The U.S. and Europe have stepped back from Afghanistan’s issues, and India should be concerned about losing influence among Afghans.
What are the key reasons behind India’s shift in its engagement policy with the Taliban government in Afghanistan?
Geopolitical Realism and Regional Stability: India recognises that the Taliban regime is a reality and is engaging pragmatically to safeguard its interests.Example: India reopened its “technical mission” in Kabul (2022) to oversee humanitarian aid and maintain limited diplomatic channels.
Countering Pakistan and China’s Influence: Pakistan and China have deepened their engagement with the Taliban, influencing Afghanistan’s policies. Example: China signed agreements with the Taliban on infrastructure and rare earth mining, pushing India to maintain a strategic foothold.
Security Concerns and Terrorism Threats: Engagement allows India to monitor Taliban factions and ensure they do not support anti-India terror groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM). Example: India’s quiet diplomacy with Taliban leaders like Sher Abbas Stanekzai helps in intelligence-sharing on terrorist threats.
Economic and Infrastructure Interests: India has invested over $3 billion in Afghan infrastructure, including the Salma Dam and Zaranj-Delaram Highway. Example: Talks on reviving Chabahar port connectivity and resuming development projects indicate India’s strategic economic interests.
Humanitarian Assistance and People-to-People Ties: India’s aid and engagement help maintain goodwill among Afghan citizens, which could be useful in the long run. Example: India has sent 50,000 metric tonnes of wheat and medical supplies to Afghanistan despite diplomatic tensions.
Why is India hesitant to provide visas to Afghan refugees?
Security Concerns and Risk of Infiltration: India fears that some refugees could have ties to terrorist groups like the Haqqani Network, LeT, or JeM, posing a national security risk. Example: Indian intelligence agencies raised concerns that Taliban-linked elements could exploit the visa process for entry.
Political and Ideological Considerations: The government is cautious about allowing large-scale migration of Afghan refugees, aligning with its broader immigration policy.Example: India has prioritized granting visas to Hindus and Sikhs from Afghanistan while restricting others.
Lack of a Comprehensive Refugee Policy: India is not a signatory to the 1951 UN Refugee Convention, and its refugee policies are ad hoc and politically driven. Example: Unlike Germany or Canada, India lacks a legal framework for recognizing and resettling Afghan refugees.
Diplomatic Calculations and Taliban Relations: India does not want to openly oppose the Taliban by granting asylum to its critics, as it seeks to maintain diplomatic engagement with the regime. Example: Unlike during the Northern Alliance era, India has not offered safe passage to anti-Taliban leaders.
Economic and Logistical Constraints: Providing visas and long-term support for a large refugee influx would require financial and administrative resources that India is reluctant to allocate. Example: During the 2021 Taliban takeover, thousands of Afghans, including students and former Indian allies, applied for emergency visas, but only a small fraction were granted entry.
How can India balance its strategic interests in Afghanistan while ensuring support for Afghan civil society and opposition groups?
Dual Engagement Strategy: India should maintain diplomatic ties with the Taliban government for security and economic interests while also engaging with Afghan opposition groups and civil society. Example: India’s past engagement with the Northern Alliance in the 1990s, alongside its outreach to the Afghan Republic (2001-2021), showcases a balanced approach.
Humanitarian and Development Aid: Continuing humanitarian assistance such as food, medical supplies, and education programs can support Afghan civilians without directly endorsing the Taliban. Example: India has provided wheat, vaccines, and essential medicines to Afghanistan through international organizations like the UN.
Support for Afghan Refugees and Students: Granting visas and scholarships to Afghan students, women, and activists can help sustain Afghanistan’s civil society and ensure long-term goodwill. Example: India’s ICCR scholarship program for Afghan students helped many pursue higher education in India before 2021.
Leveraging Regional and International Partnerships: Engaging with like-minded countries (e.g., Iran, Russia, Central Asian nations) and multilateral forums (e.g., UN, SCO) to ensure a collective approach toward Afghan stability. Example: India’s participation in the Moscow Format Talks and its collaboration with Iran on the Chabahar port for trade connectivity.
Cultural and People-to-People Ties: Hosting Afghan cultural events, supporting Afghan media in exile, and fostering connections between Afghan intellectuals and Indian institutions can preserve historical ties. Example: India has previously hosted Afghan leaders and artists, maintaining its soft power influence despite regime changes.
Way forward:
Strengthening Strategic and Humanitarian Engagement: India should expand its humanitarian assistance through trusted international organizations while exploring avenues for economic cooperation that align with its security interests.
Institutionalizing a Long-Term Afghanistan Policy: India should formulate a structured Afghanistan policy that balances security, economic, and humanitarian interests while ensuring protection for Afghan civil society.
Mains PYQ:
Question: Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this relationship affects India’s maritime security and regional stability amidst international competition. (UPSC 2024)
Reason: The demand of the question directly linked with the “why India’s relations with its neighbors are crucial for regional stability and its own security” for example the situation in Afghanistan after the “Great Abandonment” affects stability in the region, and India’s approach to its neighbors should be understood in this larger context.
A decade after the resurgence of Nalanda University, the Government of Bihar is now focusing on the revival of Vikramshila University.
About Vikramshila University
Vikramshila University was founded by King Dharmapala of the Pala Dynasty in the 8th-9th century AD in Bhagalpur district, Bihar, near the Ganges River.
It was established to address the decline in academic standards at Nalanda University.
The university specialized in Tantric Buddhism and Vajrayana Buddhism. Subjects taught included philosophy, grammar, metaphysics, logic, and tantras.
Notable scholars like Atisa Dipankara and Naropa were associated with Vikramshila.
It housed over 1,000 students and employed more than 100 teachers.
The university had 208 monastic cells, where monks studied and meditated.
Administration was managed by a Kulpati, or Mahasthavir, overseeing both academics and operations.
Key Features:
The university’s iconic cruciform brick stupa stood at 15 meters.
It also had a library with a unique cooling system to preserve manuscripts.
The architecture included a square layout with gates at four cardinal directions and surrounding votive stupas.
Decline and Destruction:
It thrived for about 400 years before being destroyed by Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji in 1193 AD.
The decline was due to the rise of Hinduism, the fall of Buddhism, and foreign invasions.
Cultural Significance of Vikramshila University
Vikramshila was a major centre for Tantric and Vajrayana Buddhism, focusing on esoteric practices and rituals.
The Cakrasamvara Tantra was developed here, with scholars like Buddhajnanapada contributing to its spread.
The teachings from Vikramshila spread Buddhism across the Himalayas, Central Asia, and the Far East.
Vikramshila represented the zenith of Buddhist scholarship in India and contributed significantly to Buddhist texts, some of which survived through Tibetan manuscripts.
[UPSC 1998] Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
I. Lothal: Ancient dockyard
II. Sarnath: First Sermon of Buddha
III. Rajgir: Lion capital of Asoka
IV. Nalanda: Great seat of Buddhist learning
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) I, II, III and IV (b) III and IV (c) I, II and IV (d) I and II
The RBI has issued revised guidelines for Priority Sector Lending (PSL), effective from April 1, 2025, to improve the targeting of bank credit to key sectors of the economy.
AboutPriority Sector Lending (PSL)
What is it?
PSL refers to the portion of bank lending that must be directed to specific sectors identified as priorities for national development.
The RBI mandates that banks must allocate a specified portion of their credit to these sectors to ensure inclusive growth.
Origin of PSL:
PSL was introduced in India in the late 1960s.
The term “priority sector” was first used in 1967 by Morarji Desai, then Deputy Prime Minister, and it led to legislative measures for social control over banks.
In 1972, the RBI formally defined priority sectors, focusing initially on agriculture and small-scale industries.
Which Banks are Covered Under PSL?
1. Domestic Scheduled Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks, and Foreign Banks: 40% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) or Credit Equivalent Amount of Off-Balance Sheet Exposure (CEOBSE), whichever is higher.
2. Small Finance Banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs): 75% of ANBC or CEOBSE, whichever is higher.
3. Payment Banks: NOT subject to PSL targets.
Priority Sector Categories
• Agriculture • Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) • Export Credit • Education • Housing • Social Infrastructure • Renewable Energy
• Others, including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Persons with Disabilities.
• Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) offering loans to individuals and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are also eligible for PSL classification.
Consequences of Failing to Meet PSL Norms
1. Investment in Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF): Banks falling short of PSL targets may be required to invest in the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), managed by NABARD, or other designated funds like those managed by SIDBI and NHB.
2. Purchase of PSL Certificates: Banks can purchase Priority Sector Lending Certificates (PSLCs) to meet their PSL targets.
Priority Sector Lending Certificates (PSLCs)
Tradable certificates issued against priority sector loans by banks.
Banks can purchase PSLCs to meet PSL targets if they fall short, while incentivizing surplus banks to lend more to these sectors.
Revised PSL Guidelines for 2025:
Revised PSL guidelines for 2025 will enhance the targeting of bank credit to priority sectors.
Loan limits for housing have been increased, with differentiated limits based on population size: ₹50 lakh (population ≥ 50 lakh), ₹45 lakh (population 10-50 lakh), and ₹35 lakh (population < 10 lakh).
Renewable energy loans: Up to ₹35 crore for power generators and public utilities, and ₹10 lakh for individual households.
Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) have a revised PSL target of 60% of Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC).
Weaker Section borrowers expanded and the cap on loans to individual women beneficiaries has been removed.
[UPSC 2012] The basic aim of Lead Bank Scheme is that the –
(a) big banks should try to open offices in each district
(b) there should be stiff competition among the various nationalized banks
(c) individual banks should adopt particular districts for intensive development
(d) all the banks should make intensive efforts to mobilize deposits
NPCI BHIM Services Ltd. (NBSL), a subsidiary of the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), launched BHIM 3.0 with new features aimed at enhancing the user experience and providing new offerings for businesses and banks.
About BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money):
BHIM is a mobile payment app developed by NPCI, based on the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), aimed at promoting cashless transactions and digital payments directly through banks.
Launched on December 30, 2016, BHIM facilitates instant money transfers between over 170 member banks using IMPS infrastructure.
Unlike mobile wallets, BHIM transfers money directly between bank accounts, ensuring quick transactions at any time, including holidays.
BHIM now supports Aadhaar-based authentication for easier digital payments.
BHIM is available in more than 20 Indian languages and is designed to work effectively in areas with low or unstable internet connectivity.
BHIM employs a robust three-factor authentication (3FA) process to ensure the security of transactions:
Device ID and Mobile Number: The app binds with the user’s device ID and mobile number to verify the device.
Bank Account Link: Users must sync their bank account (UPI-enabled or non-UPI-enabled) to the app for transactions.
UPI PIN: A unique UPI PIN is required for completing transactions, which adds an extra layer of security.
NPCI does not chargeany fee for transactions between ₹1 and ₹100,000.
Banks may charge fees for UPI or IMPS transfers, but there is no official information on BHIM-specific charges.
Key Features of BHIM 3.0
Split Expenses: Users can now divide bills for shared expenses (e.g., rent, dining, group purchases) and settle payments instantly.
Family Mode: Users can onboard family members, track shared expenses, and assign specific payments for better financial management.
Spends Analytics: A new dashboard provides a detailed breakdown of monthly expenses, automatically categorizing them for easier budgeting.
Action Needed Alerts: BHIM 3.0 includes reminders for pending bills, activation of UPI Lite, and low Lite balance alerts to help users stay updated.
BHIM Vega: This feature allows merchants to accept in-app payments directly within the BHIM app, streamlining transactions without needing third-party apps.
[UPSC 2018] With reference to digital payments, consider the following statements:
1.BHIM app allows the user to transfer money to anyone with a UPI-enabled bank account.
2. While a chip-pin debit card has four factors of authentication, BHIM app has only two factors of authentication.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
The Centre is considering the withdrawal of the 6% Equalization Levy on online advertisement services provided by offshore digital economy firms to Indian businesses.
What is Equalization Levy?
The Equalization Levy was introduced in 2016 under Section 165A of the Finance Act, primarily to tax digital transactions conducted by foreign e-commerce companies with Indian businesses.
It was designed to ensure that foreign companies, particularly in the digital economy, pay taxes for benefiting from Indian markets without a physical presence in the country.
It was primarily aimed at business-to-business (B2B) transactions, which is why it is often referred to as the “Google Tax”.
The levy mechanism involves withholding the tax at the time of payment made by the Indian service recipient to a non-resident service provider.
The annual payment threshold for the levy is ₹1,00,000 for a single service provider in a financial year.
Services covered under the levy:
Online advertisement services (effective from June 1, 2016).
Provision of digital advertising space or sale of goods to Indian residents (effective from April 1, 2020).
Tax Rates:
6% of the gross consideration is levied on online advertisement services.
2% of the gross consideration is levied on e-commerce transactions like the sale of goods or services.
Exclusions:
The levy does not apply if the non-resident has a permanent office in India related to the service.
The payment for the service is below ₹1 lakh.
Tax Withholding: The tax is withheld by the Indian service recipient at the time of payment.
Why it is being Abolished?
This move is part of India’s attempt to reduce tensions with the US, which raised concerns over such taxes.
Similarly, the UK is considering the abolition of its digital services tax by April 2025.
In August 2024, the Indian government removed the 2% levy applied to offshore tech firms (e.g., cloud services, e-commerce).
The 6% levy on online advertisements remained, impacting companies like Google and Meta.
The Finance Bill 2025 proposes a sunset clause to phase out the 6% levy on online advertisements by April 1, 2025.
[UPSC 2012] What is/are the recent policy initiative(s)of Government of India to promote the growth of manufacturing sector? Setting up of:
1. National Investment and Manufacturing Zones
2. Providing the benefit of ‘single window clearance’
3. Establishing the Technology Acquisition and Development Fund
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Question: How does the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. (UPSC 2021)
Reason: It addresses the broader impact of melting ice on weather patterns and human activities, a theme relevant to the permafrost thaw in the Himalayas.
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains usually focus on the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers (2021) and the melting of Himalayan glaciers in 2020.
Permafrost, frozen for millennia, is now thawing due to global warming, releasing stored carbon, including methane, a potent greenhouse gas, leading to severe climatic and ecological consequences. It’s melting poses a growing environmental threat in the Kashmir Himalayas, endangering 193 km of roads, 2,415 households, 903 alpine lakes, and eight hydropower projects.
Today’s editorial discusses melting permafrost and its impacts, which is relevant for GS Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
A study by researchers from the University of Kashmir and IIT-Bombay, published in Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, found that permafrost covers 64.8% of J&K and Ladakh in different forms.
What is Permafrost?
Permafrost is ground—comprising soil, rock, or sediment—that remains continuously frozenforatleasttwoyears. It is found in high-altitude and polar regions, stores carbon, and supports unique ecosystems. However, rising global temperatures are causing it to thaw, leading to infrastructure damage, greenhouse gas emissions, and environmental disruptions.
What are the major environmental and infrastructural challenges associated with permafrost melting in the Kashmir Himalayas?
Increased Risk of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): Thawing permafrost destabilizes moraines, increasing the likelihood of sudden lake outbursts. Example: The South Lhonak Lake outburst in Sikkim (October 2023) and the Chamoli disaster in Uttarakhand (February 2021).
Damage to Roads and Infrastructure: Melting permafrost weakens the ground, causing landslides and road subsidence, disrupting connectivity. Example: Strategic roads in Ladakh, crucial for military operations, are at risk due to thaw-induced ground instability.
Threat to Hydropower Projects: Permafrost degradation affects water availability and increases sediment flow, damaging dams and power plants. Example: 8 hydropower projects in J&K and Ladakh are vulnerable to thaw-induced landslides and reduced water flow.
Loss of Permafrost-Dependent Ecosystems: Thawing disrupts alpine ecosystems, affecting vegetation, wildlife, and water cycles. Example: Decline of cold-adapted species and changing river flow patterns impacting local biodiversity.
Release of Greenhouse Gases: Thawing permafrost releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas, accelerating climate change. Example: Increased methane emissions in permafrost-rich Ladakh contribute to global warming.
Where is permafrost most extensively found in Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh?
Ladakh Plateau & Karakoram Range: Cold-arid climate with high-altitude plateaus and glaciated mountains supports extensive permafrost. Example: Nubra Valley and Changthang Plateau have widespread permafrost due to sub-zero temperatures year-round.
Drass & Zanskar Region: Known as the “Gateway to Ladakh,” Drass is one of the coldest inhabited places in India. Example: Drass (often recording temperatures below -30°C) and Zanskar Valley exhibit permafrost in high-altitude zones.
Upper Indus River Basin: The cold, high-altitude valleys along the Indus River, particularly in the Leh region, have significant permafrost. Example: Permafrost is found in areas along the Indus near Leh, impacting groundwater storage and hydrology.
Siachen Glacier & Surrounding Areas: One of the highest and coldest battlefields in the world, sustaining year-round permafrost. Example: Permafrost is critical in maintaining the stability of the Siachen Glacier and surrounding military outposts.
Higher Reaches of Kargil: Some parts of Kargil, particularly in remote high-altitude areas, experience permafrost conditions. Example: Permafrost is found in higher elevations of Kargil, but lower valleys may lack continuous permafrost.
Which regions lack permafrost coverage?
Kashmir Valley (Srinagar, Anantnag, Baramulla): Relatively lower altitude with temperate climate prevents permafrost formation. Example: Srinagar, despite cold winters, does not have permafrost due to warmer summer temperatures.
Jammu Region (Jammu, Udhampur, Kathua): Lower altitude and subtropical climate make permafrost formation impossible. Example: Jammu city has hot summers and mild winters, ruling out any permafrost presence.
Pir Panjal Range: Lower altitude than the Greater Himalayas, experiencing seasonal snow rather than permanent permafrost. Example: Gulmarg and Poonch receive heavy snowfall but do not sustain permafrost.
Chenab and Jhelum River Valleys: Warmer valley temperatures prevent permafrost formation, though higher peaks may have seasonal ice. Example: Areas like Pahalgam and Kupwara experience snow cover but lack permafrost due to fluctuating temperatures.
Lower Altitudes of Kargil and Leh: While upper reaches have permafrost, lower valleys experience enough summer warmth to prevent it. Example: Kargil town itself does not have permafrost, but surrounding mountains do.
What are the causes of the thawing of permafrost?
Rising Global Temperatures (Climate Change): Increased greenhouse gas emissions lead to higher atmospheric temperatures, accelerating permafrost thaw. Example: In Ladakh, rising temperatures have led to permafrost degradation in the Changthang Plateau, impacting traditional grazing lands.
Infrastructure Development & Human Activities: Roads, buildings, and military installations generate heat, disrupting the thermal balance of permafrost. Example: The construction of roads like the Zojila Tunnel and military bases in Siachen has contributed to localized permafrost thaw.
Reduced Snow Cover & Glacial Retreat: Snow acts as an insulating layer, preventing permafrost from direct exposure to warming air. Reduced snowfall accelerates melting. Example: The retreat of glaciers in Zanskar Valley has exposed underlying permafrost to warmer temperatures, leading to faster thawing.
Increased Rainfall & Changing Precipitation Patterns: More rainfall instead of snowfall leads to surface warming, infiltrating the soil and speeding up permafrost thaw. Example: Parts of Drass have seen changing precipitation patterns, where more rain in summer accelerates permafrost degradation.
Forest Fires & Loss of Vegetation Cover: Vegetation helps insulate the ground; its loss due to deforestation or fires exposes permafrost to direct heat. Example: In Ladakh, overgrazing by livestock in Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary has led to soil erosion, increasing permafrost vulnerability.
What are the steps taken by the government?
Monitoring and Research Initiatives: The Indian government, in collaboration with research institutions like the Defence Geoinformatics Research Establishment (DGRE) and Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG), is conducting studies on permafrost dynamics in Ladakh and Jammu & Kashmir. Example: DGRE has set up monitoring stations in Drass, Kargil, and Siachen to study permafrost stability and assess risks to infrastructure.
Climate Resilient Infrastructure Development: The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) is adopting new engineering techniques, such as thermosyphons and insulated road layers, to prevent permafrost degradation in road and tunnel construction. Example: In the construction of the Zojila Tunnel, special insulation techniques are being used to minimize heat impact on permafrost.
Afforestation and Sustainable Land Management: Programs under CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority) and National Mission on Himalayan Studies (NMHS) aim to restore vegetation cover, which helps maintain permafrost stability. Example: Reforestation efforts in Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary and Ladakh’s high-altitude areas help in reducing soil erosion and insulating the permafrost layer.
Way forward:
Integrating Climate-Resilient Infrastructure Planning: Adopt permafrost-friendly construction techniques, such as thermosyphons and passive cooling methods, in strategic roads, hydropower projects, and military installations to minimize thawing-related damage.
Strengthening Monitoring and Adaptive Strategies: Expand permafrost monitoring networks, enhance research on thaw impacts, and implement community-based adaptation measures, such as sustainable grazing and afforestation, to mitigate long-term environmental risks.
India is adopting a conciliatory approach towards China, with improving ties since the 2020 border clashes.
Why has India adopted a more conciliatory stance towards China in recent months?
De-escalation of Border Tensions: India and China have gradually disengaged from multiple friction points along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) since the 2020 Galwan clashes. Example: In October 2023, both sides agreed to withdraw troops from the last two major standoff points in eastern Ladakh.
Economic Considerations: China remains India’s largest trading partner, with bilateral trade reaching record levels despite political tensions. Example: In 2023, India’s imports from China exceeded $100 billion, highlighting the economic interdependence.
Strategic Uncertainty in U.S. Policy: With the U.S. showing unpredictability under the Trump administration, India may seek to hedge its bets by stabilizing ties with China. Example: Trump’s reluctance to support Ukraine and potential shifts in U.S. Asia policy raise concerns about long-term American commitments.
Focus on Domestic Growth and Development: India aims to maintain economic stability and avoid prolonged military confrontations that could divert resources from development. Example: Infrastructure projects like “Make in India” and semiconductor manufacturing require a stable geopolitical environment.
Maintaining Diplomatic Leverage: A balanced approach allows India to engage with multiple global powers while keeping strategic options open. Example: While signaling reconciliation with China, India continues military exercises with the Quad (U.S., Japan, Australia) to maintain leverage.
How does the shifting U.S. foreign policy under the Trump administration impact India’s strategic choices regarding China?
Uncertainty Over U.S. Security Commitments: Trump’s ambiguous stance on global security, including reduced support for Ukraine, raises doubts about America’s reliability in countering China’s aggression. Example: The U.S. halted intelligence sharing on Russian missile threats to Ukraine, signaling potential unpredictability in military alliances.
Possibility of a U.S.-China Grand Bargain: Trump’s transactional diplomacy suggests he may prioritize economic deals with China over strategic containment, potentially sidelining India’s concerns. Example: His approach to Russia—offering compromises for economic gains—hints at a similar possibility with China, affecting Indo-U.S. strategic alignment.
Pressure on India to Strengthen Self-Reliance: With the U.S. potentially scaling back its role in Asia, India must enhance its military capabilities and deepen partnerships with other allies. Example: India has intensified defense cooperation with Japan, Australia, and France while increasing indigenous military production (e.g., Tejas fighter jets, submarine projects).
What military limitations has India faced in recent years despite rising security challenges?
Delayed Modernization and Declining Defense Budget: India’s defense spending as a share of GDP has steadily declined over the past decade, limiting critical investments in military modernization. Example: The Indian Air Force still operates outdated MiG-21 fighters, with delays in acquiring Rafale jets and indigenous Tejas aircraft.
Slow Progress in Indigenous Defense Manufacturing: Despite initiatives like Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India), India remains dependent on foreign arms suppliers, leading to procurement delays. Example: The Project 75I submarine program has seen repeated delays, affecting the Navy’s ability to counter China’s growing maritime presence.
Limited Military Buildup Despite Border Tensions: After the 2020 Ladakh standoff, India disengaged from key incursion sites but did not significantly increase troop deployments or infrastructure in vulnerable areas. Example: While China rapidly built roads, bridges, and airstrips near the Line of Actual Control (LAC), India’s infrastructure development in border areas has lagged.
Who are India’s key partners in military cooperation?
United States (U.S.): India and the U.S. have strengthened defense ties through agreements like COMCASA, BECA, and LEMOA, facilitating intelligence sharing and logistics support. Example: India participates in the Malabar naval exercise with the U.S., enhancing interoperability in the Indo-Pacific region.
Russia: Russia remains a key defense supplier, providing advanced weaponry, including fighter jets, submarines, and missile systems. Example: India procured the S-400 air defense system from Russia despite U.S. pressure and CAATSA sanctions concerns.
France: France is a crucial partner in aerospace and naval defense cooperation, supplying high-end military equipment. Example: India acquired Rafale fighter jets from France and is collaborating on Scorpene-class submarines under Project 75.
Israel: India-Israel defense ties focus on advanced technology, particularly in missile defense, drones, and cyber warfare. Example: India procured Barak-8 missile defense systems and Heron UAVs from Israel for border security.
Quad Partners (Japan & Australia): India’s partnerships with Japan and Australia focus on maritime security, intelligence sharing, and defense exercises. Example: The India-Japan 2+2 ministerial dialogue and AUSINDEX naval exercise with Australia boost strategic ties in the Indo-Pacific.
How can operational coordination help strengthen India’s strategic position? (Way forward)
Enhanced Interoperability with Allies: Regular joint exercises improve coordination between India and its military partners, ensuring seamless cooperation in real-world conflicts. Example: The Malabar Naval Exercise with the U.S., Japan, and Australia enhances India’s naval capabilities in the Indo-Pacific.
Force Multiplication through Intelligence Sharing: Coordinated intelligence sharing provides India with real-time situational awareness, helping in threat assessment and strategic planning. Example:BECA agreement with the U.S. enables India to access geospatial intelligence, improving precision targeting and surveillance.
Deterrence Against Aggression: Strengthened operational coordination signals military preparedness, discouraging adversaries from engaging in aggressive actions. Example: Joint patrols with France in the Indian Ocean demonstrate India’s extended reach and deterrence capabilities.
Mains PYQ:
Question: ‘The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples. (UPSC 2024)
Reason:This question directly addresses the strategic implications of China’s rise and India’s potential role in countering it, which is relevant to the theme of deterrence.
The UNEP’s Food Waste Index Report 2024 shows that 1.05 billion tonnes of food were wasted in 2022, about 20% of the world’s food. India is a major contributor, making this a serious environmental and ethical issue.
What are the key differences between food waste and food loss as per the Food Waste Index Report (FWIR) 2024?
Food Waste: It includes both edible and inedible parts discarded at the consumer and retail levels (households, restaurants, supermarkets, etc.). It happens due to over-purchasing, poor storage, and cultural habits of excess food preparation.
Food Loss: It occurs earlier in the supply chain (from production to retail) due to inadequate storage, transportation, handling, and infrastructure failures.
Why does the food waste in India pose a significant environmental and social challenge?
Worsens Hunger and Food Insecurity: Despite being a major food producer, over 20 crore Indians go to bed hungry while 78 million tonnes of food are wasted annually. Example: Tons of edible surplus food from weddings and restaurants are discarded instead of being redistributed to the needy.
Increases Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Food waste in landfills decomposes and releases methane, a greenhouse gas 25 times more potent than CO₂. Example: India’s food waste contributes 10%-12% of total municipal waste, significantly impacting climate change.
Wastage of Natural Resources: Food production requires land, water, and energy. Wasting food means wasting these scarce resources. Example: It takes 1,800 liters of water to produce just 1 kg of rice—if wasted, all that water is also wasted.
Economic Loss and Financial Burden: Wasting food leads to huge financial losses for households, businesses, and the economy. Example: Retailers discard unsold perishable foods like dairy and fruits due to short shelf life, leading to billions of rupees in losses annually.
Aggravates Climate Change and Natural Disasters: Increased food demand due to waste leads to deforestation, soil degradation, and excessive water usage, worsening environmental crises. Example: Rising extreme weather events (droughts, floods) impact crop production, making food security more vulnerable.
Where in the food supply chain do inefficiencies lead to high levels of food wastage in India?
Post-Harvest Losses (Farm Level): Poor harvesting techniques and lack of proper drying/storage cause significant losses. Example: Grains left in open fields get damaged by rain, pests, or rodents due to inadequate storage facilities.
Storage and Transportation Issues: Inadequate cold storage and poor transportation infrastructure lead to spoilage, especially for perishable goods. Example: Fruits and vegetables rot in transit due to a lack of refrigerated trucks, particularly in rural areas.
Retail and Market-Level Losses: Supermarkets and local markets discard unsold food due to short shelf life, improper handling, and strict quality standards. Example: Bruised or oddly shaped vegetables and fruits are rejected and thrown away by vendors, even if they are edible.
Household-Level Waste: Over-purchasing, improper meal planning, and poor storage lead to significant food waste in homes. Example: Families discard leftovers or expired groceries because they were not consumed in time.
Food Service Industry (Hotels, Restaurants, and Caterers): Large-scale food preparation for events, hotels, and restaurants results in excess food being thrown away. Example: Buffet-style dining in weddings and hotels often leads to tons of uneaten food being discarded instead of redistributed.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
“Save Food, Share Food” Initiative: A program launched to redistribute surplus food from individuals, businesses, and organizations to the needy. Example: Collaboration with NGOs and food banks ensures excess food from weddings, hotels, and events is shared rather than wasted.
Strengthening Cold Storage and Supply Chain Infrastructure: Investment in cold storage facilities and refrigerated transport to reduce post-harvest losses. Example: The Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana supports food processing industries to improve storage and preservation.
Amendments in Food Safety and Standards Regulations: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) encourages supermarkets and restaurants to donate surplus food instead of discarding it.Example: The Food Sharing Guidelines (2019) enable food redistribution through certified food banks and NGOs.
Awareness Campaigns and Behavioral Change Initiatives: Government-led campaigns promote responsible food consumption, meal planning, and waste reduction. Example: The Indian Food Sharing Alliance (IFSA), launched by FSSAI, connects food businesses and NGOs to reduce waste.
Support for Food Processing and Preservation: Encouraging food processing industries to convert surplus produce into value-added products like dried, frozen, or packaged foods. Example: The government provides subsidies and incentives for food processing units under schemes like the Mega Food Parks Scheme to reduce waste.
Way forward:
Strengthening Food Redistribution Networks: Expand and streamline food donation mechanisms through digital platforms connecting surplus food sources (hotels, supermarkets, households) with NGOs and food banks. Example: A nationwide food-sharing app can help track surplus food and ensure efficient redistribution to the needy.
Improving Supply Chain Efficiency with Technology: Leverage AI, IoT, and blockchain for real-time monitoring of food storage, transport conditions, and expiry tracking to reduce wastage. Example: Smart sensors in cold storage and logistics can alert businesses to temperature fluctuations, preventing spoilage of perishable items.
Mains PYQ:
Question: Discuss the consequences of climate change on the food security in tropical countries. (UPSC 2017)
Reason: This question connects climate change to food security, a situation that could be exacerbated by food wastage.
N4S: This article dives deep into the care economy, exploring how unpaid care work -mostly done by women – shapes the economy but remains invisible in GDP calculations. It also evaluates Budget 2025 to see if it addresses these concerns.
UPSC has explored questions on budget provisions, economic structures and social issues, often in an interlinked manner. Questions like “How can care economy be brought into the monetized economy?” (PYQ 2023) test both conceptual clarity and real-world application. Aspirants often falter in such topics by either missing data-driven arguments (like the NSSO Time Use Survey, which shows women spend 3x more time on unpaid work than men) or failing to connect theoretical frameworks to practical solutions (e.g., how investing in care services could create 11 million jobs in India).
This article directly addresses these gaps by not only explaining what the care economy is but also linking it to policy action. It discusses the impact of unpaid care work on GDP (₹22.7 lakh crore contribution, yet unrecognized), evaluates Budget 2025’s indirect wins (like investments in Anganwadis and gig worker welfare), and highlights missed opportunities (lack of formal recognition for unpaid care work). One standout feature of this piece is its structured “Back2Basics” section, which analyses the impact of care economy of Female Labour Force participation to give you a broader picture.
PYQ Anchoring
GS 3: Distinguish between ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy’. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy through women empowerment? [2023]
GS 3: One of the intended objectives of Union Budget 2017-18 is to ‘transform, ener gize and clean India’. Analyse the measures proposed in the Budget 2017-18 to achieve the objective. [2017]
Microtheme: Care X Monetized Economy, Current Budget
While hearing a case on insurance compensation for a deceased couple – where the man was a professional and the woman a homemaker – the Supreme Court ruled that the notional income of a homemaker should account not just for her work but also her sacrifices. This wasn’t the first time.
Back in 2021, Kamal Haasan’s Makkal Needhi Maiam (MNM) party brought the conversation into the political mainstream by proposing “due recognition” for unpaid housework in its election manifesto. While paying women for housework within the current system may seem far-fetched, even assigning a notional income helps push the conversation forward—acknowledging housework as work and its place in the economy.
According to NSSO’s Time Use Survey 2019, a staggering 92% of women (aged 15-59) reported doing daily housework, compared to just 29% of men. Women also spend three times more time on domestic chores than men (299 minutes vs. 97 minutes daily).
To make things worse, many working women face the double burden of both professional and domestic responsibilities, often at the cost of their productivity and career growth. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that unpaid care work contributes 9% to the global economy, yet remains largely unmonetized and invisible.
So, where do we go from here? From productivity losses to GDP calculations, the care economy plays a crucial yet overlooked role in shaping national and global economies. Understanding its impact could change the way we view economic growth itself.
Impact of Care Economy on GDP
Parameter
Contribution to GDP & Economy
Unpaid Care Work
– Unpaid care work contributes 15%-17% of GDP (based on 2019 Time Use Survey). – Using minimum wage method: 15% of GDP. – Using weighted average wage method: 17% of GDP.
Total Unpaid Work
– SBI Report (2023) estimates unpaid work contributes ₹22.7 lakh crore (7.5% of GDP).
Impact of Gender Disparities
– Reducing gender gaps in unpaid work could boost India’s GDP by 27%.
Job Creation in Paid Care Sector
– Investing in care services could create 11 million jobs in India. – Globally, care sector growth could generate 475 million jobs by 2030 (ILO data).
Broader Economic Benefits
– Expanding the care economy can increase female labor participation, boosting overall economic growth. – Strengthening care services fosters women-led businesses and entrepreneurship opportunities.
India’s care economy is already a major but undervalued contributor to GDP. Investing in care services and reducing gender inequalities can unlock massive economic growth and job opportunities.
Does Budget 2025 Address the Needs of India’s Care Economy?
Budget 2025 partially addresses the care economy through indirect measures, but it lacks a direct, structured approach to solving core issues like unpaid care work, formalizing care jobs, and large-scale care infrastructure investment.
Budget 2025: Indirect Wins for the Care Economy
Positive Impact
How Budget 2025 Helps
Substantiation (Data/Examples)
Support for Women (Nari Focus)
Women’s empowerment initiatives could benefit those engaged in unpaid care work.
Women in India perform 312 minutes of unpaid care work per day compared to men’s 31 minutes (OECD, 2019). Recognizing this through targeted policies would help bridge this gap.
Childcare & Nutrition (Anganwadis & Poshan 2.0)
Strengthening Saksham Anganwadi & Poshan 2.0 could improve early childhood care and nutrition.
India has 1.37 million Anganwadi centers, but many lack proper infrastructure. More investment is needed to improve accessibility (MoWCD Report, 2022).
Healthcare Expansion (Medical Education & Cancer Day Care Centers)
More doctors, hospitals, and specialized cancer care centers indirectly benefit the care economy.
India has 1 doctor per 1,511 people, below the WHO standard of 1:1,000. Expanding medical education could improve this (NMC, 2023).
If care workers (e.g., home nurses, elderly caregivers) are included, they may receive healthcare benefits.
The e-Shram portal has registered 29.8 crore unorganized workers, but formal recognition of care workers remains unclear (MoLE, 2023).
MSME & Entrepreneurship Support
Women-led care businesses (daycares, elderly care services) could benefit from easier credit access.
98% of women entrepreneurs in India operate micro-enterprises, many in caregiving sectors, yet face difficulty securing loans (IFC, 2022).
Skill Development Initiatives
More National Skill Centers could improve the training of care workers.
India needs 2 million additional eldercare workers by 2050 due to a rapidly aging population (UNFPA, 2021).
State-Level Capital Investments
50-year interest-free loans to states could fund care infrastructure if prioritized.
Kerala has state-funded elderly care schemes, but most states lack structured care investments (Economic Review, 2023).
Budget 2025: Missed Opportunities for the Care Economy
Missing Area
What’s Lacking in Budget 2025
Substantiation (Data/Examples)
No Recognition of Unpaid Care Work
The budget does not propose policies to reduce, redistribute, or recognize unpaid care work.
Women’s unpaid labor contributes $10 trillion globally, yet remains unrecognized in GDP calculations (ILO, 2018).
Limited Focus on Care Jobs & Wages
No provisions for minimum wages, job security, or benefits for domestic workers and caregivers.
India has 4 million domestic workers, many of whom lack legal protections and social security (PLFS, 2022).
No Large-Scale Care Infrastructure Investment
No direct funding for daycares, eldercare homes, or disability care centers.
Only 0.3% of India’s GDP is spent on care-related infrastructure, compared to 2% in OECD countries (World Bank, 2022).
No Private Sector Incentives for Care Services
No tax breaks or subsidies for private investments in the care sector.
Japan offers tax incentives for elderly care businesses, leading to 50% growth in eldercare services (Japan Care Economy Report, 2021).
No Data Collection on Care Work
No new initiatives for tracking unpaid and paid care work trends.
India’s Time Use Survey (2019) was the first in 20 years to measure unpaid care work, but needs continuous updates for policy action.
Way Forward
Acknowledging unpaid care work is important, but the real challenge lies in translating recognition into policy and economic reform. Governments and institutions need to explore solutions like care credits, paid family leave, social security benefits, and workforce inclusion policies to ensure women’s labor—both paid and unpaid—is valued. Some of such policies are:
Policy Pillar
Key Focus
Recommendations
1. Leave Policies
Helping people balance work and caregiving
– Support maternity leave costs for small businesses – Introduce parental leave for both parents – Encourage employers to offer care-related leave and flexible work options
2. Subsidies for Care Services
Making care services more affordable
– Provide financial support to Self-Help Groups (SHGs) for childcare and elder care – Offer tax benefits to women-led small businesses in the care sector – Expand government-backed childcare schemes like Palna
3. Investment in Care Infrastructure
Building more care facilities
– Increase funding for childcare centers – Develop government-supported care homes for elderly, disabled, and long-term care – Attract private investment through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
4. Skill Training for Care Workers
Improving the quality of care services
– Create structured training and certification programs – Encourage private institutes to offer care-related training – Partner with international organizations to enhance training quality
5. Quality Assurance & Regulation
Ensuring high standards in care services
– Set up national and state-level monitoring systems – Collect gender-based data on paid and unpaid care work – Establish a Care Sector Skill Council to regulate training and service quality
#BACK2BASICS: IMPACT OF CARE ECONOMY ON FEMALE LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION
Comparison of Time Spent on Unpaid Work by Gender in India
There is a stark gender disparity in the time spent on unpaid work in India, with women shouldering a significantly heavier burden than men.
Women Spend More Time on Unpaid Work
Women of working age (15-59 years) spend an average of 5.6 hours daily on unpaid household work, whereas men in the same age group contribute only 30 minutes.
Employed women dedicate 5.8 hours to unpaid tasks, significantly more than employed men, who spend just 2.7 hours.
Unemployed men spend under four hours on unpaid work, still far less than the seven hours spent by women in the same category.
Rural vs. Urban Divide
The gender gap is more pronounced in urban areas, where women spend 9.6 times more time on unpaid care work than men.
In rural areas, the disparity is slightly lower but still substantial, with women spending 8.2 times more than men.
Weekly and Overall Impact
On a weekly basis, women spend 36 hours on unpaid tasks, compared to just 16 hours for men.
93% of working women perform unpaid domestic services for their families, while only 31% of working men do the same.
Women outside the labour force undertake 11.5 times more unpaid work than their male counterparts.
This persistent gender gap not only reinforces traditional gender roles but also limits women’s participation in the formal economy, ultimately impacting India’s economic growth. Addressing this imbalance could significantly improve women’s access to paid employment and contribute to the country’s GDP.
Impact of Unpaid Care Work on Female Labour Force Participation
Key Impact
Explanation
Supporting Data/Examples
Primary Barrier to Workforce Entry
Unpaid care work limits women’s time and energy for formal employment.
ILO Report: Unpaid care work is a major barrier preventing women from entering the labor force.
Declining Female Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)
Caregiving responsibilities contribute to low LFPR in India.
PLFS 2022-23: Female LFPR in India rose to 37% (from 23.3% in 2017-18), but mainly in self-employment, not formal jobs.
Underemployment & Labour Underutilization
Women often take up low-paying, part-time jobs due to caregiving duties.
ILO 2018: Women are overrepresented in informal, part-time, and unpaid family work.
“Double Burden” of Work
Employed women also handle most domestic care work, increasing stress and limiting career growth.
ILO 2018: Employed women spend 6x more time on unpaid care than men.
“Time Poverty” Reduces Productivity
Excessive unpaid work restricts women’s ability to engage in paid labor and skill-building.
2019 Time Use Survey: Working-age women spend 7 hours/day on unpaid work.
Reinforces Gender Norms
Cultural expectations push women toward care work, limiting career choices.
ILO 2022: Women’s workforce participation is higher in countries with strong caregiving support systems.
Lack of Support Systems
Insufficient childcare and eldercare services increase women’s unpaid workload.
World Bank 2022: India spends only 0.3% of GDP on care-related infrastructure (OECD average: 2%).
Unpaid care work directly limits women’s workforce participation, pushing them into informal jobs, reducing work hours, and reinforcing gender inequality. Policy interventions like subsidized childcare, parental leave, and flexible work arrangements are essential for boosting female employment.
The 20th meeting of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA-20) is currently underway in Rome.
AboutCommission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)
The CGRFA is the only permanentintergovernmental body addressing all components of biodiversity-related to food and agriculture.
It was established in 1983 as the Commission on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
It operates under the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.
It aims to create international consensus on managing biodiversity in food systems and ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from these genetic resources.
Membership: 179 countries (including India) and the European Union
Focus: Coordinates global efforts on biodiversity affecting agriculture, forestry, livestock, and aquatic species, including pollinators, soil organisms, and other vital species for food production.
Structure and Mandate
Structure:
Governed by a biennial session where member countries discuss and make decisions.
A bureau, elected by member states, guides the Commission’s work.
The CGRFA Secretariat, hosted by FAO, offers technical and logistical support.
Mandate:
Policy Formulation: Develops global action plans, codes of conduct, and policy instruments for sustainable use and conservation of genetic resources for food and agriculture.
Global Assessments: Guides preparation of periodic assessments to monitor the status and trends of genetic resources and biodiversity.
Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: Promotes biodiversity use for food security, sustainable agriculture, and climate adaptation.
Fair and Equitable Benefit Sharing: Ensures fair distribution of benefits from genetic resources, especially plant materials under international treaties.
Achievements:
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA): Adopted in 2001, it recognizes farmers’ contributions to crop diversity and provides a global system for accessing plant genetic materials for breeders, farmers, and scientists.
[UPSC 2014] Consider the following international agreements:
1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
2. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
3. The World Heritage Convention
Which of the above has / have a bearing on the biodiversity?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
India is set to strengthen its military and maritime ties with African nations through two significant initiatives—Exercise Aikeyme (Africa-India Key Maritime Engagement) and IOS Sagar (Indian Ocean Ship Sagar).
About Exercise Aikeyme
Aikeyme is India’s first-ever multilateral naval exercise with 10 African nations, aimed at improving maritime cooperation, enhancing maritime security, and addressing regional threats.
It will be held off Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, from April 13 to 18, 2025.
The nations taking part include Tanzania (co-host), Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, and South Africa.
It is aimed at increasing interoperability between the Indian Navy and African navies, with a focus on combating common threats like piracy and drug trafficking.
The goal is to make this exercise a biennial event and expand participation in future editions to include West African nations.
Key Features:
Visit Board Search and Seizure (VBSS) drills.
Arms firing exercises.
Helicopter operations.
Search and rescue missions.
Table-top and command post exercises on anti-piracy operations and information-sharing.
IOS Sagar (Indian Ocean Ship) Initiative
The IOS Sagar initiative focuses on deepening India’s maritime cooperation with IOR countries.
It involves the deployment of the Indian Navy’s INS Sunayna, which will be manned by a combined crew of Indian sailors and 44 personnel from nine African countries.
The initiative will take place from April 5 to May 8, 2025.
Key Participating Countries: Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius, Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Seychelles, and South Africa.
Activities:
The ship will undertake port calls at Dar-es-Salaam, Nacala, Port Louis, Port Victoria, and Male.
The ship will also engage in joint surveillance of the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of Tanzania, Mozambique, Mauritius, and Seychelles.
The personnel will undergo two-week training capsules at Kochi, including sea training, watchkeeping, and other professional naval activities.
This newscard is an excerpt from the original article published in ‘The Hindu’.
AboutLapis Lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a deep-blue metamorphic rock prized for its vibrant colour, often used in jewellery and decorative items.
It is composed mainly of lazurite, with other minerals like calcite and pyrite, which give it its characteristic golden specks.
It is mainly found in Afghanistan’s Badakhshan province, though it is also present in Chile, Russia, and the US.
It has been valued since ancient times, particularly in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece, and is known for its use in making pigments, especially ultramarine.
Lapis Lazuli in Indus Valley Civilization (IVC):
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) (3300-1900 BC) had extensive trade with Mesopotamia and Afghanistan, where lapis lazuli was imported.
It was used for beads and ornaments found at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, underscoring its value in Indus jewellery.
It was a sacredstone, often used in beads, pendants, and amulets, symbolizing spirituality and high social status.
It was likely associated with religious ceremonies and used to represent the gods.
The Indus people were skilled at bead-making, often combining lapis lazuli with other stones, such as gold.
The intricate designs, including incised or painted beads, reflect their technical expertise.
Other Semi-Precious Stones Found in IVC:
Several semi-precious stones were used by the IVC to create jewellery and ornaments:
Carnelian beads were made into pendants and rings, valued for their reddish-orange hue and durability.
Amethyst beads, a purple quartz variety, were also used, likely imported from other regions.
Jasper, a chalcedony variety, was used for beads and pendants, valued for its earthy tones.
Turquoise was used in beads, often combined with lapis lazuli and carnelian.
Steatite (Soapstone) was used for seals and beads, often engraved with animal motifs or symbols.
Crystal and quartz were used for translucent beads, adding a mystical quality to jewelry.
Gold, combined with semi-precious stones like lapis lazuli, carnelian, and turquoise, was extensively used in necklaces, bracelets, and earrings.
[UPSC 2023] Lothal, a significant site of the Indus Valley Civilization, was particularly well-known as a:
(a) major agricultural centre
(b) centre for textile production
(c) major trade hub for beads, gems, and ornaments
Question: Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.’ Analyse (UPSC IAS 2021)
Reason: A strong primary health structure, as highlighted in this question, is fundamental for achieving equitable access to healthcare. It serves as the first point of contact and helps in early detection and management of health issues across all sections of society.
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC usually focuses on the primary health structure in 2021 and Public healthcare systemin 2024.
India has made significant progress in TB care by expanding rapid molecular testing, introducing the shorter all-oral BPaLM regimen, increasing Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana support to ₹1,000 per month, and strengthening community involvement. These efforts led to a 17.7% drop in TB incidence and a 21.4% decline in TB deaths between 2015 and 2023.
Today’s editorial highlights significant advancements in tuberculosis (TB) care and their impact. This information is valuable for GS Paper 2 and 3 in UPSC Mains answer writing.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Integrating TB services into the public health system is essential for ensuring fair and universal healthcare for everyone in India.
What are the key advancements India has made in tuberculosis (TB) care?
Expansion of Molecular Testing for Rapid Detection: India has significantly expanded molecular testing, enabling faster and more accurate diagnosis of TB and drug-resistant TB. Example: Introduction of CBNAAT (Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test) and TrueNat machines in primary health centers for early detection.
Improved Drug Regimens & Shorter Treatment Duration: Newer drug combinations have reduced treatment duration for drug-resistant TB, increasing patient compliance. Example: The shorter BPaL regimen (Bedaquiline, Pretomanid, and Linezolid) has improved MDR-TB cure rates and reduced mortality.
Better Access to Free & Effective Treatment: Government programs like the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) provide free TB medicines, improving adherence and reducing deaths. Example: MDR-TB patients receiving Bedaquiline and Delamanid have better survival rates compared to traditional toxic injectable treatments.
Enhanced Nutritional and Financial Support: The Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana (NPY) doubled financial assistance from ₹500 to ₹1,000 per month for TB patients to ensure proper nutrition. Example: Over 40 lakh patients have benefited from direct benefit transfers under this scheme.
Integration of TB Services with Primary Healthcare: TB care is now incorporated into the Ayushman Bharat scheme, linking it with Health and Wellness Centres (Ayushman Arogya Mandirs). Example: These centers serve as sputum collection points and treatment hubs, improving accessibility for rural and urban populations.
Community Engagement and Preventive Strategies: Expansion of TB preventive therapy and involvement of TB survivors as “TB Champions” to promote awareness and early detection. Example: The “100 Days” campaign aims to improve case detection and ensure early intervention for high-risk populations.
How have these advancements contributed to a decline in TB incidence and mortality rates?
Decline in TB Incidence: In 2015, TB incidence in India was 237 per lakh population. By 2022, it had dropped to below 200 per lakh, showing a 16% decline. Example: If 237 people per lakh had TB in 2015, now fewer than 200 per lakh are affected.
Reduction in TB Mortality: TB mortality declined from higher levels in 2015 to 23 per lakh population in 2022. This represents an 18% decline in TB-related deaths. Example: If 100,000 people were affected, 23 would die from TB in 2022 compared to a higher number in 2015.
Who are the most vulnerable groups affected by TB?
People with Weakened Immune Systems: Individuals with HIV/AIDS, diabetes, malnutrition, or chronic illnesses are more susceptible due to weaker immunity. Example: TB is the leading cause of death among people with HIV, as their immune system cannot effectively fight the infection.
Low-Income & Undernourished Populations: Malnutrition and poverty increase TB risk by weakening immunity and limiting access to healthcare. Example: In India, undernourished populations, especially in tribal and slum areas, have higher TB incidence due to poor living conditions.
Migrants, Prisoners, and Urban Slum Dwellers: Overcrowded and poorly ventilated environments increase TB transmission. Example:Migrant workers living in congested dormitories or prison inmates are at a higher risk of infection due to close contact with infected individuals.
Gender & Tuberculosis: Challenges, Data, and Solutions
Category
Challenges
Data & Examples
Solutions
Women & TB
Social Stigma and Fear of Isolation
60% of women diagnosed with TB in India face stigma (REACH, 2022).
Community awareness campaigns like “TB Mukt Mahila” in Uttar Pradesh.
Misdiagnosis & Underreporting
Only 34% of TB cases in women are officially diagnosed (WHO, 2019).
Gender-sensitive diagnostic protocols in PHCs. Routine TB screening during maternal health checkups (Rajasthan model).
Limited Healthcare Access
50% of rural women delay TB treatment due to financial dependence (Global TB Report, 2023). Example: Bihar’s ASHA workers report women refusing solo hospital visits, delaying treatment.
Mobile TB clinics and door-to-door screenings.
Higher Risk of Malnutrition
45% of women with TB suffer from malnutrition (NFHS, 2023). Example: 80% of TB-infected women in Jharkhand lack protein-rich diets, increasing dropout rates.
Ni-kshay Poshan Yojana benefits for women, with an extra ₹500 allowance in Madhya Pradesh.
Children & TB
Non-Specific Symptoms & Misdiagnosis
60% of childhood TB cases present with fever and weight loss, not cough (IAP, 2022).
AI-based diagnostic tools like Bihar’s AI-assisted TB detection, which increased early diagnosis by 28%.
Sputum Test Ineffectiveness
40-50% of children’s TB cases are undetectable using standard sputum tests (WHO, 2023). Example: Delhi’s AIIMS introduced stool-based PCR testing, increasing childhood TB detection by 25%.
Nationwide adoption of stool-based PCR tests.
Late Detection in Infants
30% of TB meningitis cases in infants are fatal due to delayed screening.
Routine TB screening during childhood immunizations.
Malnutrition & Weak Immunity
Malnourished children are six times more likely to develop TB (WHO, 2023). Example: 90% of TB-infected children in Jharkhand were also undernourished.
Integrate TB screening with anganwadi nutrition programs.
Exposure to Household TB
50% of children living with TB-infected adults develop latent TB, but only 15% receive preventive therapy (Nikshay Portal, 2023). Example: Kerala’s preventive therapy program reduced childhood TB cases by 40%.
Preventive therapy for all children in TB-affected households.
Lack of Awareness Among Parents
70% of parents believe TB only affects adults (UP survey, 2023). Example: Schools in Gujarat introduced annual TB screening camps, improving early detection.
Mandatory TB screening in schools and anganwadis. Maharashtra’s “TB-Free Schools” program detected 5,000 hidden cases in 2023.
Why is the integration of TB services within the broader public health system crucial for achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India?
Ensures Comprehensive and Equitable Healthcare Access: Integrating TB services into primary healthcare allows early detection and treatment for all, especially marginalized populations. Example: Including TB screening in Ayushman Bharat-Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) improves outreach in rural areas.
Reduces Financial Burden on Patients: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) aims to provide affordable treatment and minimize out-of-pocket expenses for TB care. Example: Linking TB care with PM-JAY (Ayushman Bharat) ensures free diagnostic and treatment services, reducing financial distress.
Improves Early Detection and Treatment Outcomes: Strengthening public health infrastructure with integrated screening programs improves early diagnosis and treatment adherence. Example:Nikshay Poshan Yojana provides nutritional support to TB patients, improving recovery and treatment success rates.
Addresses Co-Morbidities and Holistic Patient Care: TB patients often suffer from HIV, diabetes, or malnutrition; integration helps manage co-existing diseases efficiently. Example: Co-treatment of TB and HIV in ART (Antiretroviral Therapy) centers ensures better health outcomes.
Strengthens Disease Surveillance and Data Management: A unified health system enhances TB monitoring, tracking drug resistance, and controlling outbreaks. Example: The Nikshay portal helps track patient progress and ensures adherence to treatment regimens.
How does the Ayushman Bharat scheme contribute to decentralizing TB care?
Expansion of Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): Primary healthcare centres (PHCs) and HWCs under Ayushman Bharat provide TB screening, diagnosis, and treatment at the grassroots level, reducing dependency on tertiary hospitals. Example: A TB patient in a remote village can access free CBNAAT/Truenat testing at a nearby HWC, ensuring early detection.
Financial Protection through PM-JAY: The Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) covers TB treatment costs, reducing the financial burden on poor and vulnerable groups. Example: A migrant laborer diagnosed with drug-resistant TB can avail free hospitalization and medication under PM-JAY without financial hardship.
Community-Based TB Care and Awareness: Health workers (ASHA, ANMs) are trained to provide TB awareness, medication adherence support, and nutritional aid at the community level. Example: An ASHA worker monitors a TB patient’s medicine intake and nutrition under the Nikshay Poshan Yojana, preventing treatment dropout.
What are Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs)?
Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) are upgraded Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) under the Ayushman Bharat scheme, aimed at strengthening primary healthcare across India.
These centers provide comprehensive healthcare services at the community level, integrating preventive, promotive, curative, and diagnostic care.
What role do Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) play in this process?
Strengthening TB Screening and Early Detection: Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs) serve as first-contact healthcare facilities offering free TB screening and diagnostic services, improving early detection. Example: A person with persistent cough visiting an AAM in a rural area can get an immediate sputum test, preventing delayed diagnosis.
Ensuring Free and Continuous TB Treatment: AAMs provide directly observed treatment (DOTS) services, ensuring uninterrupted access to TB medicines and better adherence to treatment. Example: A TB patient enrolled at an AAM receives daily monitored medication, reducing the risk of drug resistance and treatment dropout.
Community Engagement and Nutritional Support: AAMs facilitate awareness programs, counseling, and nutritional support through schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana to enhance treatment outcomes. Example: A malnourished TB patient visiting an AAM is linked to a nutrition support program, improving overall recovery and immunity.
Way forward:
Strengthen Multi-Sectoral Collaboration: Enhancing partnerships between healthcare, nutrition, and social welfare sectors can ensure a holistic approach to TB care. Example: Expanding Nikshay Poshan Yojana with additional dietary interventions can improve patient recovery.
Leverage Technology for TB Surveillance & Treatment: Expanding AI-driven diagnostic tools and digital adherence tracking can improve early detection and treatment success. Example: Scaling up the use of AI-based X-ray screening in rural areas can enhance case detection rates.
On March 20, 2025, security forces carried out two missions in Bastar, Chhattisgarh, and killed 30 Maoist people. This made the total number of Maoists killed this year more than 100.
What were the key reasons behind the decline of the Maoist insurgency in India?
Strong Counter-Insurgency Operations: Security forces, including CRPF’s elite COBRA (Commando Battalion for Resolute Action) unit and state police forces, have conducted targeted operations against Maoist strongholds. Example: Operation Prahar in Chhattisgarh led to the elimination of top Maoist leaders and disrupted their logistical networks.
Improved Governance and Development Initiatives: Infrastructure projects like roads, electrification, and mobile connectivity have reduced Maoist influence by increasing state presence. Example: The Aspirational Districts Programme has focused on healthcare, education, and employment in Maoist-affected regions.
Erosion of Support Base: Maoists have lost support due to their violent tactics, including forced recruitment, extortion, and attacks on civilians. Example: The killing of Madvi Hidma, a local tribal leader, by Maoists in Bastar led to mass protests by villagers against them.
Surrender and Rehabilitation Policies: Government schemes like the ‘Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy’ offer financial aid, skill training, and housing to former Maoists. Example: Over 600 Maoists surrendered in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh after the government provided rehabilitation and employment opportunities.
Internal Divisions and Leadership Crisis: The Maoist movement has suffered from ideological splits, a lack of new leadership, and desertions. Example: The death of Kishenji (Maoist leader) in 2011 and the arrest of several senior cadres have weakened organizational unity.
Why is a purely militaristic approach insufficient in tackling the Maoist insurgency?
Deep-Rooted Socio-Economic Issues Drive Insurgency: Maoism thrives in areas with poverty, land alienation, and lack of governance. Military force alone does not address the core grievances of tribal communities. Example: The displacement of tribals due to mining projects in Dantewada, Chhattisgarh, has fueled resentment, making them vulnerable to Maoist influence.
Risk of Civilian Casualties and Alienation: Excessive military action can lead to civilian deaths, human rights violations, and loss of trust in the state, pushing locals towards Maoists instead of the government. Example: The Salwa Judum campaign (2005-2011), a state-backed militia to counter Maoists, led to severe human rights abuses, ultimately worsening the conflict.
Failure to Provide a Long-Term Solution: Military operations can weaken Maoists but do not offer a sustainable path for peace and rehabilitation. A mix of governance, dialogue, and development is needed. Example: The Nepali Maoists transitioned into mainstream politics through a negotiated peace process, showing that engagement can be a more effective long-term strategy.
Where are the remaining strongholds of Maoist influence in India?
Southern Chhattisgarh (Bastar Region): Dense forests, difficult terrain, and historical neglect in governance make it a Maoist stronghold. Example:Dantewada, Sukma, and Bijapur districts frequently witness Maoist ambushes on security forces.
Border Regions of Jharkhand, Odisha, and Telangana: The tri-junction of these states provides a strategic corridor for Maoist movement and arms supply. Example:Latehar (Jharkhand), Malkangiri (Odisha), and Bhadradri-Kothagudem (Telangana) remain active insurgent zones.
Gadchiroli District (Maharashtra): Proximity to Chhattisgarh’s Maoist belt and forested terrain offer a safe haven for Maoist cadres. Example: The Jambhulkheda encounter saw security forces eliminate top Maoist leaders in this region.
Who are the primary stakeholders in resolving the Maoist issue peacefully?
Government (Union and State Governments): Responsible for policy-making, law enforcement, and development initiatives in affected regions. Example: The Surrender and Rehabilitation Policy offers incentives for Maoists to reintegrate into society.
Security Forces (Police, Paramilitary, and Intelligence Agencies): Play a crucial role in counterinsurgency operations and maintaining law and order. Example: The Greyhounds (Telangana), CoBRA (CRPF), and District Reserve Guard (Chhattisgarh) specialise in anti-Maoist operations.
Tribal Communities and Local Populations: Often caught in the crossfire, they need protection, development, and inclusion in governance. Example: The PESA Act (1996) empowers tribal self-governance to address their grievances.
Civil Society and NGOs: Mediate peace talks, advocate for human rights, and support socio-economic development. Example:Swami Agnivesh’s peace efforts attempted negotiations between Maoists and the government.
Former Maoists and Rehabilitation Advocates: It can influence insurgents to surrender and integrate into mainstream society. Example: Former Maoist leader Gopanna Markam, who surrendered and helped bring others into the fold.
How can lessons from international experiences, such as FARC in Colombia or Nepali Maoists? (Way forward)
Negotiation and Political Integration: Offering insurgents a political pathway can encourage them to abandon violence. Example:Nepali Maoists transitioned from armed struggle to mainstream politics through the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement, leading to their participation in democratic governance.
Rehabilitation and Reintegration Programs: Providing economic and social reintegration opportunities reduces the chances of re-radicalization. Example:Colombia’s peace deal with FARC (2016) included land reforms, financial aid, and skill development programs for former rebels.
Addressing Root Causes through Development: Long-term peace requires addressing socio-economic grievances that fuel insurgencies. Example:Colombia’s rural development programs aimed to improve infrastructure, education, and healthcare in former conflict zones to prevent a resurgence of violence.
Mains PYQ:
Question: “Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism.” (2022)
Reason: This question directly addresses Naxalism (Maoist insurgency) as more than just a security problem, aligning with this article. It also asks for a multilayered strategy, hinting at the need for more than just security measures, such as addressing social and economic issues.
Tuberculosis cases in India dropped from over 237 per lakh people in 2015 to below 200 per lakh in 2022, showing a 16% decrease.
What has been the percentage decline in TB incidence and mortality in India since 2015?
Decline in TB Incidence: In 2015, TB incidence in India was 237 per lakh population. By 2022, it had dropped to below 200 per lakh, showing a 16% decline. Example: If 237 people per lakh had TB in 2015, now fewer than 200 per lakh are affected.
Reduction in TB Mortality: TB mortality declined from higher levels in 2015 to 23 per lakh population in 2022. This represents an 18% decline in TB-related deaths. Example: If 100,000 people were affected, 23 would die from TB in 2022 compared to a higher number in 2015.
What factors led to a decline in TB incidence and mortality?
Improved Diagnosis and Treatment: The decline is attributed to better TB detection, newer diagnostic methods, and improved healthcare access. Example: The use of rapid molecular testing like CBNAAT and TrueNat has increased early detection rates.
Government Initiatives and Free Treatment Programs: Schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana, which provides nutritional support to TB patients, have played a role. Example: Free TB treatment under Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) and National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) has improved patient outcomes.
Targeted Approach for Drug-Resistant TB: Specialized treatment centers and newer drugs like Bedaquiline and Delamanid have improved survival rates for MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients. Example: The expansion of Drug-Resistant TB Centers (DR-TBCs) across India has ensured timely and quality treatment for resistant cases.
Active Case Finding and Surveillance: The government and NGOs have been proactively identifying TB cases, even among asymptomatic individuals, through door-to-door screening and community outreach programs. Example: The “Active Case Finding” (ACF) initiative.
The “Aashwasan” program is a large-scale ACF campaign successfully implemented across 174 tribal districts of India in 2022, focusing on TB among tribal communities.
Note: Despite progress, drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB, XDR-TB) remains a major issue, with low treatment success rates. Example: While overall TB mortality is declining, severely drug-resistant TB still has a treatment success rate of only 45% in India (2021).
Why is the treatment success rate for severely drug-resistant TB lower than other forms of TB?
Limited Effective Drugs & High Toxicity: Severely drug-resistant TB is resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, fluoroquinolones, and at least one second-line injectable drug. This leaves fewer treatment options, and the available drugs often have severe side effects like organ damage. Example: Patients with Pre-XDR-TB (resistant to fluoroquinolones) have a success rate of only 68%, while MDR-TB (less resistant) has a success rate of 74%.
Longer & More Complex Treatment Regimens: Treatment can take 18-24 months with a combination of multiple drugs. Many patients fail to complete treatment due to the high cost, side effects, or lack of adherence. Example: A patient with XDR-TB (extensively drug-resistant TB) may require daily injections and strong antibiotics, leading to dropout and failure.
Weaker Immunity & Higher Mortality Risk: Severely drug-resistant TB is harder to treat in patients with weaker immune systems, such as those with HIV, diabetes, or malnutrition. Example: In India, a significant number of TB patients suffer from poor nutrition, making them more vulnerable to severe drug-resistant TB and treatment failure.
Where does India rank among lower-middle-income countries in terms of catastrophic health expenditure due to TB?
Third Highest Among Lower-Middle-Income Countries: Over 10% of India’s population faces catastrophic health expenditure due to TB. Catastrophic health spending is defined as exceeding 10% of a household’s income or consumption. Example: Among 14 lower-middle-income countries with a high TB burden, India ranks third in terms of the population facing financial strain due to TB treatment.
Despite High Health Coverage, Costs Remain High: Around 60% of India’s population has some form of health coverage, making it the third highest among these countries. However, out-of-pocket expenses remain high, leading to significant financial distress for many TB patients. Example: Even with government schemes like PM-JAY (Ayushman Bharat), many TB patients still bear steep medical and non-medical costs (e.g., travel, and nutrition).
Who are the top-performing and bottom-performing states in India’s fight against TB according to the TB index?
Top-Performing States: Among major states, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, and Gujarat rank highest in the TB index. Example: These states have shown better TB detection rates, improved treatment success rates, and stronger healthcare interventions to combat TB effectively.
Bottom-Performing States: Punjab, Bihar, and Karnataka rank lowest in the TB index among major states. Example: These states struggle with weaker TB surveillance, lower treatment adherence, and higher financial burden on patients, impacting overall TB control efforts.
Way forward:
Strengthen Drug-Resistant TB Management: Expand access to newer, effective TB drugs (e.g., Bedaquiline, Pretomanid) and ensure adherence through shorter, less toxic treatment regimens. Example: Scaling up all-oral MDR-TB regimens can improve treatment success rates.
Reduce Financial Burden on TB Patients: Enhance direct benefit transfers for nutrition and support under schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana and integrate TB care with Ayushman Bharat for full cost coverage. Example: Covering non-medical costs (e.g., travel, nutrition) can reduce catastrophic health expenditure.
Mains PYQ:
Question: “In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level” (2024)
Reason: This question relates to strengthening the public health system, which is crucial for TB control and treatment success.
GS 2: Discuss the desirability of greater representation to women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity and inclusiveness. 2021
GS 2: Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. 2014
GS 2: Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world’s most powerful judiciary? 2024
Microthemes: Judiciary
Justice Yashwant Varma, a sitting judge of the Delhi High Court, was allegedly found with a pile of unaccounted cash at his residence on March 14, 2025.
Key Ethical Principles for Judges: Code of Conduct
Principle
Description
Example
Implication
Impartiality
Judges must ensure fairness and remain neutral, avoiding any bias based on religion, race, or personal beliefs.
Justice Abhay Thipsay criticized for commenting publicly on the 2002 Gujarat riots case, which was seen as biased.
Undermines judicial neutrality, casting doubt on the fairness of the judiciary.
Integrity
Upholding the highest moral standards and avoiding actions or comments that harm public trust in the judiciary.
Justice C.S. Karnan’s controversial public accusations against fellow judges in 2017, leading to contempt proceedings.
Erodes public confidence in the judiciary’s credibility and internal integrity.
Respect for Diversity
Acknowledging and respecting the cultural, religious, and social diversity of the population while delivering justice.
Justice Yadav’s statements comparing Hindu and Muslim values, suggesting one is superior to the other.
Perceptions of discrimination arise, harming the judiciary’s image of inclusivity and fairness.
Accountability
Judges should be accountable for their words and actions, ensuring they align with ethical and legal standards.
The Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reforms (CJAR) called for an inquiry into Justice Yadav’s controversial remarks.
Demonstrates the judiciary’s commitment to upholding ethical and professional conduct.
Avoidance of Controversy
Judges must refrain from making statements or actions that could lead to unnecessary public or political controversies.
Justice Markandey Katju’s blog posts criticizing political leaders and social issues, which often sparked controversies.
Generates public backlash and questions the judiciary’s independence and focus on its constitutional role.
How do codes of conduct vary across different jurisdictions and judicial systems?
United States: The American Bar Association has established Model Rules of Professional Conduct which emphasize independence, integrity, and impartiality.
Example- In Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. (2009), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a judge’s failure to recuse himself due to significant campaign contributions from a party involved in the case violated the Due Process Clause.
United Kingdom: The Judicial Conduct Investigations Office oversees judicial behavior, with a focus on maintaining public confidence in the judiciary.
Example- In 2015, His Honour Judge Dodds faced an investigation by the Judicial Conduct Investigations Office after being described as “gratuitously rude” by the Court of Appeal.
India: The Restatement of Values of Judicial Life serves as a guiding document for judges, emphasizing the need for impartiality and respect for constitutional values.
Example- Justice P.D. Dinakaran faced impeachment proceedings in 2011 over allegations of corruption and land-grabbing, highlighting breaches of ethical and constitutional principles.
What are the consequences for judges who violate the code of conduct?
In-House Procedures: Many jurisdictions have internal mechanisms allowing for complaints against judges to be investigated without public embarrassment.
Impeachment: In severe cases, judges can be impeached for misconduct, requiring a significant legislative majority to proceed.
Public Reprimand or Suspension: Depending on the severity of the violation, judges may receive reprimands or temporary suspensions from their duties.
Way forward:
Strengthen Accountability Mechanisms: Establish clearer and more transparent procedures for addressing judicial misconduct, including an independent body to investigate complaints and ensure timely action, thus preserving public trust in the judiciary.
Promote Judicial Sensitivity and Training: Implement regular training programs on diversity, impartiality, and judges’ ethical responsibilities to reinforce the importance of maintaining neutrality and respect for all communities, both in and out of the courtroom.
Impeachment Process for Judges in India
Aspect
Details
Examples
Overview
Parliamentary address to the President for judge removal, ensuring judicial independence by maintaining a high removal threshold.
Constitutional Provisions
– Article 124(4): Requires Presidential order post-majority vote in Parliament.
– Article 218: Applies same rules to High Court judges.
– Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968: Clarifies grounds for impeachment.
Grounds for Impeachment
– Proved misbehaviour: Includes misuse of office, grave offences, and constitutional violations.
Justice Soumitra Sen (2011): Corruption charges led to resignation before impeachment.
– Incapacity: Includes physical or mental incapacity.
Justice C.V. Nagarjuna Reddy (2017): Financial misconduct and victimizing a Dalit judge; motion not pursued.
– Justice J.B. Pardiwala (2015): Controversial remarks on reservation; motion dropped after remarks were expunged.
– Justice S.K. Gangele (2015): Cleared of sexual harassment charges in 2017.
Back to Basics: the Judicial Code of Conduct
What Is the Judicial Code of Conduct?
A set of ethical principles and guidelines that govern the behavior of judges to ensure impartiality, integrity, and public trust in the judiciary.
Core Principles:
Independence: Judges must remain free from external influences, including political or personal biases.
Impartiality: Decisions should be based solely on facts, evidence, and the law, without favor or prejudice.
Integrity: Upholding the highest ethical standards to foster public confidence in judicial proceedings.
Accountability: Adhering to constitutional values and being answerable for judicial conduct.
Key Guidelines in India:
Restatement of Values of Judicial Life (1999): Lays down essential dos and don’ts for judges, emphasizing constitutional respect and personal integrity.
Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968: Provides mechanisms for addressing allegations of misconduct, including impeachment procedures.
International Perspectives:
Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct: Recognized globally, it emphasizes six values: independence, impartiality, integrity, propriety, equality, and competence.
Challenges in Enforcing Judicial Conduct:
Lack of a robust enforcement mechanism.
Ambiguities in defining “misbehavior” and “incapacity.”
Instances of judicial overreach and public skepticism about judicial accountability.
Why It Matters:
The judiciary is a cornerstone of democracy, ensuring justice and upholding constitutional rights.
A strong judicial code of conduct safeguards the credibility and legitimacy of the judiciary.
The Chief Justice of India (CJI) has set up a three-member panel to investigate the alleged discovery of a significant sum of money at the residence of a sitting Delhi High Court judge.
Appointment Process of High Court Judges:
According to Article 217, the President of India appoints High Court judges after consulting with the CJI, the Governor of the respective state, and the Chief Justice of the High Court.
In the case of the appointment of a judge other than the Chief Justice, the Chief Justice of the High Court is consulted as well.
Consultation Process:
The process of appointing judges is handled by a Collegium, which includes the CJI and the two senior-most judges of the Supreme Court.
The Collegium System allows for a collaborative decision-making process where the Chief Justice of the High Court initiates the proposal, which is then forwarded to the Chief Minister.
The Chief Minister, in turn, advises the Governor, who submits the proposal to the Union Law Minister.
The Chief Justice of the High Court is appointed in accordance with a policy to ensure that Chief Justices are from outside the respective states.
Appointment and Transfer of Judges:
The CJI and the senior-most judges of the Supreme Court collectively decide on the appointment and transfer of judges, ensuring judicial independence and preventing executive interference.
Removal of Judges in the Higher Judiciary:
Impeachment Process:
Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can only be removed by impeachment, which requires a motion signed by 100 Lok Sabha MPs or 50 Rajya Sabha MPs.
The impeachment motion is investigated by a three-member judicial committee, and if the committee finds merit in the allegations, Parliament votes on the motion.
A 2/3rd majority is needed in both Houses for removal.
Parliament can, however, consider a motion to impeach a judge according to the procedure laid down in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.
In-House Inquiry Process:
The CJI can initiate an in-house inquiry in the event of serious allegations against a judge. This process involves the Chief Justice of the High Court submitting a report, and if the allegations are deemed serious, a three-member committee is constituted to investigate the matter.
If the committee recommends removal, the CJI may advise the judge to resign. If the judge refuses, their judicial work is withdrawn, and impeachment proceedings may be initiated.
Historical Impeachment Efforts:
No judge has been impeached in India, though attempts have been made, including the failed motions against Justice V Ramaswami (1993) and Justice Soumitra Sen (2011).
Justice V Ramaswami (1993): Faced impeachment for financial misconduct, but the motion failed in the Lok Sabha.
Justice Soumitra Sen (2011): Resigned after impeachment proceedings for misappropriating funds.
Justice K Veeraswamy: Chief Justice of Madras HC, investigated for corruption but challenged the investigation. The case remained unresolved until his death in 2010.
Justice Shamit Mukherjee (2003), Justice Nirmal Yadav (2008), and Justice SN Shukla (2017): Faced criminal charges for corruption after in-house inquiries found substantial evidence against them.
[UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements:
1. The motion to impeach a Judge of the Supreme Court of India cannot be rejected by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha as per the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.
2. The Constitution of India defines and gives details of what Constitutes ‘incapacity and proved misbehaviour’ of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India.
3. The details of the process of impeachment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India are given in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.
4. If the motion for the impeachment of a Judge is taken up for voting, the law requires the motion to be backed by each House of the Parliament and supported by a majority of total membership of that House and by not less than two-thirds of total members of that House present and voting.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 3 and 4
The Lok Sabha has passed the Demands for Grants of various Ministries for the financial year 2025-26, approving an expenditure of more than ₹50 lakh crore.
What are Demands for Grants?
Demands for Grants refer to the expenditure estimates that require approval from the Lok Sabha under Article 113 of the Constitution of India.
These demands are essentially requests for fundsby different ministries to cover their respective expenditure needs.
The Demands for Grants cover:
Revenue expenditure: Routine expenses for the functioning of government.
Capital expenditure: Investment-related spending, such as infrastructure and development projects.
Grants to States/UTs: Funds allocated to state governments and Union Territories for various purposes.
Loans & advances: Amounts lent to other entities or bodies.
Each ministry or department presents its own demand for grants. Larger ministries may have multiple demands depending on the scope of their activities.
Types of Expenditures in Demands for Grants:
Voted expenditure: It refers to the part of the budget that requires approval from the Lok Sabha. This expenditure can be debated and voted on by members of the House.
Charged expenditure: It includes items like the President’s salary, judges’ salaries, debt servicing, and other such payments. This expenditure does not require a vote and is automatically passed.
Voting on Demands for Grants:
Exclusivity of Lok Sabha: Only the Lok Sabha has the power to vote on Demands for Grants.
Voting Process: Voting applies only to votable expenditure, with each demand voted on separately.
Guillotine Process: If time runs out for discussion, the Speaker applies the guillotine, automatically approving remaining demands.
Constitutional Provisions on Demands for Grants
Article 113: Requires the President’s recommendation before any demand for a grant can be made.
Article 114: Money cannot be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India without parliamentary approval.
Article 115: Allows supplementary grants if the budget is insufficient.
Article 116: Provides for Vote on Account and Vote of Credit if the budget is not passed before the start of the financial year.
[UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements regarding the financial procedure in the Indian Parliament:
1. The Appropriation Bill must be passed by the Lok Sabha after the Demands for Grants are voted upon.
2. At the Union level, no demand for a grant can be made except on the recommendation of the President of India.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
India and France recently conducted the 23rd edition of Exercise Varuna, a key bilateral naval exercise aimed at enhancing interoperability and combat readiness between the two countries’ naval forces.
About Exercise Varuna
Exercise Varuna is a bilateral naval exercise between India and France.
It was first initiated in 1993 and officially named Varuna in 2001.
The exercise focuses on enhancing combat readiness, improving interoperability, and deepening maritime security cooperation between the two nations.
It spans multiple domains, including air, surface, and sub-surface operations, with a strong emphasis on anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and air combat drills.
Key Highlights:
The 2025 edition took place from March 19-22 off the coast of Goa, with participants such as INS Vikrant (India) and Charles de Gaulle (France).
This year’s exercises included aircraft carrier operations, ASW drills, and joint surface warfare operations.
Rafale-M (French Navy) and MiG-29K (Indian Navy) fighters participated in advanced air defence and mock air-to-air combat scenarios.
Indian Scorpene-class submarines acted as aggressors, while French and Indian frigates protected high-value assets, including the French oiler Jacques Chevallier.
These drills enhanced underwater domain awareness and improved ASW tactics.
Other Notable India-France Military Exercises:
FRINJEX: A joint exercise between the Indian and French armies focused on ground operations.
GARUDA: A bilateral air exercise between the Indian and French air forces, first held in 2003.
SHAKTI: A biennial military exercise between India and France, focusing on counter-terrorism operations.
La Pérouse: A multilateral maritime exercise led by the French Navy, with India participating for the first time in 2021.
[UPSC 2024] Which of the following statements about ‘Exercise Mitra Shakti-2023’ are correct?
1. This was a joint military exercise between India and Bangladesh.
2. It commenced in Aundh (Pune).
3. Joint response during counter-terrorism operations was a goal of this operation.
4. Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise.
Select the answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 1 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4
