A new lineage of SARS-CoV-2 has been designated as a Variant of Concern (VoC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) and has been named Omicron.
Behind the name: Omicron
The WHO has been using Greek letters to refer to the most widely prevalent coronavirus variants, which otherwise carry long scientific names.
It had already used 12 letters of the Greek alphabet before the newest variant emerged in South Africa this week.
After Mu, the 12th named after a Greek letter, WHO selected the name Omicron, instead of Nu or Xi, the two letters between Mu and Omicron.
The WHO said Nu could have been confused with the word ‘new’ while Xi was not picked up following a convention.
Why is the Omicron variant interesting?
The Omicron variant is interesting due to the fact that it has a large number of mutations compared to other prevalent variants circulating across the world.
This includes 32 mutations in the spike protein.
Many of these mutations lie in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein, a key part of the protein required for binding to the human receptor proteins for entry into the cell.
It can thus play an important role in recognition by antibodies generated due to a previous infection or by vaccines.
What do spike mutations do?
Many of the mutations in the spike protein have been previously suggested to cause resistance to antibodies as well as increased transmission.
Thus, there is a possibility that this variant could be more likely to re-infect people who have developed immunity against previous variants of the virus.
The behavior of the virus is not yet accurately predictable based on the evidence on individual mutations.
Does the variant result in vaccine breakthrough infections?
Some of the initial individuals identified to be infected with the variant have been vaccinated for COVID-19 and therefore the variant can indeed cause vaccine breakthrough infections.
This should not be of concern, since the prevalent variants of concern including Delta have been shown to cause breakthrough infections.
Whether the variant causes more breakthrough infections than Delta is not currently known.
How can we be prepared for the variant?
Enhanced surveillance and genome sequencing efforts are essential to detect and track the prevalence of the Omicron variant.
Rapid sharing of genome sequences of the virus and the epidemiological data linked with it to publicly available databases will help in developing a better understanding of the variant.
Existing public health and social measures need to be strengthened to control and prevent transmission.
Enhancing vaccination coverage across different regions along with access to testing, therapeutics and support will be essential for combating the new variant.
Equitable access to vaccines would be key to controlling the Omicron variant, and slowing down the emergence of any future variants.
If built on time, Jaitapur Project in Maharashtra would be the largest nuclear power generating station in the world by net generation capacity, at 9,900 MW.
Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project
Jaitapur Project is a proposed nuclear power plant in India.
The power project is proposed by Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) and would be built at Madban village of Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra.
It is being built with technical cooperation from France.
Project description
It is proposed to construct 6 European Pressurized Reactors designed and developed by Framatome (former Areva) of France, each of 1650 MW, thus totaling 9900 MW.
These are the third generation pressurized water reactors (PWR).
The cost of building the plant is about ₹20 crore (US$2.7 million) per MW electric power compared with ₹5 crore (US$660,000) per MW electric power for a coal power station.
A consortium of French financial institutions will finance this project as a loan. Both French and Indian government will give sovereign guarantee for this loan.
Issues with the project
(I) Liability for nuclear damage
The lack of clarity on the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill 2010 passed in Indian Parliament in August 2010 is a hurdle in finalizing deal.
This Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill 2010 has a clause that deals with the legal binding of the culpable groups in case of a nuclear accident.
It allows only the operator (NPCIL) to sue the manufacturers and suppliers. Victims will not be able to sue anyone.
(II) Clearance issue
Environmental effects of nuclear power and geological issues have been raised by anti-nuclear activists of India against this power project.
Even though the Maharashtra state govt completed land acquisition in 2010, only few people had accepted compensation cheques.
(III) Seismicity of the area
Since Jaitapur is a seismically sensitive area, the danger of an earthquake has been foremost on the minds of people.
According to the Earthquake hazard zoning of India, Jaitapur comes under Zone III. This zone is called the moderate Risk Zone and covers areas liable to MSK VIII.
The presence of two major creeks on the proposed site has been ignored while clearing the site.
(IV) Nuclear waste disposal
It is not clear where the nuclear waste from the site will be shipped for recycling or removed for disposal.
The plant is estimated to generate 300 tonnes of used nuclear fuel each year.
“I followed multiple strategies, multiple sources and asked advices from multiple people when I began my preparation in 2016. Yet, I felt a lack of guidance. By 2020, I followed a single strategy, a single source and took guidance from only Civilsdaily. And finally I cleared the exam after 2 attempts. ”
Lakshay Chowdhary was an ardent follower of Civilsdaily current affairs from 2016. In 2018, he took the help of our Mains Answer Writing program and reached till the level of interview. However, by a few marks his name didn’t feature in the final list. That’s when he decided he will not prepare full-time but will take a job, support his family and prepare for UPSC-CSE once again. He decided to take mentorship for all the 3 stages from Civilsdaily mentors Santosh sir and Pravin sir. That’s when, he achieved the remarkable feat of clearing the exam with a high All India Rank of 132.
Free Open for All, Q&A Webinar by Lakshay Choudhary
They say, it’s better to get guidance from those who have failed than those who won. Because, those who have failed will know what mistakes they have made. However, for UPSC we would like to tweak this a little bit.
“It’s better to get guidance from someone who has given several attempts and then went onto become a UPSC Topper”
This Ask me Anything session by UPSC Topper Lakshay Choudhary will give all UPSC aspirants clarity on the right process to prepare the exam and the right strategy to excel. Lakshay, an aspirant from commerce background was confused like anyone initially. He chose the wrong optional, he started answer-writing practice after prelims, he was a subject expert but not an overall player, he studied for 12 hours everyday and never took breaks.
So, what did he do that reduced his stress and prepare with limited sources yet achieve maximum marks? What did he do because of which he left only one question in 2020 Mains exam, while previously he couldn’t answer 2-3 questions from every paper? How did he clear the exam with just 6-8 hours of daily preparation when he couldn’t replicate success with 12 hours daily preparation in 2016? Attend his webinar on Monday to find out.
Key Takeways of Ask me Anything Session with Lakshay Chowdhary
1. When to start writing Mains answers. Is it better to practice 2-3 answers everyday even if there is a year more for UPSC exam?
2. How many times in a month did Lakshay write Essay answers? Why practicing Essay Paper is important even as a beginner?
3. Preparing for Current Affairs as a working professional. How did Lakshay reduce his newspaper reading time by using the Civilsdaily app?
Consolidated notes from mentors and developing his own. How did Lakshay manage to create 1-2 pages of notes for the most important topics from every subject which helped him finish an answer within 250 words?
Preparing without fear-factor. Why is it less stressful to prepare for UPSC as a working professional?
Prelims, Mains and Optional — all in a day. How did Lakshay divide his daily schedule into three sessions?
Negotiables vs Non Negotiables. What is required for UPSC exam and what is not?
Be a practical risk-taker. When is it okay to switch an optional and why should you wait till the next attempt to change your study materials?
Webinar Details
Be ready with your list of doubts and get them clarified once and for all on Monday! Register for thisfree webinar by Lakshay Chowdhary(AIR 132).
The 12th Ministerial Conference of WTO is scheduled to take place in Geneva.
Context
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the principal forum for setting the rules of international trade.
For the past two and a half decades, it has helped reduce barriers to trade in both goods and services and created a dispute resolution system that supporters say reduced the threat of trade wars.
However with negotiations on a comprehensive development agenda due to disagreements, the WTO is under considerable pressure to achieve meaningful results.
About World Trade Organization
The WTO is an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the regulation of international trade between nations.
The WTO officially commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994.
It replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948.
It is the largest international economic organization in the world.
Functions of WTO
The WTO deals with regulation of trade in goods, services and intellectual property between participating countries.
It provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants’ adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments.
Working Principles of the WTO
The WTO establishes a framework for trade policies; it does not define or specify outcomes. That is, it is concerned with setting the rules of “trade policy.” Five principles are of particular importance in understanding both the pre-1994 GATT and the WTO:
Non-discrimination: It has two major components: the most favored nation (MFN) rule and the national treatment policy. The MFN rule requires that a WTO member must apply the same conditions on all trade with other WTO members. National treatment means that imported goods should be treated no less favorably than domestically produced goods.
Reciprocity: It reflects both a desire to limit the scope of free-riding that may arise because of the MFN rule and a desire to obtain better access to foreign markets.
Binding and enforceable commitments: The tariff commitments made by WTO members in multilateral trade negotiation and on accession are enumerated in a schedule (list) of concessions. These schedules establish “ceiling bindings”: a country can change its bindings, but only after negotiating with its trading partners.
Transparency: The WTO members are required to publish their trade regulations, to maintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade, to respond to requests for information by other members, and to notify changes in trade policies to the WTO.
Safety values: In specific circumstances, governments are able to restrict trade. The WTO’s agreements permit members to take measures to protect not only the environment but also public health, animal health and plant health
India and WTO
Ever since the inception of this organization, India has been an active participant in its affairs and policies and played a crucial role in raising the concerns and demands of developing countries.
Reforms Agent: India always worked towards a multilateral trading system that offers a fair, open, transparent and balanced level playing field in the interests of the developing and least developing countries.
Leadership: India’s role right from the inception of the institution has always been that of a leader of the South, trying to ensure that fair play is brought into a rule-based system of global trade. It has retained this role till now, given that many smaller developing countries rely on it.
Issues with WTO
(1) Persistent North-South divisions
WTO talks are mainly seen as a showdown between the North and the South.
This is particularly so with the growth in strength of the developing countries and their regional and continental groupings.
(2) Farm Subsidies
The tussle between developed and developing economies over farm subsidies also continues, with rich countries reserving the right to spend billions of dollars on supporting their farmers.
The livelihood issues raised by India, on the other hand, are considered only grudgingly, while the “peace” clause, allowing a 10 per cent subsidy on public stockholding of foodgrains, was extracted after many negotiations.
(3) Developed vs. Developing Countries
Since the WTO allows countries to unilaterally classify themselves as “developing”, many countries have been happy to make use of this freedom.
So, as many as two-thirds of the 164 members of the WTO have classified themselves as developing countries.
(4) Decision-making process
In WTO decision making is through consensus. This has translated into making the WTO decision making long and subject to external manipulation.
Most of the time political and ideological differences come in a way of reaching a consensus.
(5) Implementation problem
This relates basically to the difficulties that mainly developing countries face in meeting their obligations under the WTO agreements.
The two main areas that have affected implementation by developing countries have been the TRIPS and the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures agreements.
(6) Not all countries joined
With an increasingly global trading system, member countries do not operate in isolation and trade with WTO member countries only.
Not all world countries have joined it makes it a less effective organization. Countries such as Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Uzbekistan has not joined WTO yet.
(7) Strong influence of Corporate
The WTO essentially protects multinational corporations based in the North.
It is often accused to be acted as a tool of rich and powerful countries – notably the US, the EU, Japan and Canada.
(8) Protectionism Vs Free Trade
There is a trade war between US and China despite both being a member of WTO.
This negates the core non-discriminatory principle of WTO
(9) Dispute settlement mechanism
While WTO’s dispute settling mechanism allows aggrieved parties to file cases against member-states, some of the cases and issues have remained unresolved for a long time
The U.S. has systematically blocked the appointment of new Appellate Body members (“judges”) and de facto impeded the work of the WTO appeal mechanism.
Further, the dispute resolution mechanism of the WTO, which can pass judgments on disputes, lacks the powers to enforce them as the enforcement of decisions is left to individual member states.
Criticisms of WTO
Although tariffs and other trade barriers have been significantly reduced thanks to GATT and WTO, the promise that free trade will accelerate economic growth, reduce poverty, and increase people’s incomes has been questioned by many critics.
Pro-rich: New countries actively reduce trade barriers only after becoming significantly rich.
Failure in poverty alleviation: Trade liberalization does not guarantee economic growth and certainly not poverty alleviation.
No mutual benefits: Critics also put forward the view that the benefits derived from WTO facilitated free trade are not shared equally.
Rich-poor countries rift: The gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen, especially in China and India, where economic inequality is growing even though economic growth is very high.
Competition: Trade liberalization that is too early without any prominent domestic barriers is feared to trap the developing economies in the primary sector, which often does not require skilled labor.
Way forward
There is need for the structural reform in the WTO functioning as multilateral trading system
Need of free trade is required more by developing countries like India than developed countries. So developing countries must work collaboratively to strengthen WTO.
Despite WTO being a democratic organization, there is a need to make it more effective in protecting the interests of small nations against stronger countries.
WTO needs to strengthen the dispute settlement mechanism as there are issues in appointment of judges in new appellate body
Lastly, WTO needs to enhance discussion mechanism by introducing wider consultations.
“I followed multiple strategies, multiple sources and asked advices from multiple people when I began my preparation in 2016. Yet, I felt a lack of guidance. By 2020, I followed a single strategy, a single source and took guidance from only Civilsdaily. And finally I cleared the exam after 2 attempts. ”
Lakshay Chowdhary was an ardent follower of Civilsdaily current affairs from 2016. In 2018, he took the help of our Mains Answer Writing program and reached till the level of interview. However, by a few marks his name didn’t feature in the final list. That’s when he decided he will not prepare full-time but will take a job, support his family and prepare for UPSC-CSE once again. He decided to take mentorship for all the 3 stages from Civilsdaily mentors Santosh sir and Pravin sir. That’s when, he achieved the remarkable feat of clearing the exam with a high All India Rank of 132.
Free Open for All, Q&A Webinar by Lakshay Choudhary
They say, it’s better to get guidance from those who have failed than those who won. Because, those who have failed will know what mistakes they have made. However, for UPSC we would like to tweak this a little bit.
“It’s better to get guidance from someone who has given several attempts and then went onto become a UPSC Topper”
This Ask me Anything session by UPSC Topper Lakshay Choudhary will give all UPSC aspirants clarity on the right process to prepare the exam and the right strategy to excel. Lakshay, an aspirant from commerce background was confused like anyone initially. He chose the wrong optional, he started answer-writing practice after prelims, he was a subject expert but not an overall player, he studied for 12 hours everyday and never took breaks.
So, what did he do that reduced his stress and prepare with limited sources yet achieve maximum marks? What did he do because of which he left only one question in 2020 Mains exam, while previously he couldn’t answer 2-3 questions from every paper? How did he clear the exam with just 6-8 hours of daily preparation when he couldn’t replicate success with 12 hours daily preparation in 2016? Attend his webinar on Monday to find out.
Key Takeways of Ask me Anything Session with Lakshay Chowdhary
1. When to start writing Mains answers. Is it better to practice 2-3 answers everyday even if there is a year more for UPSC exam?
2. How many times in a month did Lakshay write Essay answers? Why practicing Essay Paper is important even as a beginner?
3. Preparing for Current Affairs as a working professional. How did Lakshay reduce his newspaper reading time by using the Civilsdaily app?
Consolidated notes from mentors and developing his own. How did Lakshay manage to create 1-2 pages of notes for the most important topics from every subject which helped him finish an answer within 250 words?
Preparing without fear-factor. Why is it less stressful to prepare for UPSC as a working professional?
Prelims, Mains and Optional — all in a day. How did Lakshay divide his daily schedule into three sessions?
Negotiables vs Non Negotiables. What is required for UPSC exam and what is not?
Be a practical risk-taker. When is it okay to switch an optional and why should you wait till the next attempt to change your study materials?
Webinar Details
Be ready with your list of doubts and get them clarified once and for all on Monday! Register for thisfree webinar by Lakshay Chowdhary(AIR 132).
“I followed multiple strategies, multiple sources and asked advices from multiple people when I began my preparation in 2016. Yet, I felt a lack of guidance. By 2020, I followed a single strategy, a single source and took guidance from only Civilsdaily. And finally I cleared the exam after 2 attempts. ”
Lakshay Chowdhary was an ardent follower of Civilsdaily current affairs from 2016. In 2018, he took the help of our Mains Answer Writing program and reached till the level of interview. However, by a few marks his name didn’t feature in the final list. That’s when he decided he will not prepare full-time but will take a job, support his family and prepare for UPSC-CSE once again. He decided to take mentorship for all the 3 stages from Civilsdaily mentors Santosh sir and Pravin sir. That’s when, he achieved the remarkable feat of clearing the exam with a high All India Rank of 132.
Free Open for All, Q&A Webinar by Lakshay Choudhary
They say, it’s better to get guidance from those who have failed than those who won. Because, those who have failed will know what mistakes they have made. However, for UPSC we would like to tweak this a little bit.
“It’s better to get guidance from someone who has given several attempts and then went onto become a UPSC Topper”
This Ask me Anything session by UPSC Topper Lakshay Choudhary will give all UPSC aspirants clarity on the right process to prepare the exam and the right strategy to excel. Lakshay, an aspirant from commerce background was confused like anyone initially. He chose the wrong optional, he started answer-writing practice after prelims, he was a subject expert but not an overall player, he studied for 12 hours everyday and never took breaks.
So, what did he do that reduced his stress and prepare with limited sources yet achieve maximum marks? What did he do because of which he left only one question in 2020 Mains exam, while previously he couldn’t answer 2-3 questions from every paper? How did he clear the exam with just 6-8 hours of daily preparation when he couldn’t replicate success with 12 hours daily preparation in 2016? Attend his webinar on Monday to find out.
Key Takeways of Ask me Anything Session with Lakshay Chowdhary
1. When to start writing Mains answers. Is it better to practice 2-3 answers everyday even if there is a year more for UPSC exam?
2. How many times in a month did Lakshay write Essay answers? Why practicing Essay Paper is important even as a beginner?
3. Preparing for Current Affairs as a working professional. How did Lakshay reduce his newspaper reading time by using the Civilsdaily app?
Consolidated notes from mentors and developing his own. How did Lakshay manage to create 1-2 pages of notes for the most important topics from every subject which helped him finish an answer within 250 words?
Preparing without fear-factor. Why is it less stressful to prepare for UPSC as a working professional?
Prelims, Mains and Optional — all in a day. How did Lakshay divide his daily schedule into three sessions?
Negotiables vs Non Negotiables. What is required for UPSC exam and what is not?
Be a practical risk-taker. When is it okay to switch an optional and why should you wait till the next attempt to change your study materials?
Webinar Details
Be ready with your list of doubts and get them clarified once and for all on Monday! Register for thisfree webinar by Lakshay Chowdhary(AIR 132).
Many wish for legendary “Milk Man of India” Verghese Kurien’s presence in our midst today as the conflict between the Central government and the farming community on the issue of the farm laws appears to be still unresolved.
Adopting cooperative model
Kurien won the farmers over with his professional integrity and his vision of a central role for farmers in India’s journey of development.
It is on that foundation that Kurien went on to design his idea of Amul as a co-operative.
He turned it over the years into a global brand, and later launched the White Revolution that would make India the largest milk producing nation in the world.
Central to Kurien’s vision was the co-operative model of business development.
Kurien’s fascination for the co-operative model was also influenced by Gandhian thinking on poverty alleviation and social transformation.
Kurien could borrow from the ideas and the practices of the corporate world.
In areas such as innovations in marketing and management, branding and technology, the private sector excels and sets benchmarks for businesses across the world to follow and adopt.
Innovations and evolving technologies: At the same time, Amul was steadily emerging as a laboratory, developing significant innovations and evolving technologies of its own, and these have strengthened its competitive power against multinational corporations.
Challenges facing cooperative movements in India
Amul’s success has not been the catalyst for similar movements across other agricultural commodities in India.
Bypassing digital revolution: India’s digital revolution has bypassed the agriculture sector.
The cooperative movement in India is in a state of flux.
Decline of cooperative movement: India has suffered due to lack of professional management, adequate finance and poor adoption of technology.
Conclusion
This is truly a moment to reflect on Verghese Kurien’s remarkable legacy and the unfinished task he has left behind.
On November 26, 1949,72 years ago, India adopted new Constitution. Provisions of the Constitution like those pertaining to citizenship, a provisional parliament and other transitional measures came into force immediately, on November 26, 1949.
Challenges faced by the Constituent Assembly
Boycott of the members: The body was meant to comprise 296 members but was boycotted by some members who would eventually move to Pakistan.
Hence, the assembly would be a 210-member body at the initial sessions.
Deft statesmanship, not rage was displayed in response to the boycott.
Juristicconcerns: There were other juristic concerns.
The colonial constitutionalist Ivor Jennings, who long sought to be involved in India’s drafting project but was refused later, asked, why the Constitution of India “plays down communalism?”
This was a stinging question, for Partition was the result of communalism, how could any of us forget that?
Important feature of Indian Constitution: Addressing historical discrimination
India’s Constitution is unique in its approach for making reparations for historical discrimination on grounds of caste that defines the present and future of so many Indians.
By contrast, America’s Constitution makes no apology nor enables reparations for slavery.
Despite being a body that was not significantly diverse, the founders, having appreciated the concerns of their people, were able to stand outside of their own privilege and conceive of a founding document that would speak for those who have been silenced for thousands of years.
What makes the Indian Constitution enduring?
After having studied every constitution from 1789 to 2005, Tom Ginsburg of the University of Chicago School of Law and his colleagues concluded that on average a constitution survives for around 17 years.
France with 14 constitutions, Mexico at five constitutions and neighbouring Pakistan with three constitutions typify the global experience.
Expansion of freedoms of citizens: India’s Constitution has endured because its founders, its interpreters — the constitutional courts — and litigants in the form of social movements have all ensured that it is used to consistently expand the freedoms of citizens, even if social morality thinks otherwise.
Constitutional morality: The Constitution’s morality has stood firmly with disadvantaged castes, women, and religious minorities.
Accommodating marginalised groups: In contemporary times, other marginalised groups like LGBT Indians have been heard by constitutional courts that have unanimously found for their freedoms and for a full equality.
Consider the question “Elaborate on the features that explain the endurance of the Indian Constitution.”
Conclusion
Today, we marvel at the 72nd year of the adoption of our Constitution, and 72 years of our birth as “We the People”. But, as we revel in our good fortune, we must also be aware that its endurance is deeply rooted in the ability of all of us to commit to the project of expanding freedom, not contracting it
“I followed multiple strategies, multiple sources and asked advices from multiple people when I began my preparation in 2016. Yet, I felt a lack of guidance. By 2020, I followed a single strategy, a single source and took guidance from only Civilsdaily. And finally I cleared the exam after 2 attempts. ”
Lakshay Chowdhary was an ardent follower of Civilsdaily current affairs from 2016. In 2018, he took the help of our Mains Answer Writing program and reached till the level of interview. However, by a few marks his name didn’t feature in the final list. That’s when he decided he will not prepare full-time but will take a job, support his family and prepare for UPSC-CSE once again. He decided to take mentorship for all the 3 stages from Civilsdaily mentors Santosh sir and Pravin sir. That’s when, he achieved the remarkable feat of clearing the exam with a high All India Rank of 132.
Free Open for All, Q&A Webinar by Lakshay Choudhary
They say, it’s better to get guidance from those who have failed than those who won. Because, those who have failed will know what mistakes they have made. However, for UPSC we would like to tweak this a little bit.
“It’s better to get guidance from someone who has given several attempts and then went onto become a UPSC Topper”
This Ask me Anything session by UPSC Topper Lakshay Choudhary will give all UPSC aspirants clarity on the right process to prepare the exam and the right strategy to excel. Lakshay, an aspirant from commerce background was confused like anyone initially. He chose the wrong optional, he started answer-writing practice after prelims, he was a subject expert but not an overall player, he studied for 12 hours everyday and never took breaks.
So, what did he do that reduced his stress and prepare with limited sources yet achieve maximum marks? What did he do because of which he left only one question in 2020 Mains exam, while previously he couldn’t answer 2-3 questions from every paper? How did he clear the exam with just 6-8 hours of daily preparation when he couldn’t replicate success with 12 hours daily preparation in 2016? Attend his webinar on Monday to find out.
Key Takeways of Ask me Anything Session with Lakshay Chowdhary
1. When to start writing Mains answers. Is it better to practice 2-3 answers everyday even if there is a year more for UPSC exam?
2. How many times in a month did Lakshay write Essay answers? Why practicing Essay Paper is important even as a beginner?
3. Preparing for Current Affairs as a working professional. How did Lakshay reduce his newspaper reading time by using the Civilsdaily app?
Consolidated notes from mentors and developing his own. How did Lakshay manage to create 1-2 pages of notes for the most important topics from every subject which helped him finish an answer within 250 words?
Preparing without fear-factor. Why is it less stressful to prepare for UPSC as a working professional?
Prelims, Mains and Optional — all in a day. How did Lakshay divide his daily schedule into three sessions?
Negotiables vs Non Negotiables. What is required for UPSC exam and what is not?
Be a practical risk-taker. When is it okay to switch an optional and why should you wait till the next attempt to change your study materials?
Webinar Details
Be ready with your list of doubts and get them clarified once and for all on Monday! Register for thisfree webinar by Lakshay Chowdhary(AIR 132).
