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  • Take remedial action against WTE plants: NGT

    National Green Tribunal has directed Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) to take remedial action against the three waste-to-energy plants in Ghazipur, Okhla and Narela-Bawana.

    Waste to Energy:

    • Waste to Energy or Waste to Power is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and heat from the primary treatment of waste.

    Methods for waste to Power generation:

    1. Thermal technologies:

    • Incineration:
      • It is the most common and popular method for waste to energy generation.
      • The organics from the waste collected are burnt at high temperatures.
    • Gasification: Produces combustible gas, hydrogen, synthetic fuels
    • Thermal depolymerization: Produces synthetic crude oil, which can be further refined
    • Pyrolysis: Produces combustible tar/bio-oil and chars
    • Plasma arc gasification or plasma gasification process (PGP): Produces rich syngas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide usable for fuel cells or generating electricity to drive the plasma arch.

    2. Non-thermal technologies:

    • Anaerobic digestion: Biogas rich in methane
    • Fermentation production: Examples are ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen
    • Mechanical biological treatment: Combines a sorting facility with a form of biological treatment such as composting.

    Advantages of WTE plants:

    • Decreases quantity of waste
    • Efficient waste management
    • Production of heat and power
    • Reduction of pollution
    • Incinerators have filters for trapping pollutants
    • Saves on transportation of waste
    • Provides better control over odour and noise
    • Prevents the production of methane gas

    Challenges for India:

    • Lack of general awareness on waste management
    • Unsegregated waste
    • High moisture content
    • Unorganized sector
    • High wear and tear of equipment due to foreign materials
    • Only electricity demand
    • Cycle Efficiency is low
    • Lack of enforcement of rules / regulations
    • Lack of Transparency in plant management
    • Lack of adequate waste disposal cost
    • Lack of customization of plant and machinery to suit Indian condition

  • ECLGS ambit widened to cos with loan dues up to 60 days

    To provide relief to stressed companies, the Finance Ministry expanded the scope of a government-guaranteed credit facility to healthcare and stressed sector companies that have loan dues for up to 60 days (or SMA-1 accounts),as against 30 days earlier (SMA-0).

    Key highlights:

    • This has been expected to provide partial relief to stressed firms facing fresh uncertainty and business risks due to fresh lockdowns and restrictions being imposed by states.
    • SMA-1 borrowers in the healthcare sector and 26 other high stress sectorsare now eligible under ECLGS 2.0.
      • Companies from hospitality, travel & tourism, and leisure & sportingsectors are expected to benefit from the relaxation in the scheme.
    • Accounts that are classified as non-performing assets or where overdueshave crossed 60 days (SMA-II) are not eligible.
    • Companies that had loan dues up to 30 days (Special Mention Accounts or SMA-0) as on February 29, 2020, were being provided additional credit of 20 per cent outstanding under the scheme, which will now be given to SMA-1 accounts as well.
    • The government has recently extended the ECLGS till June 2021, as against March 31, 2021 earlier.

    About the ECLGS scheme:

    • The Finance Ministry unveiled a Rs. 20 Lakh Crore comprehensive package, known as the Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS), in view of the economic distress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
    • This package is in aid of MSME sector, addressing working capital needs, operational liabilities and restart business impacted due the COVID-19 crisis.
    • Borrowers with up to Rs. 25 Crore outstanding as on Feb 29, 2020 and up to Rs. 100 Crore annual turnover for FY 2020 are eligible for this scheme.
    • Business Enterprises, MSMEs constituted as Proprietorship, Partnership, registered company, trusts and Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) shall also be eligible.
    • Borrower accounts which had NPA or SMA-2 status as on Feb 29, 2020 shall not be eligible under the scheme.
    • 20% of the total outstanding credit of borrowers can be sanctioned as a loan under the Guaranteed Emergency Credit Line (GECL), for those who having a loan as on Feb 29, 2020.

    Special Mention Accounts:

    • SMAs are those assets/accounts that shows symptoms of bad asset qualityin the first 90 days itself or before it being identified as NPA.
    • The classification of Special Mention Accounts (SMA) was introduced by the RBI in 2014, to identify those accounts that has the potential to become an NPA/Stressed Asset.
    • Logic of such a classification is because some accounts may turn NPA soon.
      • An early identification will help to tackle the problem better.
      • There are four types of Special Mention Accounts – SMA-NF, SMA 0, SMA1 and SMA 2.
    • The Special Mention Accounts are usually categorized in terms of duration.
    • For example, in the case of SMA -1, the overdue period is between 31 to 60 days.
      • On the other hand, an overdue between 61 to 90 days will make an asset SMA -2.
    • But some ‘Special Mention’ assets are identified on the basis of other factors that reflect sickness/irregularities in the account (SMA -NF).
    • In the case of SMA -NF, non-financial indications about stress of an asset is considered.

  • Polity Titbits: Functions/powers of legislature

     

    19th Apr 2021

     

    Legislature

    Parliament –

    Loksabha (house of people) + RajyaSabha (Council of states) + President

      LokSabha RajyaSabha
    Other names Lower house, house of people Upper house, council of states
    Total strength (state+UT+nominated) 530+13+2 29 elected from states + 4 from UTs + 12 Nominated by president
    Maximum strength (state+UT+nominated) 530+20+2 238 +12
    Mode of election Direct election – First past the post Indirect by MLAs – proportional representation by single transferable vote
    Life cycle 5 yr or until dissolved Continuing chamber (6 year of MP)
    Min age to contest polls 25 30
    Presiding officer Speaker Vice President (Ex officio
    Who can be nominated Anglo Indians
    Special knowledge in Literature, art, science,social service  
      LS RS
    Money Bill, certification and voting on it Introduced here, speaker certifies can vote and amend Can’t be introduced, can’t vote, can only send recommendation within 14 days
    Estimate committee members All 30 from LS No role
    Joint sitting presided by Speaker > deputy speaker Not by VP
    National emergency discontinuation Resolution by LS No role
    No confidence motion, censure motion adjournment motion Only in LS  
      RS LS
    Parliamentary law on state list Authorizes (Art 249)  
    Creation of new AIS Authorizes (Art 312)  
    Introduction of motion to remove VP Introduced here and passed by effective majority LS – simple majority required

    Presiding officers

    Speaker of previous LS vacates post before first meeting of new LS

    President appoint speaker Pro Tem – usually senior most member

    Presides over first meeting, oath to members, election of speaker

    Speaker is elected and pro tem cease to exist

    Speaker fixes the date for election of deputy speaker

    Nominates panel of =<10 chairpersons to preside in his/ deputy’s absence

     

    Election and removal (Speaker, deputy and vice CP) and salary

    Election -By the members of particular house by simple majority

    Removal – 14 days notice and effective majority of house

    Charged on CFI and thus non votable

    Titbits:

    1. President is part of parliament but not the presiding officer of any house
    2. VP is not the part of parliament yet presiding officer and ex officio chairperson of RS
    3. President can not chair joint sitting even in the absence of speaker and deputy speaker. Deputy CP chairs the sitting in such eventuality
    4. Being elector of same state is not a requirement to contest election of RS or LS (elector in any constituency in India)
    5. Bills introduced by ministers are public bills, those by other members (including members of ruling party) are private bills

    Unique provisions

    1. Question hour and not Zero hour is first hour of parliamentary proceeding.
    2. Indian innovation – Zero hour and Calling attention motion
    3. Not mentioned in rule of procedure – Zero hour (calling attention motion is in rules)
    4. Censure motion should state the reasons and can be initiated against individual minister as well; no such requirement for no confidence motion, only against CoM
    5. Adjournment motion is extraordinary device to draw attention to urgent matter of public importance
      Ordinary Bill Money bill CAB
    Government approval No Required (introduced by minister only) No
    Introduction Either house Only LS Either house
    Passage Simple majority Simple Special
    Amendments Simple majority RS only recommends changes within 14 days Special majority
    Deadlock President can call Joint session after 6 month LS doesn’t have to accept recommendations, bill is passed as such No joint sitting
    Returning by President Can return once for reconsideration or withhold assent Can’t return, either assent or reject Shall assent

    Titbits:

    1. Only 3 joint sittings so far – dowry bill, banking services bill and POTA bill
    2. Only 14 private member bills have been passed so far, last bill (supreme court enlargement of jurisdiction bill )was in 1968
    3. Right of transgender persons bill was passed by RS (1st private member bill to get the nod of upper house in 45 years)

    Budget (Annual Financial Statement, Article 112)

    1. Presentation of budget by FM
    2. General discussion – discuss as a whole
    3. Scrutiny by departmental committees – for 3 to 4 weeks
    4. Voting on demand for grants – voting only in LS and only on non charged expenditure (cut motions at this stage). On last day all remaining demands are put together and put to vote – guillotine
    5. Passing of appropriation bill – voted demands plus charged expenditure, no amendments can be moved here
    6. Passing of finance bill – financial proposals (taxes), amendments to reduce taxes can be moved
    Fund Consolidated fund Contingency Public accounts
    What comes All receipts and payments Money comes from CFI to meet unforeseen expenditure All public money except CFI (provident fund, remittances etc)
    Parliamentary approval Yes No. finance secretary on behalf of president Not required, executive operates

    Titbits:

    1. Charged expenditure can be discussed but not voted
    2. Salary and allowance of SC judges, UPSC members, CAG, President, VP, Speaker, deputy, vice CP etc are charged on CFI
    3. Salaries and Expenditure of election commission is not charged on CFI
    4. Salary of high court judges is charged on CF of states while their pension in charged on CFI

    State legislative assembly (Vidhansabha)

    Vidhan Sabha is equivalent to LS and Vidhan Parishad to RS

    Differences are mentioned below

    Vidhan Parishad (legislative council): 7 states, Andhra, Bihar, J&K, K’taka, Maharashtra, Telangana, UP

    Creation and Abolition of Vidhan Parishad: Vidhan Sabha passes resolution by special majority and Parliament agrees to that resolution by simple majority

    Titbits:

    1. Bill passed by Vidhan Sabha – Vidhan Parishad can amend w/i 3 months – Vidhan Sabha accepts or rejects amendments – Vidhan Parishad can hold the bill for 1 more month
    2. Bill passed by Vidhan Parishad – Vidhan Sabha rejects – bill is killed
    3. No provision for joint sitting in states
    4. Maximum strength of Vidhan Parishad ⅓ of Vidhan Sabha, min 40
    5. ⅚ indirectly elected, ⅙ nominated

    Governor can reserve all the bills for presidential assent

    Once he reserves the bill, his role is over and president can assent, hold back, reject or send the bill for reconsideration

    Situations where Parliament can pass bill on state subject

    Condition Duration
    National emergency 6 months after expiry of emergency
    President’s rule Indefinitely but legislature can repeal or modify
    International treaty/ agreement Indefinitely
    RS passes a resolution by ⅔ majority 1 year of resolution plus 6 months <resolution can be passed again>
    2 or more states pass the resolution <applicable only ti those states> Indefinitely

    Types of majority

    Eg. Total seats – 545

    Vacancies due to death and resignation – 10

    Absence – 20

    Total vote cast – 500 ( 15 present did not cast vote)

    Type Simple Effective Absolute ⅔ majority Special Absolute ⅔
    Definition 50% present and voting +1 50% of (total – vacancies) +1 50% of total + 1 ⅔ present and voting +1 Absolute and ⅔ simultaneously ⅔ of total +1
    Example (500/2) +1 (545-10)/2 +1 (545/2) +1 (⅔*500) +1   (⅔*545)
    Used Ordinary bill, money bill Removal of speaker, deputy speaker in LS, VP and vice Cp in RS No where Art 249, 312, 169 Art 368, removal of judges of supreme court, high court, CAG Impeachment of president

    Parliamentary committees

    Committee Estimates committee Public accounts committee Departmentally related standing committees (24)
    Membership 30 (LS) 22 (15+7) 21+10
    Appointment Elected every year by proportional representation Elected every year by proportional representation Nominated by Speaker and CP
    Chairperson Ruling party member Opposition member from 1967  
    Role Examine estimates included in budget and suggest economies in expenditure Examines audit report of CAG Demand for grants and bills

    Other Standing Committees in each House, divided in terms of their functions, are:

    • Committees to Inquire:
      • Committee on Petitions examines petitions on bills and on matters of general public interest and also entertains representations on matters concerning subjects in the Union List; and
      • Committee of Privileges examines any question of privilege referred to it by the House or Speaker/Chairman;
    • Committees to Scrutinise:
      • Committee on Government Assurances keeps track of all the assurances, promises, undertakings, etc., given by Ministers in the House and pursues them till they are implemented;
      • Committee on Subordinate Legislation scrutinises and reports to the House whether the power to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, bye-laws, etc., conferred by the Constitution or Statutes is being properly exercised by the delegated authorities; and
      • Committee on Papers Laid on the Table examines all papers laid on the table of the House by Ministers, other than statutory notifications and orders which come within the purview of the Committee on Subordinate Legislation, to see whether there has been compliance with the provisions of the Constitution, Act, rule or regulation under which the paper has been laid;
    • Committees relating to the day-today business of the House:
      • Business Advisory Committee recommends allocation of time for items of Government and other business to be brought before the Houses;
      • Committee on Private Members’ Bills and Resolutions of the Lok Sabha classifies and allocates time to Bills introduced by private members, recommends allocation of time for discussion on private members’ resolutions and examines Constitution amendment bills before their introduction by private members in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya Sabha does not have such a committee. It is the Business Advisory Committee of that House which recommends allocation of time for discussion on stage or stages of private members’ bills and resolutions;
      • Rules Committee considers matters of procedure and conduct of business in the House and recommends amendments or additions to the Rules; and
      • Committee on Absence of Members from the Sittings of the House of the Lok Sabha considers all applications from members for leave or absence from sittings of the House. There is no such Committee in the Rajya Sabha. Applications from members for leave or absence are considered by the House itself;
    • Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, on which members from both Houses serve, considers all matters relating to the welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes which come within the purview of the Union Government and keeps a watch whether constitutional safeguards in respect of these classes are properly implemented;
    • Committees concerned with the provision of facilities to members:
      • General Purposes Committee considers and advises Speaker/Chairman on matters concerning affairs of the House, which do not appropriately fall within the purview of any other Parliamentary Committee; and
      • House Committee deals with residential accommodation and other amenities for members;
    • Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament, constituted under the Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act, 1954, apart from framing rules for regulating payment of salary, allowances and pension to Members of Parliament, also frames rules in respect of amenities like medical, housing, telephone, postal, constituency and secretarial facility;
    • Joint Committee on Offices of Profit examines the composition and character of committees and other bodies appointed by the Central and State governments and Union Territories Administrations and recommends what offices ought to or ought not to disqualify a person from being chosen as a member of either House of Parliament;
    • The Library Committee consisting of members from both Houses, considers matters concerning the Library of Parliament;
    • On 29 April 1997, a Committee on Empowerment of Women with members from both the Houses was constituted with a view to securing, among other things, status, dignity and equality for women in all fields;
    • On 4 March 1997, the Ethics Committee of the Rajya Sabha was constituted. The Ethics Committee of the Lok Sabha was constituted on 16 May 2000.

  • Sprint 365: Current Affairs program for UPSC IAS Prelims 2021 | Polity, Environment and Culture in 15 days

    Join Sprint 365 club here

    With little more than two months to go for UPSC IAS Prelims it is time for intensive revision. There are a lot of compilations available in the market but these are not enough.

    Anjum sir has launched Sprint 365 to help you cover and revise current affairs for IAS prelims 2021 in the most efficient and effective manner.

    https://youtu.be/mbs3JDK-0N4

    What is Sprint 365?

    In Sprint 365, Anjum sir will be helping you cover and revise past year’s current affairs for UPSC IAS prelims 2021. Through Habitat sessions and discussions a 360 degree view of a topic will be taken, how it could be asked and important aspects related to it will get covered.

    Details:

    • Subjects to be covered: Polity, Culture and Environment
    • Duration: 15 days;
    • Start date: 20th April
    • Course fee: Rs 1500 + GST= Rs 1770

    Program inclusion

    • Sprint 365 coverage of Polity, Culture and Environment
    • 15 days intensive revision on Habitat
    • Twice a day sessions with Anjum sir
    • MCQs and reference material as and when required
    • Mentorship by Anjum sir
    Join Sprint 365 club here

    How these sessions will be conducted?

    This program will start from 21st April 2021. It is a 15 days program.

    Sprint 365 sessions are going to take place on Habitat, a chat-based learning platform. On Habitat, you are going to discuss, learn and interact with Anjum sir through a mix of text and audio messages.

    How to access the course?

    Click on the link shared below. You will be directed to the Habitat’s course page. Click on Enroll. After enrollment, you will be redirected to the Sprint 365 Club.

    Reach out to hello@habitat.club for any queries.

    Join Sprint 365 club here

  • Bustard Poaching in Pakistan

    The recent shooting of two Great Indian Bustards (GIBs) in Pakistan’s Cholistan desert has left wildlife activists in Rajasthan shocked and outraged.

    Great Indian Bustards

    • The GIB is one of the heaviest flying birds and can weigh up to 15 kg which grows up to one metre in height.
    • In July 2011, the bird was categorised as “critically endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
    • It is considered the flagship grassland species, representing the health of the grassland ecology.
    • For a long, conservationists have been demanding to secure this population, warning that the bird might get extinct in the coming decades.
    • It would become the first mega species to disappear from India after Cheetah in recent times.
    • Till the 1980s, about 1,500-2,000 Great Indian Bustards were spread throughout the western half of India, spanning eleven states.
    • However, with rampant hunting and declining grasslands, their population dwindled.

    Why in news?

    • The GIB, which is the state bird of Rajasthan, is considered India’s most critically endangered bird.
    • It is one of the most critically threatened species in India, with less than 150 birds left in the wild.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?

    (a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda, Asiatic Wild Ass

    (b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetah, Blue Bull, Great Indian Bustard.

    (c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey, Saras (Crane)

    (d) Lion Tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur, Cheetah

  • Vaccine diplomacy that needs specific clarifications

    Amid the second wave of covid pandemic, India’s decision to supply vaccine to foreign countries has been questioned from various quarters. The article deals with this issue.

    Issue of vaccine supply to foreign countries

    • While responding to a question  Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs noted that India was sending these vaccines abroad in the form of grant, commercial sales of manufacturers GAVI’s COVAX facility.
    • The supply to GAVI’s COVAX facility is an obligation since India is a member of this multilateral body and also a recipient of vaccines from this body.
    • By doing this, India wishes to signal that it is a responsible global power which does not self-obsessively think of itself alone.
    • This desire to be a good global citizen can be traced to the Objective Resolution moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the Constituent Assembly on December 13, 1946.
    • The premise of the ideal ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ is no different to that of the Objective Resolution.

    Factors to consider

    • The government made estimates of the vaccines that could be sent abroad on the interplay of three factors: domestic production, the demands of the national vaccine programme and requests for vaccines manufactured in India.
    • What is not known is how these factors were collectively addressed in the decision-making process.
    • It is also argued that it was obligatory to send vaccines contracted under GAVI’s COVAX facility.
    • However, sovereign states can always invoke supreme national interest to over-ride obligations.
    • Certainly, the vaccines sent as grants were voluntary and the commercial contracts of the company concerned could always be disregarded under existing laws.

    Conclusion

    The government needs to convince Indians that the vaccine exports have not been made at the cost of their health.

  • Foundation 2022 and UAP 2022 for UPSC IAS exam launched | Enrollments open for May batch | Schedule your free mentorship call

    Foundation 2022 and UAP 2022 for UPSC IAS exam launched | Enrollments open for May batch | Schedule your free mentorship call

    Foundation UAP 2022- May BatchDownload

    schedule a FREE 1-ON-1 MENTORSHIP discussion SESSION: Samanvaya

    Dear students,

    The enrollments for the May batch of Foundation 2022 and the UAP 2022 program are open now.

    Not only UPSC has a vast syllabus but it expects a certain level of intellectual, social, and emotional maturity from its aspirants. It’s a very complex task to come up with a study-plan/time-table that harmonizes every element and takes into consideration the return on investment on certain topics.

    We’ve just now launched the May batches for the following courses. It is the apt time you should start for IAS 2022. Any delay beyond this point will make things unmanageable for you.

    Foundation 2022

    It is a complete program for IAS 2022 which includes:

    MasterClasses -to ensure comprehensive coverage of all the portions of static syllabus along with an in-depth analysis.

    Ultimate Assessment Program – to evaluate your level of preparation through various tests- Prelims, Mains, Essay, Samachar Manthan, Decimate Prelims.

    A dedicated mentor to guide you through the maze of UPSC exam.

    Exclusive membership to Habitat our learning platform.

    Click here for more details on Foundation 2022

    Schedule an on-call discussion to know how Foundation/UAP 2022 will help you

    Ultimate Assessment Program 2022

    Click here to get more details on UAP 2022

    A mentor guided assessment program to keep you on track at all times and bring in strategic interventions when and where required.

    How are we going to approach UPSC IAS 2022?

    Broadly, six factors determine your success in cracking this prestigious IAS exam. The most important being understanding the expectations of UPSC; according to that planning and strategizing; then Learning – Knowledge and information; Analyzing – making linkages, connections, etc.; Executing and utilizing information; and Constant course correction – because mistakes are inevitable, need to rectify them asap.

    schedule a FREE 1-ON-1 MENTORSHIP discussion SESSION: Samanvaya

    Through our mentorship-driven and personalized approach, we’re hell-bent on simplifying things for you. Hence, we have come up with a plan that you will instantly connect with you and give you a vibe that yes you can do it!

    1. Integrated Approach

    Preparation for Prelims and Mains is harmonized. You study a subject, attempt prelims tests and then attempt mains tests for the same. This leads to a solid preparation.

    Many institutes our there will not able to present an integrated approach. They offer separate timetables for prelims and mains confusing the students further. That’s not the case with us!

    2. Simplified Approach

    Our Time-table is the easiest to remember and follow. All test prelims, mains, and Samachar Manthan will be held on the weekend.

    • Prelims Tests are held on the 1st and 3rd Saturday of every month.
    • Monthly Current Affairs Tests are held on the last Saturday of every month.
    • Mains Tests are held on the 1st and 3rd Sunday of every month after the subject is complete.
    • Essay Tests are held on the 2nd Sunday of every month.

    3. Priority-wise Coverage of subjects

    We are starting with the most important subjects from the exam perspective first. These are very predictable + have a very high return on investment. They need to be mastered if one has to have a shot at the exam. Polity, Modern History, and Economics. The lower priority ones follow afterward.

    4. Logical Division of Topics

    Subjects have been divided into topics that logically fit together. Eg. for Polity we ask you to prepare in 2 parts – first, till Central Government and second, from State Government and beyond. This division is not ad-hoc and does not break the flow of your studies.

    5. Base and Advanced Sources

    We have divided the sources into 2 parts, Base Sources, and Advanced Sources. Base sources are those which you have to master. You should come to advanced sources only when you are thorough with the Base Sources.

    All this under the guidance of a dedicated mentor who will oversee your progress, help you strategies your preparation, plan it and make it measurable, help you analyze and evaluate your preparation; and introduce strategic interventions wherever and whenever required.

    schedule a FREE 1-ON-1 MENTORSHIP discussion SESSION: Samanvaya

    Get enrolled in Foundation 2022 (click here)

    Get enrolled in UAP 2022 (click here)

    Should you have any queries or want to have a discussion with a mentor please mention this course and write to hello@civilsdaily.com or reach out to us at 8929987787.

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  • The roots of a decentred international order

    With the declining American supremacy in the global order, the world is set for new global order led by the developing countries. The article deals with this rise of alternate global order.

    Factors that explains decentred and pluralistic global order

    • The international order is under threat of the rising economic power of the BRICS nations, with China dominating in its economic and military capacity.
    • It is apparent that the future of global politics requires a significant agenda in the hands of the rising powers that are aggressively building a parallel economic order envisaging new centres of hegemonic power.
    •  It forebodes the final decline of American ascendancy.
    • It was the Bandung Conference of 1955, a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, that set the schema for the rise of Asia, politically and economically.
    • The confrontational stance was therefore the expected corollary in third world struggles to create a parallel order.
    •  America will continue to play a prime role in international affairs though its image representing universal brotherhood has sharply declined under the Trump regime.
    • The rising tide of far-right ultra-nationalism and ethnic purity experienced in the Brexit phenomena, in Trumpism and in the promotion of the right-wing agenda in India, has set in motion the wearing down of liberal democracy.
    • Other threats such as terrorism, ethnic conflicts and the warning of annihilation owing to climate change necessarily demand joint international action where American “exceptionalism” becomes an incongruity and an aberration.
    • This indeed has chipped away at the American global supremacy.
    • The world is, as a result, witness to a more decentred and pluralistic global order.

    New world order led by developing countries

    • Though pandemic has ravaged economies such as Brazil, India, Turkey and South Africa into a downward spiral, in the post-pandemic period, these economies would rise to meet the American-led liberal hegemonic world order.
    •  With China spearheading Asian regionalism, a serious challenge is possible.
    • China must strengthen the opposition to the West through the promotion of regional multilateral institutions.
    •  More than having individual partners or allies, China must embrace and give a push to multilateral affiliations in order to not further exacerbate regional tensions.
    • Power rivalry in a multipolar world would remain a possibility with military conflict not ruled out.
    • However, the capabilities of the rising economies cannot be underestimated.
    • China and India clearly have the age-old potential to lead as, historically, they have been pioneers of some of the oldest civilisations in the world.
    • China is indisputably a serious rival to the U.S. in the South China Sea, a world leader in renewable energy, and a formidable actor on the global stage of investment and trade, penetrating India, Israel, Ethiopia and Latin America.
    • Thus, a kind of dualism persists in the world order with no clear hegemony that can be bestowed on one single nation.

    Conclusion

    It is feared that there could be a possibility of a multipolar world turning disordered and unstable, but it is up to the rising nations to attempt to overcome territorial aspirations and strike a forceful note of faith on cultural mediation, worldwide legitimacy, and the appeal of each society in terms of its democratic values.

     

  • 17th April 2021 | Prelims Daily with Previous Year Questions

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  • Polity Titbits: Important articles/schedules of Constitution

     

    17th Apr 2021

    The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. 

    It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950. The constitution replaced the Government of India Act 1935 as the country’s fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the Republic of India. To ensure constitutional autonomy, its framers repealed prior acts of the British parliament in Article 395. 

    The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity. The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a helium-filled case at the Parliament House in New Delhi. The words “secular” and “socialist” were added to the preamble in 1976 during the emergency.

    The Indian constitution is the world’s longest for a sovereign nation. At its enactment, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. At about 145,000 words, it is the second-longest active constitution – after the Constitution of Alabama – in the world.

    Articles in Indian Constitution: As the written constitution is a compact document like a book, it has various parts, parts have various chapters, chapters have various articles.

    The constitution has a preamble and 395 articles, which are grouped into 25 parts. With 12 schedules and five appendices, it has been amended 103 times; the latest amendment became effective on 14 January 2019. Despite various amendments, the number of articles in the Constitution still remains 395. There is nothing like Article 396. The new articles are always inserted in between i.e. Article 31A.

    IMPORTANT TITBIT:  If counted separately there are 444 Articles but in the Constitution of India there are only 396 Articles. The rest are merely clauses or sub-clauses added later. The reason behind this is that there is a rule that no one can alter the basic structure of the COI. Now a problem came up, which was how to include more articles as you cannot add a 397th article as it would be against the Basic Structure Doctrine, so a solution that came up, which was that to include the new articles in clauses or sub-clauses of the existing articles.

    Here are the lists of various important Articles of the Indian Constitution. 

    S.No

    Article

    Deals with
    1 1 Name and Territory of Union
    2 3 New States Formation, Alteration of Boundaries, etc.
    3 13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the Fundamental Rights
    4 14 Equality before Law (popularly known as Right to Equality)
    5 15 Prohibition of Discrimination (on basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth)
    6 16 Equality in case of Public Employment
    7 17 Abolition of Untouchability
    8 18 Abolition of Titles
    9 19 Protection of Certain Rights to Freedom (popularly known as Right to Freedom)
    10 19a Freedom of Speech & Expression
    11 19b Right to Peaceful Assembly
    12 19c Freedom of Association
    13 19d Right to Move Freely through India
    14 19e Freedom of Settlement & Residence
    15 19f (Omitted as a fundamental right – governed by article 300A.) Right to Own Personal Property.
    16 19g Freedom to Practise any Profession, Occupation, Trade or Business
    17 21 Right to Life and Personal Liberty
    18 21A Right to Education
    19 23 Prohibition of Human Trafficking and Forced Labour
    20 24 Prohibition of Child Labour
    21 25 Freedom to Practise & Propagate Religion Freely
    22 29 Protection of Interests of Minorities
    23 32 Remedies for enforcement of Fundamental Rights including writs
    24 44 Uniform Civil Code
    25 50 Separation of Judiciary from Executive
    26 51 Promotion of International Peace and Security
    27 51A Fundamental Duties
    28 72 Powers of President to Grant Pardons etc.
    29 76 Attorney-General of India
    30 78 Duties of Prime Minister
    31 85 Sessions of Parliament, Prorogation and Dissolution
    32 93 The Speaker & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
    33 100 Voting in Houses
    34 105 Powers, Privileges, etc. of Members of Parliament
    35 106 Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament
    36 108 Joint Sitting of both Houses of Parliament
    37 109-110 Money Bills
    38 112 Budget
    39 123 President’s Power to Promulgate Ordinance while Parliament in Recess
    40 127 Appointment of ad hoc Judges in the Supreme Court
    41 139 Supreme Court’s Powers to Issue Certain Writs
    42 141 Supreme Court’s Law Binding on All Courts
    43 148-149 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
    44 155 Appointment of Governor
    45 161 Power of Governors to Grant Pardon etc.
    46 165 Advocate-General for the State
    47 167 Duties of Chief Minister
    48 224 Appointment of Additional & Acting Judges in High Courts
    49 224A Appointment of Retired Judges in High Courts
    50 226 Power of High Courts to issue writs
    51 280 Finance Commission
    52 312 All India Services
    53 324 Election Commission
    54 335 SCs and STs claim to Services and Posts
    55 343 Official Language
    56 352 National Emergency
    57 356 President’s Rule in case of Failure of Constitutional Machinery in States
    58 360 Financial Emergency
    59 368 Power of Parliament to Amend the Constitution
    60 370 Temporary provisions with respect to the state of Jammu and Kashmir
    61 392 Power of the President to remove difficulties

     

    Schedules of the Indian Constitution:

    Like a book contains appendices to explain things and provide extra info, the constitution contains various schedules. They are Lists that categorize and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government. They are kept separate because it is a lengthy document and hence, not included in the original text of constitution but they are very much part of the constitution. 

     

    Important Titbits:

    1. Originally they were 8 in number, now they are 12. 
    2. The 4 new schedules were added: IX through the 1st Constitution Amendment Act 1951); X through Anti-Defection Law 52nd CAA 1985; XI through the 73rd CAA Panchayati Raj 1992 and XII through the 74th CAA Municipality 1992.
    3. Matters added to the 9th schedule after 24th April 1973 (Kesavananda Bharati Case) are not immune to judicial review (I.R. Coelho case)

     

    Schedules of Indian Constitution

     

    Numbers

    Subject Matter
    First Schedule
    1. Names of the States and their territorial jurisdiction.
    2. Names of the Union Territories and their extent.
    Second Schedule Provisions relating to the emoluments, allowances, privileges and so on of:

     

    1. The President of India
    2. The Governors of States
    3. The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha
    4. The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
    5. The Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in the states
    6. The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council in the states
    7. The Judges of the Supreme Court
    8. The Judges of the High Courts
    9. The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
    Third Schedule Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for:

     

    1. The Union ministers

    2. The candidates for election to the Parliament

    3. The members of Parliament

    4. The judges of the Supreme Court

    5. The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

    6. The state ministers

    7. The candidates for election to the state legislature

    8. The members of the state legislature

    9. The judges of the High Courts
    Fourth Schedule Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and the union territories.
    Fifth Schedule Provisions relating to the administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes.
    Sixth Schedule Provisions relating to the administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
    Seventh Schedule Division of powers between the Union and the States in terms of List I (Union List), List II (State List) and List III (Concurrent List). Presently, the Union List contains 100 subjects (originally 97), the state list contains 61 subjects (originally 66) and the concurrent list contains 52 subjects (originally 47).
    Eighth Schedule Languages recognized by the Constitution. Originally, it had 14 languages but presently there are 22 languages. They are: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri (Dongri), Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Mathili (Maithili), Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. Sindhi was added by the 21st Amendment Act of 1967; Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added by the 71 st Amendment Act of 1992; and Bodo, Dongri, Maithili and Santhali were added by the 92nd Amendment Act of 2003.
    Ninth Schedule Acts and Regulations (originally 13 but presently 282) 19 of the state legislatures dealing with land reforms and the abolition of the zamindari system and of the. Parliament dealing with other matters. This schedule was added by the 1st Amendment (1951) to protect the laws included in it from judicial scrutiny on the ground of violation of fundamental rights. However, in 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the laws included in this schedule after April 24, 1973, are now open to judicial review.
    Tenth Schedule Provisions relating to the disqualification of the members of Parliament and State Legislatures on the ground of defection. This schedule was added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985, also known as Anti-defection Law.
    Eleventh Schedule Specifies the powers, authority and responsibilities ofPanchayats. It has 29 matters. This schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.
    Twelfth Schedule Specifies the powers, authority, and responsibilities of Municipalities. It has 18 matters. This schedule was added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992.

     

     

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