    Attempt in 2018couldn’t clear Prelims
    2019failed prelims again
    2020couldn’t clear Mains
    2021 AIR-50. Get in Final Merit list.
    Optional SubjectAnthropology (in all the attempts)
    HobbyComposing Poem & recreational cycling

    “Never overestimate yourself and don’t think that even a non-serious effort will take you through”.

    Went to several villages in Karnataka as a volunteer. That is the turning point in Abhijit’s life. He decided to work for them after seeing the pictures of the village. The answer came to mind — Civil Service.

     Abhijit Roy was an engineer by profession. After passing, he got a job in a first-class company in Bangalore. From the very beginning of his career, he was associated with the soil. He went to several villages in Karnataka as a volunteer for the CSR activities of the organisation he worked for. That is the turning point in life.

    But how? Going to inform you that, Abhijit mentioned an incident. He said, ‘I once went to a blind school in Karnataka. I saw that there is no basic facility. But not that it is very difficult to give. It will be done if you see a little. ‘ He had several such experiences.

    2. Family and education

    FatherMukul Charan Roy, a retired health official in Darjeeling
    Mother Dr. Chandra Roy, a homeopathic practitioner.
    Educationa) Completed schooling from St. Joseph’s School
    b) Completed Graduate Engineering from University in Delhi.

    His father and mother gave him their full support through all thick and thins. Although they were dubious about his leaving job for UPSC preparation initially, they stood beside him later on.

    3. UPSC Preparation Strategy

    Earlier failures taught Abhijit many priceless lessons. He shared his hard-earned experience separately for Prelims and Mains.

    Preparation Strategy for UPSC Prelims:

    • Practice, Practice and Practice. Abhijit couldn’t clear prelims in first 2 attempts because his practice was not sufficient.
    • PYQs: It is always helpful to have a good idea of the core areas of the question topics from the previous years papers.
    • Practicing Mock tests: UPSC prelims is a game of intelligent guessing rather than bookish knowledge. So, never ignore test series. Because test series can only help you to mend your mistakes.
    • Time & energy mustn’t be wasted on digesting more than 1 newspaper.
    • Revision & Consolidation: Revision is extremely important for all stages of the exam. Consolidating your studies is probably more important than reading new sources.
    • It’s better to talk with a senior IAS mentor, if you’re novice.

    Preparation Strategy for UPSC Mains:

    • Guidance: Do proceed your journey under the guidance of mentors at least in initial days.
    • Mains Prep: must be carried simultaneously with prelims. Answer writing practice is that skill that resolves everything.
    • Studying a lot new mains stuff after prelims must be avoided. Focus only on revision and improving answers quality.
    • Essay & Optional papers: These papers are game changing. In GS papers almost every candidate scores the same. So, the decider of your ALL INDIA RANK is them.
    • UPSC Main is the higher bar to cross so, selecting right sources, evaluation of answers, and hand-holding support are the key to success.

    4. Abhijit’s Notes + Booklist

    5. Motivation and Inspiration

    Abhijit is used to be a self-motivated person. Once he went to a blind school in Karnataka. The difficulty and hardship of the natives moved him deeply. It was his inspiration that he wanted to do something for their betterment.

    Besides his parents, he didn’t forget to mention about his office manager. He also inspired Abhijit time to time. Abhijit received influx of congrats after getting into final merit list 2021. He cordially thanked to his teachers & mentors.

    click:- Fill samamvay & get hand-holding support of your personalized mentor
  • 4th July 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    4th July 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    [WpProQuiz 1051]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 1051]

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  • 2nd July 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    2nd July 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    [WpProQuiz 1050]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 1050]

    UPSC 2022 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

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