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  • What is India Plastics Pact?

    The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) has long been at the forefront of having an India Plastic Pact.

    What are Plastics Pacts?

    • The Plastics Pacts are business-led initiatives and transform the plastics packaging value chain for all formats and products.
    • The Pacts bring together everyone from across the plastics value chain to implement practical solutions.
    • All Pacts unite behind four targets:
    1. to eliminate unnecessary and problematic plastic packaging through redesign and innovation;
    2. to ensure all plastic packaging is reusable or recyclable;
    3. to increase the reuse, collection, and
    4. recycling of plastic packaging; and to increase recycled content in plastic packaging

    India Plastics Pact

    • The India Plastics Pact, the first in Asia, will be launched in September at the CII Annual Sustainability Summit.
    • It can be expected to boost demand for recycled content, investments in recycling infrastructure, jobs in the waste sector, and beyond.
    • The first Plastics Pact was launched in the U.K. in 2018.
    • The India Plastics Pact is supported by WRAP (UK based NGO), which supports many Pacts globally.
    • This association will ensure access to expertise and knowledge from different Pacts worldwide.

    Key provisions of the pact

    • Pact will support the Extended Producer Responsibility framework of the government and improve solid waste management as envisioned in the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
    • Integral to the Pact’s framework is the involvement of the informal waste sector crucial to post-consumer segregation, collection and processing of plastic waste.
    • While the India Plastics Pact will be active in India, it will link globally with other Plastics Pacts.

    How would this work?

    • The Plastics Pact is a network of initiatives that bring together all key stakeholders at the national or regional level to implement solutions towards a circular economy for plastics.
    • Each initiative is led by a local organization and unites governments, businesses, and citizens behind the common vision with a concrete set of ambitious local targets, for example in the following areas:
    1. Eliminate unnecessary and problematic plastic packaging through redesign and innovation
    2. Move from single-use to reuse where relevant
    3. Ensure all plastic packaging is reusable, recyclable, or compostable
    4. Increase the reuse, collection, and recycling or composting of plastic packaging
    5. Increase recycled content in plastic packaging

    Benefits offered

    • Many Indian businesses and organizations have expressed an interest in signing up to the Pact.
    • Deeper and long-lasting benefits will be felt across the supply chains of these businesses, most of which comprise MSMEs.
    • The Pact will encourage the development and maturing of the entire plastics production and management ecosystem.
    • Apart from benefits to society and the economy, delivering the targets will drive the circularity of plastics and help tackle pollution. They will lead to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

    Why need such pact?

    • Of the many sustainability challenges that impact societies, climate change and plastic waste have a special significance.
    • A 2019 report by the Center for International Environmental Law suggests that by 2050, greenhouse gas emissions from plastic could reach over 56 gigatonnes, 10-13% of the remaining carbon budget.
    • However, viewed from the angle of livelihoods, post-consumer segregation, collection and disposal of plastics make up about half of the income of 1.5- 4 million waste-pickers in India.

    Way forward

    • For India, the solution must be multi-pronged, systemic, and large scale, to create a visible impact.
    • The India Plastics Pact focuses on solutions and innovation.
    • Members’ accountability is ensured through ambitious targets and annual data reporting.
    • The Pact will develop a road map for guidance, form action groups composed of members, and initiate innovation projects.

    Try answering this PYQ:

    Q. In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (CSP 2019)

    (a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998

    (b) The Recycled plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999

    (c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011

    (d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011

     

    Post your answers here:

  • Parties get 48 hours to publish candidates’ criminal records

    The Supreme Court has directed the political parties to publish the criminal history if any, of their election candidates on the homepage of their party websites under the caption ‘candidates with criminal antecedents’ within 48 hours of their selection.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.Consider the following statements:

    1. According to the Constitution of India, a person who is eligible to vote can be made a minister in a State for six months even if he/she is not a member of the Legislature of that State.
    2. According to the Representation of People Act, 1951, a person convicted of a criminal offence and sentenced to imprisonment for five years is permanently disqualified from contesting an election even after his release from prison.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (CSP 2020)

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

     

    Post your answers here:

    Criminalization of politics: Indian Case

    • The criminalization of politics has become a headache for the Indian democracy and it is a harsh reality now.
    • Criminalization of politics in India includes political control of the police, state money, corruption, weak laws, lack of ethics, values, vote bank politics and loopholes in the function of the election commission.
    • Deep down, it’s a large nexus of police, money, corrupt bureaucracy, casteism, religion and the drawbacks of functioning in the election commission.

    On a serious note

    • The Supreme Court has warned Parliament that the nation is losing patience with the advent of criminals in politics even as it imposed fines on major political parties for covering up from voters the criminal past of the candidates.
    • Cleansing the polluted stream of politics is obviously not one of the immediate pressing concerns of the legislative branch of government.
    • The court said it did not take political parties much time to flout its February 2020 judgment, which had directed them to prominently publish the criminal antecedents.

    What was the Feb 2020 Judgment?

    The Supreme Court earlier in Feb 2020 had ordered political parties to publish the entire criminal history of their candidates for Assembly and Lok Sabha elections.

    • Reasons for nomination: It has also asked for the reasons that goaded them to field suspected criminals over decent people.
    • Publication of records: The information should be published in a local as well as a national newspaper as well as the parties’ social media handles.
    • 48hr time frame: It should mandatorily be published either within 48 hours of the selection of candidates or less than two weeks before the first date for filing of nominations, whichever is earlier.
    • Contempt for non-compliance: It also ordered political parties to submit compliance reports with the Election Commission of India within 72 hours or risk contempt of court action.
    • No escape: The judgment is applicable to parties both at Central and State levels.

    Immediate Reason

    • The immediate provocation is the finding that 46% of MPs have criminal records.
    • The number might be inflated as many politicians tend to be charged with relatively minor offences —“unlawful assembly” and “defamation”.
    • The real worry is that the current cohort of Lok Sabha MPs has the highest (29%) proportion of those with serious declared criminal cases compared to its recent predecessors.

    Why are such tainted candidates inducted by political parties?

    • Popularity: Such candidates with serious records seem to do well despite their public image, largely due to their ability to finance their own elections and bring substantive resources to their respective parties.
    • Vested interests: Some voters tend to view such candidates through a narrow prism: of being able to represent their interests by hook or by crook.
    • Destabilizing other electors: Others do not seek to punish these candidates in instances where they are in contest with other candidates with similar records.

    A harsh reality

    • The NN Vohra committee’s report on the criminalization of politics discussed how criminal gangs flourish under the care and protection of politicians.
    • Many times the candidates themselves are the gang leaders.
    • This protection is paid back to them during elections through capital investment in election spending and voter support.

    Need for clean politics

    • Upholding morality: It is extremely important that the people who enter the field of politics have a clear image and high moral character.
    • Ensuring rule of law: A leader with criminal character undoubtedly tends to undermine the rule of law.

  • Ujjwala 2.0 Scheme

    Prime Minister has launched the second phase of the Ujjwala gas connection scheme for the poor and said it would provide the biggest relief to lakhs of migrant worker families in the country.

    Ujjwala 2.0

    • Under Ujjwala 2.0 migrant workers would no longer have to struggle to get address proof documents to get the gas connections, Mr. Modi said.
    • Now migrant workers would only be required to submit a self-declaration of their residential address to get the gas connection.
    • Along with a deposit-free LPG connection, Ujjwala 2.0 will provide the first refill and a hotplate free of cost to the beneficiaries.

    About the PM Ujjwala Yojana

    • Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) was launched in 2016, with the aim to provide Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) connections to five crore women members of below poverty line (BPL) households in the first phase.
    • he scheme was expanded in April 2018 to include women beneficiaries from seven more categories (SC/ST, PMAY, AAY, Most backward classes, tea garden, forest dwellers, Islands).
    • In the second phase the target was expanded to eight crore LPG connections.

    Significance of Ujjwala 2.0

    • LPG infrastructure has expanded manifold in the country due to the Ujjwala scheme.
    • In the last six years, more than 11,000 new LPG distribution centres have opened across the country.
    • The LPG coverage in India is now very close to becoming 100 per cent.

  • National Mission on Edible Oil-Oil Palm (NMEO-OP)

    The Centre has increased the financial outlay for the National Mission on Edible Oil-Oil Palm (NMEO-OP).

    About NMEO-OP

    • National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm (NMOOP) was implemented during the 12th Five Year Plan, to expand the oil palm areas and increase the production of edible oils.
    • It was later merged with the National Food Security Mission.
    • NMEO-OP aims to resolve to allow India to be independent or self-reliant in edible oil production.
    • Through this mission, more than ₹11,000 crores will be invested in the edible oil ecosystem.
    • The government will ensure that farmers get all the needed facilities, from quality seeds to technology.
    • Along with promoting the cultivation of oil palm, this mission will also expand the cultivation of our other traditional oilseed crops.

    Why such a mission?

    • India is one of the major oilseeds growers and importers of edible oils.
    • India’s vegetable oil economy is the world’s fourth-largest after the USA, China & Brazil.
    • The oilseed accounts for 13% of the Gross Cropped Area, 3% of the Gross National Product, and 10% value of all agricultural commodities.
    • During the last few years, the domestic consumption of edible oils has increased substantially and has touched the level of 18.90 million tonnes in 2011-12 and is likely to increase further.
    • A substantial portion of our requirement of edible oil is met through the import of palm oil from Indonesia and Malaysia.
    • It is, therefore, necessary to exploit domestic resources to maximize production to ensure edible oil security for the country.

    Alternative sources

    • Oil Palm is comparatively a new crop in India and is the highest vegetable oil yielding perennial crop.
    • With quality planting materials, irrigation, and proper management, there is a potential of achieving 20-30 MT Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFBs) per ha after attaining the age of 5 years.
    • Therefore, there is an urgent need to intensify efforts for area expansion under oil palm to enhance palm oil production in the country.
    • Tree Borne Oilseeds (TBOs), like Sal, Mahua, Simarouba, kokum, Olive, Karanja, Jatropha, Neem, Jojoba, Wild Apricot, Walnut, tung etc. are cultivated/grown in the country under different agro-climatic conditions.
    • These TBOs are also good sources of vegetable oil and therefore need to be supported for cultivation.

    Try answering this PYQ:

    Q.An objective of the National Food Security Mission is to increase the production of certain crops through area expansion and productivity enhancement in a sustainable manner in the identified districts of the country. What are those crops?

    (a) Rice and wheat only

    (b) Rice, wheat, and pulses only

    (c) Rice, wheat, pulses, and oilseeds only

    (d) Rice, wheat, pulses, oilseeds, and vegetables

     

    Post your answers here:

  • [pib] Operation Greens Scheme

    The Union Minister of Food Processing Industries has provided useful information regarding the Op Greens Scheme.

    Operation Greens Scheme

    • Ministry of Food Processing Industries launched the Operation Greens scheme in November, 2018.
    • The scheme aims for integrated development of the Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) value chain.
    • It aims to promote Farmer Producers Organizations (FPOs), agri-logistics, processing facilities and value addition etc. in identified production clusters.
    • Under the scheme, state-wise funds are not allocated as the scheme is demand-driven and projects are approved as per scheme guidelines on the basis of applications received for setting up of projects in eligible production clusters.

    Objectives:

    • To enhance value realization of TOP farmers
    • Reduction in post-harvest losses
    • Price stabilization for producers and consumers and
    • Increase in food processing capacities and value addition etc.

    Key provisions

    • Short term intervention by way of providing transportation and storage subsidy @ 50% and
    • long term intervention through value addition projects in identified production clusters with Grant-in-aid @ 35% to 70% of eligible project cost subject to maximum of Rs. 50 crore per project

  • [RSTV Archive] Investment positive: End of Retro Tax

    The Taxation Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2021 passed by Lok Sabha offers to drop tax claims against companies on deals before May 2012 that involve indirect transfer of Indian assets on fulfilment of specified conditions including the withdrawal of pending litigation and the assurance that no claim for damages would be filed.

    What is a Retrospective Tax?

    • A retrospective tax is a tax imposed on a transaction or deal that was conducted in the past.
    • Retrospective taxation allows a nation to implement a rule to impose a tax on certain products, goods or services and deals and charge companies from a time before the date on which the law is passed.
    • It was introduced in a 2012 amendment to the Finance Act, which enabled imposition of retrospective tax on deals executed after 1962 involving transfer of shares in a foreign entity which had assets in India.

    Why was such a tax introduced in India?

    • Countries use this form of taxation to rectify any deviations in the taxation policies that, in the past, allowed firms to take benefit from any loophole.
    • Multilateral instruments reflects the contemporary scenario where exclusive national sovereignty is replaced with pooled exercise of taxation powers by treaty partners.
    • Not only India, but many other countries like the US, UK, Australia, Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, and Italy have retrospectively taxed firms.

    A Curious case of Cairn

    • The roots of this law date back to 2007, when Vodafone bought over a majority stake in the telecom operations of Hutch in India for $11.1 billion.
    • While the deal involved the changing of hands of Indian operations of Hutch, the companies party to it were registered outside India and all the paperwork and financial transactions, too, were done outside the country.
    • But the Indian government ruled that Vodafone was liable to pay capital gains tax to it as the deal involved the transfer of assets located in India.
    • Importantly, there was no rule in the Indian statutes then that allowed such taxation.
    • Vodafone challenged this claim and the case went to Supreme Court, which ruled in 2012 that there was no tax liability on Vodafone’s part to Indian authorities.

    What was the law made then?

    • In 2012, Parliament amended the Finance Act to enable the taxman to impose tax claims retrospectively for deals executed after 1962 which involved the transfer of shares in a foreign entity whose assets were located in India.
    • The target, of course, was the Vodafone deal. Very soon, tax claims were also raised on Cairn Energy.

    How did the Companies react?

    • The changes to the Finance Act allowed India to reimpose its tax demand on Vodafone.
    • Tax authorities had slapped a tax bill of Rs 7,990 crore on Vodafone, saying the company should have deducted the tax at source before making a payment to Hutchison.
    • By 2016, reports say, the bill had risen to Rs 22,100 crore after adding interest and penalty.
    • The demand on Cairn was for Rs 10,247 crore in back taxes over its move, beginning in 2006, to bring its Indian assets under a single holding company called Cairn India Ltd.
    • A few years later, when Cairn India Ltd floated an IPO to divest about 30 per cent of its ownership of the company, mining conglomerate Vedanta picked up most of the shares.
    • However, Cairn UK was not allowed to transfer its stakes as Indian officials held that the company had to first clear the tax liability.

    A case in the Hague

    • That prompted Cairn UK to move the Permanent Court of Arbitration to The Hague, Netherlands.
    • It said that India had violated the terms of the India-UK Bilateral Investment Treaty by imposing a retrospective tax due on it.
    • The treaty provides protection against arbitrary decisions by laying down that India would treat investment from the UK in a “fair and equitable” manner.
    • Vodafone, too, had sought arbitration before the Permanent Court of Arbitration, citing the “fair and equitable” treatment clause in the India-Netherlands BIT.

    India’s response

    • In September last year, the Hague court ruled in favour of Vodafone, quashing India’s tax claim after holding that it violated the “equitable and fair treatment standard” under the bilateral investment treaty.
    • India refused to pay the compensation; Cairn launched recovery proceedings across countries as part of which a French court ordered the freezing of some Indian assets in Paris.
    • This move discourages foreign investors from coming to India and that the Centre should look to resolve the case at the earliest.
    • The amendments now mooted are designed to do just that.

    Tussle’s impact

    • The order endangering sovereign assets was largely seen as a dent on an emerging power like India.
    • Especially when the country is trying to portray itself as an investment destination on its road to recover from the economic impact of the Covid-19.

    Taxation Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2021

    • The Bill offers to drop tax claims against companies on deals before May 2012 that involve the indirect transfer of Indian assets would be “on fulfilment of specified conditions”.
    • The condition includes the withdrawal of pending litigation and the assurance that no claim for damages would be filed.
    • As per the proposed changes, any tax demand made on transactions that took place before May 2012 shall be dropped, and any taxes already collected shall be repaid, albeit without interest.
    • To be eligible, the concerned taxpayers would have to drop all pending cases against the government and promise not to make any demands for damages or costs.

    Need for the amendment

    • The retrospective taxation was termed “tax terrorism”.
    • It is argued that such retrospective amendments militate against the principle of tax certainty and damage India’s reputation as an attractive destination.
    • This could help restore India’s reputation as a fair and predictable regime apart from helping put an end to taxation.

    Benefits offered

    Conclusion

    • Even after the Bill becomes law, entities such as Cairn Energy must convince its shareholders and accept the caveats.
    • Prospective investors, however, may take heart from the fact that the government has shown the intent not to claim tax retrospectively.
    • It has demonstrated a willingness to undo a measure that was seen as hurting the inflow of foreign investment.

  • The shaky foundation of the labour law reforms

    Context

    The central government has deferred the possible date of implementation of labour codes to October 1, 2021, prolonging the wait before employers and workers could enjoy the benefits extended by the labour codes.

    Labour law reforms: Key provisions

    • The government enacted the Code on Wages in August 2019 and the other three Codes, viz., the Industrial Relations Code, the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code and Code on Social Security (CSS) in September 2020.
    • Universal minimum wage: The codes would extend universal minimum wages and social security, enable enhanced industrial safety and the provision of social security to gig workers, among other things.
    • Recognition of trade unions: The Industrial Relations Code provides for recognition of trade union(s) by employers, a labour right that eluded workers for seven decades.
    • Flexibility to employers: Employers celebrated the extension of tremendous flexibility to them, even those unasked, such as relief from framing standing orders for most firms.
    • The central government has deferred the possible date of implementation to October 1, 2021.

    Issues in implementation

    • State’s have not issued draft rules: Major States such as Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Haryana and Delhi have not issued the draft rules under any codes.
    • Even though the Code on Wages was enacted in August 2019, it was only in March 2021 that the central government notified the constitution of an advisory committee.
    • Safety concerns persist:  Industrial safety continues to be a grave concern even after the enactment of the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code.
    • Lack of clarity on the determination of minimum wage: On June 3, 2021, the government announced an expert committee with a tenure of three years to advise on minimum wages.
    • Then, on July 12, 2021, the government announced that the wage index’s base year would be shifted from 1965 to 2019 to use the revised wage index to determine minimum wages.
    • The Government seems to be facing difficulty regarding the implementation of minimum wages.

    Conclusion

    Despite the gazetting of four Codes, age-old laws are in force. That reflects poorly on the governance abilities of the governments.

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  • 10th Aug 2021 | Geography Test 1

    [WpProQuiz 726]

    [WpProQuiz_toplist 720]

  • STREAK : POLITY TEST-I

    Dear Aspirants,

    I know you all are giving your best.

    Your efforts to crack this exam made me feel proud and satisfied.

    I’m counting on you.

    As promised today, we are going to conduct a live test for the Indian Polity.

    Syllabus for the test roughly covers chapter-1 to Chapter-29 from M. Laxmikant. The Test Details and joining info is given below.

    Subject – Indian Polity 

    Syllabus – Roughly chapter 1 to 29 from M Laxmikant

    Test Timings – 8:00 PM to 10:00 PM

    Test Mode – Live on ZOOM CALL

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    Join Zoom Meeting

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