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  • UAPA necessary to act against terrorists: Minister

    A Union Minister has said it was necessary to have certain laws like the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) so that action could be taken against terrorists and those who “behead other people”.

    Unlawful (Activities) Prevention Act (UAPA)

    • The UAPA is aimed at effective prevention of unlawful activities associations in India.
    • Its main objective was to make powers available for dealing with activities directed against the integrity and sovereignty of India
    • It is an upgrade on the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act TADA, which was allowed to lapse in 1995 and the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA) was repealed in 2004.
    • It was originally passed in 1967 under the then Congress government led by former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
    • Till 2004, “unlawful” activities referred to actions related to secession and cession of territory. Following the 2004 amendment, “terrorist act” was added to the list of offences.

    Major feature: Designation of Terrorists

    • The Centre had amended UAPA, 1967, in August 2019 to include the provision of designating an individual as a terrorist.
    • Before this amendment, only organisations could be designated as terrorist outfits.
    • Section 15 of the UAPA defines a “terrorist act” as any act committed with intent to threaten or likely to threaten the unity, integrity, security, economic security, or sovereignty of India or with intent to strike terror or likely to strike terror in the people or any section of the people in India or in any foreign country.
    • The original Act dealt with “unlawful” acts related to secession; anti-terror provisions were introduced in 2004.

    Who makes such designation?

    • The UAPA (after 2019 amendment)seeks to empower the central government to designate an individual a “terrorist” if they are found committing, preparing for, promoting, or involved in an act of terror.
    • A similar provision already exists in Part 4 and 6 of the legislation for organizations that can be designated as a “terrorist organisations”.

    How individuals are declared terrorists?

    • The central government may designate an individual as a terrorist through a notification in the official gazette, and add his name to the schedule supplemented to the UAPA Bill.
    • The government is not required to give an individual an opportunity to be heard before such a designation.
    • At present, in line with the legal presumption of an individual being innocent until proven guilty, an individual who is convicted in a terror case is legally referred to as a terrorist.
    • While those suspected of being involved in terrorist activities are referred to as terror accused.

    What happens when an individual is declared a terrorist?

    • The designation of an individual as a global terrorist by the United Nations is associated with sanctions including travel bans, freezing of assets and an embargo against procuring arms.
    • The UAPA, however, does not provide any such detail.
    • It also does not require the filing of cases or arresting individuals while designating them as terrorists.

    Removing the terrorist tag

    • The UAPA gives the central government the power to remove a name from the schedule when an individual makes an application.
    • The procedure for such an application and the process of decision-making will is decided by the central government.
    • If an application filed by an individual declared a terrorist is rejected by the government, the UAPA gives him the right to seek a review within one month after the application is rejected.
    • The central government will set up the review committee consisting of a chairperson (a retired or sitting judge of a High Court) and three other members.
    • The review committee is empowered to order the government to delete the name of the individual from the schedule that lists “terrorists” if it considers the order to be flawed.
    • Apart from these two avenues, the individual can also move the courts to challenge the government’s order.

     

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  • What is PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM)?

    The ISRO has launched three Singaporean satellites in precise orbit through the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module or ‘POEM’.

    What is POEM?

    • The POEM is a platform that will help perform in-orbit experiments using the final, and otherwise discarded, stage of ISRO’s workhorse rocket, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV).
    • The PSLV is a four-stage rocket where the first three spent stages fall back into the ocean, and the final stage (PS4) — after launching the satellite into orbit — ends up as space junk.
    • However, in PSLV-C53 mission, the spent final stage will be utilised as a “stabilised platform” to perform experiments.
    • POEM is carrying six payloads, including two from Indian space start-ups Digantara and Dhruva Space.

    Features of POEM

    • POEM has a dedicated Navigation Guidance and Control (NGC) system for attitude stabilisation, which stands for controlling the orientation of any aerospace vehicle within permitted limits.
    • The NGC will act as the platform’s brain to stabilize it with specified accuracy.
    • POEM will derive its power from solar panels mounted around the PS4 tank, and a Li-Ion battery.
    • It will navigate using four sun sensors, a magnetometer, gyros & NavIC.
    • It carries dedicated control thrusters using Helium gas storage. It is enabled with a telecomm and feature.

    Has ISRO repurposed and used PS4 rocket junk earlier?

    • The Indian space agency first demonstrated the capability of using PSLV-C44 as an orbital platform in 2019.
    • It injected Microsat-R and Kalamsat-V2 satellites into their designated orbits.
    • The fourth stage in that mission was kept alive as an orbital platform for space-based experiments.
    • While in that mission, the fourth stage had Li-Ion batteries, solar panels are an addition this time.
    • The latest repurposing and upgrade of the fourth stage of the PSLV rocket involves the stabilization of the orbital platform.

     

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  • 1st July 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    1st July 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    [WpProQuiz 1049]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 1049]

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  • 30th June 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    30th June 2022 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    [WpProQuiz 1048]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 1048]

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  • Russia withdraws from Snake Island

    Russian forces abandoned the strategic Black Sea outpost of Snake Island, in a major victory for Ukraine that could loosen the grip of Russia’s blockade on Ukrainian ports.

    I will give you a trick to remember countries bordering Black Sea. It is ‘GURRBUT’.

    Now please take effort to write those names of countries here.

    Snake Island

    • Zmiinyi Island, also known as Snake or Serpent Island, is a small piece of rock less than 700 metres from end to end, that has been described as being “X-shaped”.
    • It is located 35 km from the coast in the Black Sea, to the east of the mouth of the Danube and roughly southwest of the port city of Odessa.
    • The island, which has been known since ancient times and is marked on the map by the tiny village of Bile that is located on it, belongs to Ukraine.

    Why does Russia seek to control the Black Sea?

    • Domination of the Black Sea region is a geostrategic imperative for Moscow.
    • The famed water body is bound by Ukraine to the north and northwest, Russia and Georgia to the east, Turkey to the south, and Bulgaria and Romania to the west.
    • It links to the Sea of Marmara through the Bosporus and then to the Aegean through the Dardanelles.
    • It has traditionally been Russia’s warm water gateway to Europe.
    • For Russia, the Black Sea is both a stepping stone to the Mediterranean as well as a strategic buffer between NATO and itself.
    • Cutting Ukrainian access to the Black Sea will reduce it to a landlocked country and deal a crippling blow to its trade logistics.

     

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  • [Sansad TV] Perspective: Yoga- India’s Soft Power

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    Recently, the world celebrated 8th edition of International Yoga day. Along with speeches about India’s ancient culture, the World Yoga Day inevitably invokes talk of India’s contemporary soft power.

    In this article, we will analyse how Yoga is exemplifying India’s soft power.

    “India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the great grandmother of tradition”

    ― Mark Twain.

    What is Soft Power in diplomacy?

    • In politics (and particularly in international politics), soft power is the ability to co-opt rather than coerce (contrast hard power).
    • It is the capacity to attract and persuade others to do things they otherwise wouldn’t.
    • It involves shaping the preferences of others through appeal and attraction.
    • Soft power resources are the assets that produce attraction or centre of attraction in geopolitical arena.

    Etymology of the word

    • Joseph Nye, a US foreign policy veteran, coined the phrase soft power in 1990.
    • He encourages readers of his book The Future of Power to think of soft power in terms of resources
    • Power is derived from resources, and soft power is no different.
    • Hard power rests on military resources like navy fleets, attack aircraft and a capacity to inflict harm.
    • Soft power rests on three primary resources:
    1. Culture,
    2. Political values and
    3. Foreign policy

    How is Yoga a soft power?

    India has a tremendous cultural power or civilizational shakti that has maintained a profound impact on the world for thousands of years.

    • The very fact that the celebration as an international day at all is itself considered an example of India’s soft power.
    • International Day of Yoga reflects yoga’s immense popularity worldwide, underscoring its richness as a soft power resource.
    • Since 2006, yoga gurus were trying to lobby the UN to declare a world yoga day. Now these yog gurus have got their due recognition.
    • After a vigorous diplomatic push from PM Modi in 2014, the United Nations General Assembly put the date in the calendar.
    • By exposing and familiarising citizens of a globalised world with its own historic-cultural customs, India will gain geopolitical muscle to flex.
    • Yoga is a highly secular physical activity. Though originated form a Vedas, it does not represent any political religion. Ex. OIC, Commonwealth of Nations
    • Cultural power is perhaps the main diplomatic power in this era of global travel and the global economy. It must form an integral part of any realistic foreign policy.

    Major declared objectives of Yoga

    • Optimism: It involves building a positive self-concept in oneself. Having a positive outlook helps a person to value himself and life in all forms.
    • Compassion: Being Compassionate means having empathetic qualities such as love, kindness, friendliness and doing no harm to others.
    • Inner Peace: Inner Peace as a theme is concerned with resolution of one’s own psychological conflicts and problems and discovering peace of mind. It includes ways of understanding the self and the process of thought, controlling emotions such as anger, art of soothing the mind etc.
    • Self-realization: The concept ‘Be your true self’ means the strength of the character to be honest and direct in expressing one’s needs, feelings and thoughts without letting others down. The skills in such behaviour are necessary for resolving conflicts and effective social interaction.
    • Peaceful existence: People need to learn to work harmoniously in groups with others. The theme living together can accommodate such subtopics as sharing, mutual help, trust building, taking group responsibility, leading and following. Learning cooperation reduces egoistic competitive tendencies in human beings.
    • Scientific temperament: Critical thinking on the part of the citizens is a necessary feature of a democratic society. It involves analysis, syntheses, looking at the other sides of an issue, searching for alternatives and logical thinking.
    • Non-violent conflict resolution: It encompasses such skills necessary for conflict resolution as conflict analyses, negotiation, active listening, mediation, creative problem-solving and alternative solution seeking.
    • Respect for human dignity: Respect for human dignity is based on the concepts of human rights, duties and justice. It attempts to develop a consciousness that recognizes and respects one’s own and others’ rights.
    • Communal Harmony: Building peace in community means providing opportunities for its members to be open to social realities and understand people’s problems and work with them.
    • Care for the planet: The health of the planet has direct and immediate influence on the destiny of mankind. Values like peace with nature, preservation of nature, appreciation and admiration of natural environment, reuse, repair, recycling natural resources, etc. are included in this theme

    Limitations of soft power

    • Soft power has been criticized as for being ineffective or less effective tool in diplomacy.
    • Actors in international relations respond to only two types of incentives: Economic incentives and Forceful coercion.
    • As a concept, it can be difficult to distinguish soft power from hard power.
    • Rising powers such as China, are creating new approaches to soft power ex. Debt Traps, thus using it defensively.
    • Soft power can backfire, leading to reputational damage or loss, or what has been termed ‘soft disempowerment’. Ex. India’s perception in Maldives.

    Initiatives by India showcasing its soft power

    • Principle of ‘Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam’
    • Non-Alignment Movement
    • ‘Neighborhood First’ Policy
    • Vaccine diplomacy
    • Aid to Sri Lanka
    • Developmental aids in Afghanistan
    • Humanitarian assistance for disaster relief (HADR) in neighborhood
    • Political sensitization of leaders e. Late foreign minister responding to Tweets

    Major achievements

    • India has moral high ground at the world forum especially due to the non-violent manner in which we had achieved our independence.
    • International support for tough decisions like abrogation of article 370, and maintaining neutrality in the Russia-Ukraine War. 
    • It keeps India distant from world conflicts like recently in Syria, Sudan, Israel-Palestine issue. So India earns goodwill from all over the world.

    Threats to India’s soft power

    • India’s older regimes and academia did little to encourage, protect or to benefit from Yoga.
    • Perhaps no other country in recent times has so ignored the potential value of its soft power.
    • There is a cultural battle occurring in the media and academia, in which India’s civilizational views are poorly represented.
    • India’s cultural diplomacy is often labeled by the left liberals as a Hindutva Politics.

    Way forward

    • India should move beyond asanas and analysis and take action.
    • Having the Indian story merely out there, jostling with a hundred other stories, isn’t necessarily winning the war of narrative.
    • Our cultural outreach must be well-oiled, well-funded, and primed to produce geopolitical clout.
    • Our moves — whether they be hard-to-power thrusts or soft power maneuvers — must emanate from consistent strategy.
    • In the age of the internet, India must amplify its strengths and work rapidly to right the wrongs.

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  • The anti-defection law — political facts, legal fiction

    Context

    The ongoing political crisis in Maharashtra, and many others before it, are grim reminders of what the Tenth Schedule can and cannot do.

    About 10th Schedule

    • In 1985 the Tenth Schedule, popularly known as the anti-defection law, was added to the Constitution.
    • But its enactment was catalyzed by the political instability after the general elections of 1967.
    • This was the time when multiple state governments were toppled after MLAs changed their political loyalties.
    • The purpose of the 1985 Constitution Amendment was to bring stability to governments by deterring MPs and MLAs from changing their political parties on whose ticket they were elected.
    • The penalty for shifting political loyalties is the loss of parliamentary membership and a bar on becoming a minister.

    Provisions of the 10th Schedule

    • Instances of floor crossing have long gone unchecked and unpunished.
    • In part, this can be attributed to the exemption given to mergers between political parties which facilitate bulk defections.
    • Disqualification provision: The second paragraph of the Tenth Schedule allows for disqualification of an elected member of a House if such member belonging to any political party has voluntarily given up membership of their party, or if they vote in the House against such party’s whip.
    • Exceptions: Paragraph 4 creates an exception for mergers between political parties by introducing three crucial concepts — that of the “original political party”, the “legislature party”, and “deemed merger”.
    • What is the legislature party?  It means the group consisting of all elected members of a House for the time being belonging to one political party.
    • Original political party: An “original political party” means the political party to which a member belongs (this can refer to the party generally, outside of the House).
    • Paragraph 4 does not clarify whether the original political party refers to the party at the national level or the regional level.

    How Paragraph 4 of the 10th Schedule deals with mergers?

    • Paragraph 4 is spread across two sub-paragraphs, a conjoint reading of which suggests that a merger can take place only when an original party merges with another political party, and at least two-thirds of the members of the legislature party have agreed to this merger.
    • It is only when these two conditions are satisfied that a group of elected members can claim exemption from disqualification on grounds of merger.
    • The second sub-paragraph (of Paragraph 4) says that a party shall be “deemed” to have merged with another party if, and only if, not less than two-thirds of the members of the legislature party concerned have agreed to such merger.
    • However, in most cases there is no factual merger of original political parties at the national (or even regional) level.
    • Creation of legal fiction: Paragraph 4 seems to be creating a “legal fiction” so as to indicate that a merger of two-third members of a legislature party can be deemed to be a merger of political parties, even if there is no actual merger of the original political party with another party.
    • In statutory interpretation, “deemed” has an established understanding.
    • The word “deemed” may be used in a law to create a legal fiction, and give an artificial construction to a word or a phrase used in a statute.
    • In other cases, it may be used to include what is obvious or what is uncertain.
    • In either of these cases, the intention of the legislature in creating a deeming provision is paramount.

    Merger exception and issues with it

    • The merger exception was created to save instances of the principled coming together of political groups from disqualification under the anti-defection law, and to strike a compromise between the right of dissent and party discipline. 
    • In the absence of mergers of original political parties, the deeming fiction could, presumably, be used as a means to allow mergers of legislature parties.
    • Encouraging defection: Reading Paragraph 4 in this manner would empower legislature parties to solely merge with another party, and thus, practically ease defection.

    What if sub-paragraphs are read conjunctively?

    • For a valid merger then, an original political party has to first merge with another political party, and then two-thirds of the legislature party must support that merger.
    • Given the politics of current times, stark differences in parties’ respective ideologies, and deep-seated historical rivalries, it is unimaginable how a merger between major national or regional parties would materialise.

    Way forward

    • Remove Paragraph 4: In a situation where either reading of Paragraph 4 in its current form yields undesirable results, its deletion from the Tenth Schedule is a possible way forward.
    • The Law Commission in 1999 and the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC) in 2002 made similar recommendations.
    • Revisiting by Supreme Court: Till that happens, an academic revisiting of the Tenth Schedule by the Supreme Court, so as to guide future use of the anti-defection law, is timely and should happen soon.

    Conclusion

    Neither of these two interpretations of Paragraph 4complements the ‘mischief’ that the Tenth Schedule was expected to remedy — that of curbing unprincipled defections. Amending it is the need of the hour.

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  • (Zoom link inside) Day-2: UPSC Prelims Bootcamp | Join 1-to-1 LIVE sessions-2 with *Santosh Sir | Bouncing back from Failure to Smashing Prelims, Master strategy for UPSC pre-2023 | Register (FREE) & get special CD Prelims package

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    Join Zoom Meeting
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    Meeting ID: 865 6327 5502
    Passcode: 130993

    Couldn’t clear Prelims 2022? Confused due to the ever-unpredictable UPSC’s pattern? Want to make 2023 your final and successful Prelims?

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    UPSC prelims 2022 result was announced a few days back. It shocked many aspirants.

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    After a thorough analysis of previous year’s papers, their nature, and the way it keeps on mutating/evolving, the prelims guru, Santosh sir, & Sajal Sir, a senior IAS mentor of 200+ successful rankers have devised a special Bootcamp for you, that would help you understand this dynamism and keep pace with it. And you will sail smoothly to the second stage of the examination, i.e. Mains as well as interview. No matter how bad your exam preparation is.

    UPSC Prelims Bootcamp Details: 

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    Discussion areas in the UPSC Prelims Bootcamp

    1. How to keep yourself motivated in this exam process whose gestation period is very high?
    2. How to cope with failures in this exam cycle?
    3. How to maintain consistency during preparation?
    4. How to re-start preparation again for the 2023 exam?
    5. Mistakes you should avoid in your next attempt?
    6. Blueprint of your preparation plan. When to start preparation for prelims again?
    7. Smart study-related practical strategies which work on the ground?
    8. 4-2-4 Model of Preparation
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    A Quick Bit About Sajal Sir

    Click and find out what toppers have to say about Sajal sir?

    Sajal Singh sir is the founder and academic director of CivilsDaily IAS. He is an MS in Economics from Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, an MS in Financial Economics from Carleton University Canada. NET(JRF) in Economics qualified. He had obtained the highest marks in GS papers in UPSC Mains 2017 and appeared in several UPSC CS interviews. He also heads the Civilsdaily flagship Smash Mains initiative with an over 80% success ratio in the Mains exam. Under Sajal sir’s mentorship, more than 200+ rankers have made it to the list in UPSC 2021 exam.

    About Santosh Gupta

    Santosh Gupta sir has scored above 140 twice in UPSC prelims and always 120 plus in all 6 attempts. He wrote all 6 mains and appeared for Interviews 3 times. He has qualified UPSC EPFO and BPSC 56-59th also. He has been teaching and mentoring UPSC aspirants for the last 5 years.

    This year hundreds of students under Santosh sir cleared UPSC Prelims 2022. Read messages by some of them.

    About Soham Mandhare

    Soham hails from a village in Maharashtra and belongs to a farmer background. A mechanical engineering graduate, Soham took multiple attempts to crack UPSC and secure an AIR 267 in UPSC 2021. His optional was

    While Soham loves watching movies and playing cricket, he also engages himself in native tree plantation drives and assisting his family in agricultural activities.

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  • The significance of PM’s visit to the UAE

    Context

    Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to the UAE on June 28 was his fourth, having visited the country earlier in August 2015, in February 2018 and again in August 2019.

    Why do the Gulf and UAE matters to India?

    • The UAE has given crucial support to India in the Islamic world, first by inviting our late External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj as a guest of honour at an OIC foreign ministers meeting in Abu Dhabi.
    • The UAE stood with us on Jammu and Kashmir following the abrogation of Article 370.
    • The Gulf is our third-largest trading partner.
    • The Gulf region is our principal source of hydrocarbons.
    • It is also a major source of foreign investment.
    • The region is home to some 8 million Indians who send in over $50 billion annually in remittances.

    Deepening bilateral ties

    • CEPA: In a virtual summit with Sheikh Mohamed in February 2022, both sides signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
    • CEPA is a significant milestone that was negotiated and finalised in just 88 days and promises to increase bilateral trade from $60 billion to $ 100 billion in five years.
    •  It is expected to help Indian exports in areas ranging from gems and jewellery and textiles to footwear and pharmaceuticals, apart from enhanced access for Indian service providers to 11 specific sectors.
    • Vision statement: An ambitious, forward-looking Joint Vision Statement titled, “Advancing the India and UAE Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: New Frontiers, New Milestones” was also issued.
    • The Dubai-based DP World and India’s National Skills Development Council signed an agreement to set up a Skill India Centre in Varanasi to train local youth in logistics, port operations and allied areas so that they can pursue overseas employment.

    New avenues for multilateral cooperation

    • The rapid normalisation of ties between the UAE and Israel following the Abraham Accords of August 2020 has also opened new avenues of trilateral and multilateral cooperation.
    • Technology, capital and scale: Some Israeli tech companies are already establishing a base in Dubai and seeking to marry niche technologies with Emirati capital and Indian scale. 
    • 2I2U: The US has announced that President Joe Biden’s forthcoming visit to West Asia will see a virtual summit of what it calls the 2I2U, a new grouping that brings together India, Israel, the US and UAE.

    Conclusion

    The UAE today is India’s closest partner in the Arab world. Both countries need to expand the areas of cooperation and deepen their engagement.

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    Back2Basics: Abraham Accords

    • The Israel–UAE normalization agreement is officially called the Abraham Accords Peace Agreement.
    • It was initially agreed to in a joint statement by the United States, Israel and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on August 13, 2020.
    • The UAE thus became the third Arab country, after Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, to agree to formally normalize its relationship with Israel as well as the first Persian Gulf country to do so.
    • Concurrently, Israel agreed to suspend plans for annexing parts of the West Bank.
    • The agreement normalized what had long been informal but robust foreign relations between the two countries.

  • 30th June 2022| Daily Answer Writing Enhancement(AWE)

    Topics for Today’s questions:

    GS-1        Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent)

    GS-2        Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting  India’s interests.

    GS-3        Indigenization of technology, applications of S&T in everyday life

    GS-4        Public/Civil Services values and ethics in public administration:  Status and problems;  accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance.

    Question 1)

     

    Q.1 Providing an account of distribution of rainforests across the world, mention their key characteristics. Also highlight the threats that are being faced by tropical rainforests. (15 Marks)

     

    Question 2)

    Q.2 The UAE today is India’s closest partner in the Arab world and also an important partner for India’s strategic and geopolitical interests. Comment. (10 Marks)

    Question 3)

    Q.3 Optical fibre is the backbone of the digital infrastructure required for the 5G technology. Where does India stand in the optical fibre manufacturing industry? Examine the challenges it faces and suggest the way forward. (10 Marks)

    Question 4)  

    Q.4 In spite of the existence of a Code of Conduct for public servants, its implementation has been tardy and of limited success. Discuss. Further, suggest steps which could be taken to improve the efficacy of the Code of Conduct. What role can Code of Ethics play in reinforcing the Code of Conduct in public life? (10 Marks)

     

    HOW TO ATTEMPT ANSWERS IN DAILY ANSWER WRITING ENHANCEMENT(AWE)?

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