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  • In news: Durgadi Fort

    In news: Durgadi Fort

    Why in the News?

    • The Kalyan civil court ruled that Durgadi Fort is owned by the Maharashtra government, dismissing the claims of the Majlis-E-Mushawarat Trust.
      • The Trust first filed its claim in 1976, arguing that the fort houses a mosque and an idgah (prayer hall) alongside a temple dedicated to Goddess Durga.

    Key facts about Durgadi Fort:

    Historical Significance  
    • It dates back to the 16th century, part of the Bijapur-based Adil Shahi Sultanate, located in Kalyan.
    • Mentioned in British documents since 1570, housing a tomb, prayer place, and other structures.
    • In 1760, after the Marathas captured Kalyan, they built a wooden temple dedicated to Durgadevi and renamed it Durgadi Killa.
    • After the British took control in 1818, the temple ceased to function, and by 1876, the image of the goddess was stolen.
    Geographical Location
    • Located in Kalyan (Thane district), about 50 km northeast of Mumbai it is situated on elevated ground and offers scenic views over the Ulhas River.
    Cultural and Religious Impact
    • The fort had a significant religious impact on both Hindus and Muslims.
    • It originally housed a mosque and was later modified to include a Durga temple by the Marathas.
    • The fort has been a site of communal tensions, reflecting the complex intersection of religious identity and historical heritage in Maharashtra.
  • Earthquakes/ Mass movement of earth materials

    Earthquakes/ Mass movement of earth materials

    It is the shaking of the earth. It is caused due the release of energy, which generates waves that travel in all directions.  Mass movement— Surface displacement of earthen materials due to ground shaking triggered by earthquakes.

    Nearly 59% of India’s territory is prone to moderate to severe earthquakes.

    11% fall in very high-risk zone V.

    Seven states in North East, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and part of Eight states/UT (Bihar, Gujarat, HP, Uttarakhand, J&K, Ladakh, Punjab and WB) are in Seismic Zone V i.e., prone to very high damage risk.

    Nodal Ministry: Min. of Earth Sciences (MOES).

    Types of Earthquakes:

    1. Tectonic Earthquakes: Subtypes include transform, divergent, and convergent plate boundary earthquakes.
    2. Volcanic Earthquakes: these earthquakes occur as magma moves beneath the Earth’s surface.
    3. Induced Earthquakes: Triggered by human activities such as mining, reservoir-induced seismicity, and hydraulic fracturing (fracking).

    Types of Mass Movements:

    1. Landslides: Rapid downslope movement of rock, soil, and debris. Subtypes include rockfalls, debris flows, and mudslides.
    2. Avalanches: Rapid downhill movement of snow, ice, and debris. It can be triggered by various factors, including snow instability.
    3. Creep: Slow, continuous movement of soil or rock downslope over time.
    4. Solifluction: This type of creep occurs in areas with permanently frozen ground (permafrost).
    Talk To UPSC Mentor

    Criteria to declare:

    The declaration of an earthquake usually involves various stages and considerations:

    1. Seismic Event Detection: First detected by a network of seismometers and seismic monitoring agencies. In India, the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) is responsible for monitoring and detecting seismic activity.
    2. Magnitude Threshold: Seismic events below a certain magnitude may not trigger official declarations. The specific magnitude threshold may vary depending on the region and local policies.
    3. Intensity Assessment: The Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) & Ritcher scale is often used to evaluate the impact of the earthquake on the ground.
    4. Post–Event Assessment: to evaluate the extent of damage, the needs of affected communities, and the effectiveness of the response efforts.

    Causes:

    • Natural:
      1. Tectonic movements: Sudden tectonic movements within the Earth’s crust resulting in the release of energy along a fault. Rocks along a fault tend to move in opposite directions (divergent plate boundary). This causes a release of energy, and the energy waves travel in all directions.  EQ may also occur in transform boundaries where (Plates slide past each other) and Subduction Zones.
      2. Volcanic activities: The movement of magma and the release of gases can induce volcanic earthquakes.
      3. Landslides and avalanches.
    • Anthropogenic:
      1. Dams: The filling of large reservoirs behind dams can increase pressure on underlying faults, triggering earthquakes.
      2. Underground Nuclear tests
      3. Geothermal Energy Extraction: The extraction of geothermal fluids from the Earth’s crust can lead to induced seismicity by altering subsurface pressures and permeability.
      4. Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking): injecting fluids into the ground at high pressure to extract oil and gas can induce seismic events by altering subsurface pressure and lubricating fault lines.
      5. Mining: Underground mining operations can induce seismic events when rock masses are destabilized.

    Mitigation:

    1. Building Codes: Enforce strict construction codes (National building code 2016 guidelines) that ensure buildings and infrastructure can withstand seismic forces.
    2. Retrofitting: Upgrade older buildings to meet current seismic standards.
    3. Early Warning Systems: Implement earthquake early warning systems to provide advance notice to residents and businesses.
    4. Emergency Preparedness: Educate the public on earthquake preparedness, including creating emergency kits and evacuation plans.
    5. Land Use Planning: Restrict development in high-risk areas and consider seismic hazards in urban planning.
    6. Insurance: Encourage earthquake insurance to help with recovery efforts.
    7. Seismic Hazard Assessment: Continuously monitor and assess seismic activity to refine risk assessments.
    8. Public Education: Raise awareness about earthquake risks and safety measures through campaigns and drills.
    9. Critical Infrastructure Resilience: Strengthen essential infrastructure like hospitals, bridges, and power plants.
    10. International Cooperation: Collaborate with neighboring regions to share knowledge and resources for disaster response and recovery.
    GET THIS FULL PDF

    NDMA Guidelines:

    Six pillars of earthquake management in India:

    1. Ensure the incorporation of earthquake resistant design features for the construction of new structures.
    2. Facilitate selective strengthening and seismic retrofitting of existing priority and life line structures In earthquake prone areas.
    3. Improve the compliance regime through appropriate regulation and enforcement.
    4. Improve the awareness and preparedness of all stakeholders.
    5. Introduce appropriate capacity development interventions for effective earthquake management (including education, training, documentation, R&D)
    6. Strengthen the emergency response capability in earthquake prone areas.

    Best Practices:

    Agriculture fair Satara Maharashtra– demonstration of the earthquake resistant construction structures in annual fairs, which are also cost-effective.
    Japan-urgent earthquake detection and alarm system to shut off electricity supply.
    Traditional Dhajji–Dewari system of building houses in Kashmir.

    Way Forward:

    • Governments and policymakers ought to know better than act in a piecemeal manner.
    • Programmes like the ongoing Urban 20 meetings are an excellent opportunity for international knowledge exchange on earthquake preparedness.
    • The Delhi High Court’s directions must act as a reminder for the inclusion of an earthquake preparedness policy in urban renewal programmes such as the Smart Cities Mission.
    • A policy on earthquake preparedness requires a visionary, radical and transformative approach.
    Talk To UPSC Mentor

  • [12th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: The long and complex road to assisted dying

    PYQ Relevance:

    [2018] Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty. Which of the following in the Constitution of India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement? 
    (a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.
    (b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
    (c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.
    (d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘Right to Life and Personal Liberty’ (in 2018), and ‘scope of Fundamental Rights’ (in 2017).

    In the UK parliament, Ms Leadbeater shared a harrowing case of a music teacher’s agonizing death from bile duct cancer to highlight the suffering faced by terminally ill patients during the presentation of the bill. The Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25, allows terminally ill adults with less than six months to live to seek physician-assisted dying.

    Today’s editorial highlights the possible impacts of Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    While presenting the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25 (The Assisted Dying Law) to the British House of Commons, Member of Parliament Kim Leadbeater shared a harrowing account of an “agonising death.”

    What are the ethical implications of legalising assisted dying?

    • Autonomy and Personal Choice: It emphasizes the right of individuals to make decisions about their own bodies and lives, particularly in the context of terminal illness. Advocates argue that respecting personal autonomy is fundamental to human dignity.
    • Slippery Slope Concern: Critics warn that legalizing assisted dying could lead to broader interpretations of who qualifies for assistance, potentially endangering vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and disabled, who might feel pressured to choose death over being a burden.
    • Moral Conflict: The issue creates a moral dilemma between the sanctity of life and compassion for those suffering unbearable pain. Opponents often cite religious or philosophical beliefs that uphold the inviolability of life, while proponents argue for compassion and relief from suffering.

    How do current legislative proposals address concerns about patient safety and coercion?

    Current legislative proposals, such as the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill 2024-25, incorporate several measures aimed at addressing concerns about patient safety and coercion:

    • Strict Eligibility Criteria: The law only permits assisted dying for terminally ill adults with a prognosis of less than six months to live, ensuring that only those facing imminent death can seek assistance.
    • Independent Assessments: Requests for assisted dying must be signed off by two independent doctors, which helps safeguard against coercion and ensures that patients are making informed decisions.
    • Reflection Period: A mandatory 14-day reflection period allows individuals to reconsider their decision, further protecting against impulsive choices made under distress.
    • Judicial Oversight: Final approval from a High Court judge is required before any assisted dying can occur, adding layer of scrutiny to prevent misuse.

    What is the public sentiment regarding assisted dying, and how does it influence policy?

    Public sentiment regarding assisted dying is increasingly supportive, influencing policy discussions in several ways:

    • Growing Acceptance: Surveys indicate a rising acceptance of assisted dying among the public, particularly in cases involving terminal illness. This shift reflects changing attitudes towards end-of-life choices and personal autonomy.
    • Impact on Lawmakers: As public opinion evolves, lawmakers may feel compelled to act by constituents’ views, leading to legislative proposals like the recent Bill. The release from party whips during voting indicates an acknowledgement of the issue’s complexity and the need for individual conscience in decision-making.
    • Influence of Personal Stories: Personal narratives shared by advocates, such as Kim Leadbeater’s account of a music teacher’s agonising death, resonate with the public and lawmakers alike, highlighting the real-life implications of assisted dying laws. These stories can sway opinions and catalyze legislative action.

    Way forward: 

    • Promote Palliative Care and Awareness: Simultaneously invest in accessible and quality palliative care services to provide comprehensive support for terminally ill patients, while fostering public awareness about end-of-life options to ensure informed and compassionate decision-making.
    • Strengthen Safeguards and Monitoring: Implement robust mechanisms to prevent misuse, including regular audits, transparent reporting, and enhanced judicial and medical oversight, ensuring the law remains strictly within its intended scope.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-long-and-complex-road-to-assisted-dying/article68974096.ece

  • [UPSC Interview Masterclass] By Saket Sir, Lead, Interview Programme | Craft the Perfect UPSC DAF 2 for 2024 | Score 200+ in the UPSC Interview | Join on 12th December at 7 PM

    [UPSC Interview Masterclass] By Saket Sir, Lead, Interview Programme | Craft the Perfect UPSC DAF 2 for 2024 | Score 200+ in the UPSC Interview | Join on 12th December at 7 PM

    Register Now!

    Register for the session on UPSC Interview preparation plan and strategy

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    Read about UPSC’24 Interview Guidance Masterclass

    Filling DAF 2 is crucial; it forms the heart and soul of your interview preparation. A lot of opinion-based questions stem from this part of the DAF. There are three important components to consider while filling DAF 2: the (7ABCD) section, service preference order, and cadre/state selection. Aspirants often make mistakes in these areas, only to regret them later.

    Using the right language to fill the (7ABCD) section is important, as the themes you mention in that area often become key topics for static and opinion-based questions in the interview. Additionally, understanding the politics and bureaucracy of the states is crucial before selecting cadres and zones.

    It is equally important to have knowledge about other Group A services. Beyond the big three, aspirants should explore the perks and opportunities offered by other services as well.

    Join Saket Sir for a free masterclass on filling DAF 2 for 2024 on 12th December, where he will guide you through filling DAF 2 word by word, with special emphasis on service selection, the 7ABCD area, and cadre/state selection.

    See you in masterclass”

    Join the session on 12th Dec 2024, 7:00 pm

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    These Civilsdaily masterclasses are packed with value. They are conducted in private with a closed community. We rarely open these webinars for everyone for free. This time we are keeping it for 300 seats only.

    Ready to attend the UPSC Webinar?

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  • Vaikom- two States, two leaders and a tale of reform

    Why in the News?

    Over a century ago, the Vaikom Struggle broke caste barriers in Travancore, sparking mass movements for religious reform, inspiring Periyar’s Dravidian Movement, and advancing egalitarian principles within Hindu society.

    What were the key motivations and outcomes of the Vaikom Satyagraha?

    Motivations:

    • Social Inequality: The primary motivation was to challenge the caste-based discrimination that prohibited backward caste Hindus from accessing streets near the Vaikom Mahadeva temple.
    • Demand for Equal Rights: A call for equality and dignity for all castes within the Hindu religion.
    • Religious Reform: The movement sought to highlight the need for social justice through religious reform and temple entry rights.
    • Political Awareness: It aimed to bring political attention to caste discrimination and mobilize support for broader social changes.

    Outcomes:

    • Immediate Impact: The restrictions on backward castes from walking near the temple were lifted in 1925, marking a significant social reform milestone.
    • Mass Mobilization: It became one of the first large-scale movements in South India that united people across caste and class lines.
    • Precedent for Temple Entry Movements: The success of Vaikom inspired subsequent movements across India, including protests led by B.R. Ambedkar.
    • Legislative Reforms: It influenced the introduction of laws like the Madras Temple Entry Authorization Act (1947), allowing all Hindus to enter temples.
    • Foundation for Social Justice Policies: The movement set the stage for government interventions in temple management and appointments of priests from backward castes.

    How did the leadership of the movement influence its success?

    • The success of the Vaikom Satyagraha can be attributed largely to its leadership. Key figures included Periyar E.V. Ramasamy, who played a crucial role in mobilising support across various social strata and employing nonviolent methods of protest. His involvement transformed the movement into a mass agitation that attracted participants from all classes.
    • The support from Mahatma Gandhi, who visited Vaikom in March 1925 and engaged with various caste groups, further amplified its impact. The collaboration among leaders from different backgrounds, including local leaders like T.K. Madhavan and K.P. Kesava Menon, was instrumental in broadening the movement’s appeal and sustaining momentum against state repression.

    What lessons can contemporary society learn from the Vaikom Satyagraha regarding caste and social justice?

    The Vaikom Satyagraha offers several important lessons for contemporary society regarding caste and social justice:

    • Collective Action: The movement exemplifies how collective action can effectively challenge systemic injustices. It highlights the importance of unity among diverse groups in advocating for social change.
    • Nonviolent Protest: The use of nonviolent methods remains a powerful tool for social movements today. The Gandhian approach adopted during the Vaikom Satyagraha serves as a model for contemporary struggles against discrimination and inequality.
    • State Intervention: The eventual recognition of rights for marginalised communities underscores that government intervention can be necessary to dismantle entrenched social hierarchies. This raises discussions about how modern states can balance secularism with equitable access to public resources.
    • Continuous Struggle: The resistance faced by reformers during and after the Vaikom Satyagraha illustrates that societal change is often met with opposition. This calls for sustained efforts in advocating for equality and justice in today’s context.

    Conclusion: The Vaikom Satyagraha was a landmark movement for caste and social justice, showcasing the power of collective action, nonviolence, and reformist leadership. Its legacy inspires continued efforts toward equality, challenging entrenched discrimination, and fostering inclusive societies.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Since the decade of the 1920s, the national movement acquired various ideological strands and thereby expanded its social base. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Climate impact of exploring space passing below the radar

    Why in the News?

    The growing reliance on space technologies for climate monitoring highlights urgent environmental concerns, including orbital debris and system interference, necessitating swift international regulations to ensure sustainable space exploration practices.

    How do Rockets affect the environment?

    • Emissions from Launches: Every rocket launch releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide, black carbon, and water vapour into the atmosphere. Black carbon is particularly concerning as it absorbs sunlight much more effectively than carbon dioxide, exacerbating global warming.
    • Ozone Layer Depletion: Rocket propellants, especially those containing chlorine-based chemicals, contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer at high altitudes. This increases ground-level exposure to ultraviolet radiation and disrupts atmospheric circulation, negatively impacting global climate.
    • Satellite Ash: When satellites re-enter the atmosphere at the end of their missions, they burn up and release metallic ash into the middle layers of the atmosphere, which can harm the atmosphere and potentially alter climate patterns.
    • Manufacturing Footprint: The production of satellites involves energy-intensive processes that have large carbon footprints due to the extraction and processing of metals and composite materials.
    • Space Mining Potential: Future activities such as space mining could lead to increased industrial activity both in space and on Earth, further contributing to environmental impacts.

    What are the Barriers to space sustainability?

    • Lack of Regulation: Current space activities operate outside international sustainability frameworks like the Paris Agreement. There are no clear guidelines for emissions from rockets and satellites, allowing unchecked growth that contributes to global warming.
    • Overcrowding in Low Earth Orbit (LEO): The increasing number of satellites and debris threatens to overcrowd LEO, making future missions more expensive and complicating access to space as a shared resource.
    • Need for International Cooperation: Effective regulation requires collaboration through international bodies like the Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS) to create enforceable standards for emissions and debris management.
    • Outdated Treaties: Existing frameworks such as the Outer Space Treaty lack binding provisions that address environmental impacts, limiting their effectiveness in promoting responsible space use.

    What would be the innovative solutions?

    • Reusable Rockets: Developing reusable rockets can significantly reduce manufacturing waste and lower costs by allowing components to be used in multiple missions. However, these rockets may be heavier, increasing fuel consumption, and require costly refurbishments.
    • Cleaner Fuels: Transitioning to cleaner fuels such as liquid hydrogen or biofuels can minimize harmful emissions during launches. However, current hydrogen production methods often rely on non-renewable energy sources, undermining its environmental benefits.
    • Biodegradable Satellites: Designing satellites with biodegradable materials that disintegrate upon re-entry could help prevent long-term debris accumulation. However, these materials currently lack durability for space conditions and face high development costs.
    • Autonomous Debris Removal (ADR): Technologies like robotic arms and laser systems show promise for cleaning up orbital debris but require significant investment and legal clarity before implementation.
    • Global Traffic Monitoring System: Establishing a real-time monitoring system for satellites and debris could reduce collision risks and optimize orbital use. However, data-sharing concerns due to security and commercial interests hinder its development.

    Way forward: 

    • Establish Binding International Frameworks: Governments should collaborate through COPUOS and other international platforms to create enforceable regulations for emissions, debris mitigation, and sustainable practices in space exploration.
    • Promote Innovation Through Incentives: Public and private entities should prioritize funding for green technologies, such as cleaner fuels, biodegradable satellites, and debris removal systems. Financial incentives like subsidies, tax benefits, or penalties can accelerate the adoption of sustainable practices in the space sector.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q  Why is Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) needed? How does it help in navigation?  (UPSC IAS/2018)

  • Impeachment of Judges

    Why in the News?

    The Opposition in Rajya Sabha is preparing to move a motion for impeachment of Allahabad High Court Judge for his controversial remarks inciting communal hatred.

    Impeachment Process for Judges in India:

    About
    • The process involves Parliament passing an address to the President to remove the judge.
    • To pass the motion, two–thirds of the MPs present and voting in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha;
      • Must approve it, with a majority of more than 50% of the total membership of each House.
    Key Constitutional Provisions
    • Article 124(4): The judge can only be removed by a Presidential order, passed after a majority vote in both Houses of Parliament.
    • The vote must come from two-thirds of the members present and voting.
    • Articles 218 of the Constitution extends the same rules to High Court judges.
    • The impeachment process ensures judicial independence by maintaining a high bar for removal, limiting political influence.
    Grounds for Impeachment
    • A judge of the Supreme Court or High Court can be impeached on two grounds: “proved misbehaviour” or “incapacity” as per the Constitution of India.
    • Further clarified in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, including:
      • Misuse of office
      • Grave offences that undermine the judge’s integrity
      • Contravention of the provisions of the Constitution.
    What does the process entail? Procedure under the Judges Inquiry Act, 1968:

    Initial Step: The impeachment motion must be signed by at least 100 MPs in the Lok Sabha and 50 MPs in the Rajya Sabha.

    Committee Formation: Once the motion is introduced, the Speaker or Chairperson of the respective House forms a three-member inquiry committee:

    1. Headed by the Chief Justice of India or a Supreme Court judge.
    2. The second member is usually a Chief Justice of any High Court.
    3. The third member is a distinguished jurist, appointed by the Speaker or Chairman.

    Inquiry Process: The committee investigates the charges, cross-examines witnesses, and regulates its procedure.
    The committee may also request a medical test if the charge relates to mental incapacity.

    Outcome: If the committee finds the judge not guilty, the motion is dismissed. If found guilty, it will be reported back to the House for further action.

     

    Instances of Impeachment in India:

    • 1993: Justice V Ramaswami (Supreme Court) faced impeachment proceedings on financial impropriety. The motion was unsuccessful despite a guilty finding.
    • 2011: Justice Soumitra Sen (Calcutta High Court) was impeached for corruption but resigned before Lok Sabha could take up the matter.
    • 2015: Justice S K Gangele (Madhya Pradesh High Court) faced impeachment on charges of sexual harassment, but the committee cleared him in 2017.
    • 2015: Justice J B Pardiwala (Gujarat High Court) faced impeachment for controversial remarks about reservation but the motion was dropped after the judge expunged the remarks.
    • 2017: Justice C V Nagarjuna (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana High Court) faced impeachment for financial misconduct and victimizing a Dalit judge, but the motion was not pursued.

     

    PYQ:

    [2019] Consider the following statements:

    1. The motion to impeach a Judge of the Supreme Court of India cannot be rejected by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha as per the Judges (inquiry) Act, 1968.

    2. The Constitution of India defines and gives details of what constitutes ‘incapacity and proved misbehaviour’ of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India.

    3. The details of the process of impeachment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India are given in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968.

    4. If the motion for the impeachment of a Judge is taken up for voting, the law requires the motion to be backed by each House of the Parliament and supported by a majority of total membership of that House and by not less than two-thirds of total members of that House present and voting.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2

    (b) 3 only

    (c) 3 and 4 only

    (d) 1, 3 and 4

  • Centre wants States to make Snakebites a Notifiable Disease

    Why in the News?

    The Union Health Ministry has urged states to make snakebites a Notifiable Disease, meaning both private and public hospitals must report it to the government.

    Snakebites Menace in India:

    • Snakebites are a significant public health concern in India, with approximately 3 to 4 million cases reported annually.
      • It causes an estimated 58,000 deaths every year, according to the 2020 Indian Million Death Study.
    • States such as Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan, and Gujarat report the highest number of snakebites.
    • The National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Snakebite Envenoming (NAPSE), launched by the government earlier in 2024, aims to halve snakebite deaths by 2030 and includes making snakebites notifiable.

    What are Notifiable Diseases?

    • Notifiable diseases are those that must be reported to the government for effective public health monitoring and management. These are typically:
      • Infectious diseases likely to cause outbreaks.
      • Diseases that result in deaths or require quick action to prevent wider transmission.
    • Legal Basis:
      • According to WHO’s International Health Regulations, 1969, disease reporting is mandatory for global surveillance.
      • The primary law governing notifiable diseases is the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 which outlines the reporting requirements for diseases considered a public health threat.
        • However, the specific list of notifiable diseases can vary across different states and is typically determined by the respective state governments under their individual public health acts.
    • Common examples of notifiable diseases include tuberculosis, HIV, cholera, malaria, dengue, and hepatitis.

    Why snakebite is considered a Notifiable Disease?

    • Snakebites can cause severe health issues, including paralysis, fatal hemorrhages, and tissue damage, making it crucial for timely intervention.
      • Victims need immediate antivenom treatment to prevent death and long-term effects.
    • In 2009, the WHO added snakebite to its list of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD), acknowledging its widespread impact on public health.
    • Making snakebites a notifiable disease will enhance surveillance, help track case numbers, and improve treatment strategies across the country.
    • It will ensure the availability of adequate antivenoms in regions where snakebites are frequent.
    • Medical staff will receive training to handle snakebite cases effectively, reducing mortality rates.

  • [pib] Projects under PM-DevINE Scheme

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Development of North-East Region has provided progress update regarding various projects under the Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East Region (PM-DevINE) Scheme.

    About the PM-DevINE Scheme:

    Details PM-DevINE is a Central Sector scheme introduced under the Union Budget 2022-23, aiming to drive development in the North Eastern Region (NER) through infrastructure and social projects.
    Aims and Objectives
    • Infrastructure Development: Enhance connectivity and accessibility in NER, aligned with PM GatiShakti.
    • Social Development: Address critical issues and improve residents’ quality of life.
    • Livelihood Opportunities: Focus on creating opportunities for youth and women.
    Structural Mandate and Implementation
    • Nodal Agency: Ministry of Development of North-East Region.
    • Approval: Cabinet approved on 12th October 2022.
    • Central Funding: 100% central funding for projects.
    • Outlay: Rs. 6600 crore for FY 2022-23 to FY 2025-26.
    • Project Sanctions: 35 projects worth Rs. 4857.11 crore sanctioned as of November 2024.
    State-wise Project Analysis
    • Sikkim: Passenger Ropeway System (completed), Skywalk Project (13% completed).
    • Mizoram: Bamboo Link Roads (28% completed).
    • Nagaland: Special Development Projects (30% completed).
    • Assam: School Transformations (55% completed), IT Park Construction (23% completed).
    • Manipur: Infrastructure for Manipur Technical University (25% completed).
    • Tripura: Solar Micro Grid (30% completed), Skill Development Centre (work started).

  • [pib] Jan Aushadhi Kendra’s by PACS

    Why in the News?

    • The Government has empowered Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) to operate Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras (PMBJK), aiming to provide generic medicines at affordable prices to underserved rural areas.

    About Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendras (PMBJK) by PACS:

    Details
    • PMBJKs were established in November 2008.
    • Government-established outlets that provide affordable, quality generic medicines.
    • Operated by PACS (Primary Agricultural Credit Societies) in rural areas.
      • PACS are empowered to run these Kendras to ensure accessibility in remote regions under the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP).
    Aims and Objectives To provide affordable medicines, promote healthcare equity, and reduce medical expenses for farmers, while generating local employment and ensuring PACS’ financial sustainability through the sale of medicines and allied products.
    Structural Mandate and Implementation
    • Administered by the Department of Pharmaceuticals under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers;
    • Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) is the implementation agency.

    Implementation:

    • PACS receive technical and administrative support from the Department of Pharmaceuticals.
    • PACS leverage their existing infrastructure, including land, buildings, and storage, to run the Kendras.
    • PACS-run Kendras receive a 20% incentive on monthly purchases, capped at Rs. 20,000 per month.
    • Kendra owners receive a 20% margin on MRP (excluding taxes).
    • They can sell allied medical products.
    Features and Significance
    • Affordable Medicine Distribution: Ensures that generic medicines are affordable in rural areas.
    • Economic and Healthcare Benefits: Reduces medical costs and improves healthcare outcomes for farmers.
    • Alignment with National Health Policy: Supports equitable healthcare access, especially in remote areas.
    • Strengthening Rural Infrastructure: Utilizes PACS’ infrastructure to boost rural healthcare.

     

    PYQ:

    [2015] Public health system has limitations in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector could help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives would you suggest?

  • [11th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: Sambhal and the perils of judicial evasion

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) What was held in the Coelho case? In this context, can you say that judicial review is of key importance amongst the basic features of the Constitution? (UPSC CSE 2016)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have previously ‘Judicial review’ (in 2016), and ‘religiousness/religiosity and Communalism’ (in 2017).

    In a 2005 paper on ‘judicial inactivism,’ scholar Chad M. Oldfather discussed how courts have a “duty to decide” and how judicial inaction can be just as impactful as judicial action. He argued that failures to fulfill this duty are harder to detect than overreaching decisions, making inaction more concerning. A recent example of judicial deferment is the Supreme Court’s handling of the Sambhal masjid case in Uttar Pradesh. The Court refrained from a final decision, temporarily halting a survey-related civil court proceeding and sending the matter to the Allahabad High Court. 

    Today’s editorial underscores the approach adopted by the Supreme Court of India in the Sambhal masjid case (Uttar Pradesh).

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    The Court’s order shows, once again, a reluctance to deal with the main issue — it should have taken a clear stand on the validity of the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act.

    What were the events leading up to the violence in Sambhal?

    • Survey Controversy: The local civil court ordered a survey of the Sambhal masjid, which heightened tensions among community members. This survey was perceived as an infringement on religious sentiments, leading to protests and unrest.
    • Political Context: The backdrop of communal politics in India, where historical grievances are often invoked, contributed to the volatility of the situation. The mosque’s status became a focal point for various groups, exacerbating tensions.
    • Loss of Lives: The unrest resulting from the survey led to violence and loss of human lives, highlighting the severe implications of judicial decisions that touch on sensitive communal issues.

    How did the judicial system respond?

    • Supreme Court’s Order: The Supreme Court ordered a freeze on proceedings related to the survey and directed the matter back to the Allahabad High Court, effectively deferring a decisive ruling on the issue.
    • Judicial Deferment: This approach reflects a pattern of judicial inaction, where the Court avoids making definitive rulings on contentious issues, opting instead for temporary measures to maintain peace.
    • Failure to Uphold Legislation: Critics argue that the Court’s reluctance to uphold the Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, which aims to preserve the status quo of places of worship as they existed in 1947, represents a failure to honour legislative intent.

    What are the implications of judicial inquiries and commissions in addressing communal tensions?

    • Limited Effectiveness: Judicial inquiries and commissions often serve as mechanisms for delay rather than resolution, as seen in previous cases like those involving the Citizenship (Amendment) Act and farm laws. They may lead to temporary solutions without addressing underlying legal issues.
    • Erosion of Trust: When courts engage in deferment rather than decisiveness, it can erode public trust in the judiciary’s ability to handle communal tensions effectively.
    • Potential for Inaction: The reliance on committees or inquiries can create a perception that the judiciary is avoiding its duty to decide, potentially emboldening communal actors who seek to exploit legal ambiguities.

    How does this case reflect broader issues of judicial accountability and public trust in the legal system?

    • Judicial Inactivism: The phenomenon described by Chad M. Oldfather highlights that judicial inaction can have significant consequences, often more difficult to detect than overreach. This in-activism can undermine public confidence in judicial integrity.
    • Need for Assertiveness: The Supreme Court’s reluctance to assertively interpret and uphold laws like the Places of Worship Act raises concerns about its commitment to constitutional principles such as secularism and fraternity.
    • Impact on Communal Harmony: Judicial decisions—or lack thereof—play a crucial role in shaping societal dynamics. Inaction on contentious issues can exacerbate communal tensions rather than mitigate them, leading to further unrest and division within society.

    Way forward: 

    • Assertive Judicial Intervention: The Supreme Court should proactively address sensitive communal issues by upholding laws like the Places of Worship Act, ensuring that judicial decisions reflect the constitutional values of secularism and fraternity, and prevent further exploitation of legal ambiguities.
    • Timely and Decisive Rulings: To restore public trust, the judiciary must avoid deferring critical cases to lower courts or committees and instead issue clear, binding decisions that resolve underlying legal disputes, thereby maintaining social harmony and reinforcing accountability.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/sambhal-and-the-perils-of-judicial-evasion/article68970254.ece 

  • The significance of ANI versus OpenAI

    Why in the News?

    The lawsuit against OpenAI in India is poised to establish key precedents for defining the legal accountability of AI developers regarding the content generated by their platforms within the country.

    What are the core allegations made by ANI against OpenAI?

    • Unauthorized Use of Copyrighted Content: ANI alleges that OpenAI used its copyrighted news content to train its language models without obtaining the necessary permissions, constituting copyright infringement.
    • Verbatim Reproduction: ANI claims that ChatGPT generates responses that are either verbatim or substantially similar to its original articles, which violates copyright protections. They argue that this reproduction occurs without authorization.
    • False Attribution and Fabricated Information: ANI highlights instances where ChatGPT has attributed false statements or fabricated interviews to the agency, which they argue damages their reputation and risks spreading misinformation.
    • Ineffectiveness of Opt-Out Policy: ANI contends that OpenAI’s opt-out policy is ineffective because their content is still accessible through third-party websites, allowing OpenAI’s crawlers to scrape it despite ANI’s attempts to block access.
    • Request for Legal Restraints: ANI is seeking an interim injunction to prevent OpenAI from storing, using, or reproducing its work, as well as prohibiting access to its content through any means.

    How does this case reflect broader issues in AI and copyright law?

    • Liability of AI Platforms: The case presents an unresolved legal question regarding whether AI platforms can be held liable for copyright infringement when they use publicly available content for training purposes. This issue is not only pertinent in India but also resonates globally, as similar lawsuits have emerged in other jurisdictions.
    • Fair Use and Exceptions: The interpretation of fair use and the applicability of exceptions such as text and data mining (TDM) in the context of AI training remain ambiguous under Indian law. The court’s decision will be crucial in determining whether existing copyright frameworks can accommodate the unique characteristics of AI technologies.
    • Territoriality in Data Storage: OpenAI’s defence centres on the argument that it operates outside India, complicating the application of Indian copyright law. This raises broader concerns about data sovereignty and how traditional legal concepts apply to cloud-based services and distributed AI models.

    What implications does this case have for the future of AI development and media partnerships?

    • Setting Legal Precedents: The case may establish important legal precedents regarding the responsibilities of AI companies toward content creators, influencing how future disputes are resolved in India and potentially beyond.
    • Impact on Licensing Agreements: As seen with other publishers entering licensing agreements with AI firms, this case could encourage more formalised partnerships where media organisations negotiate terms for their content’s use in AI training, ensuring they receive compensation for their intellectual property.
    • Regulatory Framework Development: The lawsuit may prompt Indian lawmakers to consider new regulations addressing the use of copyrighted material by AI platforms, potentially leading to clearer guidelines that balance innovation with the rights of content creators.
    • Challenges for Smaller Publishers: While larger media organisations may have the resources to negotiate favourable terms with AI companies, smaller publishers could face difficulties without similar leverage. This disparity could affect diversity in media representation and innovation within the industry.

    Way forward: 

    • Establish a Balanced Regulatory Framework: Policymakers should develop clear guidelines addressing the use of copyrighted material by AI platforms, incorporating provisions for text and data mining (TDM) and fair use exceptions.
    • Promote Collaborative Licensing Models: Media organisations and AI firms should work towards formalised licensing agreements that outline terms for the use of copyrighted content in AI training.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) hasinitiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • UPSC Mains Result 2024 Out: Check Name List PDF, Roll Number List by Civilsdaily IAS

    UPSC Mains Result 2024 Out: Check Name List PDF, Roll Number List by Civilsdaily IAS

    The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) announced the UPSC Mains Result 2024 on 9th December 2024. The result, released in PDF format, contains the roll numbers of candidates who have successfully qualified for the interview stage of the selection process.

    Additionally, a name-wise list of qualified candidates has also been published. The UPSC Civil Services Mains Examination 2024, which commenced on 20th September 2024, was conducted over five days. After completing the evaluation of all nine papers, the commission has officially released the roll numbers and names of candidates eligible for the next stage—the Personality Test.

    Below are the detailed steps to download the IAS Mains Result 2024.

    UPSC Mains Result 2024

    The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) declared the UPSC Civil Services Mains Result 2024 on 9th December 2024. The results have been released in PDF format, featuring the roll numbers of candidates shortlisted for the Interview Stage. Along with the main result, separate PDFs with Roll Number-Wise and Name-Wise lists have also been published.

    The UPSC CSE Mains Examination 2024 took place from 13th to 19th December 2024. The result PDF reflects scores from the seven evaluative papers, while the two qualifying papers—Indian Language and English—are excluded from the merit ranking. Detailed instructions to download the UPSC Mains Result 2024 are outlined below.

    Where to Check the UPSC Mains 2024 Result?

    The results have been released as a PDF document containing the roll numbers of candidates who successfully qualified for the next stage. This list can be accessed on the official UPSC website.

    How to Download the UPSC Mains Result PDF?

    To ensure you check your result hassle-free, follow these steps:

    1. Visit the official UPSC website.
    2. Look for the notification titled “Civil Services (Main) Examination 2024 – Result” on the homepage.
    3. Click on the link to download the PDF file.
    4. Use the “Ctrl+F” function to search for your roll number in the list.

    UPSC Mains Result 2024 Roll Number-Wise PDF

    PDF Type Download Link
    Roll Number-Wise PDFClick Here

    UPSC CSE Mains Result Date 2024

    UPSC Mains Exam YearExam DateResult Date
    UPSC Mains 202420th, 21st, 22nd, 28th, and 29th September 2024
    9th December 2024
    UPSC Mains 2023
    15th, 16th, 17th, 23rd and 24th September 2023    		8th December 2023
    UPSC Mains 2022
    16th, 17th, 18th, 24th & 25th September 2022
    6th December 2022
    UPSC Mains 20217th, 8th, 9th, 15th and 16th January 202217th March 2022
    UPSC Mains 20208th, 9th, 10th, 16th and 17th January 202123rd March 2021

    UPSC Mains Result 2024 Name Wise PDF

    PDF Type Download Link
    Name-Wise PDFClick Here

    Previous Year UPSC Mains Result Analysis

    Over the past five years, the cutoff marks for UPSC Mains have shown variations across different categories. For the General category, the cutoff has ranged between 736 and 751 from 2019 to 2023, while for the EWS category, it has fluctuated between 687 and 715 during the same timeframe.

    Below is a detailed analysis of the UPSC Mains cutoff marks from last year:

    Category20232022202120202019
    General741748745736751
    EWS706715713687696
    OBC712714707698718
    ST692706700682699
    SC694699700680706
    PWD 1673677688648663
    PWD 2718706712699698
    PWD 3396351388425374
    PWD 5445419560300561

    What’s Next After the UPSC Mains Result?

    Candidates who have cleared the Mains examination will now move forward to the Personality Test/Interview stage. The UPSC will release individual e-summon letters for the interview round on its website shortly.

    Here’s what you should focus on as you prepare for the next stage:

    1. DAF-II Submission: The Detailed Application Form (DAF-II) needs to be submitted within the stipulated timeframe.
    2. Mock Interviews: Start preparing by attending mock interviews conducted by reputed institutions like Civilsdaily IAS to refine your responses and build confidence.
    3. Current Affairs: Stay updated with national and international events, as they often form a part of the interview discussions.
    4. Document Verification: During the interview stage, candidates must provide original certificates to verify their age, educational qualifications, reservation status, and other eligibility criteria, including disability status, if applicable.
    5. Attestation Form: Candidates are required to complete the Attestation Form online, following the guidelines provided by the authorities.


  • The code of conduct judges need to follow

    Why in the News? 

    Justice Shekhar Kumar Yadav of the Allahabad High Court made comments against the Muslim community at an event organized by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad’s legal cell, which has caused a lot of public criticism.

    What are the key ethical principles outlined in the code of conduct for judges?

    • Majority Rule: Justice Yadav stated that India would function according to the wishes of the majority, referring to Hindus as the “bahusankhyak” (majority) community. He implied that the values taught to children in one community differ significantly from those in another, particularly regarding animal slaughter practices.
    • Critique of Muslim Practices: He criticized certain practices within the Muslim community, such as polygamy and triple talaq, while asserting that Hindus revere women as goddesses. This comparison has been interpreted as a direct attack on Islamic traditions.
    • Response from Legal Community: The Campaign for Judicial Accountability and Reforms has called for an inquiry into Justice Yadav’s conduct, arguing that his statements violate judicial ethics and undermine public confidence in the judiciary. Prominent legal figures have also suggested impeachment proceedings against him.

    How do codes of conduct vary across different jurisdictions and judicial systems?

    • United States: The American Bar Association has established Model Rules of Professional Conduct which emphasize independence, integrity, and impartiality.
    • United Kingdom: The Judicial Conduct Investigations Office oversees judicial behavior, with a focus on maintaining public confidence in the judiciary.
    • India: The Restatement of Values of Judicial Life serves as a guiding document for judges, emphasizing the need for impartiality and respect for constitutional values.

    What are the consequences for judges who violate the code of conduct?

    • In-House Procedures: Many jurisdictions have internal mechanisms allowing for complaints against judges to be investigated without public embarrassment.
    • Impeachment: In severe cases, judges can be impeached for misconduct, requiring a significant legislative majority to proceed.
    • Public Reprimand or Suspension: Depending on the severity of the violation, judges may receive reprimands or temporary suspensions from their duties.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Accountability Mechanisms: Establish clearer and more transparent procedures for addressing judicial misconduct, including an independent body to investigate complaints and ensure timely action, thus preserving public trust in the judiciary.
    • Promote Judicial Sensitivity and Training: Implement regular training programs on diversity, impartiality, and the ethical responsibilities of judges to reinforce the importance of maintaining neutrality and respect for all communities, both in and out of the courtroom.

     

    The Opposition in Rajya Sabha is preparing to move a motion for impeachment of Allahabad High Court Judge for the same controversial remarks inciting communal hatred.

    Impeachment Process for Judges in India:

    About
    • The process involves Parliament passing an address to the President to remove the judge.
    • To pass the motion, two–thirds of the MPs present and voting in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha;
      • Must approve it, with a majority of more than 50% of the total membership of each House.
    Key Constitutional Provisions
    • Article 124(4): The judge can only be removed by a Presidential order, passed after a majority vote in both Houses of Parliament.
    • The vote must come from two-thirds of the members present and voting.
    • Articles 218 of the Constitution extends the same rules to High Court judges.
    • The impeachment process ensures judicial independence by maintaining a high bar for removal, limiting political influence.
    Grounds for Impeachment
    • A judge of the Supreme Court or High Court can be impeached on two grounds: “proved misbehaviour” or “incapacity” as per the Constitution of India.
    • Further clarified in the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, including:
      • Misuse of office
      • Grave offences that undermine the judge’s integrity
      • Contravention of the provisions of the Constitution.
    What does the process entail? Procedure under the Judges Inquiry Act, 1968:

    Initial Step: The impeachment motion must be signed by at least 100 MPs in the Lok Sabha and 50 MPs in the Rajya Sabha.

    Committee Formation: Once the motion is introduced, the Speaker or Chairperson of the respective House forms a three-member inquiry committee:

    1. Headed by the Chief Justice of India or a Supreme Court judge.
    2. The second member is usually a Chief Justice of any High Court.
    3. The third member is a distinguished jurist, appointed by the Speaker or Chairman.

    Inquiry Process: The committee investigates the charges, cross-examines witnesses, and regulates its procedure.
    The committee may also request a medical test if the charge relates to mental incapacity.

    Outcome: If the committee finds the judge not guilty, the motion is dismissed. If found guilty, it will be reported back to the House for further action.

     

    Instances of Impeachment in India:

    • 1993: Justice V Ramaswami (Supreme Court) faced impeachment proceedings on financial impropriety. The motion was unsuccessful despite a guilty finding.
    • 2011: Justice Soumitra Sen (Calcutta High Court) was impeached for corruption but resigned before Lok Sabha could take up the matter.
    • 2015: Justice S K Gangele (Madhya Pradesh High Court) faced impeachment on charges of sexual harassment, but the committee cleared him in 2017.
    • 2015: Justice J B Pardiwala (Gujarat High Court) faced impeachment for controversial remarks about reservation but the motion was dropped after the judge expunged the remarks.
    • 2017: Justice C V Nagarjuna (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana High Court) faced impeachment for financial misconduct and victimizing a Dalit judge, but the motion was not pursued.

     

    Mains PYQ:

    Q Distinguish between laws and rules. Discuss the role of ethics in formulating them. (UPSC IAS/2020)

  • Deepening India’s steps as a key space-faring nation

    Why in the News?

    India has set ambitious objectives for its space programme over the next two decades, focusing on the development of powerful, reusable rockets like the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)’s upcoming Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV).

    What are the recent achievements of India’s space program?

    • Chandrayaan-3 Mission: India successfully achieved a soft landing near the lunar south pole with its Chandrayaan-3 mission, marking a historic milestone as the fourth country to do so. This mission demonstrated India’s growing technological capabilities in space exploration.
    • Aditya L1 Mission: Launched as India’s first space-based solar observatory, Aditya L1 aims to study the outer atmosphere of the Sun, contributing valuable data to solar science.
    • Gaganyaan Preparations: ISRO is actively working on the Gaganyaan mission, which aims to send Indian astronauts into orbit by 2025. This includes extensive testing of human-rated launch vehicles and crew escape systems.
    • Budget Increases: The Indian government allocated approximately $1.5 billion to the Department of Space for 2024-2025, reflecting a commitment to enhance space capabilities and infrastructure.

    How is India planning to expand its human spaceflight and exploration capabilities?

    • Gaganyaan Mission: This mission is pivotal for establishing India’s human spaceflight capabilities, with plans for multiple uncrewed test flights leading up to a manned mission. The first crewed flight is targeted for late 2024.
    • Lunar Exploration Goals: India plans to achieve a crewed lunar landing by 2040 and establish a lunar space station to facilitate ongoing research and exploration efforts on the Moon.
    • Bharatiya Antariksha Station: The establishment of India’s first space station in low Earth orbit is planned by 2035, serving as a platform for scientific research and technology testing.
    • Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): The development of the NGLV will enhance India’s heavy-lift capabilities, crucial for supporting human missions and larger payloads in future explorations.

    What role does international collaboration play in India’s space ambitions?

    • Commercial Partnerships: India has engaged in collaborations with international companies like SpaceX for satellite launches, showcasing an openness to leveraging foreign technology and expertise in its space endeavours.
    • Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Recent reforms have opened up India’s space sector to increased foreign investment, fostering partnerships that can enhance technological capabilities and innovation within the domestic industry.
    • Collaborative Research and Development: By exploring foreign collaboration opportunities, Indian corporations can access advanced rocket technologies and expertise that may not currently exist within the country, accelerating development timelines for projects like reusable rockets.

    Way forward: 

    • Strengthen Private Sector Engagement: India should actively encourage partnerships with domestic and international private companies to accelerate the development of advanced space technologies, such as reusable rockets and heavy-lift vehicles, ensuring a competitive edge in global space exploration.
    • Expand International Collaborations: India should deepen its space collaborations with countries and space agencies globally, particularly in research, technology sharing, and joint missions, to leverage global expertise and enhance its own space capabilities.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine critically. (UPSC IAS/2017)

  • Draft UGC Regulations, 2024

    Why in the News?

    • The University Grants Commission (UGC) released the Draft UGC (Minimum Standards of Instructions in the Award of UG and PG Degrees) 2024 to bring sweeping reforms in India’s higher education sector.
      • The new regulations will apply to all Central, State, Private, and Deemed Universities across India.

    Back2Basics: University Grants Commission (UGC)

    • UGC was inaugurated in 1953 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, then Minister of Education.
    • it was established as a statutory body in November 1956 under the UGC Act 1956.
      • The Sargeant Report (1944) recommended a University Grants Committee, established in 1945, initially handling all universities by 1947.
      • Post-independence, the University Education Commission (1948) under Dr. S Radhakrishnan proposed reorganizing the committee along the lines of the UK’s University Grants Commission.
    • A proposal to replace UGC with the Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) is under consideration.
    • UGC handles:
      • Providing funds to higher education institutions.
      • Coordination, determination, and maintenance of academic standards.

     

    About the Draft UGC Regulations, 2024:

    Aims and Objectives
    • To reform India’s higher education system.
    • To introduce flexibility, multidisciplinary learning, and inclusivity in higher education while removing disciplinary rigidities.
    Key Provisions and Features
    • Biannual Admissions: Institutions can admit students twice a year (July/August and January/February).
    • Multiple Entry and Exit: Students can enter or exit their programs multiple times, with continuous assessments, recognition of prior learning, and the possibility to pursue two programs at the same time.
    • Flexibility for Students: Students can choose any discipline for UG and PG programs, irrespective of their background, subject to clearing entrance exams (e.g., CUET or university-specific exams).
    • Minimum Attendance Requirement: Institutions will set the minimum attendance based on program-specific requirements and statutory approvals, in line with the NEP 2020.
    • UG Degree Credits: At least 50% of credits must be earned in the major discipline for an undergraduate degree. The remaining 50% credits can be from skill courses, apprenticeships, or multidisciplinary subjects.
    • Duration of Degrees: UG degrees can be completed in 3 to 4 years, depending on the course structure. PG degrees will typically take 1 to 2 years, though they can be longer or shorter based on the program.
    Accelerated and Extended Degree Programs:
    • ADP (Accelerated Degree Programs): Allows students to complete their degree in a shorter duration while covering the full curriculum.
    • EDP (Extended Degree Programs): Extends the duration for students who need more time to complete the program.
      • Up to 10% of the sanctioned intake can be earmarked for ADP. Students can choose ADP or EDP by the end of the first or second semester.
      • ADP/EDP degrees will include a note specifying the adjusted duration, while ensuring the full academic content is covered.
    • Postgraduate Eligibility: Students completing a four-year undergraduate degree (Hons./Research, BTech, BE) will be eligible for a two-year postgraduate program.

     

    PYQ:

    [2012] Which of the following provisions of the Constitution does India have a bearing on Education?

    1. Directive Principles of State Policy
    2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies
    3. Fifth Schedule
    4. Sixth Schedule
    5. Seventh Schedule

    Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 3, 4 and 5 only
    (c) 1, 2 and 5 only
    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

  • [pib] Yuva Sahakar Scheme

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Cooperation, in written reply to a question in the Lok Sabha has informed about the progress of the Yuva Sahakar Scheme.

    Current Financial Details:

    • As of 30th November 2024, the following financial assistance details have been recorded:
      • Sanctioned Amount: ₹4734.97 lakh to cooperatives with 18,915 beneficiary members.
      • Disbursed Amount: ₹294.44 lakh.
      • Sanctioned for 2024: ₹230.61 lakh, with ₹89.88 lakh disbursed.

    About the Yuva Sahakar Scheme:

    Details
    Overview and Objectives
    • Launched in 2018 under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
    • Implemented by NCDC (National Cooperative Development Corporation), which operates under the Ministry of Cooperation
    • Goal: To promote the formation of new cooperative societies and encourage innovative ideas from young entrepreneurs.
    • Targets cooperatives that have been operational for at least 3 months.
    NOTE: NCDC was established in 1963 as a statutory Corporation under Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.
    Features and Provisions
    • Loan Tenure: Up to 5 years.
    • Interest Subvention: 2% subvention on the applicable interest rate for term loans related to project activities.
    • Subsidy Integration: Loans can be combined with subsidies available under other Government of India schemes.
    • Eligibility: All cooperatives in operation for at least 1 year are eligible for funding based on proposed projects.
    Significance
    • Encourages cooperatives to explore new and innovative areas.
    • Dedicated fund by NCDC for youth cooperatives.
      • Linked to the ₹1000 crore Cooperative Start-up and Innovation Fund (CSIF).
    • Increased funding for cooperatives from North Eastern regions, Aspirational Districts, and those with women, SC/ST, or PwD members.

  • [pib] New Policy Initiatives in Agriculture Sector

    Why in the News?

    • The Government of India, recognizing agriculture as a State subject, actively supports State governments through various policy measures and budgetary allocations aimed at improving the welfare of farmers.
      • Below are some key initiatives approved by the Union Cabinet:
    Clean Plant Programme (CPP)
    • Approval Date: 09.08.2024 ; Outlay: ₹1,765.67 crore
    • Objective: Enhance quality and productivity of horticulture crops.
    • Key Features: Focus on providing disease-free planting material, promoting climate-resilient varieties, reducing crop losses, and improving horticultural produce quality.
    • Financial Support: 50% from Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) budget and 50% as a loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB).
    • Implementation: Establishment of 9 Clean Plant Centers (CPCs) for disease diagnostics, treatments, and quarantine; development of large-scale nurseries for clean planting material propagation; creation of a regulatory and certification framework to ensure traceability in planting material production.
    Digital Agriculture Mission
    • Objective: Create a robust digital ecosystem for farmers by providing timely and reliable crop-related information.
    • Key Features: Establish Agristack, Krishi Decision Support System (DSS), Comprehensive Soil Fertility & Profile Map, Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES), and expansion of IT platforms like Krishi Nivesh Portal and Krishi-DSS Portal.
    • Digital Infrastructure: Promotes farmer-centric solutions, digitization, and technology-enabled agricultural services.

    (Discussed in detail in one of the today’s articles.)
    Agriculture Infrastructure Fund Scheme
    • Approval Date: 28.08.2024
    • Objective: Enhance agricultural infrastructure across India.
    • Key Features: Loans up to ₹2 crores with 3% interest subvention for 7 years. Covers a wide range of entities like PACS, FPOs, self-help groups, agri-entrepreneurs. 24% reserved for SC/ST entrepreneurs.
    • Credit Guarantee: Available under Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) for loans up to ₹2 crores.
      Integration: Linked with PM Kusum ‘A’ and other community farming assets projects to enhance agricultural production.
    National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds)
    • Approval Date: 03.10.2024; Outlay: ₹10,103 crore
    • Objective: Boost domestic oilseed production and achieve self-reliance in edible oils.
    • Implementation Period: 2024-25 to 2030-31
    • Key Features: Target to increase oilseed production from 39 million tonnes (2022-23) to 69.7 million tonnes by 2030-31. Focus on key oilseeds like rapeseed, mustard, groundnut, soybean, sunflower, and Sesamum.
    • Expansion: Oilseed cultivation in rice fallow areas, and intercropping. Setting up 65 new seed hubs and 50 seed storage units. Development of over 600 Value Chain Clusters in 347 districts.
    National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF)
    • Approval Date: 25.11.2024; Outlay: ₹2,481 crore (GOI Share: ₹1,584 crore; State Share: ₹897 crore)
    • Objective: Promote natural farming practices across India.
    • Key Features: Focus on Bhartiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP), scaling up natural farming across 7.5 lakh hectares through 15,000 clusters.
    • Financial Assistance: ₹15,000 per hectare for 3 years to farmers for infrastructure creation.
    • Infrastructure: Establishment of 15,000 BRCs to facilitate access to bio-inputs like cow dung, neem, and bioculture. Master Trainer Program for large-scale training on natural farming techniques.
    Additional Key Programmes Initiated in 2024-25
    1. National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS): To monitor and control pest infestations.
    2. AgriSURE: A fund for start-ups and rural enterprises in agriculture.
    3. Krishi Nivesh Portal (Phase-I): A platform for facilitating investments in the agriculture sector.
    4. Krishi-DSS Portal: A geospatial platform to provide decision support for Indian agriculture.
    5. Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM): Promoting sustainable agricultural practices through carbon credit initiatives.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture?

    1. Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops
    2. Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
    3. Social Capital development
    4. Free electricity supply to farmers
    5. Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system
    6. Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1, 2 and 5 only

    (b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only

    (c) 2, 3 and 6 only

    (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

  • [pib] Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM)

    Why in the News?

    The Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare has provided details of the progress and implementation of Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM).

    Progress as of December 2024:

    • As of 5th December 2024, the following progress has been reported:
      • 29,99,306 Farmer IDs have been created.
      • Digital Crop Survey (DCS) has been conducted in 436 districts during the Kharif 2024 season.

     

    About the Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM):

    Details
    Overview and Launch
    • Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM) was approved on 2nd September 2024 with an outlay of ₹2817 Crore.
      • Initially planned for the financial year 2021-22, but delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • Aligned with the Union Budget 2024-25 and 2023-24 announcements for implementing Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in agriculture.
    Aims and Objectives
    • Digital Identities for 11 crore farmers are targeted over the next 3 years: 6 crore in FY 2024-25, 3 crore in FY 2025-26, and 2 crore in FY 2026-27.
    • Digital Crop Survey to be launched nationwide: 400 districts in FY 2024-25 and all districts in FY 2025-26.
    Provisions and Features AgriStack: Includes 3 foundational registries:
    1. Farmers’ Registry: A database recording information about farmers.
    2. Geo-referenced Village Maps: Digital maps providing geographical data related to agricultural areas.
    3. Crop Sown Registry: A digital registry tracking crops sown by farmers.

    • Krishi Decision Support System (DSS): Designed to assist farmers in making data-driven decisions related to farming practices. It integrates remote sensing data on crops, soil, weather, and water resources into a comprehensive geospatial system.
    • Comprehensive Soil Fertility & Profile Map: A map designed to help farmers understand soil health, enabling informed decisions about fertilizer usage and crop selection.
    • Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES): Provides yield estimates based on scientifically designed crop-cutting experiments.
    • Soil Profile Mapping: Detailed soil profile maps on a 1:10,000 scale for approximately 142 million hectares of agricultural land.
    Structural Mandate
    • Supported by the Central Government, State Governments, and Academic & Research Institutions for successful implementation.
    • AgriStack is designed as a federated structure, where State Governments retain ownership of the data.
    • The system follows privacy standards set by the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, ensuring data security and privacy.

    PYQ:

    [2017] What is/are the advantage/advantages of implementing the ‘National Agriculture Market’ scheme?

    1. It is a pan-India electronic trading portal for agricultural commodities.
    2. It provides the farmers access to nationwide market, with prices commensurate with the quality of their produce.

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) Both 1 and 2

    (d) Neither 1 nor 2

  • [10th December 2024] The Hindu Op-ed: In energy-dependent world, the issue of food security

    PYQ Relevance:
    Q) What are the salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013? How has the Food Security Bill helped in eliminating hunger and malnutrition in India? (UPSC CSE 2021)

    Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have always focused on ‘Food Security’ (in 2021), ‘conventional energy generation’ (in 2020) and ‘India’s Energy Security’ (in 2017).

    “Food insecurity and energy poverty are critical to ensuring global stability, but addressing them in isolation is inadequate,” cautions the World Bank in its latest climate and development report. The intertwined crises of food and energy security are shaping the course of the 21st century, posing significant threats to global stability. Food production is under pressure from climate change, population growth, and inequality, while energy systems grapple with geopolitical conflicts, aging infrastructure, and a slow shift away from fossil fuels. 

    Today’s editorial explores their deep interconnection and intensifies the challenge: agriculture, vital for humanity, is both a major energy consumer and a driver of climate change.

    _

    Let’s learn!

    Why in the News?

    In a virtual address at the 5th Energy Finance Conference, it was emphasized that energy-reliant agricultural systems struggle to adapt to climate-induced changes in food production, underscoring their interlinked challenges.

    Impact of Energy Price Fluctuations on Food Production and Security

    • Dependency on Fossil Fuels: Agriculture relies heavily on fossil fuels for mechanization, irrigation, fertilizer production, and transportation. This dependence creates a cycle where rising energy prices lead to increased costs for food production, directly impacting food security.
    • Volatility in Natural Gas Prices: Natural gas is crucial for fertilizer production so fluctuations in its prices can significantly affect fertilizer costs and, consequently, global food prices. For instance, geopolitical actions such as export bans can disrupt supply chains, exacerbating food insecurity in countries reliant on imports.
    • Climate Change Effects: Erratic weather patterns due to climate change further strain agricultural output, putting the livelihoods of billions at risk.
      • Nearly 11.8% of the global population faced severe food insecurity between 2020 and 2023, a figure expected to rise significantly.

    Role of Sustainable Energy in Enhancing Food Security

    • Renewable Energy Investments: The transition to renewable energy presents opportunities for enhancing food security. Investments in renewable technologies can help reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower operational costs for agricultural practices.
    • Innovative Solutions: Solar-powered irrigation and biomass energy solutions could transform agricultural productivity. However, high costs and inadequate infrastructure limit their adoption in low-income countries where they are needed most.
    • Reducing Vulnerability: Clean energy solutions can help mitigate the vulnerability of food systems to energy price shocks. By integrating renewable energy into agricultural practices, countries can improve resilience against climate-induced disruptions.

    Strategies to Address the Nexus of Water, Energy, and Food Security (Way Forward)

    • Integrated Policy Approaches: A holistic approach that integrates water management with energy and food policies is essential. This includes promoting water-efficient agricultural practices and investing in infrastructure that supports sustainable resource management.
    • Investment in Renewable Technologies: Increasing investments in renewable energy infrastructure can support agricultural productivity while reducing carbon emissions. This includes expanding access to clean energy solutions for rural areas to enhance agricultural efficiency.
    • Financial Support for Vulnerable Communities: Providing financial resources and technical support to low-income nations is crucial for enabling them to transition towards sustainable practices without exacerbating poverty. Targeted investments can help build resilience against climate impacts while ensuring food security.

    https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/in-energy-dependent-world-the-issue-of-food-security/article68966351.ece

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