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  • Topper’s Preparation Strategy for UPSC 2023

    Topper’s Preparation Strategy for UPSC 2023

    UPSC 2023 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

    Rank: 1MainsPITotal
    Shubham Kumar8781761054

    Background

    Shubham had been aware of UPSC examinations from a young age. Shubham spent the starting 4 years of his school studies in his village and then moved to Patna for further studies. Shubham completed his B.Tech in civil engineering in 2014 from IIT Bombay. During his time at IIT Bombay, he was a very active student and used to play various sports. He was also the cultural secretary of his hostel. It was in the same institute that he finally, objectively decided to join Civil Services.

    Path to Success

    It took him 3 attempts to secure AIR 1 in UPSC examinations. What kept him going through the failures was the love & support of his family and friends.

    Advice to Aspirants

    • Shubham urged aspirants to maintain a good friend’s circle, which would work as a great center for support & motivation.
    • Stay away from social media as much as possible, as it creates a lot of distractions.
    • During UPSC preparation proper time management is the only most important thing.

    Strategy

    • In his 2019’s attempt, he took as many as 70-75 mock tests, and in 2020 prelims, he took 40-45 mock tests.
    • During his mains preparation, he used to take 1-hour mock tests daily and a full-length 3-hour mock test every third day. He says mock tests are a great way for analyzing strong and weak areas and work on them.
    • Speed is very crucial for cracking UPSC Mains Exam. You have approximately 10-11 mins for each question. Try to find which pen is comfortable for you.
    • Try to keep your answers on point and very precise. Focus on conveying your ideas other than just filling pages. Talking about his subjects, he told he had Anthropology as his optional subject in Mains.

    His Vision

    • He wants to work for the holistic upliftment of Rural India, and improve the overall education & financial level of the people from such areas. He also wants to come up with a solution to manage the flood situation in Bihar.
    Rank: 2MainsPITotal
    Jagruti Awasthi8591931052

    Background

    IAS Jagriti Awasthi’s age is 24 years as of 2021. Her marital status is unmarried. She is a confident and dedicated person. Jagriti Awasthi’s education has been completed at Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT), Bhopal. She was working in Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) before starting her UPSC preparation.

    Path to success

    It took her 2 attempts to secure AIR 2 in UPSC examinations.

    Strategy

    • Initially, she studied for 8 to 10 hours. Eventually, she increased it to 10 to 12 hours, and about two months before the exam, she further pushed it to 12 to 14 hours.
    • She has managed to work positively on the study plan and has succeeded in it.
    • She prepared online study material and read the newspapers daily. She emphasized the optional subject which is sociology to gain maximum knowledge and high scores.
    Rank: 3MainsPITotal
    Ankita Jain8392121051

    Background

    Ankita Jain was born and brought up in Delhi. She did her B. Tech in Computer Science from Delhi Technological University. After completing her studies, she worked in Qualcomm Private Limited, Bangalore for 14 months. Later, she joined Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) as a scientist through her GATE score. Afterward, Ankita Jain was posted at one of the prestigious posts of UPSC, Audit and Accounts Services in Mumbai, after securing a rank in the second attempt. She is married to Abhinav Tyagi who is an IPS officer. Her sister Vaishali Jain has also scored AIR 21 in the civil services examination 2020.

    Path to success

    Ankita’s success came in the fourth attempt. On the second attempt, she passed the exam. However, she didn’t get the desired rank. She joined the Indian Account Service and continued to prepare for the UPSC exam. 

    Advice to aspirants

    Ankita says that before appearing for the exam, it’s crucial that one is familiar with the syllabus and has the basics clear. Ankita said that the failed attempts had helped her in understanding the exam pattern better.

    Strategy

    • Her optional subject was philosophy.
    • She consistently studied at least 6 hours a day and studying NCERTs books till the 12th standard helped her in building the base knowledge.
    • She prepared with her sister, Vaishali Jain who scored AIR 21. Both the sisters claim to have shared notes and helped each other stay motivated throughout their journey.
    Rank: 4MainsPITotal
    Yash Jaluka8511951046

    Background

    Born in 1995 in Jharia, Jharkhand, Yash Jaluka at the age of 26 years cracked the civil services exam in the first attempt. He completed his initial schooling until class 8th from Jharia, and then shifted to Odisha, where he studied until the completion of class 10th. Yash did his 11th and 12th from Delhi Public School, Bokaro, Jharkhand. He then moved to Delhi and completed his bachelor’s in Economics from Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, and got his Master’s degree from the Delhi School of Economics. Yash started his UPSC preparation right after completing his Masters’ course in 2019 and did not join any coaching. He took Economics optional for the UPSC CSE Main

    Path to success

    Juluka at the age of 26 years cracked the civil services exam on the first attempt.

    Strategy

    • The preparation strategy followed by Yash allowed him to indulge in a minimum of 8 hours of preparation every day.
    • As a part of his strategy, he spent approximately 3-4 hours reading the newspaper diligently and ensuring that every single part of daily news was covered and notes based on the same were made instantly.
    • He also maintained proper notes on each topic, along with its historical background, and referred to one book for each subject.
    • Apart from this, the journals and monthly editorials in newspapers and current affairs magazines are the key sources that he considered during the course of his preparation.
    • Given below is a list of a few important UPSC books and sources that Yash referred to for prelims and mains preparation.
    • R.S Sharma’s Old NCERT for Ancient History
    • Class XI & XII NCERT
    • History of Medival India by Satish Chandra
    • A.L Basham – The Wonder that was India (for Buddhism and Jainism)
    • Indian Polity by Laxmikanth
    • How India sees the World by Shyam Saran (for static International Relations information)
    Rank: 5MainsPITotal
    Mamta Yadav8551871042

    Background

    Mamta Yadav was born in Basai, India, in 1996. She is an Indian Administrative Service officer by profession. She completed her education in a local Delhi school before enrolling at Delhi University’s Hindu College.

    Path to success

    This was her second attempt at UPSC Civil Services Examination. She took this exam for the first time in 2020 and received a Rank of 556. She began training for the Indian Railway Personnel Service after being selected.

    Advice to aspirants

    The most important thing would be that your optional subject should be something you love reading. If the subject does not appeal to you, it will be tough to maintain your excitement across numerous efforts. Because you’ve already spent 3 or 4 years studying it, choosing an optional from your graduation stream can assist.

    Strategy

    • Mamta opted for Physics as the optional subject as she did her BSc in Physics Honours. She did self-study for the optional paper.
    • Learn to debunk all of the Civil Service preparation myths and misconceptions.
    • Not just gaining conceptual clarity but also being able to link it with the present scene is becoming increasingly important.
    • Begin with devising a comprehensive and integrated plan for the UPSC civil services prelims and mains examinations. Divide the year into 12 months by designating months to subjects that have a clear strategy.
    • Lastly, figure out how the test questions are phrased. This procedure necessitates a thorough examination of all prior years’ questions, with a keen eye on what has been asked and why.
    • Attempt as many questions as possible, then evaluate why your questions were incorrect and how you may have done better.

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    Rank: 6MainsPITotal
    Meera K8352061041

    Background

    Meera completed her B Tech in Mechanical Engineering from Government Engineering College, Thrissur in 2016.She got a job in Bengaluru through campus selection. However, she had an inclination towards public service. She gave her first attempt in UPSC Civil Services Examination in 2017 without much preparation. The result was as expected – didn’t qualify. She quit her well-paying job and went back to Kerala to start her UPSC journey.

    Path to success

    In her second attempt, she qualified Prelims and Mains. Still, luck was not completely on her side. She missed the final selection by a narrow margin of 12 marks. Bad luck continued her in the third attempt too. This time she missed Prelims by just one mark. In her fourth attempt, she qualified Prelims, Mains, and Interview and landed as a UPSC Topper by securing All-India Rank 6!

    Advice to aspirants

    Meera says, “don’t blindly follow or copy any strategy. Know your strengths and weakness and prepare your own personalized study plan”.

    Strategy

    • Meera believes in the importance of self-notes for success in the UPSC Civil Services Examination.
    • For each topic mentioned in UPSC Syllabus, Meera prepared her own notes using pen and paper.
    Rank: 7MainsPITotal
    Praveen Kumar8481931041

    Background

    He hails from Jamui in Bihar and belongs to a simple middle-class family. Praveen studied from Jamui in Bihar and wished to qualify for the Engineering Entrance Exam and become an engineer. He cleared JEE Main and went on to study in IIT Kanpur. However after he completed his B.Tech from such a prestigious institution, he did not wish to sit for job interviews but study for Civil Services Exam.

    Path to success

    He succeeded in his third attempt at UPSC which was in 2020.

    Advice to aspirants

    He found the problem in the first two attempts to be him following the strategy set by someone else. It was not working for him. He suggests that everyone should follow their own strategy depending on own capabilities and mental caliber.

    Strategy

    • He followed a few books but read them thoroughly and made a separate strategy for Prelims, Mains and Interview.
    • He emphasizes reading newspapers and magazines to get connected with the entire globe at the same time.
    • He also suggests the candidates prepare separately for Prelims, Mains & Personality Test of UPSC CSE.
    Rank: 8MainsPITotal
    Jivani Kartik Nagjibhai8581821040

    Background

    After completing Class 12, Kartik cracked the JEE examination and landed admission in the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mumbai in the Mechanical Engineering field. In his fourth year in college, Kartik Jivani decided to pursue a career as a civil servant and started preparing for the UPSC exam in 2016.

    Path to success

    He failed in his first attempt in 2017. However, after grinding it out for three years, Kartik was successfully able to crack the UPSC exam in his second attempt. He obtained a rank of AIR 94, thereby securing selection as an IPS officer. He reappeared the next year and climbed ten places to AIR 84.

    Advice to Aspirants

    He mentioned that reading for many sources won’t help you. You should pick one newspaper and one current affair from a coaching institute.

    Strategy

    • To crack his exam, Kartik Jivani a 10-hour study regimen and did most of his UPSC preparation during at night.
    • Kartik has stated in the past that he chose smart work over hard work. He took guidance from several places and books.
    • He took Geography as his optional subject. He summarized his entire notes in around 50 pages.
    • Practice the elimination technique in the exam hall. To get better in this technique, solve a lot of mock tests before the exam day.
    Rank: 9MainsPITotal
    Apala Mishra8162151031

    Background

    Apala Mishra was born in the Uttar Pradesh district of Ghaziabad. Mishra attended school in Dehradun until the tenth grade, then moved to Delhi for grades eleven and twelve. She then graduated from the Army College of Dental Sciences in Hyderabad with a bachelor’s degree in dental surgery and went on to work as a dentist. Apala claimed that by the time she was in her final year of dentistry, she was leaning toward civil service because it provides a lot of work opportunities. Anthropology was her optional subject. She intends to work in the field of health, with a focus on women’s health.

    Path to success

    This was her third attempt at UPSC Examination. She could not clear prelims in her first two attempts.

    Advice to Aspirants

    She then devised a study schedule of 7-8 hours per day. She believes that coaching centres can help them, but they must study by themselves at the end of the date. “Balance your emotional and mental health because this exam will put your patience to the test. Have faith in yourself that you can succeed,” she says.

    Strategy

    • She says that one should revise the basic books as many times as possible.
    • Practice a lot of MCQs & PYQs, and write as many mock exams as possible. When you don’t get a question, then make the answer a part of your notes, so that you don’t forget it.
    • One should go beyond the static portion, in the mains examination.
    • She studied for 7 to 8 hours every day and used a timer to keep track of how much time she spent on each topic.
    • She used the basic books as well during her preparation. Apart from that, she used Google and Youtube to find online study materials to help her understand topics that were not covered in the basic books.
    Rank: 10MainsPITotal
    Satyam Gandhi8272011028

    Background

    Satyam Gandhi was born in 1999 in the Samastipur district of Bihar. He completed his schooling at Kendriya Vidyalaya. He was an intelligent student from childhood. He was even topper in his 10th and 12th with a science background. Then for his graduation, he moved to Delhi. There he pursued Political Science at Dayal Singh College, Delhi University. In the third year of his graduation, he started his UPSC preparation. He worked on his subject and hence took Political Science International Relations as his optional subject.

    Path to success

    In the very first attempt, he secured 10th rank all over India.

    Advice for aspirants

    Satyam Gandhi does not believe in any single or set plan to clear UPSC. He believes that everyone should follow his or her plan. But before making a plan they should analyze the pattern for UPSC well. Remember to make shorter goals to accomplish.

    Strategy

    • He emphasizes the importance of Economics, Polity, and Economics for the prelims preparation.
    • He took regular mock tests and test series to track your performance and amend your strategy.
    • He planned his time well. He divided his time into months, weeks, and daily targets to accomplish goals.
    • Moreover, he prepared a concise list of books for UPSC preparation. He evaluated his strengths and weaknesses.
    • He gave more time to weaker subjects like History and Ethics. He spends hours memorizing dates and events of historical background.
    Rank: 11MainsPITotal
    Devyani Yadav8421821024

    Background

    In 2014, Devyani graduated in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering from the Goa Campus of BITS Pilani. Thereafter she took up a job in the private sector.

    Path to success

    Devyani Yadav, who secured an All India Rank (AIR) of 11 in 2020, attempted the exam four times before she was successful. She attempted the UPSC CSE for the first time in 2015 and again in 2016, however in both these attempts she was unable to clear the prelims. In 2017, she made progress and reached the interview stage but did not find her name in the final list. In 2018, her fourth attempt, she secured an AIR of 222 and was allotted to the Central Audit Department.

    Advice to aspirants

    “Being 100 percent honest with yourself while preparing is very important. No matter how many attempts you have given, approach each exam with a clear mindset. Overconfidence and under confidence should both be kept away from you,” says Devyani.

    Strategy

    • Focus on limited resources while ensuring that you spend maximum time in revision.
    • Mock tests are a great way of self-evaluation. Devyani recommends solving a minimum of 40 tests before attempting the exam.
    • Striking a good balance between answering questions you are unsure about and completely unaware of is an important aspect. “I would attempt between 85 to 90 questions”, she says.
    • Various online portals are useful for aspirants.
    • Pick the last 10 years’ prelims paper and ensure that you go through them with a fine-tooth comb.
    • As much as content is important, remember that presentation is also a key aspect.
    • Make comprehensive notes in your own words. Optional paper requires extensive reading and making notes for that is prudent. However, content for general studies is readily available in note format, so you can skip it,” says Devyani.
    Rank: 12MainsPITotal
    Mithun Premraj8451792151024

    Background

    Mithun Premraj was a diligent student since childhood. After class 12, he studied medicine at the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER) in Puducherry. He then received a diploma in public health from the Indian Institute of Public Health, New Delhi.

    Path to success

    He took the exam for the first time in 2016 after a year of preparation, but he failed. Three times, he also advanced to the interview round but failed. Finally, in the fifth attempt, he succeeded in 2020 and became an IAS officer by securing All India Rank 12.

    Advice to aspirants

    He says, “be confident, calm, and positive. If you find the topics difficult to understand you should join coaching.”

    Strategy

    • He created a certain interest in the subject of Geography and thought of opting for it as an optional subject.
    • He motivated himself so that he doesn’t lack motivation in the middle of the preparation.
    • It is important to be in a stable position during the exam as when you rush in you make mistakes.
    • He Started from easy topics and gradually proceeded towards harder topics, made notes after completing each topic for understanding better, and revised and took practice tests to check his preparation.

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    Rank: 13MainsPITotal
    Gaurav Budania8501731023

    Background

    He was born and brought up in Churu, Rajasthan. He completed his high school in the small district of Rajasthan, Churu. Later on, he went to college at BHU where completed his graduation in Mining Engineering and after that, he completed his Master’s in Sociology. He secured All India Rank 80 in the GATE exam. Gaurav Budania’s medium was Hindi. He gave his written exam in English and during the interview, he chose the option of Hindi language to answer.

    Path to success

    Gaurav is one of the lucky candidates who cleared the UPSC exam in the first attempt.

    Advice for aspirants

    According to him, hard work, the right strategy, maximum revision, making notes, practice answer writing, and a positive attitude are very important for success. Gaurav says that always keep the sources of your preparation limited and follow the strategy completely.

    Strategy

    • Budania chose Anthropology as his optional subject.
    • He shared a special tip on how to choose the best optional subject, you just need to pay attention to your strengths and weaknesses, in that way you will be able to find out which subject you are good at.
    • According to Gaurav, he first saw the syllabus and then decided to go ahead with limited books.
    • For Mains, make notes and revise as many as you can.
    • According to him, by working hard in the right direction, you can get success in this exam on the very first attempt.
    Rank: 14MainsPITotal
    Karishma Nair8341871021

    Background

    Karishma Nair hails from the Palakkad district of Kerala. She has lived in Mumbai for the past 20 years, where she finished her education. She earned a B.Sc. in forensic science and spent a year in Delhi studying for the UPSC.

    Path to success

    This was her second attempt. She had made it to the interview round in her first attempt but couldn’t make it to the final list.

    Advice to aspirants

    Karishma believes in hard work, proper strategy, limited books, maximum revision, answer writing practice, and a positive attitude to clear the UPSC CSE exam. And do not stick to NCERT only, visit government websites also, and do value addition to your preparation,” she advised.

    Strategy

    • She focused on reading newspapers daily, watched TV news channels, and studied the syllabus pattern thoroughly.
    • Karishma’s optional subject was Public Administration. According to her, one must choose their optional subject after analyzing their strengths and weaknesses.
    • She had a separate notebook in which she jotted down the significant themes from the sample papers that were vital for the examination and concentrated on them.
    • She advises that the final 2 months before the examination be spent taking as many fake exams as possible in order to assess one’s own performance.
    • Too many exams should not be taken before you are well-prepared, as low scores might lead to a loss of confidence.
    Rank: 15MainsPITotal
    Ria Dabi8591621021

    Background

    Ria Dabi who resides in Delhi has completed her Graduation in Political Science from Lady Sri Ram College, New Delhi.

    Path to success

    She cracked the UPSC Civil Service Exam 2020 in her first attempt and secured an all-India rank of 15.

    Advice to aspirants

    Ria Added that most aspirants make the mistake of collecting too many resources for the study which makes their preparation more confusing. So it’s always better to stick to the syllabus.

    Strategy

    • She admits that she used to devote 10 hours per day and she started preparing for this exam just after she completed her graduation.
    • According to Ria, the key to success in the UPSC Exam is consistency in studies. The other things that are required for UPSC IAS Exam preparation are discipline, dedication, and patience.
    • Ria said she used to study fiction and do a painting to lower her stress.
    • She started her day by reading the newspaper. She took approx. 1.5 hours to read it. Special attention needs to be given to the editorial as this offers great material while writing the essay answers at a later stage.
    • If there is news about a specific event or occurrence, she tries to make a note of it and tries to find relevant information related to that event and collect them in her folder. This helps her in retaining information about that news.
    • And most importantly, she revisits the notes every few days so that it remains fresh in her mind.
    • The news articles that Ria usually cut and pastes in her folder are articles that include Newly launched government schemes, information about any summit or conference being held, articles about the environmental condition in the country and international relations, etc.
    Rank: 16MainsPITotal
    Arth Jain8531681021

    Background

    His hometown is Jabalpur where he was born and raised. He currently resides in the capital city, Delhi. Arth Jain completed his schooling at Sanskriti School, New Delhi. After this, he did Mechanical Engineering from IIT-Delhi. In the second year of his graduation, he decided to prepare for UPSC. He kept his optional subject mathematics.

    Path to success

    In 2019, he gave his first attempt at CSE. In this attempt, he was not even able to clear prelims. Rather than getting disappointed, he reflects on where he went wrong.

    Advice to aspirants

    “On exam day you should relax and have faith in yourself. You should not be busy revising your notes. Rather you should smile and say clearly yes I can do it”, he says.

    Strategy

    • Arth Jain emphasizes the importance of revision. He says that everyone should at least revise each book three times rather than reading nine books at one time.
    • Every candidate should read the syllabus at least three times and then divide their time accordingly. They should give more importance to weaker subjects. Moreover, special importance should be given to optional subjects. One should give at least 50% of his time to his optional subject preparation.
    • According to Arth Jain, candidates should opt for the subject that is more scoring and which they find interesting.
    •  Arth Jian divided the syllabus into different smaller goals. He set his daily and weekly targets. This gave him a clear roadmap.
    • You should also read answer sheets of previous year’s successful candidates. This will give you a clear idea of how to structure your answers
    • According to Arth Jain, everyone should give attention to this scoring subject. They should practice writing one to two essays daily.
    • For the interview, candidates should be ready for questions related to their DAF.
    Rank: 17MainsPITotal
    Sarthak Agrawal8221951017

    Background

    Sarthak was born in Old Delhi and after spending a few years, moved to Gurugram, Haryana. He completed his schooling at Delhi Public School, Vasant Kunj, and had scored 99.6% marks in class XII, and emerged as the CBSE topper for that year. He did BA (Hons) Economics from Sri Ram College of College (SRCC) Sarthak completed his master’s and did M Phil in Economics from Oxford University. At the time of his selection for UPSC, he was working at the World Bank as a Researcher in the Poverty and Equity Global Unit.

    Path to success

    He cracked the exam in his very first attempt with barely 5-6 months of preparation.

    Advice to aspirants

    “The strategy worked for me, but it may not for someone else. The idea should be to absorb insights from a variety of sources and use them to arrive at what makes the most sense for you”, he says. Finally, he would suggest not going with any preconceived notions in the ethics paper. It is one of the easiest papers to write, but the hardest to prepare. “Instead, if one spends plenty of time thinking deeply about the ethical issues that confront civil servants in India and develops an independent and innovative perspective on them, they should do well”, he says.

    Strategy

    • He did not enroll in any coaching classes but referred to the study material that was available online on various reliable portals.
    • His strategy did not comprise making too many notes as that could have been a time taking procedure for him. He rather relied on reading things again and again to get a better understanding of them.
    • For prelims, he focused on reading newspapers more than reading any particular book. As for mains, he worked on his answer writing skills.
    • For prelims, he used a combination of common-sense, elimination, and intelligent guessing.
    • He consulted some free resources regularly — Live History India, Down to Earth, IndiaSpend, The Diplomat, PRS Legislative Research, and ORF publications.
    • Sarthak took many mock interviews to get a better understanding of how to present oneself and answer questions in front of the esteemed panelists.
    • He enrolled in a General Studies and essay test series 40 days before the Mains and ended up writing over 25 full-length exams. I received good feedback, some of which I incorporated.
    • He believes his approach to his optional subject Economics was different from those of others. He looked over undergraduate textbooks because he only had three months to study for the mains and a lot to cover. For his second Economics paper, he read academic literature on the economy and what is going on in various sectors.
    Rank: 18MainsPITotal
    Radhika Gupta8381791017

    Background

    She is a resident of Alirajpur, in Madhya Pradesh. Radhika completed her schooling in her hometown only and did B.Tech in Mechanical Engineering from GSITS, Indore. After the completion of her graduation, she started working with Honda Motors for a year. Later, she decided to quit her job in order to prepare for UPSC. She wants to work for the upliftment of tribal and women’s education.

    Path to success

    In the year 2019, Radhika appeared in the Civil Service exam for the first time. She got selected for the IRPS services. This was her second attempt.

    Advice to aspirants

    She stated, “If we rigorously study for 8 to 10 hours each day, that preparation is as fruitful as spending 14-15 hours. I have an interest in sports, hence I shell out a fixed amount of time to play table tennis every day. It helped me keep my mind rejuvenated during the preparation and also killed the monotony.”

    Strategy

    • Radhika used to study for 9-10 hours and follow a timetable. She made sure she had time for her hobbies. However, she kept herself away from social media sites.
    • Radhika followed general books including Laxmikant for Indian Polity, Spectrum for Indian History, NCERTs for all subjects, and some online platforms.
    • For other main subjects, she relied on self-study. She chose Anthropology as an optional subject.

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    Rank: 19MainsPITotal
    Shashwat Tripurari8521651017

    Background

    Shashwat Tripurari from Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, secured an all-India rank of 19 in UPSC Civil Services Examination 2020. Shashwat is an alumnus of IIT Delhi and passed out from the institute in 2018. He immediately started his preparation.

    Path to success

    This was his second attempt at UPSC Examination. Previously, he had cracked UPSC Civil Services 2019 in his very first attempt with an all-India rank of 78.

    Advice to aspirants

    He insists every aspirant should read the news daily, instead of just relying on monthly magazines.

    Strategy

    • When Shashwat initially started his preparation, he started with the previous year’s question papers. This gave him a clear idea of which angles of a topic he must pay more attention to.
    • He followed this up by looking through the syllabus thoroughly. This allowed him to only study topics that UPSC mentions in its syllabus, instead of getting lost in a vast array of information. Stick to standard books only and keep your sources as limited as possible.
    • Initially, Shashwat had joined a coaching institute, but he soon realized self-study was the way to go for him. Since his initial year’s rank was quite good, he realized his strategy was favorable and made tweaks to his original plan to improve on the few areas where his marks could improve.
    • The first step he took was to work harder on his Anthropology Optional, which helped him pull his rank up.
    • Shashwat puts a lot of emphasis on reading the daily newspaper as the UPSC Civil Services Examination has gradually become very dynamic, including in the Preliminary Stage.
    Rank: 20MainsPITotal
    P Srija8311841015

    Background

    P Srija is a resident of Hyderabad who originally hails from Warangal. She is a graduate of the Osmania Medical College. As a medical professional, she had selected medical sciences as her optional.

    Path to success

    She cleared the exam on her first attempt.

    Advice to aspirants

    Her advice to aspirants is “don’t be too hard on yourself. Be practical and have a plan B”.

    Strategy

    • She began by deciding on short-term and long-term timelines for her preparation. She started with her optional preparation first as the weightage is very high.
    • Along with her optional, she completed ethics too as the rest of the subjects are common to prelims and mains.
    • She emphasized the importance of economics and polity for prelims and mains both. These subjects also help us understand current issues better.
    • After she completed the main subjects including history and geography, she prepared the other minor ones.
    • She started practicing mocks four months before prelims by writing 1 mock every three to four days. Not just this, analyzing the scores on these tests is also very important.
    • For mains, answering writing can be started once we complete half of the syllabus. She also wrote answers to mains questions once in three to four days and timed herself.
    • For current affairs, she combined newspapers with insights IAS daily current affairs and monthly current affairs magazine.
    Rank: 21MainsPITotal
    Vaishali Jain835 61771012

    Background

    Vaishali Jain has pursued her B. Tech from Delhi Technological University. There she was a gold medalist. She did her post-graduation in M. Tech from IIT Delhi. She was again a gold medalist there. Her optional was mechanical engineering.

    Path to success

    After M. Tech, she started preparing for UPSC. In 2019 she gave her first attempt. Unfortunately, she was not able to clear even prelims back then. This was her second attempt.

    Advice to aspirants

    “Your environment affects your thought process. If you live in an inspiring and motivating environment you can think and work better”, she says.

    Strategy

    • According to Vaishali Jain, time management is crucial for your preparation. She gave her preparation an engineering thinking, she writes down how many hours is the demand and what is the supply for it.
    • She gave around 11-12 hours daily for preparation. According to her, if she set a higher time limit she would easily study for at least 9 hours efficiently.
    • According to Vaishali Jain, she has solved different papers to understand the exam pattern and question type nicely.
    • She said that she divided her syllabus into smaller targets. Hence she was able to achieve those small goals that combined and gave her big success.
    • She also emphasized the importance of exercise and yoga.
    Rank: 22MainsPITotal
    Nitesh Kumar Jain8052061011

    Background

    Nitish Kumar Jain belongs to Bihar. He holds a B.COM degree from the University of Calcutta, West Bengal. He had opted for commerce and accountancy as an optional subject in CSE 2019.

    Path to success

    He started his preparation in 2019. This was his second attempt.

    Advice to aspirants

    The key to success in this examination is to have faith in yourself and maintaining a positive attitude.

    Strategy

    • He emphasized the importance of current affairs and reading newspapers.
    • He kept his sources limited and revised them multiple times.
    • He formed his preparation strategy around the UPSC syllabus and referred to it again and again.
    • Answer writing plays a crucial role in the Mains exam so he emphasized practicing mocks.
    • It is very important to remain conscious of your physical and mental health. He recommends spending some time with family and friends to reduce stress and regular exercise for maintaining health.
    Rank: 23MainsPITotal
    Sadaf Choudhary8042061010

    Background

    Sadaf, a native of Joya, a small town in the district along the National Highway, graduated from LSA Amroha with an Intermediate diploma. With a 10 CGPA on the board high school examination CBSE year 2010, she was the district’s top student. In 2012, she received a 91 percent on the CBSE Board Intermediate Exam. Following that, she passed the JEE Mains exam. She was accepted into NIT Jalandhar. From here, she earned her bachelor’s degree in Chemical Engineering. In 2016, she started working for an American bank and remained in Delhi until 2018. In the year 2018, she left her job. She began her preparation for the IAS on her own, without any coaching.

    Path to success

    She cleared the UPSC exam on her second attempt.

    Advice to aspirants

    She advises the candidates to also pick the subject of their own interests, which will add them a benefit. She asks aspirants to Remove all negative thoughts from their minds and focus on the task at hand.

    Strategy

    • Sadaf’s optional subject was Political Science.  She was always interested in the subject and that was a game-changer for her.
    • Separate files or notebooks can be kept for different subjects. Many people prefer files because they make it easier to add notes to a topic. This is especially useful when adding current-events-related news to a specific topic.
    • She admits when taking an exam as difficult as the UPSC, revision formed a crucial strategy of her preparation.
    Rank: 24MainsPITotal
    Krishan Kumar Singh8012091010

    Background

    IPS Krishan Former Manager in Reserve Bank of India, RBI. He graduated in Computer engineering. He has studied at Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology. Krishan belongs to Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh.

    Path to success

    He cracked the UPSC CSE examination initially in 2018 with AIR 181 and then in 2020.

    Advice to aspirants

    He says, “If you have the potential and trust towards something, don’t quit even after failing, rather put more effort and prove your dedication and skills”.

    Strategy

    • He chose Public administration & IR as his optional. The reasons being, “my comfort and compatibility with the subject, easy availability of material, and its scoring nature.”
    • Mr. Krishan said that the answer-writing is the most important section. The candidates must practice answer-writing for their Mains exam.
    • According to him, the 10 markers can be prepared at the end but the 15 and 20 markets require a lot of analysis and proper structure, so these should be prepared properly by giving adequate time.
    • He said that while writing the answers, one should write in paragraphs where each paragraph should represent a different cause, argument, or motive. It helps define the topic concisely and precisely.
    • You should include theoretical aspects in the applied papers i.e. section B of both the question papers. It balances your answer well.
    Rank: 25MainsPITotal
    Vaibhav Rawat8141951009

    Background

    Vaibhav Rawat is a native of Rajasthan and a graduate of the Institute of Technology – BHU (IT-BHU). He held the 7th rank in the All India Science Olympiad. He worked at Samsung R&D before attempting the UPSC Exams.

    Path to success

    This was his second attempt where he acquired the 25th rank.

    Vaibhav Rawat opted for the Indian Foreign Services (IFS) as it was a passion to represent India on the world stage.

    Advice to aspirants

    Along with being well prepared for the exam, one must also focus on their own attitude. It is not enough to be well prepared with the subject knowledge at hand but also to be mentally prepared for the UPSC exams which will help immensely in the final interview.

    Strategy

    • Understanding the requirements of the UPSC Syllabus is a key step. That way candidates can have an idea of what they can expect in the exams themselves.
    • In the UPSC Mains, mastering the art of answer writing is crucial as some of your characteristics will be assessed on the quality of the answers you will write.
    • It is highly recommended not to wait for the UPSC Prelims results in order to start preparing for the mains because the time gap between the two stages is not enough to practice answer writing. One must practice the same at the very beginning of the UPSC preparation.
    • One must remain motivated despite any setback that may come about, by giving their best no matter what. This way the candidates will be clear-headed and focused on their goals and that will help them immensely.

    UPSC 2023 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

  • Imp: Must Read National Parks for Pre 2022 Part-I

    Talk to our mentors for a Roadmap to 2023 Attempt. Click Here


    1. Arunachal Pradesh:

    Pakke Tiger reserve – The Pakke TR has a lowland semi-evergreen, evergreen forest and Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests. This park got an award for conservation of Hornbill nesting protection.

    Mouling NP– Transition b/w tarai and alpine. The Mouling National Park and the Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary are located fully or partly within Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve.

    Namdapha NP: It is only park in which you find all types of vegetation from tropical evergreen to alpine.

    2. Manipur:

    Sirohi NP: Exotic Shirui lily-only in the world.

    3. Meghalaya:

    Nokrek NP: It forms the core area of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve and it is located in the West Garo Hills district of Meghalaya (Nokrek Highest Peak of Garo Hills).

    National Citrus Gene Sanctuary-cum-Biosphere Reserve

    Balpakhram NP- tigers: ” land of eternal wind’

    4. Nagaland:

    Intanki NP: Hornbill, hoolock gibbon (only ape in india)

    5. West Bengal:

    Neora valley NP: Near Darjeeling. Neora Valley NP offers a unique ecosystem where tropical, subtropical, sub-temperate, and temperate vegetation occurs.

    Buxa NP/TR: In Tarai Region, recently a Tiger was spotted.

    Padmaja Naidu NP: largest high altitude zoo in country (Darjeeling)- red panda conservation.

    6. Madhya Pradesh:

    Kanha National Park: Barasingha/Swamp deer imp, tiger, deciduous fores.

    7. Odisha:

    Nalabana WLS- Chilika lake: Nalabana disappears in rains and re-emerges post monsoon. Chilika is popular for Irrawaddy Dolphin.

    Simlipal Biosphere Reserve: Similipal, which derives its name from the ‘Simul’ (silk cotton) tree, is a national park and a tiger reserve situated in the northern part of Odisha’s Mayurbhanj district. In news due to Forest fires.

    Satkosia Tiger Reserve: The Satkosia Tiger Reserve spreads across four districts. According to NTCA, Satkosia falls under reserves where “there is a potential for increasing tiger populations”. In news due to Tiger relocation.

  • Direct Joining Link for Free Live Webinar:  How to Make Notes for UPSC in General ! | Learn with Demo Notes | Join with Mentor of 200+ Successful Candidates Pravin Sir.

    Direct Joining Link for Free Live Webinar: How to Make Notes for UPSC in General ! | Learn with Demo Notes | Join with Mentor of 200+ Successful Candidates Pravin Sir.

    Civilsdaily Team is inviting you to a scheduled Zoom meeting.
    *Top 10 Important Points on How to Make Notes for UPSC in General || by Pravin Sir, Mentor of Senior IAS Toppers*Date & Time: *May 22, 2022 @04:00 PM (Start loggin in by 03:45 PM) India*
    Join Zoom Meeting https://us06web.zoom.us/j/82603823273?pwd=UWg4S0duNU1ZdlcvTlF4aWlFajExUT09
    Meeting ID: 826 0382 3273

    Passcode: 686422

    Do You Know? what is making the webinar very special! 1) Live Demo Notes 2) Most Authentic & Handy Source of Current Affairs.

    Given the voluminous nature of the UPSC exam syllabus, it is almost impossible for a candidate preparing for UPSC to expect a complete revision of all textbooks and the entire syllabus right before the examination; however, revision is critical to scoring well and passing the examination. As a result, most aspirants rely on self-made notes for quick revision during exam days to overcome this challenge.

    Making notes is an important part of UPSC preparation because it is part of active learning. One cannot expect to pass the UPSC examination unless he prepares his notes and regularly revises them. Take any UPSC topper from any year, and you will find that almost all of them used note-taking as part of their UPSC preparation strategy.

    To assemble self-trust and confidence to yield the positive results sooner, join this free live webinar conducted by Civilsdaily’s Senior IAS toppers’ mentor to get certain value-added insights on ‘Effectively Note-Making’  spontaneously.

    Webinar Details:

    Grasp the opportunity to get exceptional tips on ‘what is the best strategy for note-making from current affairs’, and ‘how to write fantastic or above-average answers by presenting with a clear structure stuffed with the most relevant current affairs. This entire webinar is free. All aspirants are wholeheartedly welcome to attend to enhance their current affairs notes.

    Date: 22nd May 2022 (Sunday)

    Time: 4 PM to 5 PM

    Strategies & Approaches of note-making, in This Free Live Webinar by Pravin Sir!

    1. Notes making is quite often confused with writing everything down on paper or digital devices. So, ‘How to make effective notes from current affairs’, ‘How our mentees make notes’, ‘How our mentorship program helps thousands of toppers’, will be the main point of this webinar, with live note-making examples.
    1. Best, authentic, minimum source of current Affairs for UPSC-CSE prelims &Mains Preparation. Do’s & Dont’s, How to remake ‘Recognition of information’ into ‘recall, analyze & express’. Will also be discussed thoroughly.
    1. Whether your answers ought to reflect the editorial standards of The Hindu! What should be the foolproof strategy of note-making from current affairs? What points ought to be included in your notes!
    1. How toppers prioritize momentum mover content and content over structure. ‘How to fix your static answer writing structure, improved with the current affairs’-is going to display here.
    2. How to create a basic conceptual framework of the current affairs answer before committing anything to paper. Implications of overstretching your imagination.
    3. How to fetch maximum score in the ‘Essay’ paper linking current affairs examples to enhance your marks in total.
    4. What is the difference between ‘Opinion-based current affairs’ & ‘Current issues with Fact-based’ questions will also be discussed thoroughly in this webinar?
    5. How & where to link the answer, replete with current affairs charts/maps/diagrams, etc., will help to get extra 0.25-0.5 marks across 80 questions of GS papers.
    6. If the question is in two parts, sticking to the word limit, how to address the demand of each part & understand current affairs demands. What is the way to enclose also any critical analysis you should have within the subheading?
    7. How to enhance writing patterns, where to take mock regularly, how many mock tests are fit, and Why our on-demand ‘Samachar Manthan’ online program is getting enrolled as a hot cake Etc. will be discussed in this live webinar.
    8.  Many Other untold secrets of coverage of the current affairs syllabus for Prelims & mains with 1-1 mentorship program’, is that the syllabus can be covered 100%. The most brilliant of candidates will testify that even their coverage of the syllabus was not completely 100% without the proper guidance of CD’s senior IAS mentors when it’s time to deal with current affairs notes-making. 

    About Pravin Sir:

    Pravin sir is a mentor with CivilsDaily for nearly 4+ years and is now Working as a Mentor Head in Civilsdaily Mains Guidance Program. He has done with 6 attempts of UPSC CSE with, written multiple mains and two UPSC interviews, PSIR as an optional, CAPF Interview 2017.

    Wish You All The Best .

  • The Hindu has acknowledged CD’s UPSC Core Mentorship Initiative | Smash Mains 80% Success Rate Mentorship Driven Program can only make you an IAS, IPS, IRS, IFS, Etc. | Talk to Our Mentors Now

    The Hindu has acknowledged CD’s UPSC Core Mentorship Initiative | Smash Mains 80% Success Rate Mentorship Driven Program can only make you an IAS, IPS, IRS, IFS, Etc. | Talk to Our Mentors Now

    “Show me a successful individual and I’ll show you someone who had real positive influences in his or her life. I don’t care what you do for a living—if you do it well I’m sure someone was cheering you on or showing the way. A mentor.”-Civilsdaily.

    -Do You Know?

    • Every year, almost 15 Lakhs serious aspirants fill the form of UPSC-CSE.
    • Approximately, 90% of candidates sit for the exam.
    • Vacancy is announced between 700 and 800.

    As per the above data, there is a chance of clearing for an aspirant is 0.00054% if he/she gives a try without the guidance of an experienced mentor. On the other hand, this chance% increases from 0.00053 to 80%, if CD’s core mentorship is registered.

    Yes, the UPSC-CSE is one of the prestigious examinations in the country as well as worldwide. IAS stands for the INDIAN ADMINSTRATATIVE SERVICES examination and it is conducted every year by UPSC. If you dream to work for Indian administrative services and serve the nation, you should start your preparation way before while being in the college. Since college studies also need enough time, this becomes a challenge to prepare for the IAS examination as well.

    You need to know how to prepare for the UPSC exam either without hampering your present job or without hampering the college course. This sounds pretty much tough though everything is possible with a proper plan and hard work. 


    And to fulfill your dream of becoming an IAS or IPS, you will very much need a toppersmentor’s guidance. 

    –CD’s On-demand Mentorship Program is acknowledged by the best newspaper.
    Civilsdaily Hall Of Fame (Our Mentees)

    Why do you need a mentor’s guidance?

    • How to understand & memorize the gigantic syllabus! Our toppers echoed hundreds of times that to understand the UPSC syllabus is to get your work half done. And without having a mentor, learn the same by heart infers to look for a needle in a haystack.
    • ‘Pattern Analysis’. UPSC is the most dynamic in nature. So, the most important step is to analyze the pattern of the exam. Find ‘Do’s & ‘Don’ts’. Here, also a mentor, only a mentor can show you the right direction.
    • There is a wide difference between the syllabi of the Preliminary and Main Exam, the nature of questions, and consequently, the preparation strategy needs to be well thought out.
    • How to take Mock Tests with a Pinch of Salt! How to read & revise PYQs. ‘What to read & what not to read’ all these aspects remain at a topper’s mentor’s fingertips.
    • After having passed from the phase of prelims, Thousands of aspirants are very much familiar with the butterflies in the stomach at this point. Knowing the unpredictability of this journey, many believe that only hard work can make them luckier. But shockingly, even after working with all their might, 90% of them remain very much clueless about their “strategy” being right or wrong. 
    • One of the musts is to choose the right sources for preparation. How to read newspapers example: “The Hindu’, etc. Best, authentic, minimum materials for UPSC-CSE Preparation are suggested by experienced mentors. 
    • And the last but not the least. ‘How to choose an optional subject’, ‘How to maintain time & stress’, ‘How to prepare current affairs’, Etc. only a mentor can give you the best suggestion along with a great piece of advice.

    And we feel proud & satisfied that we have been mentoring thousands of UPSC aspirants who have already fulfilled their dreams of IAS, IPS, and so on.

    Our dedicated mentorship has been acknowledged by the most UPSC prominent newspaper ‘The Hindu’.

    What to do!

    Civilsdaily’s mentors are highly qualified, with at least 3+ years of mentorship experience and two UPSC-CSE Interviews under their belts. They are well-versed in the many stages of preparation. These mentors will assist you in developing both a comprehensive and micro schedule. They’ll put together a weekly program for you, complete with mentorship calls. This schedule will be created based on a thorough examination of the importance of subjects as well as the interconnection of topics to make it easier for students to grasp the material.

    Do join us if you have made up your mind about clearing UPSC-CSE on your very 1st attempt.


    This is what our students say about our Allround Core Mentorship…

    Wish You All The Best.

  • As Indian economy grows, Centre and states must work together

    Context

    The ongoing discords between the Centre and states over issues ranging from the allocation of financial resources to fixing of GST rates has once again brought to the fore issues pertaining to our federal structure, the resolution of which is essential for the country’s growth.

    Combination of cooperative and competitive spirit

    • Positive competition: It is undeniable that cooperation is key to the smooth functioning of federal design.
    • However, if it is coupled with positive competition among the states, then the overall result would be large-scale economic development across the country.
    • The competitive aspect of federalism can positively be harnessed by encouraging states to adopt each other’s best practices.
    • Exclusivity and mutualism: Indian federalism today enables the Centre and states to function with both exclusivity and mutualism.
    • Vertical and horizontal level: Cooperation between the Centre and states is required at both vertical (between Centre and states) and horizontal (among states) levels and on various fronts.
    • What does it mean? This includes fine-tuning of developmental measures for desired outcomes, development-related policy decisions, welfare measures, administrative reforms, strategic decisions, etc.

    Steps in the direction of cooperation

    • Recent efforts in this direction, such as according greater leeway to states in the functioning of the NITI Aayog, frequent meetings of the prime minister with chief ministers as well as with chief secretaries and district magistrates, periodic meetings of the President of India with governors, and the functioning of “PRAGATI” to review the progress of developmental efforts have generated the requisite synergy between the Centre and states.
    • Positive efforts of states towards attracting investment can create a conducive environment for economic activities in urban and backward regions alike.
    • Healthy competition coupled with a transparent ranking system would ensure the full materialisation of the vast but least utilised potential of the federal framework.
    • Sector specific indices: In this direction, NITI Aayog’s initiatives such as launching sector-specific indices like the School Education Quality Index, Sustainable Development Goals Index, State Health Index, India Innovation Index, Composite Water Management Index, Export Competitiveness Index, etc. could prove to be a great contribution.
    • Central efforts toward synchronisation of cooperation and competition can be observed in the implementation of the 14th and 15th Finance Commission reports, which have greatly contributed to resource devolution.
    • Recent reform measures in the form of the New Labour Code and other amendments/enactments by the legislature also exhibit this trend.

    Conclusion

    The rising stature of the Indian economy on the world stage can only be strengthened by a tailored approach to cooperation and competition. The mandate to marry the two would inevitably be the collective responsibility of the Centre and the states. Any ideological differences between them will have to be inevitably put on the backburner for the great Indian federal structure to succeed and prosper.

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  • [Burning Issue] Energy Transition & Challenges

    Context

    • India has set ambitious targets towards the achievement of the dual goals of climate action and sustainable development through its nationally determined contributions and energy access commitments.
    • As India starts a new decade of energy transition, it is an opportune time to assess where India stands in achieving its targets as well as to identify the key challenges being faced during this transition.

    What is Energy Transition?

    • Energy transition refers to the global energy sector’s shift from fossil-based systems of energy production and consumption — including oil, natural gas and coal — to renewable energy sources like wind and solar, as well as lithium-ion batteries.
    • The increasing penetration of renewable energy into the energy supply mix, the onset of electrification and improvements in energy storage are all key drivers of the energy transition.
    • Regulation and commitment to decarbonization has been mixed, but the energy transition will continue to increase in importance as investors prioritize environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors.

    Ongoing Energy Trends

    • Global oil production has been basically static: Some areas are in an irreversible productive decline (e.g., the North Sea) while others, mainly the continental US, are experiencing a true renaissance in the production of petroleum liquids owing to the exploitation of oil shales.
    • Worldwide mineral production is generally static: The mining industry is facing the problem of diminishing ore grades for most minerals and the consequence is the need of more energy to maintain the same levels of production.
    • Agriculture is facing an energy problem: Agriculture is heavily dependent on fossil fuels for powering agricultural machinery, for the supply of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation. The increasing prices of fossil fuels are being reflected in higher prices for all agricultural products.
    • Nuclear energy faces considerable difficulties: The past decade had seen a minor renaissance in the start of the construction of new plants, although still in numbers insufficient to replace the old plants being retired.  
    • Renewable energy is seeing an explosive growth worldwide:  The energy produced by the new renewables is still a minor fraction of the total of the world primary energy production, but it has been growing at exponential rates that, so far, show no sign of abating.
    • Focus on energy efficiency: We see an evident trend towards higher efficiency in both production and end uses of energy. It is a trend particularly evident in the residential sector, with buildings that reduce energy consumption by means of better insulation, high efficiency lighting, and more.  
    • Crunches for Fossil Fuels: We are facing more and more difficult times in maintaining the current system based on fossil fuels. The combined effects of depletion and of climate change are pushing humankind in undue energy anxiety.

    India’s Energy Transition: Context- Setting

    (1) Ambitious Target

    • India’s energy transition is characterized by its ambitious targets.  By the year 2022,
    • India seeks to provide all households in the country 24×7 power.
    • By 2022, India also seeks to install 175 GW of new renewable energy (RE) in the country.

    (2) NDC Commitments

    • India in its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) committed to three targets, which are to be achieved by the year 2030.
    • First, by 2030, 40% of India’s cumulative electric power installed capacity will come from non-fossil fuel-based energy sources.
    • Second, India will reduce the emission intensity of its gross domestic product (GDP) by 33–35% (vis-à-vis 2005 levels).
    • Third, India will create an additional carbon sink of 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent (through additional forest and tree cover).

    (3) Current RE Capacity

    • India is world’s 3rd largest consumer of electricity and world’s 3rd largest renewable energy producer with 38% of energy capacity installed in the year 2020 (136 GW of 373 GW) coming from renewable sources.
    • Many states are still at early stages of developing their renewable energy capacity.
    • This is important to consider as India seeks to add more RE capacity in the coming months and years.

    () Leadership

    • India is also showing global clean energy leadership through initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance, which has more than 70 member countries.
    • This is yet to materialize in its full capacity.

    Various challenges

    (1) Slowdown in the RE Tendering Process

    • India’s RE growth was at the slowest pace in the past 4 years.
    • There were several reasons for this, including the trends seen during the process of auctioning RE capacity.

     (2) Renewable Purchase Obligations as a Ceiling

    • One of the mechanisms for promoting the installation of RE capacity in India has been the stipulation of targets for a mandatory minimum purchase of a certain percentage of RE by utilities.
    • This is known as a Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO).
    • Many states has been asked by its regulator to curtail further procurement of solar energy from large-scale projects.

    (3) Financial crunches  

    • When DISCOMs face cash flow issues, this results in RE producers also facing a liquidity crisis. Public sector banks are hesitant to grant loans to RE projects.
    • Not many private sector banks are forthcoming with loans.
    • Additionally, the interest rate of existing loans to RE companies has also witnessed a rise in recent months.

    (4) Policy Uncertainty

    • Experts emphasize the importance of policy certainty for the enforcement of contracts and for the rule of law.
    • The value of the certainty of contracts and the importance of consistency and stability in rules and policy cannot be overstated in the energy sector in India.
    • Similar concerns have been raised by RE companies over the uncertainty over import duties, particularly for solar cells.

    (5) Burden of demands

    • Much like China, India is finding itself in a precarious position.
    • To meet its high electricity demands, India has had to increase its reliance on fossil fuels while still developing its national grid to cope with expected surges in power demand.

    (6) Others

    • High initial cost: While the coal-based power plants require an initial investment of about Rs. 4 crores per MW, the investments for solar and wind energy is far higher.  
    • Weather-dependency: Renewable energy sources like solar, wind, tide, etc., are dependent on weather conditions. If the favourable weather conditions are not available, it becomes inefficient and unfeasible.
    • Topographic barriers: Most renewable energy plants occupy large areas of space. This brings in the issue of the cost of the vast land area and other issues related to land acquisition.  
    • Threats to ecosystem: The turbines have caused noise pollution and are also killing birds while functioning. Ex. Decline in bustard population in Rajasthan.

    Various govt. initiatives

    • Separate ministry: India is the first country in the world to have an exclusive ministry that is involved in the promotion and development of renewables – the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE).
    • Nation Green Corridor Programme: This project aims at synchronizing energy that is produced from renewable energy sources with conventional stations.
    • National Clean Energy Fund: It is the fund created using the carbon tax for backing research and development of innovative eco-friendly technologies.
    • Draft National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy: Through this policy, the government seeks to promote new renewable energy projects and hybridization of the existing ones.  
    • National Offshore Wind Energy Policy: This involves the utilization of India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) for the development of offshore wind farms up to 200 Nautical Miles from the baseline.
    • Grid Connected Solar Rooftop programme: It involves the installation of solar panel at the rooftops of the residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings.
    • Small Hydropower Programme:  The potential of this programme is about 20,000 MW and it is mostly in the Himalayan States where the rivers are abundant and in States which have sufficient irrigation canals.
    • National Solar Mission: It is a part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change. It is an initiative to promote solar power in India.  .
    • Pradhan Mantri- Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan: PM- KUSUM aims at providing financial and water security to farmers by means of utilizing solar energy capacities of 25,750 MW by 2022.

    Way forward

    • Ensure equity: It must be ensured that the opportunities of India’s transition are shared fairly throughout society — and workers and communities are not left to face the challenges alone.
    • Make it people-centric: To achieve the trifecta of jobs, growth and sustainability, India must strive to put people at the centre of its energy transformation.
    • Provisions for coal-dependent regions: New jobs would need to be found over time for the coal miners affected by the changes, as well as for people who work in the fossil fuel power plants that will close down.
    • Transition funds: Policymakers must earmark special“transition funds” to help coal-dependent regions, some of which are among India’s poorest.
    • Increase investment by rationalizing energy subsidies: Energy subsidies must be rationalized and directed towards those who need them most.
    • Finance mobilization: Fiscal resources freed up through subsidy reform should then be invested in clean energy solutions, especially in underdeveloped regions and marginalised communities.
    • Community participation: While India’s energy transition will create many new jobs, the limited participation of women in the growing green workforce must be addressed.
    • Engage youth: Engaging the youth is critical to ensure that the energy transition is sustainable, inclusive and enduring.

    Conclusion

    • There is no doubt that ambitious RE and climate targets have pushed India well on its way to a clean energy future.
    • However, more needs to be done to help India achieve its potential.

    UPSC 2023 countdown has begun! Get your personal guidance plan now! (Click here)

  • Structural interventions by state governments that can create higher-wage jobs

    Context

    The recent decision to deduct off-budget borrowings from state borrowing limits reminds chief ministers to be good policy ancestors.

    Financing welfare state

    • In A Brief History of Equality, economist Thomas Piketty suggests that “the world of the early 2020s, no matter how unjust it may seem, is more egalitarian than that of 1950 or 1900, which were… more egalitarian than those of 1850 or 1780”.
    • But how the welfare state is financed matters.
    • Changes in state borrowing limits: Adjusting state borrowing limits for their off-budget borrowings leads to transparency because they are routinely breached through vehicles for schemes whose bill comes due far in the future.
    • The confiscation of future spending — interest payments crowd out expenditure and revenue expenditure crowd out capex — matters because our prosperity problem is productivity, wages, not jobs.

    5 Structural interventions that can create high wage jobs

    1] Reduce regulatory hurdles

    • States control 80 per cent of India’s employers’ compliance ecosystem of 67,000+ compliances, 6,500+ filings and 26,000+ criminal provisions.
    • State governments that rationalise, decriminalise, and digitise their compliance ecosystem will reap lower corruption and higher formality.

    2] Fix government schools

    • The most powerful tool for social mobility and employability is free and quality school education.
    • State governments that undertake a significant overhaul of school performance management (the fear of falling and hope of rising for teachers) and governance (the allocation of decision rights around resources and hiring) will create an unfair advantage in human capital.

    3] Converge education and employability

    • States should set up skill universities that create qualification modularity (between certificates, diplomas, advanced diplomas, and degrees), delivery flexibility (equate online, apprenticeships, on-site and on-campus classrooms), and pray to the one god of employers.
    • Degree apprentices innovate at the intersection of employment, employability and education.
    • State governments that remove barriers in their path will see their population of employed learners exceed full-time learners.

    4] Devolution of money and power

    • Cities drive productive job creation — New York City’s GDP is higher than Russia’s.
    •  It took 70 years after 1947 for the budget of 28 states to cross the central government’s budget.
    • The combined budget of state governments now exceeds Rs 45 lakh crore, but 2.5 lakh municipalities and panchayats have a budget of only Rs 3.7 lakh crore.
    • Governments that devolve money and power from state capitals to their towns will avoid the curse of megacities and create the competition that drove China’s growth (they have 375 cities with more than a million people versus our 52).

    5] Civil service reforms

    • State governments must sell their 1,500+ loss-making public sector units, cut civil service compensation to less than 40 per cent of budget spending, and replace expenditure with capex.
    • Moving from outlays to outcomes needs a new human capital regime for civil servants via seven interventions; structure, staffing, training, performance management, compensation, culture, and HR capabilities.

    Shifting resources to protective and productive  version of states

    • Nobel Laureate James Buchanan said any state had three versions — the protective state (police, rule of law, defence, courts), the productive state (common goods like roads, power, health, education, etc.), and the redistributive state.
    • Too many state governments accept the status quo in the first two and “innovate” in the third version.
    • It’s time to shift resources to the first two.

    Conclusion

    Chief Ministers ought to create high wage jobs, and not borrow money future generations will have to repay.

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  • SC tests phones for Pegasus Spyware

    The Supreme Court has said its technical committee had so far received and tested 29 mobile devices suspected to be infected by Pegasus malware.

    Why in news?

    • It was alleged that the government used the Israel-based spyware to snoop on journalists, parliamentarians, prominent citizens and even court staff.

    What is Pegasus?

    • Pegasus is a spyware developed by NSO Group, an Israeli surveillance firm that helps spies hack into phones.
    • In 2019, when WhatsApp sued the firm in a U.S. court, the matter came to light.
    • In July 2021, Amnesty International, along with 13 media outlets across the globe released a report on how the spyware was used to snoop hundreds of individuals, including Indians.
    • While the NSO claims its spyware is sold only to governments, none of the nations have come forward to accept the claims.

    Threats created by Pegasus

    • What makes Pegasus really dangerous is that it spares no aspect of a person’s identity.
    • It makes older techniques of spying seem relatively harmless.
    • It can intercept every call and SMS, read every email and monitor each messaging app.
    • Pegasus can also control the phone’s camera and microphone and has access to the device’s location data.
    • The app advertises that it can carry out “file retrieval”, which means it could access any document that a target might have stored on their phone.

    Dysfunctions created

    • Privacy breach: The very existence of a surveillance system, whether under a provision of law or without it, impacts the right to privacy under Article 21 and the exercise of free speech under Article 19.
    • Curbing Dissent: It reflects a disturbing trend with regard to the use of hacking software against dissidents and adversaries. In 2019 also, Pegasus software was used to hack into HR & Dalit activists.
    • Individual safety: In the absence of privacy, the safety of journalists, especially those whose work criticizes the government, and the personal safety of their sources is jeopardised.
    • Self-Censorship: Consistent fear over espionage may grapple individuals. This may impact their ability to express, receive and discuss such ideas.
    • State-sponsored mass surveillance: The spyware coupled with AI can manipulate digital content in users’ smartphones. This in turn can polarize their opinion by the distant controllers.
    • National security: The potential misuse or proliferation has the same, if not more, ramifications as advanced nuclear technology falling into the wrong hands.

    Snooping in India:  A Legality check

    For Pegasus-like spyware to be used lawfully, the government would have to invoke both the IT Act and the Telegraph Act. Communication surveillance in India takes place primarily under two laws:

    1. Telegraph Act, 1885: It deals with interception of calls.
    2. Information Technology Act, 2000: It was enacted to deal with surveillance of all electronic communication, following the Supreme Court’s intervention in 1996.

    Cyber security safeguards in India

    • National Cyber Security Policy: The policy was developed in 2013 to build secure and resilient cyberspace for India’s citizens and businesses.
    • Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In): The CERT-In is responsible for incident responses including analysis, forecasts, and alerts on cybersecurity issues and breaches.
    • Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C): The Central Government has rolled out a scheme for the establishment of the I4C to handle issues related to cybercrime in the country in a comprehensive and coordinated manner.
    • Budapest Convention: There also exists Budapest Convention on Cybercrime. However, India is not a signatory to this convention.

    Issues over government involvement

    • It is worth asking why the government would need to hack phones and install spyware when existing laws already offer impunity for surveillance.
    • In the absence of parliamentary or judicial oversight, electronic surveillance gives the executive the power to influence both the subject of surveillance and all classes of individuals, resulting in a chilling effect on free speech.

    Way forward

    • The security of a device becomes one of the fundamental bedrock of maintaining user trust as society becomes more and more digitized.
    • Constituting an independent high-level inquiry with credible members and experts that can restore confidence and conduct its proceedings transparently.
    • The need for judicial oversight over surveillance systems in general, and judicial investigation into the Pegasus hacking, in particular, is very essential.

    Conclusion

    • We must recognize that national security starts with securing the smartphones of every single Indian by embracing technologies such as encryption rather than deploying spyware.
    • This is a core part of our fundamental right to privacy.
    • This intrusion by spyware is not merely an infringement of the rights of the citizens of the country but also a worrying development for India’s national security apparatus.

     

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