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  • UPSC Mains 2023 GS 3 paper (PDF inside)- Analysis & Discussion (Link inside) | 90% Questions from Civilsdaily’s Smash Mains Test Series

    The UPSC Mains 2023 has concluded, and it’s time to connect the dots! Every year, the pattern offers a fascinating insight into the dynamic trajectory of UPSC’s questioning. How often do we find the traces of previous questions leaving a subtle hint for the next year’s paper? What are the emerging trends, and how do we align our preparation to be one step ahead?

    We are thrilled to present the PDF and questions for UPSC Mains 2023 GS 3 Paper, curated meticulously to offer you an insightful analysis.

    This paper, often considered a game-changer, covers a broad range of topics including Economic Development, Science and Technology, Environment, Internal Security, and Disaster Management.

    What’s Inside the UPSC Mains 2023 GS 3 Paper?

    We’ve got you covered! You can download the full UPSC Mains 2023 GS 3 PDF here to see what UPSC had in store this year. Examine the questions, analyze their complexities, and think about how you would have approached them.

    1. जी० डी० पी० में विनिर्माण क्षेत्र विशेषकर एम० एस० एम० ई० की बढ़ी हुई हिस्सेदारी तेज आर्थिक संवृद्धि के लिए आवश्यक है। इस संबंध में सरकार की वर्तमान नीतियों पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard. (Answer in 150 words) 10

    Linkage with Syllabus: 

    Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment.

    Linkage with PYQ :  

    Account for the failure of manufacturing sector in achieving the goal of labour-intensive exports rather than capital-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports. (2017)

    Linkage with CD Mains test series: Smash Mains Sectional Test 4” 

    Q.18) “MSMEs sector is the growth engine of the Indian economy”. In light of this statement, discuss the challenges faced by the MSME sector along with the steps taken by Government to address those challenges. (15 marks)

    Prediction for 2024 Mains: 

    • Question can be asked on Feasibility of Service Sector led growth or Feasibility of Export led growth for India
    • Predict question on FDI
    • Start up India

    2. भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था में डिजिटिकरण की स्थिति क्या है? इस संबंध में आने वाली समस्याओं का परीक्षण कीजिए और सुधार के लिए सुझाव दीजिए। ( उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements. (Answer in 150 words) 10

    Linkage with Syllabus: 

    Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it.

    Linkage with CD Mains test series: FLT 7 Smash Mains Question 15

    Linkage with PYQ : 

    • Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary for bringing unbanked to the institutional finance fold. Do you agree with this for financial inclusion of the poorer section of the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion. (2016)
    • Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India (2022)

    Predictions for 2024: 

    Question can be asked Peer 2 Peer lending. They can directly ask question on Inclusive growth and its impediments

    3. कृषि उत्पादों के उत्पादन एवं विपणन में ई-तकनीक किसानों की किस प्रकार मदद करती है? इसे समझाइए । (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    How does e-technology help farmers in production and marketing of agricultural produce? Explain it. (Answer in 150 words) 10

    Linkage with Syllabus: 

    E-technology in the aid of farmers.

    Linkage with PYQ : 

    How can the ‘Digital India’ programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? What steps has the Government taken in this regards? (2015)

    Linkage with CD Mains TS:

    Prediction for 2024: 

    Precision farming, SRI, SSI and Zero budget Natural Farming

    4. भारत में भूमि सुधार के उद्देश्यों एवं उपायों को बताइए। आर्थिक मापदंडों के अंतर्गत, भूमि जोत पर भूमि सीमा नीति को कैसे एक प्रभावी सुधार माना जा सकता है, विवेचना कीजिए। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    State the objectives and measures of land reforms in India. Discuss how land ceiling policy on landholding can be considered as an effective reform under economic criteria. (Answer in 150 words) 10

    Linkage with Syllabus: 

    Land Reforms in India.

    Linkage with Smash Mains test:

    Linkage with PYQ: 

    • How did land reforms in some parts of the country help to improve the socio-economic conditions of marginal and small farmers? (2021)
    • Discuss the role of land reforms in agricultural development. Identify the factors that were responsible for the success of land reforms in India. (2016)

    Prediction for 2024: 

    There is very little chance UPSC will ask a similar question in 2024.

    5. कृत्रिम बुद्धि (ए० आइ० ) की अवधारणा का परिचय दीजिए। ए० आइ० क्लिनिकल निदान में कैसे मदद करता है? क्या आप स्वास्थ्य सेवा में ए० आइ० के उपयोग में व्यक्ति की निजता को कोई खतरा महसूस करते हैं? (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to the privacy of the individual in the use of Al in healthcare? (Answer in 150 words) 10

    Linkage with Syllabus:

    Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers

    Linkage with PYQ: 

    What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in the health sector? (2020)

    CD Mains TS Linkage: Q5. Artificial Intelligence (AI) generative models are unlocking the boundless imagination of machines, forging new frontiers in human-AI collaboration. Comment.

    Predictions for 2024: IOT, Big data, Nanotechnology, 3D printing

    6. उन विभिन्न तरीकों पर चर्चा कीजिए जिनसे सूक्ष्मजीवी इस समय हो रही ईंधन की कमी से पार पाने में मदद कर सकते हैं। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    Discuss several ways in which microorganisms can help in meeting the current fuel shortage. (Answer in 150 words ) 10

    Linkage with Syllabus: Bio-technology 

    Linkage with PYQ: Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma? (2018)

    CD mains TS: FLT 7

    Q13. India’s ethanol production program has witnessed significant strides in the last five years. In this light, discuss how India’s ethanol production program can help to achieve doubling farmers’ income? 

    Predictions for 2024: Green Hydrogen, Effects of biotechnology on Health and Agriculture

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    7. बाँधों की विफलता हमेशा प्रलयकारी होती हैं, विशेष रूप से नीचे की ओर, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप जीवन और संपत्ति का भारी नुकसान होता है। बाँधों की विफलता के विभिन्न कारणों का विश्लेषण कीजिए। बड़े बाँधों की विफलताओं के दो उदाहरण दीजिए। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the downstream side, resulting in a colossal loss of life and property. Analyze the various causes of dam failures. Give two examples of large dam failures. (Answer in 150 words) 10

    Linkage with Syllabus: 

    Disaster and Disaster Management.

    PYQ: 

    None

    Prediction for 2024:Crowd Disaster, Land subsidence, Cloud burst, Cyclone issue, Non-Natural diasters

    Linkage with CD mains TS: 

    SM 46: Q8) What are the issues concerning the major dams all over the country? Discuss the steps taken by the government to promote dam safety in the country. (10 marks)

    8. तेल प्रदूषण क्या है? समुद्री पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र पर इसके प्रभाव क्या हैं? भारत जैसे देश के लिए किस तरह से तेल प्रदूषण विशेष रूप से हानिकारक है? (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    What is oil pollution? What are its impacts on the marine ecosystem? In what way is oil pollution particularly harmful for a country like India? (Answer in 150 words ) 10

    Link with syllabus: Environmental Pollution and Degradation

    Link with PYQ : 

    Enumerate the National Water Policy of India. Taking river Ganges as an example, discuss the strategies which may be adopted for river water pollution control and management. What are the legal provisions for management and handling of hazardous wastes in India?

    Linkage with CD Mains TS: Week 43 Samachar Manthan Test 43

    Marine pollution: An Alarming Situation

    9. आतंकवाद प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में जनसमुदाय का विश्वास बहाल करने में ‘दिल और दिमाग’ जीतना एक आवश्यक कदम है। इस संबंध में जम्मू और कश्मीर में संघर्ष समाधान के भाग के रूप में सरकार द्वारा अपनाए गए उपायों पर चर्चा कीजिए। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    Winning of ‘Hearts and Minds’ in terrorism-affected areas is an essential step in restoring the trust of the population. Discuss the measures adopted by the Government in this respect as part of the conflict resolution in Jammu and Kashmir (Answer in 150 words ) 10

    Linkage with syllabus: 

    Role of External State and Non-state Actors in creating challenges to Internal Security.

    Linkages between Development and Spread of Extremism.

    Link with PYQ: 

    Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism. 2022

    What are the sound determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas?

    Linkage with CD mains TS:

    Prediction for UPSC 2024: 

    Focus on LWE, Naga issue and Manipur issue

    10. सीमा पार से शत्रुओं द्वारा हथियार/गोला-बारूद, ड्रग्स आदि मानवरहित हवाई वाहनों (यू० ए० वी०) की मदद से पहुँचाया जाना हमारी सुरक्षा के लिए गंभीर खतरा है। इस खतरे से निपटने के लिए किए जा रहे उपायों पर टिप्पणी कीजिए। (उत्तर 150 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by our adversaries across the borders to ferry arms / ammunitions, drugs, etc., is a serious threat to the internal security. Comment on the measures being taken to tackle this threat. (Answer in 150 words ) 10

    Linkage with Syllabus: 

    • Challenges to Internal Security through Communication Networks, Role of Media and Social Networking Sites in Internal Security Challenges
    • Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas

    Linkage with PYQ:

    For effective border area management, discuss the steps required to be taken to deny local support to militants and also suggest ways to manage favourable perception among locals (2020)

    Linkage with CD Mains TS:

    Predictions for 2024: 

    Prepare Cross-border illegal immigration (Rohingyas),,India Srilanka Border,India Nepal Border

    11. भारत में सबसे ज्यादा बेरोजगारी प्रकृति में संरचनात्मक है। भारत में बेरोजगारी की गणना के लिए अपनाई गई पद्धति का परीक्षण कीजिए और सुधार के सुझाव दीजिए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    Most of the unemployment in India is structural in nature. Examine the methodology adopted to compute unemployment in the country and suggest improvements.(Answer in 250 words ) 15

    Linkage with Syllabus: 

    Indian Economy and issues relating to Planning, Mobilization of Resources, Growth, Development and Employment.

    Linkage with PYQ: 

    • Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP
    • Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s gross domestic product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015

    Linkage with CD: Samachar Manthan (4th-11th September)

    Unemployment: Measurement Challenges in Developing Economies

    Prediction for 2024: 

    Questions can be asked about Jobless growth

    12. ‘देखभाल अर्थव्यवस्था’ और ‘मुद्रीकृत अर्थव्यवस्था’ के बीच अंतर कीजिए। अर्थव्यवस्था को मुद्रीकृत अर्थव्यवस्था में कैसे लाया जा सकता है? महिला सशक्तिकरण के द्वारा देखभाल (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    Distinguish between ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy. How can care economy be brought into the monetized economy through women empowerment? (Answer in 250 words ) 15

    Linkage with Syllabus: 

    Inclusive Growth and issues arising from it.

    Linkage with PYQ: 

    Women empowerment in India needs gender budgeting. What are the requirements and status of gender budgeting in the Indian context?

    Linkage with CD Mains TS:

    [Burning Issue] Care Economy

    Predictions for 2024: 

    Question can be asked Silver Economy, Gig Economy

    13. खपत पैटर्न एवं विपणन दशाओं में परिवर्तन के संदर्भ में, भारत में फसल प्रारूप (क्रॉपिंग पैटर्न) में हुए परिवर्तनों की व्याख्या कीजिए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    Explain the changes in cropping pattern in India in the context of changes in consumption pattern and marketing conditions. (Answer in 250 words) 15

    Linkage with syllabus:  

    Cropping Patterns in various parts of the country

    Linkage with PYQ: 

    • What are the major reasons for declining rice and wheat yield in the cropping system? How crop diversification is helpful to stabilize the yield of the crop in the system? (2017)
    • What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success how has this system become bane in India? (2020)

    Linkage with CD mains TS: 

    Q3. Analyse Critically whether the existing cropping patterns in different parts of India would need any change for better agriculture performance in the future. (10) ( FLT 11)

    Prediction for 2024: 

    Questions will be asked on Food processing, PDS or MSP.

    14. भारत में कृषि क्षेत्र को प्रदान की जाने वाली प्रत्यक्ष एवं अप्रत्यक्ष सब्सिडी क्या हैं? विश्व व्यापार संगठन (डब्ल्यू० टी० ओ०) द्वारा उठाए गए कृषि सब्सिडी संबंधित मुद्दों की विवेचना कीजिए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    What are the direct and indirect subsidies provided to farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to agricultural subsidies. (Answer in 250 words) 15

    Linkage with Syllabus: 

    Issues related to Direct and Indirect Farm Subsidies and Minimum Support Prices; Public Distribution System 

    Linkage with PYQ:

    • What are the different types of agriculture subsidies given to farmers at the national and state levels? Critically analyze the agriculture subsidy regime with the reference to the distortions created by it. (2013)
    • Food security bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO (2013)

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    15. इलेक्ट्रिक वाहनों को अपनाना दुनिया भर में तेजी से बढ़ रहा है। कार्बन उत्सर्जन को कम करने में इलेक्ट्रिक वाहन कैसे योगदान करते हैं और पारंपरिक दहन इंजन वाहनों की तुलना में वे क्या प्रमुख लाभ प्रदान करते हैं? (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    The adoption of electric vehicles is rapidly growing worldwide. How do electric vehicles contribute to reducing carbon emissions and what are the key benefits they offer compared to traditional combustion engine vehicles? (Answer in 250 words ) 15

    Link with Syllabus: Conservation, Environmental Pollution 

    Link with PYQ: 

    Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to the conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our Government for this purpose? (2020)

    Link with CD Mains TS:

    Expediting the migration to electric mobility (E-vehicles) will not just benefit India environmentally but also economically and socially? Discuss (15 Marks) (MEP 05)

    Prediction for 2024: 

    Forest Conservation 2023, Biodiversity amendment act 2023

    16. भारत के तीसरे चंद्रमा मिशन का मुख्य कार्य क्या है जिसे इसके पहले के मिशन में हासिल नहीं किया जा सका? जिन देशों ने इस कार्य को हासिल कर लिया है उनकी सूची दीजिए। प्रक्षेपित अंतरिक्षयान की उपप्रणालियों को प्रस्तुत कीजिए और विक्रम साराभाई अंतरिक्ष केन्द्र के ‘आभासी प्रक्षेपण नियंत्रण केन्द्र’ की उस भूमिका का वर्णन कीजिए जिसने श्रीहरिकोटा से सफल प्रक्षेपण में योगदान दिया है। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    What is the main task of India’s third moon mission that could not be achieved in its earlier mission? List the countries that have achieved this task. Introduce the subsystems in the spacecraft launched and explain the role of the Virtual Launch Control Centre’ at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre which contributed to the successful launch from Sriharikota. (Answer in 250 words) 15.

    Linkage with Syllabus: Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology.

    Linkage with PYQ:

    India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbitter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Explain critically. (2017)

    Linkage with CD mains TS:

    Q17. From Chandrayaan 2 to Artemis 1 mission, many lunar missions are being undertaken. While discussing their objectives, highlight how they can improve our understanding of the universe? (FLT 3)

    Predictions for 2024: Aditya Solar mission, India Stack, India and Quantum,Generic medicine

    17. भारत सरकार द्वारा शुरू किए गए राष्ट्रीय आर्द्रभूमि संरक्षण कार्यक्रम पर टिप्पणी कीजिए और रामसर स्थलों में शामिल अंतर्राष्ट्रीय महत्त्व की भारत की कुछ आर्द्रभूमियों के नाम लिखिए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए

    Comment on the National Wetland Conservation Programme initiated by the Government of India and name a few India’s wetlands of international importance included in the Ramsar Sites. (Answer in 250 words) 15

    Link with Syllabus: 

    Conservation, 

    Link with PYQ: 

    What is wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of ‘wise use’ in the context of wetland conservation. Cite two examples of Ramsar sites from India.(2018)

    Link with CD mains TS: Smash mains 04

    Q19. What are wetlands? Name some important wetlands in India. Discuss their role in ecological conservation in India and steps taken in their revival.

    Prediction for 2024: 

    Mangrove encroachment, Coral reef degradation,Floodplain encroachment

    18. जलवायु परिवर्तन पर अंतर-सरकारी पैनल (आइ० पी० सी० सी०) ने वैश्विक समुद्र स्तर में 2100 ईस्वी तक लगभग एक मीटर की वृद्धि का पूर्वानुमान लगाया है। हिन्द महासागर क्षेत्र में भारत और दूसरे देशों में इसका क्या प्रभाव होगा ? (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. What would be its impact in India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? (Answer in 250 words) 15

    Linkage with syllabus: 

    Conservation, Environmental Pollution and Degradation, Environmental Impact Assessment.

    Linkage with PYQ: 

    Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (2022)

    Linkage with CD mains TS: FLT 7

    As per the IPCC report,Despite all efforts the global sea level rise will not see its nadir point and will remain a continuous process.Analyse the reasons behind the phenomenon.Suggest measures to be taken to make the coastal region of India safer in the coming times?

    Prediction for 2024: 

    Renewable energy, Air pollution and its impact. Climate change and its impact on Agriculture and food security

    19. भारत द्वारा सामना की जाने वाली आंतरिक सुरक्षा चुनौतियाँ क्या हैं? ऐसे खतरों का मुकाबला करने के लिए नियुक्त केन्द्रीय खुफिया और जाँच एजेंसियों की भूमिका बताइए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    What are the internal security challenges being faced by India? Give out the role of Central Intelligence and Investigative Agencies tasked to counter such threats. (Answer in 250 words ) 15

    Linkage with Syllabus: 

    Role of External State and Non-state Actors in creating challenges to Internal Security.

    Linkage with PYQ: 

    • Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard . (2020)
    • How far are India’s internal security challenges linked with border management, particularly in view of the long porous borders with most countries of South Asia and Myanmar?

    Linkage with CD mains TS: 

    Q.9 In ensuring the security of India, the paramilitary forces have played a vital role in almost all the critical matters of internal and border security. Analyze. (FLT 11)

    Q.20) Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by various non- state actors to the internal security of India . Discuss the measures required to be taken to combat these threats.(FLT 11)

    Predictions for 2024: 

    Question will be asked on Cyber Security next year for sure

    20. भारत में आतंकवाद के वित्तपोषण के प्रमुख स्रोत और इन स्रोतों की कटौती के लिए किए गए प्रयासों को बताइए। इस आलोक में, हाल ही में नयी दिल्ली में नवंबर 2022 में हुई ‘आतंकवाद के लिए धन नहीं (एन० एम० एफ० टी०) ‘ संगोष्ठी के लक्ष्य एवं उद्देश्य की भी विवेचना कीजिए। (उत्तर 250 शब्दों में दीजिए)

    Give out the major sources of terror funding in India and the efforts being made to curtail these sources. In the light of this, also discuss the aim and objective of the No Money for Terror (NMFT)’ Conference recently held at New Delhi in November 2022. (Answer in 250 words) 15

    Linkage with Syllabus: 

    Money-Laundering and its prevention, Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism.

    Linkage with PYQ:

     Discuss how emerging technologies and globalisation contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering both at national and international levels. 

    Linkage with CD mains TS: MEP Test 11

    Q. With technological advancement terrorists, criminals, weapons and funds are also able to move across national boundaries easily. Discuss what steps can be taken at national and international level to curb the menace of terror financing?

    Predictions for 2024: 

    Question can be asked on organized crime, Money laundering and new sources of terror funding like the Dark web, Crpto, Hawala

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    Usual Elements

    Questions were asked on

    • Inclusive growth
    • Agriculture Subsidy
    • Economic growth
    • Terrorism
    • Border management
    • India and Science and Technology
    • Environmental degradation
    • Emerging technology
    • Government environmental program

    SURPRISING ELEMENTS

    No questions were asked from the following topics:

    • Budget, PPP, Food processing and FDI, LWE and North East
    • Sustainable Agriculture
    • Cyber security
    • DM theory part
    • PPP
    • Food processing

    Analysis at 4 level:

    Level 1: Themes asked

    Level 2: Linkage with Syllabus vs Unexpected

    Level 3: Linkage with PYQ

    Level 4: Probable themes for 2024

    UPSC Main 2023 GS 3 paper PDF

    GS3-2023Download
  • Self-study strategy to cover UPSC Environment GS syllabus for Prelims & Mains in 18 days | Session 4 of #StartLikeATopper Series | By Venus Ma’am | Register FREE

    Self-study strategy to cover UPSC Environment GS syllabus for Prelims & Mains in 18 days | Session 4 of #StartLikeATopper Series | By Venus Ma’am | Register FREE

    Get 18-Day UPSC GS Environment by Venus ma’am

    Step by Step strategy & approach: FREE Session Venus ma’am

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    Are you constantly juggling with the vast and dynamic scope of the Environment and Ecology syllabus for UPSC?

    Perplexed by its interdisciplinary nature and the intertwining of current affairs? You’re not alone. Many UPSC aspirants grapple with these challenges, leading to confusion, and often, gaps in preparation.

    But what if you had a concise, yet comprehensive strategy to conquer this segment in just 18 days? Presenting a session that promises to turn your anxieties into assets!

    Don’t Spend Months—Invest Just 18 Days of guided Self-Study

    Join Venus Ma’am’s transformative webinar. With a proven strategy, she presents a strategic blueprint to not only cover but master the Environment and Ecology UPSC GS syllabus in just 18 days.

    About #StartLikeATopper Series

    A streamlined set of power-packed sessions aimed at the most effective UPSC syllabus coverage, one subject at a time, giving you a laser-focused approach.

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    This isn’t just another strategy session; it’s your lifeline to transform complex

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    FREE Session: UPSC Environment and Ecology Syllabus in 18 days

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    Registration details for Session 4 of #StartLikeATopper series

    Topic: How to cover UPSC GS Environment and Ecology syllabus for Prelims and Mains in just 18 days? Detailed approach, important topics, and strategic blueprint

    • Date: 2nd Oct 2023
    • Time: 5:30 pm
    • Fee: FREE and Open to all

    Zoom Meeting Link will be sent via your registered email address.

    Who Is This For?

    • UPSC 2024 & 2025 aspirants striving for a structured approach to Environment & Ecology.
    • Candidates who have attended UPSC 2023 prelims and mains, seeking to refine and retune their approach.
    • Any civil services aspirant feeling overwhelmed or lost regarding the Environment & Ecology segment.

    Why you must attend this session?

    In this comprehensive session, Venus ma’am will share:

    1. A precise 18-day roadmap to decode and conquer the Environment & Ecology syllabus.
    2. Insights on integrating static concepts with evolving current affairs.
    3. Techniques to ensure a conceptual and analytical grasp, rather than rote learning.
    4. Strategies for handling application-based questions effectively.

    Why do aspirants face issues in UPSC Environment and Ecology syllabus coverage?

    Navigating the Environment and Ecology syllabus for UPSC Prelims and Mains is a task filled with hurdles. Key challenges faced by aspirants include:

    Vast & Ever-Changing Syllabus: Covering everything from basic tenets to global conventions, the dynamic nature of this segment demands regular updates.

    Interdisciplinary Challenges: The subject merges with geography, biology, and economics, causing confusion about its exact scope.

    Scarce Standard Resources: Dedicated UPSC materials are limited. While NCERTs lay the groundwork, current affairs often lack the needed depth.

    Beyond Rote Learning: A mere memorization won’t suffice. UPSC questions test analytical skills and a deep understanding of topics.

    Shifting Question Patterns: UPSC’s evolving approach now emphasizes practical aspects, policy insights, and the latest events.

    Blurring Lines with Current Affairs: Topics like climate change and biodiversity summits intertwine with current news, making depth discernment tough.

    Technical Jargons: Concepts like biodiversity and pollution carry specific terminologies, posing challenges for non-science aspirants.

    Balancing Static & Dynamic: Integrating static ideas, like ecological pyramids, with current events, like environmental summits, requires finesse.

    The Sustainability vs. Development Dilemma: UPSC questions often probe the balance between environment and economy, demanding both factual and analytical acumen.

    Real-world Application: Questions that link fundamental concepts to real scenarios require more than superficial knowledge.

    To tackle these, a holistic approach blending foundational knowledge with current updates, coupled with consistent practice, is paramount.

    Mastering Evironment is not about quantity, but quality of time invested.

    What can you expect to learn from the session?

    • Understanding the upcoming trend, UPSC’s new paradigm is evolving. How UPSC has changed over the past couple of years and how you should adapt?
    • Chucking old ways of UPSC preparation and building a solid foundation that is flexible and adaptable.
    • Basic syllabus mastery: NCERTs and Standard Books– Learn which sections of NCERTs and Standard Books are essential for UPSC and how to make effective notes from them.
    • NCERT & Standard book Selection: Discover the must-read NCERTs that provide a comprehensive understanding

    We’ll be sharing a personalized study plan after the webinar

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    CivilsDaily’s FREE Current Affairs package and personalized UPSC study plan

    Post-webinar you will get your Personalized study plan, important PDFs, timetable framework, and mentorship session.

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  • Alzheimer’s Research: Mystery of Brain Cell Death

    brain cell

    Central Idea

    • Scientists have long sought medical treatments for Alzheimer’s disease but have faced limited success.
    • The approval of the drug Lecanemab by the US FDA in 2023 has brought renewed optimism, as it shows promise in slowing the progression of Alzheimer’s in its early stages.

    How brain cells die?

    • Revealing the Connection: Researchers from Belgium and UK have shed light on the connection between abnormal proteins (amyloid and tau) and a process called necroptosis, which leads to cell death.
    • Cell Death Mechanism: Necroptosis is a form of cell death typically triggered by immune responses to infection or inflammation, serving to eliminate damaged cells.
    • Inflammatory Response: The study suggests that in Alzheimer’s patients, amyloid protein entering brain neurons triggers inflammation and alters the internal chemistry of the cells. Amyloid forms plaques, while tau forms tangles.
    • MEG3 Molecule: When amyloid and tau processes occur simultaneously, brain cells produce a molecule called MEG3, which appears to be linked to cell death.
    • Blocking MEG3: The researchers experimented by blocking the MEG3 molecule and found that brain cells survived when this molecule was inhibited.
    • Experimental Approach: Human brain cells were transplanted into genetically modified mice that produced significant amyloid, allowing researchers to make these groundbreaking observations.

    Hope for Alzheimer’s Treatment

    • Historic Discovery: Researchers highlighted that this discovery marks the first time, after several decades of speculation, that scientists have found a plausible explanation for cell death in Alzheimer’s patients.
    • Path to New Medicines: Some are optimistic that their findings will pave the way for new medical treatments targeting Alzheimer’s.
    • Lecanemab’s Target: Lecanemab, a drug that specifically targets the amyloid protein, aligns with the potential to block the MEG3 molecule, offering the prospect of halting brain cell death in Alzheimer’s disease.

    Understanding Brain’s Complex Processes

    • Brain’s Enigma: The development of Alzheimer’s drugs has been hampered by a lack of understanding of the disease’s mechanisms within the brain.
    • Amyloid and Tau: Amyloid and tau proteins are known to accumulate in the brain of Alzheimer’s patients, but their precise roles and how they contribute to cell death remained unclear.

    Alzheimer’s Global Challenge

    • Widespread Impact: Approximately 55 million people worldwide are affected by various forms of dementia, with Alzheimer’s being one of the prominent diseases.
    • Disproportionate Burden: Two-thirds of dementia cases are found in developing countries, and with the aging global population, projections indicate that the number of dementia cases could reach 139 million by 2050, with China, India, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa facing the greatest challenges.

  • Norman Borlaug Field Award to Indian Researcher

    Norman Borlaug

    Central Idea

    • Swati Nayak, a scientist at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), has been honoured with the Borlaug Field Award by the World Food Prize.
    • She is renowned for her groundbreaking research in developing climate-resilient and nutrition-rich rice varieties.

    Contributions of Dr. Swati Nayak

    Extensive Testing Organized over 10,000 tests, evaluating 500+ seed varieties.
    Climate Resilient Varieties Developed high-yield, biofortified, and nutritionally enhanced rice varieties.
    Small Holder Farmers’ Focus Innovated inbred rice varieties to benefit smallholders.
    Collaborative Efforts Collaborated with national and international organizations.
    Addressing Lifestyle Diseases Advocates for low glycemic index, micronutrient-enriched rice varieties.
    Supporting Better Quality Empowers farmers to produce high-quality seeds for better market positioning.
    Biofortified Foodgrains Promotes affordable bio-fortified rice as a nutritional solution.

     

    Who was Norman Borlaug (1914-2009)?

    Contributions Developed high-yielding, disease-resistant wheat varieties, “Father of the Green Revolution”
    Impact Saved over a billion people from hunger, significantly increased global wheat production
    Awards and Honors Nobel Peace Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom, Congressional Gold Medal, Padma Vibhushan, and more
    Legacy Laid the foundation for modern agricultural practices, inspired efforts to address global food security

     

    About Borlaug Field Award

    Endowed by Rockefeller Foundation
    Presented by World Food Prize Foundation
    Purpose Recognize outstanding contributions in international agriculture and food production by individuals under 40.
    Award Amount $10,000
    Inspiration Honors Dr. Norman Borlaug’s dedication to fighting global hunger and poverty during his early career in Mexico.
    Establishment Year 2011

     

  • AFSPA Extension in Manipur: A Delicate Balancing Act

    afspa manipur

    Central Idea

    • The Manipur government has announced the extension of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) for another 6 months across the entire state.
    • However, it excludes 19 police stations in seven districts of the Imphal Valley.

    Why such move?

    • Gradual Withdrawal: Since 2022, AFSPA has been progressively withdrawn from the valley districts, primarily inhabited by the Meitei community.
    • Resurgence of Insurgent Groups: There has been a resurgence of insurgent groups, largely operating from Myanmar, advocating for Manipur’s secession from India.
    • Ethnic Violence: Ethnic violence between the Meitei and tribal Kuki communities has claimed at least 175 lives since May 3, making it the deadliest conflict in Manipur since 1999.

    AFSPA History in Manipur

    • Decades of AFSPA: AFSPA has been applicable in Manipur since 1981, impacting both the valley and hill districts.
    • Gradual Withdrawal: The Act’s provisions have been gradually withdrawn from the valley districts over the years, signifying evolving security dynamics.

    What is Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958?

    • Armed Forces Special Powers Act, to put it simply, gives armed forces the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas.”
    • AFSPA gives armed forces the authority use force or even open fire after giving due warning if they feel a person is in contravention of the law.
    • The Act further provides that if “reasonable suspicion exists”, the armed forces can also arrest a person without a warrant; enter or search premises without a warrant; and ban the possession of firearms.

    A Backgrounder

    • The AFSPA, 1958 came into force in the context of insurgency in the North-eastern States decades ago.
    • It provides “special power” to the Armed Forces applies to the Army, the Air Force and the Central Paramilitary forces etc.
    • It has been long contested debate whether the “special powers” granted under AFSPA gives total immunity to the armed forces for any action taken by them.

    What are the Special Powers?

    • Power to use force: including opening fire, even to the extent of causing death if prohibitory orders banning assembly of five or more persons or carrying arms and weapons, etc are in force in the disturbed area;
    • Power to destroy structures: used as hide-outs, training camps, or as a place from which attacks are or likely to be launched, etc;
    • Power to arrest: without warrant and to use force for the purpose;
    • Power to enter and search premises: without a warrant to make arrest or recovery of hostages, arms and ammunition and stolen property etc.

    Who can declare/notify such areas?

    • The Central Government or the Governor of the State or administrator of the Union Territory can declare the whole or part of the State or Union Territory as a disturbed area.

  • India to unveil 50-year Government Bonds

    Central Idea

    • India is set to make history by issuing it’s first-ever 50-year government bonds and 30-year green bonds.
    • These offerings have piqued the interest of insurance companies and provident funds seeking avenues to invest their long-term funds.

    Why such move?

    • Ambitious Target: India aims to mobilize ₹6.55 trillion ($78.73 billion) through bond sales from October to March. This includes a significant ₹300 billion allocation to the 50-year security, marking the central government’s maiden auction of such bonds.
    • Natural Demand: Long-term investors, particularly insurers, find the 50-year bonds appealing due to their alignment with asset-liability management requirements.

    Government Bonds in India

    • Government Bonds in India, fall under the broad category of Government Securities (G-Sec) and are primarily long term investment tools issued for periods ranging from 5 to 40 years.
    • It can be issued by both Central and State governments of India. Government bonds issued by State Governments are also called State Development Loans (SDLs).
    • The GB interest rates, also called a coupon, can either be fixed or floating and disbursed on a semi-annual basis.
    • In most cases, GOI issues bonds at a fixed coupon rate in the market.

    Types:

    Fixed-Rate Bonds Offer a fixed interest rate throughout the investment tenure, providing clarity with the coupon rate mentioned.
    Floating Rate Bonds (FRBs) Subject to periodic interest rate adjustments, often with a base rate and fixed spread determined through auctions.
    Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs) Allow investments in gold without physical possession, with tax-exempt interest and prices linked to gold’s value.
    Inflation-Indexed Bonds Adjust both principal and interest based on inflation, using indices like CPI or WPI, tailored for retail investors.
    7.75% GOI Savings Bond Features a 7.75% interest rate and available to individuals, minors with legal guardians, and Hindu Undivided Families.
    Bonds with Call/Put Option Permit either issuer or investor to buy back or sell bonds, respectively, on specified dates, after 5 years from issuance.
    Zero-Coupon Bonds Generate earnings from the difference between issuance and redemption prices, as they do not provide interest income.

    Advantages offered

    • Sovereign Guarantee: Government bonds are backed by the government’s commitment, offering stability and assured returns.
    • Inflation-Adjusted: Inflation-indexed bonds protect investors from rising prices, maintaining the real value of their investments.
    • Regular Income: Government bonds provide semi-annual interest disbursements, offering investors a source of regular income.

    Limitations

    • Lower Income: Apart from 7.75% GOI Savings Bonds, government bonds typically offer lower interest rates.
    • Lack of Relevance: With maturity tenures ranging from 5 to 40 years, government bonds may lose relevance over time, particularly in the face of inflation.

  • Challenges and Opportunities of India’s Aging Population

    aging population

    Central Idea

    • Projected Demographic Shift: By 2050, the percentage of elderly individuals in India is expected to double, reaching over 20% of the total population, as per the UN Population Fund, India (UNFPA) in its 2023 India Ageing Report.
    • Rapid Expansion: India is experiencing a remarkable decadal growth rate in its elderly population, currently estimated at 41%.
    • Changing Dynamics: This demographic shift raises the possibility that by 2046, the elderly population may surpass the number of children (aged 0 to 15 years) in the country.

    Economic Disparities among the Elderly

    • Poverty Prevalence: More than 40% of India’s elderly population belongs to the poorest wealth quintile, with nearly 18.7% of them living without any source of income.
    • Quality of Life Impact: Such high levels of poverty can significantly affect their quality of life and their access to healthcare services.

    Understanding the Aging Population

    • Rapid Growth in the 80+ Age Group: The report predicts a staggering 279% growth rate in the population of individuals aged 80 and above between 2022 and 2050.
    • Gender Disparities: There is a predominance of widowed and highly dependent elderly women in this age group, a trend observed in several nations.
    • Regional Variations: Life expectancy at 60 and 80 varies across states and union territories, with women generally having higher life expectancies, raising concerns about their social and economic well-being.
    • Regional Disparities: States like Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, and the Union Territory of J&K have women with life expectancies exceeding 20 years at age 60, highlighting the need for tailored support.

    Changing Sex Ratios among the Elderly

    • Steady Increase: The sex ratio (females per 1,000 males) among the elderly has been steadily rising since 1991, in contrast to the stagnation in the general population’s sex ratio.
    • Regional Variations: The northeast and east show an increased sex ratio among the elderly, but it remains below 1,000, indicating a male predominance. In contrast, central India saw a remarkable shift, with women outperforming men in survival after the age of 60.

    Gendered Poverty in Old Age

    • Inherent Gender Bias: Poverty in old age is inherently gendered, with older women more likely to be widowed, living alone, lacking personal income, and relying on family support.
    • Feminization and Ruralization: The major challenges facing India’s aging population include the feminization and ruralization of the elderly. Policies must address these specific needs.

    Inter-State Variations in Elderly Population

    • Diverse Demographic Transition: Significant inter-state variation exists in the levels and growth of the elderly population, reflecting differing stages and rates of demographic transition.
    • Regional Differences: States in the southern and select northern regions have a higher share of the elderly population, a gap expected to widen by 2036. In contrast, states with higher fertility rates, like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, will see an increase in the elderly population share but will remain below the national average.
    • Ageing Index: Central and northeastern regions are characterized by a younger demographic as indicated by the aging index.

    Response to Elderly Needs during the Pandemic

    • Inadequate State Aid: The report reviews the government and state authorities’ response to the needs of elderly people during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting that while most received state aid, it was insufficient.
    • Only NGOs to rescue: Accessible public healthcare facilities were lacking, with NGOs and CBOs being the primary sources of help.
    • Call for Preparedness: The report recommends a special focus on older persons in disaster-preparedness plans moving forward.

    Enhancing Data Collection and Support

    • Data Deficiency: The report underscores the lack of credible data on various issues related to the elderly in India and calls for the inclusion of questions concerning older persons in upcoming data collection exercises.
    • Policy Recommendations: Suggestions include increasing awareness about elderly schemes, regulating Old Age Homes, and promoting in-situ aging.
    • Community Engagement: Encouraging the creation of elderly self-help groups and emphasizing multigenerational households as well as short-term care facilities.

    Promising Roadmap and Valuable Resource

    • Government Acknowledgment: Social Justice Dept. termed the report a “valuable roadmap”. It emphasized its importance as a resource for scholars, policymakers, program managers, and all stakeholders involved in elder care.
    • Data Sources: The report draws from various sources, including the 2011 Census, the 2017-18 Longitudinal Ageing Survey in India (LASI), population projections, and reports from the Government of India and the World Population Projection 2022.

    Way forward

    The report advocates for policies that enhance the well-being of India’s aging population-

    • Foster community support
    • Multigenerational living, and
    • In-situ aging

  • AFSPA likely to end from Assam

    afspa

    Central Idea: Assam CM has stated that the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) is likely to be completely lifted from the state by the end of the year due to a significant improvement in the law and order situation.

    What is Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958?

    • Armed Forces Special Powers Act, to put it simply, gives armed forces the power to maintain public order in “disturbed areas.”
    • AFSPA gives armed forces the authority use force or even open fire after giving due warning if they feel a person is in contravention of the law.
    • The Act further provides that if “reasonable suspicion exists”, the armed forces can also arrest a person without a warrant; enter or search premises without a warrant; and ban the possession of firearms.

    A Backgrounder

    • The AFSPA, 1958 came into force in the context of insurgency in the North-eastern States decades ago.
    • It provides “special power” to the Armed Forces applies to the Army, the Air Force and the Central Paramilitary forces etc.
    • It has been long contested debate whether the “special powers” granted under AFSPA gives total immunity to the armed forces for any action taken by them.

    What are the Special Powers?

    • Power to use force: including opening fire, even to the extent of causing death if prohibitory orders banning assembly of five or more persons or carrying arms and weapons, etc are in force in the disturbed area;
    • Power to destroy structures: used as hide-outs, training camps, or as a place from which attacks are or likely to be launched, etc;
    • Power to arrest: without warrant and to use force for the purpose;
    • Power to enter and search premises: without a warrant to make arrest or recovery of hostages, arms and ammunition and stolen property etc.

    Who can declare/notify such areas?

    • The Central Government or the Governor of the State or administrator of the Union Territory can declare the whole or part of the State or Union Territory as a disturbed area.

    Issues with AFSPA

    • Power to kill: Section 4 of the Act granted officers the authority to “take any action” even to the extent to cause the death.
    • Misconduct by Armed Forces: The issue of violation of human rights by actions of armed forces came under the consideration of the Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law (popularly known as Justice Verma Committee) set up in 2012. It observed that- in conflict zones, legal protection for women was neglected.
    • Autocracy: The reality is that there is no evidence of any action being taken against any officer of the armed forces or paramilitary forces for their excesses.

    Recommendations to repeal AFSPA

    • Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy Commission: The 2004 Committee headed by Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy, the content of which has never officially been revealed by the Government, recommended that AFSPA be repealed.
    • ARC II: The Administrative Reforms Commission in its 5th Report on ‘Public Order’ had also recommended that AFSPA be repealed.

    Voices for repeal

    • Human rights violations: The repeal of AFSPA is necessary not just for restoring constitutional sanity, but also as a way of acknowledging the dark history of our conduct in Nagaland.
    • Need for ensuring individual dignity: The political incorporation of Nagaland (and all other areas where this law applies) will be set back if the guarantees of the individual dignity of the Indian Constitution are not extended.
    • Not state of exception: We often describe AFSPA in terms of a “state of exception”. But this theoretical term is misleading. How can a law that has been in virtually continuous existence since 1958 be described as an “exception”.
    • Lack of human empathy: At the heart of AFSPA is a profound mutilation of human empathy.

    Conclusion

    • To bring in lasting peace in the North East, the government needs to avoid the trap of watered-down peace accords.
    • While the move to withdraw AFSPA is welcome, it needs to be gradually erased.
    • For that, changes in the ground situation would be crucial. Mere smoke signals or drum-beating can never do the job.

     

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  • ASEAN’s China dilemma

    What’s the news?

    • In a recent ASEAN meeting, Indonesia, under the leadership of President Joko Widodo, successfully injected fresh perspectives into long-standing ASEAN stances.

    Central idea

    • The recent ASEAN meet in Jakarta, under Indonesia’s chairmanship, showcased the country’s adept handling of regional dynamics and its diplomatic finesse. With the president set to step down in 2024, this summit marked a high point in his leadership. Notably, eight ASEAN nations convened, with Myanmar excluded at the political level and Thailand undergoing a governmental transition.

    Indonesia’s nuanced approach towards the Indo-Pacific

    • Expanding the Arc of Prosperity: President Joko Widodo emphasized the need to expand the arc of prosperity within ASEAN. This highlighted Indonesia’s commitment to regional development and recognized the growing economic importance of the Indo-Pacific.
    • ASEAN Indo-Pacific Forum (AIPF): Indonesia’s leadership resulted in the creation of the AIPF. This forum brought together government leaders from ASEAN countries, partner nations, and prominent figures from the business sector to discuss peace and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific region.
    • Functional Approach: Indonesia’s approach to the Indo-Pacific was notable for its functional orientation. It emphasized cooperation and collaboration over strategic rivalry, aligning with the Quad’s cooperative outlook.
    • Balancing Act with China: While Indonesia’s stance did not explicitly confront China, the absence of China from the AIPF was noticeable. This raises questions about how Indonesia aims to balance its Indo-Pacific approach with its relationship with China.
    • Inclusive Dialogue: Indonesia’s strategy sought to position ASEAN as a key player in shaping the Indo-Pacific’s future. It underscored the importance of inclusive dialogue and cooperation for regional stability and prosperity.
    • Regional Stability and Prosperity: Indonesia’s approach acknowledges that regional stability and prosperity are best achieved through collaboration and engagement rather than through overt confrontation or rivalry.

    Myanmar’s Conundrum

    • Exclusion from Political Level: Myanmar’s absence from the political level at the recent ASEAN summit was consistent with the organization’s practice, highlighting the ongoing internal turmoil since the military coup in February 2021.
    • Indonesia’s Pragmatic Approach: Indonesia, under its ASEAN Chairmanship, demonstrated a pragmatic stance toward the Myanmar issue, recognizing the limitations of the Five-Point Consensus (5PC) framework intended for dialogue and resolution in Myanmar.
    • Office of Special Envoy: Indonesia took a distinctive approach by establishing an office of the special envoy rather than appointing an individual special envoy, allowing for discreet engagement with Myanmar, neighboring nations, India, and ASEAN members.
    • Facilitating Dialogue: The 5PC, once seen as a binding decision, is now considered a facilitating initiative, emphasizing Indonesia’s and ASEAN’s acknowledgment of the complexity of the Myanmar situation. This initiative aims to promote dialogue among various segments within Myanmar.
    • Hosting of the ASEAN Summit: Myanmar’s exclusion from hosting the 2026 ASEAN summit highlighted the growing disconnect between the nation and the regional bloc. Historically, ASEAN used hosting privileges as leverage to address issues within member states, but their effectiveness in the current context remains uncertain.

    China’s Challenge

    • Primary Challenge for ASEAN: China poses the foremost challenge to ASEAN, especially concerning the looming big-power rivalry in the region. The call for peace and prosperity in the region is essentially a plea to prevent the United States and China from displaying their rivalry within ASEAN.
    • Slow Progress on the Code of Conduct: Progress on the South China Sea (SCS) code of conduct has been sluggish. A significant point of contention is the differing interpretations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which creates obstacles to establishing a binding code of conduct.
    • China’s Standard Map: China’s introduction of a new standard map that claims the territories of several countries, including those in the South China Sea, has added complexity to the situation. Notably, countries like India, Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia raised their concerns about this map in bilateral discussions with China.
    • Indonesia’s Cautious Approach: Indonesia, as the host of the ASEAN and East Asia Summit (EAS), maintained a cautious approach to the issue of China’s standard map during the summit, where the Chinese Premier was in attendance.
    • Contradictions in Progress: The emphasis on UNCLOS and disputes over China’s map contradict the progress that ASEAN claims to have made on the code of conduct. The main purpose of the code is to govern the South China Sea as an international waterway, not as China’s domestic sea, as implied by the map.

    Challenges to ASEAN Unity

    • Myanmar’s Exclusion: A prominent challenge to ASEAN unity is the exclusion of Myanmar from political-level participation in the recent ASEAN summit. This exclusion stems from the ongoing political crisis in Myanmar, triggered by the military coup in February 2021.
    • Thailand’s Transition: Thailand, another ASEAN member, is facing challenges due to its transitional government formed after an election. Consequently, it had official-level representation at the summit, raising concerns about the level of representation within ASEAN during crucial meetings.

    India in the context of the ASEAN Indo-Pacific Forum (AIPF)

    • Participation in AIPF: India, along with the US, UK, Canada, and Australia, conducted side events at the AIPF. This suggests that India is actively engaged in discussions at the forum.
    • Concerns Over China’s New Map: Several countries, including India, raised bilateral concerns with China regarding its new standard map. This map claims territories that other countries consider their own, causing diplomatic tensions.
    • Interest in the South China Sea: India has a vested interest in the South China Sea due to its trade and strategic considerations. India has been monitoring developments in the region, including China’s territorial claims and their impact on freedom of navigation.

    Why India Needs ASEAN?

    • Significant Trade & Commercial Relations: ASEAN is a major destination for India’s service sectors and a vital source of foreign investments.
    • Development of North East India: ASEAN provides an alternate route for India’s access to North Eastern India, facilitating development and strategic interests.
    • Countering Chinese Expansion: Strengthening ties with ASEAN countries helps India counter Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
    • Maritime Freedom: Collaboration with ASEAN ensures a free and peaceful Indo-Pacific region based on a rules-based order.
    • Support for Indian Initiatives: ASEAN’s support is crucial for India’s success in regional policies and initiatives.
    • Emerging Market: India benefits from ASEAN’s agricultural and industrial products, while ASEAN relies on India’s demographic dividend.
    • Global Reforms: ASEAN’s global influence aligns with India’s vision for reforms in international forums.
    • Elevating India’s Global Status: Partnership with ASEAN enhances India’s geopolitical standing.

    Strengthening ASEAN’s Position

    • ASEAN Outlook on Indo-Pacific (AOIP): ASEAN is actively working to bolster its position by embracing the ASEAN Outlook on Indo-Pacific (AOIP). This strategic framework emphasizes ASEAN’s central role in the Indo-Pacific region, aiming to reinforce its influence and relevance.
    • Enhanced Coast Guard Coordination: ASEAN is prioritizing improved coordination among its coast guards. This approach signifies a commitment to safeguarding maritime security and effectively managing potential conflicts in the region’s waters.
    • Joint Defense Exercises: ASEAN is engaging in joint defense exercises as part of its efforts to strengthen its position. These exercises are viewed as a robust response to the sluggish progress on the South China Sea (SCS) code of conduct, with the goal of enhancing regional security.
    • Addressing Code of Conduct Challenges: The slow progress on the South China Sea code of conduct is a significant concern for ASEAN. To tackle this issue, ASEAN is promoting the AOIP and intensifying security cooperation, reflecting its determination to address the challenges related to the code of conduct.
    • Continuity through Troika Leadership: In a bid to maintain continuity and unity within ASEAN, Indonesia has formed a troika with the upcoming chairs, Laos and Malaysia. This arrangement aims to provide guidance and ensure ASEAN’s stability and coherence in the face of ongoing challenges and transitions.

    Conclusion

    • Indonesia’s leadership during the ASEAN summit deserves commendation for maintaining stability amidst the region’s complex challenges. In a rapidly changing world, ASEAN’s stability remains of paramount importance. Indonesia’s collaboration with the upcoming chairs, Laos and Malaysia, signals continuity in charting ASEAN’s course forward.

  • One Nation, One Election – wrong problem, bad solution

    What’s the news?

    • The Center has taken a significant step towards implementing the One Nation, One Election concept by forming a committee led by former President Ram Nath Kovind.

    Central idea

    • The recently concluded special session of Parliament has brought into focus the idea of One Nation, One Election as a means to address the challenges posed by frequent elections in India. While this proposal has gained attention, it requires thorough examination and data-driven deliberation before any decisive steps are taken.

    What is the ONOE plan?

    • Concept: The ONOE plan aims to synchronize the timing of the Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections across all states in India to reduce the frequency of election cycles nationwide.
    • Historical Context:
      • After the enforcement of the Constitution on January 26, 1950, the first-ever general elections for both the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies occurred simultaneously in 1951–1952.
      • This practice continued for the following three Lok Sabha elections until 1967, streamlining the election process.
    • Disruption:
      • In 1959, the cycle was disrupted as the Central government invoked Article 356 of the Constitution, leading to the dismissal of the Kerala government due to a perceived failure of constitutional machinery.
      • Subsequent to 1960, defections and counter-defections among political parties led to the dissolution of several state legislative assemblies.
      • This fragmentation resulted in separate election cycles for the Lok Sabha and state assemblies.
    • Current Scenario: Presently, only specific states such as Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha conduct their assembly polls concurrently with the Lok Sabha elections.

    Critical analysis

    Excessive Expenditure: A Questionable Concern

    • Rising Election Costs: The cost of elections has been steadily increasing. In 2019, the expenditure for the general elections was about Rs 9,000 crore, averaging about Rs 100 per voter.
    • Political Party Spending: Political parties spent nearly Rs 3,000 crore during the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, with an estimated Rs 50,000 crore informally spent. Addressing this informal expenditure is a primary concern.
    • Data-Driven Decision-Making: The absence of comprehensive data on total public expenditure for separate versus simultaneous elections limits our understanding. To make informed decisions, a meticulous analysis of costs and potential savings is imperative.

    Diversion of Duty: A Matter of Debate

    • Essential Responsibility: While election duty is considered essential for security forces, it’s also a privilege for civilian officials.
    • Lack of Statistical Data: The absence of statistical data showing the exact number of days dedicated to election duties for simultaneous versus separate elections hinders informed decision-making.

    Disruption in Development: A Misconception

    • Model Code of Conduct (MCC): The MCC primarily restricts certain categories of public expenditure during elections, not all development work.
    • Need for Data: The lack of data demonstrating the extent of disruption in development work is a crucial gap in the argument against simultaneous elections.
    • Historical Perspective: Flexibility in Democracy

    Historical context reveals flexibility in Indian democracy:

    • 15 Years of Simultaneous Elections: From 1951–52 to 1967, elections were held simultaneously for 15 years without a specific constitutional provision.
    • Preserving Political Freedom: Imposing limits on election timing could curb political parties’ freedom to express a lack of confidence or engage in democratic processes.

    Local autonomy vs. centralization

    • Local Impact: State-level elections primarily concern local voters and leaders and should not unduly affect voters in other states or the central government.
    • Centralization of Politics: Centralized campaigning diminishes the focus on local governance, weakening local democratic institutions and representation.

    Urgent Priorities for Reform

    • Pressing Issues Abound: India faces a multitude of pressing issues, from natural disasters to public agitations. These challenges can disrupt normal governance and require immediate attention.
    • Nature’s Fury: Natural disasters, such as heavy rainfall or hazardous air quality, often paralyze regions and demand swift government response to alleviate suffering and manage the aftermath.
    • Educational Disruptions: Factors like heatwaves or international events like the G20 meetings can lead to the closure of educational institutions, affecting students’ routines and demanding educational policy adjustments.
    • Protracted Agitations: Protests and agitations, sometimes lasting for months, can bring normal life to a standstill, necessitating government intervention and resolution.
    • Meaningful Electoral Reforms: Rather than focusing on the mechanical scheduling of elections, there is an urgent need for more substantial electoral reforms that enhance transparency and accountability.
    • Managerial Efficiency: Improving the efficiency of election management can be achieved without the need for onerous constitutional amendments.

    Conclusion

    • The proposal for ONOE is intriguing but lacks the necessary data and robust debate to support its implementation. India should prioritize addressing more pressing governance issues and electoral reforms that enhance transparency.

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