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  • [12 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Central transfers — arresting the decline in shares of some States

    [12 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Central transfers — arresting the decline in shares of some States

    PYQ Relevance:
    Prelims:
    The Government of India has established NITI Aayog to replace the [UPSC CSE 2015]
    a) Human Rights Commission
    b) Finance Commission
    c) Law Commission
    d) Planning Commission

    Mains:
    1. How have the recommendations of the 14th Finance Commission of India enabled the States to improve their fiscal position? [UPSC CSE 2021]

    2. How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you know about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss. [UPSC CSE 2018]

    3. Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution and that principle is one of its basic features, it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in favor of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism. [UPSC CSE 2014]
    From The Hindu

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Finance Commission; Centre-State relations;

    Prelims: Recommendations by Finance Commission;

    Mentor comments: The issue of declining shares of some States in central transfers, is particularly affecting southern States like Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, stems from factors like the income distance criterion and changes in population data used for calculations. The income distance criterion, which rewards states further from the highest income state, has led to losses for southern States. To address this issue, we need to reduce the weight of the income distance criterion and limiting cesses and surcharges of the Centre’s gross tax revenues. Overall, today’s debate is over central transfers who need to have a balanced approach that considers various criteria like income distance and population while ensuring equitable distribution among all states.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    The Southern States have been facing a decline in their share out of the resources transferred from the Centre to the States. Considering this situation, there are many issues that the Sixteenth Finance Commission will have to deal with.

    Background:

    • The revenue sharing through the Finance Commission between Centre and the Southern States has fallen over the last two decades.
    • The share of states in combined revenue receipts rose but has since fallen, highlighting the need for fair distribution mechanisms.
    • Additionally, the shift in population data from 1971 to 2011 has impacted tax devolution, with some southern states feeling disadvantaged.
    What is the income distance criterion and how does it affect state shares?
    The income distance criterion in the context of Finance Commission allocations is a measure of the distance between a state’s income and the state with the highest income, calculated based on the average per capita Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP).
    States with lower per capita income receive a higher share to ensure equity among states.

    Significance of this criteria:

    It remains crucial for ensuring fair distribution among states.
    It also plays a significant role in determining the distribution of union taxes to each state, with states further from the highest income state receiving a higher share.

    What are the 3 major challenging observations in Centre-State Tax Devolution?

    1) Issue of share with states in Tax Devolution:

    • Firstly, we need to look at which States have been gaining and which are losing their share over time; the criteria of horizontal distribution which has led to some States steadily losing their share; and what can be done to reverse this trend.
    • In Table 1, the shares of groups of States and those for selected States are shown, for the 12th FC to the 15th FC (final report).
      • Southern States have been on a steady fall in their share, from 19.785% to 15.800%. The northern and eastern States have also lost. The ‘gainer States’ were the hilly, central, and western States including Maharashtra.
      • The low-income States such as Bihar and Uttar Pradesh show, in terms of their overall share, a loss of 0.970% points and 1.325% points.
      • The main reason for the loss to the southern States due to the distance criterion amounted to 8.055% points, although the overall loss was much less at 3.985% points, implying that there was a gain under other criteria.

    2) Issue over the Income Distance:

    • Inconsistency: Table 2 provides a list of the different criteria used by Finance Commissions, from the Twelfth to the Fifteenth.
    • Decreasing weight: The distance criterion has been accorded the highest weight amongst these criteria. Its weight was reduced from 50% to 47.5% by the 13th FC and further reduced to 45% by the 15th Fifteenth FC.
    • Hampering equalization: The above two observations challenge the Socio-economic justice principles which has always been regarded as a key principle in governing distribution.

    3) Issue over the Population:

    • Data Updation issue: Until the Fourteenth Finance Commission, the data for the population in 1971 was used. For the Fifteenth Finance Commission, data for the population in 2011 was used.
    • Mismatched data: In order not to penalize States 15th FC showed better performance in reducing fertility rates, and the demographic change criterion was eventually introduced.
    • The joint impact of these two changes has been marginal for all groups of States. For Tamil Nadu, the joint impact was marginally positive.
    Recommendation for Sixteenth Finance Commission:

    Balanced allocation approach: Need to consider reducing the weight of the income distance criterion by 5% to 10% points.
    On Cesses and Surcharges: Need to evaluate and potentially impose an upper limit on cesses and surcharges to safeguard the divisible pool size and states’ revenue shares.

    What steps need to be taken? (Way Forward)

    • Maintain Income Distance Criterion: The income distance criterion is essential for equitable distribution among states and should not be abandoned. We need to consider reducing its weightage while enhancing other criteria to balance allocations.
    • Manage Divisible Pool Size: We need to limit cesses and surcharges to 10% of the Centre’s gross tax revenues to prevent reducing the size of the divisible pool. The increase in states’ share from 32% to 42% by the Fourteenth Finance Commission should not be offset by additional levies.
    • Review Revenue Sharing Trends: Need to analyze the impact of changing criteria on state shares over time to ensure fair and balanced distribution. Further, we also need to address concerns raised by states experiencing declining shares due to existing allocation mechanisms.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/central-transfers-arresting-the-decline-in-shares-of-some-states/article67939930.ece

    https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2019-01/Report%20on%20CENTRAL%20TRANSFERS%20TO%20STATES%20IN%20INDIA.pdf

    https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/central-transfers-to-states-role-of-the-finance-commission

    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/economic-policy/can-gsdp-exclude-export-incomes-implications-for-finance-commission-devolution/

  • 12th March 2024 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

    [WpProQuiz 1619]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 1619]

    UPSC 2024 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

  • Centre notifies Implementation of Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) Rules

    In the news

    • Just days ahead of the announcement of Lok Sabha election, the Union Home Ministry notified the Citizenship Amendment Rules, 2024.
    • This would now enable the implementation of the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) passed by Parliament in 2019.

    Citizenship (Amendment) Act (CAA), 2019: Key Provisions

    • Basic idea: CAA, 2019, aims to amend the Citizenship Act, 1955, to grant Indian citizenship to specific categories of illegal migrants.
    • Eligible Religions: CAA targets Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian illegal migrants from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, making them eligible for Indian citizenship.
    • Objective: The primary objective is to facilitate citizenship for non-Muslim immigrants from India’s three Muslim-majority neighboring countries.
    • Residence Requirement: The Citizenship Act, 1955, normally requires 11 of the previous 14 years of residence in India as a condition for naturalization.
    • Amendment: CAA reduces this requirement to 6 years for applicants belonging to the specified religions and countries.
    • Exemption from Criminal Cases: Members of the designated communities are exempted from criminal cases under the Foreigners Act, 1946, and the Passport Act, 1920, if they entered India before December 31, 2014.

    Defining Illegal Migrants

    • Status under Present Laws: Existing laws prohibit illegal migrants from acquiring Indian citizenship.
    • CAA’s Definition: CAA classifies an illegal migrant as a foreigner who enters India without valid travel documents (passport and visa) or overstays beyond the allowed period.
    • Penalties: Illegal migrants can face imprisonment or deportation under the Foreigners Act, 1946, and The Passport (Entry into India) Act, 1920.

    Exceptions under CAA

    • Conditions for Exemption: CAA outlines four conditions that, if met, exempt certain individuals from being treated as illegal migrants:
      1. They belong to the specified religions (Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian).
      2. They hail from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, or Pakistan.
      3. They entered India on or before December 31, 2014.
      4. They are not in certain tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, or Tripura (Sixth Schedule) or “Inner Line” permit areas (Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and Nagaland).

    Controversies Surrounding CAA

    • Country of Origin: CAA categorizes migrants based on their country of origin, specifically Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.
    • Religious Exclusivity: It raises questions about why only six specified religious minorities have been considered in the Act.
    • Omission of Rohingya: The Act doesn’t address the Rohingya Muslims from Myanmar, who have faced persecution.
    • Entry Date Differentiation: The differential treatment of migrants based on their entry date, i.e., before or after December 31, 2014, has generated debate.
    • Secularism Concerns: Critics argue that granting citizenship based on religion contradicts the secular principles of India’s Constitution, considered part of the unalterable basic structure.

    Constitutionality Check

    • The challenge may rest primarily on the grounds that the law violates Article 14 of the Constitution that guarantees that no person shall be denied the right to equality before law or the equal protection of law in the territory of India.
    • The Supreme Court has developed a Two-Pronged Test to examine a law on the grounds of Article 14.
    1. First, any differentiation between groups of persons must be founded on “intelligible differentia”
    2. Second, differentia must have a rational nexus to the object sought to be achieved by the Act
    • Simply put, for a law to satisfy the conditions under Article 14, it has to first create a “reasonable class” of subjects that it seeks to govern under the law.
    • Even if the classification is reasonable, any person who falls in that category has to be treated alike.

    Impact on Assam and Assam Accord

    • Intersection with Section 6A: The CAA intersects with Section 6A of The Citizenship Act, 1955, which determines citizenship criteria in Assam.
    • Assam Accord: Section 6A, linked to the Assam Accord, sets criteria for determining citizenship in Assam, posing potential conflicts with the CAA’s provisions.
    • Base Cut-off Date and Regularization: The Assam Accord establishes a base cut-off date for identifying and regularizing foreigners in Assam, impacting the implementation of the CAA in the state.

    Way forward

    • India is a constitutional democracy with a basic structure that assures a secure and spacious home for all Indians.
    • Being partitioned on religious grounds, India has to undertake a balancing act to protect the religious minorities in its neighbourhood.
    • These minorities are under constant threat of persecution and vandalism.
    • India needs to balance its civilization duties to protect those who are prosecuted in the neighbourhood.

    Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2021:

    Q.With reference to India, consider the following statements:​

    1. There is only one citizenship and one domicile.​
    2. A citizen by birth only can become the Head of State.​
    3. A foreigner once granted the citizenship cannot be deprived of it under any circumstances.​

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?​

    (a) 1 only ​

    (b) 2 only​

    (c) 1 and 3 ​

    (s) 2 and 3​

  • Mission Divyastra: Agni-5 Missile with MIRV Technology

    In the news

    • India’s recent successful testing of an Agni-5 Missile equipped with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology with multiple warhead capabilities, termed Mission Divyastra, marks a significant milestone in the nation’s defense capabilities.

    What are Agni Missiles?

    • Agni missiles are long range, nuclear weapons capable surface to surface ballistic missile.
    • The first missile of the series, Agni-I was developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) and tested in 1989.
    • After its success, Agni missile program was separated from the IGMDP upon realizing its strategic importance.
    • It was designated as a special program in India’s defence budget and provided adequate funds for subsequent development.

    Variants of Agni missiles

    1. Agni I: It is a Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a Range of 700-800 km.
    2. Agni II: It is also a Medium Range Ballistic Missile with a Range more than 2000 km.
    3. Agni III: It is also an Inter-Medium Range Ballistic Missile with Range of more than 2,500 Km
    4. Agni IV: It is also an Inter-Medium Range Ballistic Missile with Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher.
    5. Agni-V: Currently it is the longest of Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of over 5,000 km.
    6. Agni- VI: The longest of the Agni series, an ICBM with a range of ICBM 11,000–12,000 km.

    About Agni-5 Missiles

    • Indigenous Development: Agni missiles, developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), have been integral to India’s defense arsenal since the early 1990s.
    • MIRV Technology: The latest variant of Agni incorporates Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology, a sophisticated capability possessed by only a handful of countries globally.

    Developments in MIRV Technology

    • Targeting Versatility: MIRV technology enables a single missile to target multiple locations, potentially hundreds of kilometers apart, significantly enhancing its operational effectiveness.
    • Range and Strategic Focus: Agni, equipped with nuclear warheads, boasts a range exceeding 5,000 km, primarily aimed at countering threats from China.
    • Limited MIRV-Equipped Nations: Currently, major nations possessing MIRV-equipped missiles include the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom, with emerging capabilities in Pakistan and Israel.
    • Complex Technology: Developing MIRV technology requires miniaturization of warheads, independent guidance systems, and sequential release mechanisms, making it a challenging endeavor.

    Strategic Significance of the Mission Divyastra

    • Versatile Strike Capabilities: MIRV-equipped missiles enable simultaneous strikes on multiple targets, overwhelming enemy defenses and maximizing damage potential.
    • Deterrence and Defense Penetration: These missiles pose a significant challenge to missile defense systems, as multiple warheads with independent trajectories can thwart interception efforts.
    • Strategic Balance and Deterrence: For nations like India with a no-first-use policy, MIRV technology enhances the credibility of response strikes, serving as a potent deterrent against aggression.

    Try this PYQ from CS Prelims 2014:

    Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?

    1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
    2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
    3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 1 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

     

    [wpdiscuz-feedback id=”xa0gtk7839″ question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″]Post your answers here.[/wpdiscuz-feedback][wpdiscuz-feedback id=”yhqrx9g6fd” question=”Please leave a feedback on this” opened=”1″][/wpdiscuz-feedback]

  • India’s First Cattle Dung-based Bio-CNG Station in Gujarat

    In the news

    • Nestled along the Deesa-Tharad highway in Gujarat’s Banaskantha district lies India’s pioneering gas-filling station, seemingly unremarkable at first glance.
    • However, this station, powered by cattle and buffalo dung, marks a significant leap in renewable energy innovation.

    Fuel Production from Dung: A Technological Marvel

    • Innovative Concept: The ‘BioCNG’ outlet in Dama village of Deesa taluka stands as India’s sole gas-filling station utilizing cattle and buffalo dung.
    • Daily Operations: The outlet serves 90-100 vehicles daily, selling 550-600 kg of gas generated from 40 tonnes of dung processed at an adjacent plant.
    • Dung Utilization: Approximately 40,000 kg of dung are sourced daily from 2,700-2,800 animals belonging to 140-150 farmers residing within a 10 km radius of the plant.

    Understanding the Dung-to-Fuel Process

    • Biogas Production: Fresh dung, rich in methane and water, undergoes anaerobic digestion in a sealed vessel, yielding raw biogas.
    • Purification Process: The raw biogas undergoes purification to remove impurities like CO2 and H2S, resulting in compressed biogas (CBG) suitable for vehicle use.
    • Production Output: From 40 tonnes of dung, the plant generates 2,000 cubic meters of raw biogas containing 55-60% methane, 35-45% CO2, and 1-2% hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and moisture.

    Dual Benefits: Fuel and Fertilizer

    • Fuel Value: CBG is sold at the station for Rs 72/kg, offering a renewable and eco-friendly alternative to traditional fuels.
    • Fertilizer Production: The process also yields bio-fertilizer, enriching soil health and providing an additional income stream for farmers.
    • Fertilizer Sales: The Banaskantha Union markets 8,000-10,000 kg of bio-fertilizer daily, with phosphate-rich organic manure (PROM) fetching Rs 15-16/kg and compost Rs 8-10/kg.

    Significance: Decentralized Model for Sustainable Agriculture

    • Community Involvement: The initiative engages local farmers, who supply dung to the plant, fostering community participation and economic empowerment.
    • Replicability and Scalability: The model holds potential for replication across districts and states, offering a scalable solution for energy and agricultural needs.
    • Investment Plans: The Banaskantha Union plans to commission four additional 100-tonnes capacity plants by 2025, with a total investment of Rs 230 crore.

    Conclusion

    • The establishment of India’s first dung-based gas-filling station represents a significant stride towards renewable energy adoption and agricultural sustainability.
    • As technology continues to evolve, decentralized models like these hold promise for transforming rural economies while mitigating environmental impact.
    • With ongoing support and investment, such initiatives can pave the way for a greener and more resilient future.

    Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2019:

    Q.In the context of proposals to the use of hydrogen-enriched CNG (H-CNG) as fuel for buses in public transport, consider the following statements:

    1. The main advantage of the use of H-CNG is the elimination of carbon monoxide emissions.
    2. H-CNG as fuel reduces carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emissions.
    3. Hydrogen up to one-fifth by volume can be blended with CNG as fuel for buses.
    4. H-CNG makes the fuel less expensive than CNG.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 and 3 only

    (c) 4 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

  • FAO publishes first national report on AMR Surveillance in India’s fisheries, livestock sectors

    In the news

    • The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) jointly published the surveillance data of the Indian Network for Fishery and Animal Antimicrobial Resistance (INFAAR) for 2019-22.
    • This report marks the first comprehensive analysis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends in India’s fisheries and livestock sectors.

    About INFAAR

    • Network Formation: INFAAR, established under ICAR, comprises 20 laboratories, including 17 ICAR Research Institute Laboratories, one Central Agriculture University Laboratory, one State Agriculture University Laboratory, and one State Veterinary University.
    • Collaborative Support: Technical assistance from FAO and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) enhances INFAAR’s capabilities for data collection and analysis.
    • Expansion Goals: INFAAR aims for further expansion to encompass more laboratories and enhance surveillance coverage.

    Antibiotic Use and AMR Trends

    • Impact of Antibiotics: Antibiotic usage in food animal production contributes to AMR development, necessitating surveillance to inform policy decisions.
    • Production Systems: Three key aquaculture systems—freshwater, brackish-water, and marine—were surveyed, covering diverse environments.
    • Panel of Antibiotics: Antibiotics tested included amikacin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefotaxime, cefepime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, and tetracycline.

    Surveillance Methodology

    • Sample Collection: Samples collected from 3,087 farms spanning 42 districts in 12 states of India, including fish or shrimp tissues and pond or seawater samples.
    • Bacterial Isolates: A total of 6,789 bacterial isolates were analyzed, including 4,523 freshwater, 1,809 shrimp, and 457 mariculture isolates.
    • Resistance Profiles: Resistance profiles were analyzed for Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (CONS), Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio sp., and Aeromonas species.

    Key Findings:

    (1) Resistance Patterns in Fisheries Sector

    • Species Specific Resistance: Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species exhibited high resistance against penicillin across all systems.
    • Variation across Environments: Freshwater fish showed notable resistance to ciprofloxacin, while marine samples demonstrated higher resistance to cefotaxime.
    • Shrimp Aquaculture: Notable resistance against ampicillin and cefotaxime was observed in shrimp samples, indicating a concerning trend.

    (2) Resistance Patterns in Livestock Sector

    • Animal Origins: E. coli and Staphylococcus isolates from cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, pig, and poultry were characterized for AMR profiles.
    • Poultry Resistance: Poultry-origin isolates exhibited higher resistance rates across various antibiotics compared to other food animals.

    (3) Multidrug Resistance Analysis

    • Emergence of MDR: Approximately 39% of aquaculture-origin E. coli isolates and 15.8% of poultry isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR).
    • ESBL and AmpC Producers: Detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC type β-lactamase producers underscores the complexity of AMR challenges.

    Key Recommendations by the Study

    • Baseline Data: The report provides foundational data for understanding AMR trends and evaluating intervention effectiveness.
    • Judicious Use: High resistance to critical antibiotics underscores the importance of prudent antibiotic use in food animal production.
    • Policy Implications: The findings will inform policy and decision-making for AMR containment in India’s fisheries and livestock sectors.

    Conclusion

    • The INFAAR surveillance report sheds light on the evolving landscape of antimicrobial resistance in India’s fisheries and livestock sectors.
    • By highlighting resistance patterns and advocating for responsible antibiotic usage, this initiative paves the way for effective AMR containment strategies and sustainable agricultural practices.

  • ASI told to conduct Scientific Survey of Bhojshala Complex

    Bhojshala

    In the news

    • The Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complex in Dhar district, an ASI-protected 11th-century monument, has been a subject of contention regarding its nature and usage.
    • To address this, the Indore Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court has directed the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to conduct a scientific survey of the site.

    About Bhojshala Complex

    Details
    Location Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, India
    Historical Background Established by Raja Bhoj, the greatest ruler of the Parmar dynasty, as an educational institute
    Date of Establishment 11th century
    Transformation Originally a Goddess Wagdevi (Saraswati temple), later converted into Kamal Maulana Mosque by Muslim rulers
    Architectural Features Large open courtyard (Mahaāyata)

    Verandah with decorated pillars (Sthāpanā)

    Prayer hall with intricately carved ceilings (Shikharākāra)
    Inscriptions Two hymns depicting the Karmavatar of Vishnu (Avatār)

    Sarpabandha pillar inscriptions with Sanskrit alphabet and grammatical rules (Vyākaraṇa)
    Archaeological Significance Protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as an 11th-century monument

    Controversy over Bhojshala Complex

    • Religious Claims: Hindus regard the site as the temple of Goddess Wagdevi (Saraswati), while Muslims believe it to be the Kamal Maula mosque.
    • Usage Agreement: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) allows Hindus to pray on Tuesdays and Basant Panchami, and Muslims to offer namaz on Fridays.

    Recent Developments

    • Basant Panchami Dispute: A recent order allowing Hindus to worship during Basant Panchami hours led to discontent among some Right-wing activists.
    • Demand for Extended Access: Hindu groups demand all-day access to the shrine on such occasions, leading to protests and petitions filed in the High Court.
  • [11 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: France’s exceptional women, their imprint on diplomacy

    [11 March 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: France’s exceptional women, their imprint on diplomacy

    PYQ Relevance:
    Mains:
    1. Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Right to Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India. (UPSC CSE 2021)

    2. ‘Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view. (UPSC CSE 2018)nt in the formal sector of the Indian economy? Is increased informalization detrimental to the development of the country? [UPSC CSE 2016]
    From The Hindu

    Note4Students: 

    Mains: Social Issues and Justice; Women Issues;

    Prelims: Women’s rights in the Indian Constitution;

    Mentor comments: France became the first country to enshrine the freedom of women to voluntarily terminate a pregnancy in its Constitution. This decision is rooted in the groundbreaking work of French feminist icon Simone de Beauvoir, who in 1949 published “The Second Sex,” a philosophical work advocating for women’s right to choose and challenging societal norms around motherhood and abortion. Secondly, France’s commitment to women’s rights is reflected in its feminist foreign policy, advocating for gender equality globally. Through this Article, we need to study the collaboration between France and India that holds great potential to further advance women’s rights on a global scale, building on their shared commitments to gender equality and empowerment.

    Let’s learn. 

    —

    Why in the News?

    On March 4, 2024, France became the first country to enshrine the “freedom of women to voluntarily terminate a pregnancy” in its Constitution, marking a historic moment that sends a universal message of solidarity to women worldwide.

    What is the recent groundbreaking Work on Women’s Rights in France?

    Legalization of Abortion in France: The constitutional amendment aims to safeguard abortion access amidst global threats and challenges to reproductive health rights. This step is crucial for ensuring autonomy and informed decision-making regarding sexual and reproductive health care, including abortion.

    • Women’s right to choose: Simone de Beauvoir (1949), in her “The Second Sex,”(seminal work in feminist philosophy) challenged traditional views of women as solely mothers and caregivers, advocating for women’s right to choose.
    • Right to abortion: Simone de Beauvoir highlighted the need for free, safe, and legal abortion services to empower women in controlling their destinies. On this background, France recently enshrined the right to abortion in its constitution, a historic move to protect reproductive rights.

    What are the major two criticisms and challenges ahead?

    • Prevalent inequalities: Despite progress, France still faces barriers to abortion care and other women’s rights issues like violence and discrimination.
    • On setting priorities: The move has sparked debates about the government’s priorities and the actual accessibility of abortion services for all French women.
    What other rights are protected by the French constitution?
    The French Constitution protects a range of rights beyond the recent inclusion of the right to abortion.

    1. Safeguarding individual liberties: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, a foundational document in French constitutional history, outlines key rights and principles.
    – These include the recognition that all men are born free and equal in rights, with social distinctions based only on public utility.
    – The aim of political associations is to preserve the natural and inalienable rights of man, which encompass liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression

    2. Promoting equality: The French Constitution emphasizes equality before the law for all citizens without distinction and guarantees fundamental freedoms such as freedom of speech, religion, and opinion.

    3. Ensuring accountability: It establishes the right to property as inviolable unless public necessity requires its deprivation with just compensation.

    Additionally, the Constitution ensures that public taxes are equally apportioned among citizens according to their means and that society has the right to hold public agents accountable for their actions.

    What is France’s Commitment on feminist foreign policy?

    • France champions a feminist foreign policy, prioritizing gender equality and women’s rights in its diplomatic efforts.
    • The country integrates gender perspectives into bilateral relations, development aid, and advocacy at international forums.
    • France’s co-chairing of the Generation Equality Forum in 2021 underscores its dedication to advancing women’s rights globally.

    Impacts of such decisions:

    • Global Impact and Scenario:
      • France’s decision sets a precedent globally, emphasizing the importance of securing reproductive rights as fundamental freedoms.
      • The amendment reflects a broader international focus on advancing women’s rights and addressing gender disparities worldwide.
    • Indian Scenario:
      • India has a history of supporting women’s rights internationally, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 5 and participating in initiatives for Gender Equality.
      • India’s recent membership in the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women highlights its commitment to promoting gender equality on a global scale.

    Conclusion

    At a moment when women’s rights are under threat in many regions of the world, this decision also sends out a universal message of solidarity to women across the globe.

    • Learnings and Collaborative Potential:
      • There is significant potential for France and India to collaborate on advancing women’s rights worldwide through joint initiatives and partnerships.
      • By leveraging their shared values and commitments to gender equality, France and India can amplify their impact on promoting women’s empowerment and rights internationally.

    References

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/frances-exceptional-women-their-imprint-on-diplomacy/article67936231.ece

    https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/05/france-protects-abortion-guaranteed-freedom-constitution

    https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/france-abortion-right-constitution-international-womens-day-rcna142406

    https://www.thecollector.com/simone-de-beauvoir-and-feminism-contributions-and-controversies/

  • India-EFTA Trade Pact: A Game-Changer in Economic Cooperation

    In the news

    • India has inked a momentous Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), comprising Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.
    • The accord, aimed at attracting a staggering $100 billion in investment over 15 years, signifies a significant leap towards diversifying imports and forging robust economic ties with key European nations.

    About the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Bloc

    Description
    Member Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland
    Formation Established in 1960 by seven European countries as an alternative trade bloc to the EU
    Trade Relations Free trade agreements among themselves and with other regions
    Activities Participate in European Single Market through the EEA Agreement
    Institutions EFTA Court, EFTA Surveillance Authority, EFTA Secretariat
    Relationship with EU Not part of the EU,

    But have close economic ties and trade agreements with EU countries

     Why was this FTA revived?

    • Resurgence of Talks: The trade deal comes to fruition after a hiatus of 16 years, during which discussions were stalled due to differences between the parties.
    • Strategic Realignment: Evolving geopolitical dynamics and mutual interests in reducing dependence on China played a pivotal role in reigniting negotiations and reaching a consensus.

    Key Decisions

    • Investment Commitments: EFTA countries pledge to invest $100 billion in India, aiming to generate 1 million jobs within 15 years, demonstrating a shared commitment to mutual prosperity and development.
    • Market Access: The agreement ensures enhanced market access for both goods and services, with provisions for tariff concessions and non-discriminatory treatment of service providers.
    • Sectoral Focus: Priority sectors such as pharma, chemicals, minerals, and services receive particular attention, reflecting the potential for growth and collaboration in these areas.

    Key Highlights of the Trade Pact

    • Scope of Agreement: The agreement covers tariff concessions for pharma, chemical products, minerals, and other key sectors, facilitating enhanced bilateral trade relations.
    • Binding Commitments: The pact includes a binding commitment to increase FDI from EFTA states into India by $50 billion within the first ten years and an additional $50 billion in the subsequent five years.
    • Mechanisms for Investment Facilitation: The agreement outlines mechanisms to facilitate investment flows from the private sector in EFTA countries, ensuring transparency and accountability.
    • Rebalancing Concessions: Provisions are in place to withdraw tariff concessions if the expected investment commitments are not met, ensuring accountability and adherence to agreed-upon terms.
    • Market Access Commitments: The agreement opens avenues for Indian service providers, particularly in audio-visual services, with commitments from EFTA nations to ensure non-discrimination and market access.
    • Visa Facilitation: EFTA countries have provided visa categories for intra-corporate transferees and independent professionals, enhancing opportunities for Indian service providers.
    • Tariff Reduction: The agreement entails the elimination of tariffs on industrial goods exported to India by EFTA companies, including pharmaceuticals, machinery, watches, and chemicals.
    • Agricultural Products Exemption: While agricultural items are largely excluded, meaningful tariff concessions have been granted for both basic and processed agricultural products.

    Significance of the FTA’s Timing

    • Election Concerns: With numerous countries, including India, embarking on electoral processes, the window for negotiating free trade agreements (FTAs) may narrow significantly. Seizing the moment is imperative amid a global shift in supply chains away from China.
    • Geopolitical Opportunity: As global investors eye alternative destinations, delays in fostering investment flows and global integration could result in missed geopolitical advantages for India.
    • Addressing Trade Deficit: India seeks to mitigate trade deficits prevalent with many trading partners, including ASEAN nations. While previous FTAs provided access to intermediate goods, India’s relatively high average tariffs disadvantaged its position, granting preferential market access to FTA partners.

    Challenges in India-EFTA Trade Agreement

    • Limited Tariff Benefits: Existing zero or low tariffs in EFTA countries limit the potential gains for Indian goods exports, particularly in industrial and agricultural sectors.
    • Trade Deficit Concerns: India’s significant trade deficit with EFTA, especially driven by imports of gold and precious metals, raises concerns about the imbalance in trade relations.
    • Market Access Limitations: The scope for increasing market access for Indian goods in EFTA remains low, posing challenges for trade expansion efforts.
    • Competition from Other Countries: EFTA investment commitments may face competition from other countries like Vietnam and Mexico, potentially impacting India’s ability to attract investment.
    • Political Uncertainty: The timing of signing the agreement is crucial due to upcoming elections in many countries, which could delay future trade agreements and geopolitical opportunities.

    Opportunities in India-EFTA Trade Agreement

    • Investment Inflow: Commitments for $100 billion in investment over 15 years offer significant economic opportunities, including job creation and sectoral growth.
    • Services Sector Development: The agreement could bolster India’s services sector, enhancing its competitiveness and contributing to economic growth.
    • Sectoral Benefits: Key sectors like pharma, chemicals, food processing, and engineering stand to benefit from investment inflow, potentially reducing dependency on imports from China.
    • Joint Ventures: Collaboration in identified sectors through joint ventures could facilitate technology transfer, skill development, and product diversification.
    • Wider Economic Impact: Investment from EFTA countries, including Norway’s substantial sovereign wealth fund, could stimulate economic activity and fuel India’s growth trajectory.

    Conclusion

    • The forthcoming trade agreement with EFTA signals a paradigm shift in India’s trade dynamics, emphasizing economic diversification and bolstering strategic sectors.
    • As India navigates evolving global trade landscapes, leveraging investments from EFTA nations presents an opportunity to stimulate growth, foster innovation, and reduce dependency on a single market.

  • Gig Workers suffer from Lack of Social Security, Regulation: Study

    gig worker

    In the news

    • A recent study conducted by the People’s Association in Grassroots Action and Movements highlights the working conditions and challenges encountered by app-based cab and delivery drivers/persons in India.
    • The findings underscore the critical need for enhanced social security measures and regulatory oversight to safeguard the welfare of gig workers in the country.

    Key Findings on Gig Workers

    • Extended Working Hours: Approximately a third of app-based cab drivers work for over 14 hours daily, with over 83% working more than 10 hours and 60% exceeding 12 hours, reflecting the demanding nature of their work.
    • Caste-wise Impact: The study reveals a disproportionate impact on drivers from Scheduled Castes and Tribes, with over 60% working beyond 14 hours compared to only 16% from the unreserved category.
    • Financial Strain: More than 43% of participants earn less than ₹500 per day or ₹15,000 monthly after expenses, highlighting the precarious financial situation faced by many workers.
    • Financial Hardship: A significant majority (76%) of delivery persons struggle to meet their financial needs, indicative of the economic challenges inherent in the gig economy.
    • Other Challenges: Issues such as ID deactivation and customer misbehaviour further compound the difficulties faced by workers in the app-based transport and delivery sector.

    Implications of the Report

    • Social Disparities: Income disparities exacerbate existing social inequalities, particularly among workers from different caste backgrounds, perpetuating cycles of poverty and distress within these communities.
    • Health and Safety Risks: Prolonged working hours contribute to physical exhaustion and increased risk of road traffic accidents, compounded by pressure from e-commerce platforms to achieve rapid delivery times. Lack of social and job security adds to stress levels and poses potential health risks for workers.

    Understanding the Gig Economy

    • In a gig economy, temporary, flexible jobs are prevalent, with companies often hiring independent contractors and freelancers instead of full-time employees.
    • Tech-enabled platforms connect consumers with gig workers for short-term services across various sectors.
    • Sectors such as media, real estate, legal, hospitality, and technology are already operating within the gig economy framework, offering opportunities for self-employed individuals, freelancers, and part-time workers.

    Key Drivers for Gig Economy Growth

    • Changing Work Preferences: Millennials prefer flexible work arrangements over traditional full-time employment, driven by hectic lifestyles and a desire for autonomy.
    • Startup Culture: Startups hire contractual freelancers to reduce fixed costs associated with full-time employees, fostering the growth of the gig economy.
    • Freelancing Platforms: The proliferation of freelancing platforms facilitates connections between gig workers and businesses, enabling seamless transactions.
    • Post-Pandemic Transition: The pandemic has prompted laid-off employees to explore freelance opportunities, contributing to the expansion of the gig economy.

    Advantages and Challenges

    [A] Advantages for Workers

    • Profit through Diversification: Gig workers can supplement their income by engaging in multiple gigs simultaneously.
    • Empowerment and Flexibility: Women and retired individuals benefit from the flexibility offered by gig work, empowering them to balance work and personal responsibilities.
    • Cost Savings and Convenience: Work-from-home arrangements reduce travel costs and offer convenience to workers, enhancing their overall quality of life.

    [B] Advantages for Employers

    • Efficiency and Productivity: Gig workers often exhibit higher efficiency and productivity compared to traditional employees, driving business growth.
    • Cost Savings: Employers save on benefits, office space, and training costs associated with full-time employment, optimizing resource allocation.

    Challenges in the Gig Economy

    • Lack of Employment Perks: Gig workers miss out on traditional employee benefits such as pension and gratuity, leading to financial insecurity.
    • Job Insecurity: Unfair termination and inadequate wages pose significant challenges for gig workers, contributing to job insecurity.
    • Legal Protections: Gig workers lack bargaining power and legal protections, making it difficult to negotiate fair terms with employers.
    • Access and Connectivity: The gig economy remains inaccessible to rural populations with limited internet connectivity and infrastructure.

    Way Forward

    • Policy Reforms: The government must fine-tune existing social security policies to address the unique needs of gig workers, ensuring comprehensive protection and support.
    • New Legislation: The centre must thrive in from the Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023 recently introduced in Rajasthan Assembly.
    • Collaborative Efforts: Stakeholders across sectors should collaborate to establish industry-wide standards and best practices for gig work, promoting fair treatment and equitable opportunities.
    • Technology Integration: Leveraging technology can enhance access to gig opportunities and streamline processes for both workers and employers, fostering a more inclusive and efficient gig economy ecosystem.

    Conclusion

    • The gig economy presents both opportunities and challenges for workers and businesses alike.
    • By addressing key issues and fostering a conducive regulatory environment, India can harness the full potential of the gig economy while ensuring the well-being and rights of all stakeholders involved.

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